Researchers at A*STAR, collaborating with other Singapore institutions, have developed a technique that improves interactions between antibodies and natural killer (NK) cells to strengthen the bodys immune system in the fight against tumor cells.. The preliminary study findings, titled Inactivation of GDP-fucose transporter gene (Slc35c1) in CHO cells by ZFNs, TALENs and CRISPR-Cas9 for production of fucose-free antibodies. were published in the Biotechnology Journal.. Global cancer statistics indicate that cancer affected an estimated 12.7 million individuals as of 2008, without including non-melanoma skin cancers and other non-invasive cancers. The disease involves abnormal growth of cells to form tumors with the ability to invade other parts of the body in a process called metastasis.. From the therapeutic standpoint, several treatment options exist, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Another type of therapy that continues to be an area of active research is ...

chains in the LinkProt database with same CATH superfamily 3ETD CEF; 2AHR AB; 1XCB CEG; 2AHR ABCD; 3H3F EFH; 3GMD ABF; 3DKW EIJ; 2AHR BD; 1XCB ACEF; 1XCB ADEF; 3DKW BIJ; 1MV8 BCD; 3DKW EFH; 1MV8 AC; 1LSS AB; 3GDG BCD; 1MV8 ABCD; 2AMF CD; 2AHR BCD; 3H5A AD; 3H3F EGH; 3ETD ADE; 3GMD DEH; 3DKW CDE; 2AHR BCDE; 2AMF ABC; 1MV8 AB; 1MUU BCD; 3ETG BDE; 3GDG BD; 1XCB ABEF; 3DKW EG; 3DKW EHJ; 2AHR ACDE; 1LSS CD; 1XCB BCDG; 1XCB ABDF; 3DKW CE; 3ETD BDE; 2AHR ACE; 3GMD BFH; 3H3F AFG; 3DKW DI; 2AMF ABD; 1MFZ CD; 1XCB ABF; 1XCB DE; 1XCB CDEG; 3ETG ADE; 3DKW DGH; 2AMF ACDE; 1MFZ AB; 3ETD CDF; 3DKW BEH; 1XCB CDE; 1XCB ACFG; 1MV8 ACD; 1XCB ABDE; 2AMF BCDE; 3GMD DFH; 2AHR ABCE; 3H5A AC; 3ETD BF; 3DKW ABD; 2AHR ABDE; 1XCB BDEG; 1XCB AEFG; 1MUU ABCD; 1XCB AB; 1XCB DF; 3DKW AIJ; 1XCB AEF; 1XCB BE; 3H5A ABD; 3H3F ABF; 1XCB ACDG; 3DKW BDI; 3ETG AEF; 1MUU BD; 1XCB BEG; 3GMD BDH; 1MV8 CD; 3ETD BEF; 2AHR AC; 1XCB ACE; 1XCB EF; 3ETD ADF; 1XCB CEFG; 3GMD BEF; 1XCB BCE; 1XCB BCEG; 3H5A ACD; 3ETG ABE; 3DKW CIJ; 1XCB CEF; ...

chains in the LinkProt database with same CATH superfamily 3ETD CEF; 2AHR AB; 1XCB CEG; 2AHR ABCD; 3H3F EFH; 3GMD ABF; 3DKW EIJ; 2AHR BD; 1XCB ACEF; 1XCB ADEF; 3DKW BIJ; 1MV8 BCD; 3DKW EFH; 1MV8 AC; 1LSS AB; 3GDG BCD; 1MV8 ABCD; 2AMF CD; 2AHR BCD; 3H5A AD; 3H3F EGH; 3ETD ADE; 3GMD DEH; 3DKW CDE; 2AHR BCDE; 2AMF ABC; 1MV8 AB; 1MUU BCD; 3ETG BDE; 3GDG BD; 1XCB ABEF; 3DKW EG; 3DKW EHJ; 2AHR ACDE; 1LSS CD; 1XCB BCDG; 1XCB ABDF; 3DKW CE; 3ETD BDE; 2AHR ACE; 3GMD BFH; 3H3F AFG; 3DKW DI; 2AMF ABD; 1MFZ CD; 1XCB ABF; 1XCB DE; 1XCB CDEG; 3ETG ADE; 3DKW DGH; 2AMF ACDE; 1MFZ AB; 3ETD CDF; 3DKW BEH; 1XCB CDE; 1XCB ACFG; 1MV8 ACD; 1XCB ABDE; 2AMF BCDE; 3GMD DFH; 2AHR ABCE; 3H5A AC; 3ETD BF; 3DKW ABD; 2AHR ABDE; 1XCB BDEG; 1XCB AEFG; 1MUU ABCD; 1XCB AB; 1XCB DF; 3DKW AIJ; 1XCB AEF; 1XCB BE; 3H5A ABD; 3H3F ABF; 1XCB ACDG; 3DKW BDI; 3ETG AEF; 1MUU BD; 1XCB BEG; 3GMD BDH; 1MV8 CD; 3ETD BEF; 2AHR AC; 1XCB ACE; 1XCB EF; 3ETD ADF; 1XCB CEFG; 3GMD BEF; 1XCB BCE; 1XCB BCEG; 3H5A ACD; 3ETG ABE; 3DKW CIJ; 1XCB CEF; ...

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I (LAD I) is a failure to express CD18, which composes the common ß2 subunit of LFA1 family (ß2 integrins ...

9033-08-3 - Glycoprotein 6-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase - Searchable synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information.

Galactoside 2-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FUT1 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000174951 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000008461 - Ensembl, May 2017 Human PubMed Reference:. Mouse PubMed Reference:. Entrez Gene: FUT1 fucosyltransferase 1 (galactoside 2-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase, H blood group). Ball SP, Tongue N, Gibaud A, Le Pendu J, Mollicone R, Gérard G, Oriol R (July 1991). The human chromosome 19 linkage group FUT1 (H), FUT2 (SE), LE, LU, PEPD, C3, APOC2, D19S7 and D19S9. Annals of Human Genetics. 55 (Pt 3): 225-33. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1991.tb00417.x. PMID 1763885. Larsen RD, Ernst LK, Nair RP, Lowe JB (September 1990). Molecular cloning, sequence, and expression of a human GDP-L-fucose:beta-D-galactoside 2-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase cDNA that can form the H blood group antigen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (17): 6674-8. ...

We have previously reported a newly discovered congenital disorder of neutrophil adhesion, leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome type 2 (LAD II). The clinical manifestations of this syndrome are similar to those seen in the classic leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome, now designated type 1 (LAD I), but the two syndromes differ in the molecular basis of their adhesion defects. LAD I is caused by a deficiency in the CD18 integrin adhesion molecules while LAD II patients are deficient in expression of sialyl-Lewis X (SLeX), a carbohydrate ligand for selectins. In this report we demonstrate that neutrophils from a LAD II patient bind minimally or not at all to recombinant E-selectin, purified platelet P-selectin, or P-selectin expressed on histamine-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells, but have normal levels of L-selectin and CD11b/CD18 integrin, and adhere to and migrate across endothelium when CD11b/CD18 is activated. We compare LAD I and LAD II patient neutrophil function in ...

ITGB2 Full-Length MS Protein Standard (NP_001120963), Labeled with [U- 13C6, 15N4]-L-Arginine and [U- 13C6, 15N2]-L-Lysine, was produced in human 293 cells (HEK293) with fully chemically defined cell culture medium to obtain incorporation efficiency at Creative-Proteomics. The product of this gene belongs to the integrin beta chain family of proteins. Integrins are integral cell-surface proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This gene encodes the integrin beta chain beta 2. A given chain may combine with multiple partners resulting in different integrins. For example, beta 2 combines with the alpha L chain to form the integrin LFA-1, and combines with the alpha M chain to form the integrin Mac-1. Integrins are known to participate in cell adhesion as well as cell-surface mediated signalling. Defects in this gene are the cause of leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I (LAD1). Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified for this gene.

GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose-3,5-epimerase-4-reductase, GDP mannose polyisoprenylphosphate mannosyltransferase, GDP, GD2 beta1,3-galactosyltransferase, Online Electronic Medical Dictionary Terminology, Articles, Glossary

Buy Anti-FUT6, ID (FUT6, FCT3A, Alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase, Fucosyltransferase 6, Fucosyltransferase, item number: 035802-HRP.200 from United States Biological at Biomol!

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1E7R: Probing the Catalytic Mechanism of Gdp-4-Keto-6-Deoxy-D-Mannose Epimerase/Reductase by Kinetic and Crystallographic Characterization of Site-Specific Mutants

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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency/congenital disorder of glycosylation IIc (LAD II/CDG IIc) is a genetic disease characterized by a decreased expression of fucose in glycoconjugates, resulting in leukocyte adhesion deficiency and severe morphological and neurological abnormalities. The biochemical defect is a reduced transport of guanosine diphosphate-L-fucose (GDP-L-fucose) from cytosol into the Golgi compartment, which reduces its availability as substrate for fucosyltransferases. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a limited supply of GDP-L-fucose inside the Golgi on core fucosylation (a1,6-fucose linked to core N-acetylglucosamine [GlcNAc]) of N-linked glycans in LAD II fibroblasts. The results showed that, although [3H]fucose incorporation was generally reduced in LAD II cells, core fucosylation was affected to a greater extent compared with other types of fucosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides. In particular, core fucosylation was found to be nearly absent in biantennary ...

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency type I (LAD-I) is a primary immune deficiency caused by mutations in the CD18 subunit of β2 integrins. Affected individuals suffer from recurrent mucocutaneous infections and pathologic inflammation in certain mucosal barriers, including the periodontium, skin and the colon. Our laboratory has recently dissected the mechanistic basis of LAD-I-associated periodontitis but the mechanisms underlying LAD-I- associated colitis are yet to be defined. To answer this question, we utilized as model the CD18−/− mice after demonstrated that CD18 deficiency renders mice highly susceptible to Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis, a widely used model of human colitis caused by enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Strikingly, we found that CD18−/− mice displayed significantly reduced IL-22 production and IL-22 producing Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s). Therapeutic delivery of recombinant IL-22 (rIL-22) protected CD18−/− mice from C. ...

The laboratory has demonstrated that Rac GTPases are key regulators of the engraftment and mobilization functions of hematopoietic stem cells. Increasing focus has been on the dysregulated function of these key molecular switches in leukemia. Recent data from the Williams laboratory implicates both Rac and RhoH in acute and chronic leukemias and current efforts include development of new inhibitors of these molecular targets and validation studies of these molecules in leukemia model systems. In addition, this basic work has helped to define the molecular abnormalities in two rare immunodeficiency diseases, Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type IV (due to RAC2 mutations) and Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis (due to mutations in RHOH).. Much of the basic information derived from these studies is also being applied to improve the methods of gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells using retrovirus and lentivirus vectors.. Dr. Williams is serving as sponsor/investigator for a number of human gene ...

Autosomal Dominant Growth Hormone Deficiency (Type II)Authors:Kyriaki S. Alatzoglou MRCPCH, MSc, Dalvir Kular, MMBS, Mehul T. Dattani, MBBS, DCH, FRCPCH, FRCP, MD

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gmd:MD_Distribution, ,gmd:distributor, ,gmd:MD_Distributor, ,!--Section 1: Documenting the Distribution Contact--, ,gmd:distributorContact, ,gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty, ,gmd:organisationName, ,gco:CharacterString,/*/gmd:distributionInfo/gmd:MD_Distribution/gmd:distributor/gmd:MD_Distributor/gmd:distributorContact/gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty/gmd:organisationName/gco:CharacterString,/gco:CharacterString, ,/gmd:organisationName, ,gmd:contactInfo, ,gmd:CI_Contact, ,gmd:phone, ,gmd:CI_Telephone, ,gmd:voice, ,gco:CharacterString,/*/gmd:distributionInfo/gmd:MD_Distribution/gmd:distributor/gmd:MD_Distributor/gmd:distributorContact/gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty/gmd:contactInfo/gmd:CI_Contact/gmd:phone/gmd:CI_Telephone/gmd:voice/gco:CharacterString,/gco:CharacterString, ,/gmd:voice, ,gmd:facsimile, ...

A new gene therapy has been developed by researchers at the Vanderbilt University that could be the answer to a genetic disorder called Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency type II (IGHD-II).

1E7S: Probing the Catalytic Mechanism of Gdp-4-Keto-6-Deoxy-D-Mannose Epimerase/Reductase by Kinetic and Crystallographic Characterization of Site-Specific Mutants

xPath Note: The xPaths included in this table use several wildcards. // means any path, so //gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty indicates a gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty anywhere in an XML file. /*/ indicates a single level with several possible elements. This usually indicates one of several concrete realizations of an abstract object. For example /*/gmd:identificationInfo could be gmd:MD_Metadata/gmd:identificationInfo or gmi:MI_Metadata/gmd:identificationInfo and gmd:identificationInfo/*/gmd:descriptiveKeywords could be gmd:identificationInfo/gmd:MD_DataIdentification/gmd:descriptiveKeywords or gmd:identificationInfo/srv:SV_ServiceIdentification/gmd:descriptiveKeywords. Fit: The fit of the dialect path with the concept is estimated on a scale of 1 = excellent two-way fit, 2 = one-way fit or some other problem, 3 - extension required. ...

We specialize in Carbohydrates Synthesis manufacturing 2-[(Azidoacety)amino]-2-deoxy-D-mannose with the highest technology and stable quality control , our

Inflammation is a necessary step involved in the immune response, allowing our bodies to fight and eliminate disease, allergies, and injuries. The inflammatory response recruits several mediators to aid in the destruction of whatever pathogen caused the response in the first place. Cells such as leucocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils get recruited to the site ...

The Golm Metabolome Database (GMD) facilitates the search for and dissemination of mass spectra from biologically active metabolites quantified using GC-MS.

The Golm Metabolome Database (GMD) facilitates the search for and dissemination of mass spectra from biologically active metabolites quantified using GC-MS.

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The signs and symptom information on this page attempts to provide a list of some possible signs and symptoms of Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency type C. This medical information about signs and symptoms for Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency type C has been gathered from various sources, may not be fully accurate, and may not be the full list of Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency type C signs or Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency type C symptoms. Furthermore, signs and symptoms of Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency type C may vary on an individual basis for each patient. Only your doctor can provide adequate diagnosis of any signs or symptoms and whether they are indeed Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency type C symptoms. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - O-fucosylation of muscle agrin determines its ability to cluster acetylcholine receptors. AU - Kim, Mi Lyang. AU - Chandrasekharan, Kumaran. AU - Glass, Matthew. AU - Shi, Shaolin. AU - Stahl, Mark C.. AU - Kaspar, Brian. AU - Stanley, Pamela. AU - Martin, Paul T.. PY - 2008/10/29. Y1 - 2008/10/29. N2 - Protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (Pofut1) transfers fucose to serine or threonine on proteins, including Notch receptors, that contain EGF repeats with a particular consensus sequence. Here we demonstrate that agrin is O-fucosylated in a Pofut1-dependent manner, and that this glycosylation can regulate agrin function. Fucosylation of recombinant C45 agrin, both active (neural, z8) and inactive (muscle, z0) splice forms, was eliminated when agrin was overexpressed in Pofut1-deficient cells or by mutation of a consensus site for Pofut1 fucosylation (serine 1726 in the EGF4 domain). Loss of O-fucosylation caused a gain of function for muscle agrin such that it stimulated AChR ...

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD), is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by immunodeficiency resulting in recurrent infections. LAD is currently divided into three subtypes: LAD1, LAD2, and the recently described LAD3, also known as LAD-1/variant. In LAD3, the immune defects are supplemented by a Glanzmann thrombasthenia-like bleeding tendency. LAD was first recognized as a distinct clinical entity in the 1970s. The classic descriptions of LAD included recurrent bacterial infections, defects in neutrophil adhesion, and a delay in umbilical cord sloughing. The adhesion defects result in poor leukocyte chemotaxis, particularly neutrophil, inability to form pus and neutrophilia. Individuals with LAD suffer from bacterial infections beginning in the neonatal period. Infections such as omphalitis, pneumonia, gingivitis, and peritonitis are common and often life-threatening due to the infants inability to properly destroy the invading pathogens. These individuals do not form ...

We found altered N-linked glycan profiles in PMP tissue specimens when compared with appendix controls, and increased fucosylation was an especially prominent feature. In addition to overall fucosylation, complex fucosylation (multifucosylation) was increased in PMP samples. Previously, altered fucosylation has been associated with aggressiveness of colorectal cancer (35, 36), which may depend on increased EGFR-mediated signaling (37) and modulation of adhesion molecule function (38, 39). In addition, core fucosylation was recently shown to drive melanoma metastasis by preventing the proteolytic cleavage of adhesion molecule L1CAM (40).. Next we studied fucosylation-related gene expression in PMP tissue specimens compared with control appendices using DNA microarray (25). In line with glycan profiles, we found increased expression of the core fucosylation performing enzyme FUT8, as well as three enzymes needed in the biosynthesis of its donor substrate GDP-fucose. With immunohistochemistry we ...

Looking for online definition of ELAM ligand fucosyltransferase in the Medical Dictionary? ELAM ligand fucosyltransferase explanation free. What is ELAM ligand fucosyltransferase? Meaning of ELAM ligand fucosyltransferase medical term. What does ELAM ligand fucosyltransferase mean?

The chemoenzymatic synthesis of a series of C6-modified GDP-d-Man sugar nucleotides is described. This provides the first structure-function tools for the…

The disease-gene associations are derived from automatic text mining of the biomedical literature, manually curated database annotations, cancer mutation data, and genome-wide association studies. The confidence of each association is signified by stars, where ★★★★★ is the highest confidence and ★☆☆☆☆ is the lowest.. Developed by Sune Frankild, Albert Pallejà, Kalliopi Tsafou, and Lars Juhl Jensen from the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research.. ...

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Host fucosylation increases tolerance of a pathogena, Difference in % weight loss between LPS-injected C. rodentium-infected and uninfected mice (mean±s.e.m.;

Shop Probable GDP-mannose transporter ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Probable GDP-mannose transporter Antibody at MyBioSource. Custom ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Antibody are available.

Encapsulated cells are analyzed or recovered using flow cytometry based on the amount of protein captured in each GMD. The capture and detection is analogous to the sandwich antibody format used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), however, the immunoreaction itself takes place within the agarose microsphere, leaving the encapsulated cell intact. A schematic representation of the GMD secretion assay is depicted below ...

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Albuminuria is an independent risk factor for renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF). Glomerular-filtered albumin in endocytic and non-endocytic pathways may injure proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) via megalin and TGFβRII, respectively. Since megalin and TGFβRII are both modified by post-translational core fucosylation, which plays a critical role in RIF. Thus, we sought to identify whether core fucosylation is a potential target for reducing albumin-induced injury to PTECs. We constructed a human PTEC-derived cell line (HK-2 cells) and established an in vitro model of bovine serum albumin (BSA) injury ...

5 mL whole blood (EDTA). Send us the clinical information. Check for other samples: https://ja.cat/OQGD2 Consent Form: https://ja.cat/VJ6sn. ...

Harmanci AS, Youngblood MW, Clark VE, Coskun S, Henegariu O, Duran D, Erson-Omay EZ, Kaulen LD, Lee TI, Abraham BJ, Simon M, Krischek B, Timmer M, Goldbrunner R, Omay SB, Baranoski J, Baran B, Carrión-Grant G, Bai H, Mishra-Gorur K, Schramm J, Moliterno J, Vortmeyer AO, Bilgüvar K, Yasuno K, Young RA, Günel M. Integrated genomic analyses of de novo pathways underlying atypical meningiomas. Nat Commun. 2017 02 14; 8:14433 ...

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Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Science Signaling.. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.. ...

Characterization of the GDP-D-Mannose Biosynthesis Pathway in Coxiella burnetii: The Initial Steps for GDP-β-D-Virenose Biosynthesis. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.

Electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used to measure the masses of an intact dimeric monoclonal antibody (Mab) and assess the fucosylation level. The Mab under study was EG2-hFc, a chimeric human-camelid antibody of about 80 kDa (A. Bell et al., Cancer Lett., 2010, 289(1), 81-90). It was obtained from Glycomics & Glycoproteomics: From Analytics to Function

The first step in the biosynthetic pathway of vitamin C in plants is the formation, at the level of sugar nucleotide, of L-galactosyl residues, catalyzed by a largely unknown GDP-D-mannose 3,5-epimerase. By using combined conventional biochemical and mass spectrometry methods, we obtained a highly purified preparation of GDP-D-mannose 3,5-epimerase from an Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Experimental study for cancer diagnosis with positron-labeled fluorinated glucose analogs. T2 - [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-mannose: A new tracer for cancer detection. AU - Fukuda, Hiroshi. AU - Matsuzawa, Taiju. AU - Abe, Yoshinao. AU - Endo, Satoshi. AU - Yamada, Kenji. AU - Kubota, Kazuo. AU - Hatazawa, Jun. AU - Sato, Tachio. AU - Ito, Masatoshi. AU - Takahashi, Toshihiro. AU - Iwata, Ren. AU - Ido, Tatsuo. PY - 1982/7/1. Y1 - 1982/7/1. N2 - 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) and 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-mannose (18F-FDM) were tested as tumor diagnostic agents in a transplantable rat tumor and rabbit tumors. Tissue distribution studies in rats showed high tumor uptakes of both radiopharmaceuticals. The tumor uptake reached 2.65±0.61% dose 18F-FDG/g and 2.65±0.81% dose 18F-FDM/g at 60 min and remained relatively constant until 120 min. Blood clearance of both 18F-FDG and 28F-FDM was very rapid and tumor-to-blood ratios reached 22.1 and 29.4 at 60 min, respectively. ...

Modulation of protein function by covalent modification is of increasing importance as a factor in disease and as a therapeutic target. The discovery of new protein modifications and their function remains a challenge. Using protein/peptide purification and mass spectrometry as well as molecular and cell biology techniques, we focus on two unique forms of glycosylation in secreted proteins, C-mannosylation of tryptophan and O-fucosylation of serine or threonine residues. About 50 examples of the former modification are known, in organisms ranging from C. elegans to man. We are studying enzymes involved in the process and analysing specific proteins lacking the modification. Of the two kinds of O-fucose-linked polysaccharides known, O-linked tetrasaccharide appears to function in intercellular signalling. We have found the first protein containing the product of the second pathway, i.e. Glc-Fuc-O-Ser/Thr and are seeking its function ...

A technique for forming films of material (12) from a donor substrate (10). The technique has a step of introducing energetic particles (22) through a surface of a donor substrate (10) to a selected depth (20) underneath the surface, where the particles have a relatively high concentration to define donor substrate material (12) above the selected depth. Energy is provided to a selected region of the substrate to cleave a thin film of material from the donor substrate. Particles are introduced again into the donor substrate underneath a fresh surface of the donor substrate. A second thin film of material is then cleaved from the donor substrate.

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6611890DNAC. griseus 1aacagaaact tattttcctg tgtggctaac tagaaccaga gtacaatgtt tccaattctt 60tgagctccga gaagacagaa gggagttgaa actctgaaaa tgcgggcatg gactggttcc 120tggcgttgga ttatgctcat tctttttgcc tgggggacct tattgtttta tataggtggt 180catttggttc gagataatga ccaccctgac cattctagca gagaactctc caagattctt 240gcaaagctgg agcgcttaaa acaacaaaat gaagacttga ggagaatggc tgagtctctc 300cgaataccag aaggccctat tgatcagggg acagctacag gaagagtccg tgttttagaa 360gaacagcttg ttaaggccaa agaacagatt gaaaattaca agaaacaagc taggaatgat 420ctgggaaagg atcatgaaat cttaaggagg aggattgaaa atggagctaa agagctctgg 480ttttttctac aaagtgaatt gaagaaatta aagaaattag aaggaaacga actccaaaga 540catgcagatg aaattctttt ggatttagga catcatgaaa ggtctatcat gacagatcta 600tactacctca gtcaaacaga tggagcaggt gagtggcggg aaaaagaagc caaagatctg 660acagagctgg tccagcggag aataacatat ctgcagaatc ccaaggactg cagcaaagcc 720agaaagctgg tatgtaatat caacaaaggc tgtggctatg gatgtcaact ccatcatgtg 780gtttactgct tcatgattgc ttatggcacc cagcgaacac tcatcttgga atctcagaat 840tggcgctatg ctactggagg ...

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