goosecoid is an immediate early gene expressed at the dorsal blastoporal lip of the Xenopus gastrula. Microinjection experiments have suggested a direct role for goosecoid in organizing the dorsoventral axis of the frog embryo. Here we characterize the zebrafish homologue of goosecoid (gsc) and compare its expression to that of Brachyury or no tail (ntl), another immediate early gene required in developing mesoderm. We show that gsc exhibits two independent phases of expression: an early one in cells anterior to the presumptive notochord, but not in cells of the notochord itself, and a later one in neural crest derivatives in the larval head. Zygotic gsc transcripts are detected soon after the midblastula transition, and at the blastula stage form a gradient with a maximum at the dorsal side. Use of gsc as a dorsal marker allowed us to demonstrate that ntl expression is initially activated at the dorsal side of the blastula. At this early stage, gsc and ntl show overlapping domains of expression ...

Goosecoid (Gsc) is a homeodomain protein expressed in the organizer region of vertebrate embryos. Its Drosophila homologue, D-Gsc, has been implicated in the formation of the Stomatogastric Nervous System. Although there are no apparent similarities between the phenotypes of mutations in the gsc gene in flies and mice, all known Gsc proteins can rescue dorsoanterior structures in ventralized Xenopus embryos. We describe how D-Gsc behaves as a transcriptional repressor in Drosophila cells, acting through specific palindromic HD binding sites (P3K). D-Gsc is a passive repressor of activator homeoproteins binding to the same sites and an active repressor of activators binding to distinct sites. In addition, D-Gsc is able to strongly repress transcription activated by Paired-class homeoproteins through P3K, via specific protein-protein interactions in what we define as interactive repression. This form of repression requires the short conserved GEH/eh-1 domain, also present in the Engrailed repressor.

Vitamin E (VitE) deficiency results in embryonic lethality. Knockdown of the gene ttpa encoding for the VitE regulatory protein [α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP)] in zebrafish embryos causes death within 24 h post-fertilization (hpf). To test the hypothesis that VitE, not just α-TTP, is necessary for nervous system development, adult 5D strain zebrafish, fed either VitE sufficient (E+) or deficient (E-) diets, were spawned to obtain E+ and E- embryos, which were subjected to RNA in situ hybridization and RT-qPCR. Ttpa was expressed ubiquitously in embryos up to 12 hpf. Early gastrulation (6 hpf) assessed by goosecoid expression was unaffected by VitE status. By 24 hpf, embryos expressed ttpa in brain ventricle borders, which showed abnormal closure in E- embryos. They also displayed disrupted patterns of paired box 2a (pax2a) and SRY-box transcription factor 10 (sox10) expression in the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. In E- embryos, the collagen sheath ...

Complete information for GSC gene (Protein Coding), Goosecoid Homeobox, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium

Transcription factors belonging to the Smad family are activated in response to signals from TGF-β family members, which in Xenopus embryos are involved in morphogenesis and pattern formation. Direct binding of DNA by Smads is weak; however, Smads can be recruited to DNA by other transcription factors, and these interactions may play an important role in specifying which genes Smads will regulate in a particular cell. Germain et al. studied expression from the Xenopus goosecoid promoter in response to activin, a member of the TGF-β family, in order to identify the transcription factors that recruit activated Smads to the distal element (DE) in this promoter. The activin response required protein synthesis and led to the production of a protein that bound to the DE, as measured by gel-shift assay. The activin-induced DNA-protein complex was further shifted by the addition of Smad2 to the assay, indicating that a ternary complex could be formed. Two members of the paired-like homeodomain ...

Angerer, L. M., et al. (2001). Sea urchin goosecoid function links fate specification along the animal-vegetal and oral-aboral embryonic axes. Development 128: 4393-4404. 11714666 Armes, N. A. and Smith, J. C. (1997). The ALK-2 and ALK-4 activin receptors transduce distinct mesoderm-inducing signals during early Xenopus development but do not co-operate to establish thresholds. Development 124(19): 3797-3804. PubMed ID: 9367435 Artinger, M., et al. (1997). Interaction of goosecoid and brachyury in Xenopus mesoderm patterning. Mech. Dev. 65(1-2): 187-196. PubMed ID: 9256355 Belo, J. A., et al. (1998). The prechordal midline of the chondrocranium is defective in Goosecoid-1 mouse mutants. Mech. Dev. 72(1-2): 15-25. PubMed ID: 9533949 Broun, M., Sokol, S. and Bode, H. R. (1999). Cngsc, a homologue of goosecoid, participates in the patterning of the head, and is expressed in the organizer region of Hydra. Development 126: 5245-5254. PubMed ID: 10556050 Bruce, A. E. E., et al. (2003). The maternally ...

Complete information for GSC2 gene (Protein Coding), Goosecoid Homeobox 2, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium

Goosecoid (gsc) is an evolutionarily conserved homeobox gene expressed in the gastrula organizer region of a variety of vertebrate embryos, including zebrafish, Xenopus, chicken and mouse. To understand the role of gsc during mouse embryogenesis, we generated gsc-null mice by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Surprisingly, gsc-null embryos gastrulated and formed the primary body axes; gsc-null mice were born alive but died soon after birth with numerous craniofacial defects. In addition, rib fusions and sternum abnormalities were detected that varied depending upon the genetic background. Transplantation experiments suggest that the ovary does not provide gsc function to rescue gastrulation defects. These results demonstrate that gsc is not essential for organizer activity in the mouse but is required later during embryogenesis for craniofacial and rib cage development.. ...

In our lab, we study the signal transduction and transcriptional mechanisms that pattern the vertebrate embryo. The primary focus of our research with the amphibian, Xenopus laevis, is the development of Spemanns organizer, a specialized group of cells that regulates formation of the body plan, and the development of the primary germ layers that form embryonic mesoderm and endoderm. We are using biochemical, molecular and embryological approaches to address two fundamental questions: 1) What are the signaling and transcriptional regulatory pathways that establish and refine pattern in the gastrula; and 2) How is an individual signal used to generate distinct responses during development? In our studies of organizer formation we have identified a transcriptional cascade of activators and repressors that regulate organizer formation and function. Ongoing studies in this area include the analysis of Siamois, Twin and Goosecoid, homeobox genes required for organizer formation and function. In our ...

In our studies of organizer formation we have identified a transcriptional cascade of activators and repressors that regulate organizer formation and function. Ongoing projects in this area include the analysis of Siamois, Twin, and Goosecoid, homeobox genes required for the developmental functions of the Spemann organizer. In our studies of germ layer formation, we have focused on a TGFß-related inducer, Nodal, which is essential for both mesodermal and endodermal development, and have identified genes that regulate Nodal and the cellular response to Nodal. Ongoing projects address the role of VegT, an essential maternal T-box gene that activates Nodal transcription to induce mesoderm and endoderm. We are also studying Fast1, FoxD3, and Sox17, transcription factors that modulate the expression of Nodal genes and the cellular response to Nodal signals. The ultimate goal of our work is to identify the critical genes and pathways that establish the major lineages and signaling centers of the ...

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Defects in induction signaling and response underlie the nucleocytoplasmic incompatibility between two evolutionarily distant frog species, while specific treatments partially restore this response in explants and whole embryos.

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Nodal/Bozozok-independent induction of the dorsal organizer by zebrafish cell lines. AU - Hashiguchi, Megumi. AU - Shinya, Minori. AU - Tokumoto, Mika. AU - Sakai, Noriyoshi. PY - 2008/9/15. Y1 - 2008/9/15. N2 - Formation of the dorsal organizer (Spemann organizer) is an important process in early vertebrate development. In zebrafish, two molecular cascades-Bozozok/Dharma (Boz) and Nodal signaling-act in parallel to induce the dorsal organizer. However, the complete molecular mechanism regulating this event remains unclear. Here we report that zebrafish cell lines derived from various developmental stages can induce a secondary axis when they are implanted into the mid-blastula but not the early gastrula. The implanted cellsthemselves did not differentiate, but instead induced ectopic expression of dorsal organizer markers incells around the implanted cells and induced notochord formation in the secondary axis. These results indicate that cultured cell lines have the ability to ...

The tympanic ring is an incomplete circle, in the concavity of which is a groove, the tympanic sulcus, for the attachment of the circumference of the eardrum (tympanic membrane). This ring expands to form the tympanic part, and is ossified in membrane from a single center which appears about the third month. The styloid process is developed from the proximal part of the cartilage of the second branchial or hyoid arch by two centers: one for the proximal part, the tympanohyal, appears before birth; the other, comprising the rest of the process, is named the stylohyal, and does not appear until after birth. The tympanic ring unites with the squama shortly before birth; the petromastoid part and squama join during the first year, and the tympanohyal portion of the styloid process about the same time [Fig. 7, 8]. The stylohyal does not unite with the rest of the bone until after puberty, and in some skulls never at all ...

Antibodies for proteins involved in Spemann organizer formation at the anterior end of the primitive streak pathways, according to their Panther/Gene Ontology Classification

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RFC 5546 iTIP December 2009 The Delegator may continue to receive updates to the event even though they will not be attending. This is accomplished by the Delegator setting their role attribute to NON-PARTICIPANT in the REPLY to the Organizer. 3.2.2.4. Changing the Organizer The situation may arise where the Organizer of a VEVENT is no longer able to perform the Organizer role and abdicates without passing on the Organizer role to someone else. When this occurs, the Attendees of the VEVENT may use out-of-band mechanisms to communicate the situation and agree upon a new Organizer. The new Organizer should then send out a new REQUEST with a modified version of the VEVENT in which the SEQUENCE number has been incremented and the ORGANIZER property has been changed to the new Organizer. 3.2.2.5. Sending on Behalf of the Organizer There are a number of scenarios that support the need for a Calendar User to act on behalf of the Organizer without explicit role ...

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The Spemann organizer induces neural tissue, dorsalizes mesoderm and generates a second dorsal axis. We report the isolation and characterization of Smad10, which has all three of these Spemann activities. Smad10 is expressed at the appropriate time to transduce Spemann signals endogenously. Like the organizer, Smad10 generates anterior and posterior neural tissues. Smad10 appears to function downstream of the Spemann organizer, consistent with a role in mediating organizer-derived signals. Interestingly, Smad10, unlike previously characterized mediators of Spemann activity, does not appear to block BMP signals. This finding, coupled with the functional activity and expression profile, suggests that Smad10 mediates Spemann action in a novel manner. ...

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