Two Cases of X-linked Liver Glycogenosis in Hunan Province: Transmission from the Undiagnosed Maternal Grandfather
X-linked liver glycogenosis (XLG), also known as glycogen storage disease (GSD) type-IXa, is characterized by hepatomegaly, abnormal liver functions and growth retardatio..
Biochemical Genetics of Glycogenosis Type II in Brahman Cattle - UQ eSpace
Glycogenosis type II is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by acid α-glucosidase deficiency. The disorder is inbred in Brahman cattle, and the incidence of carriers in Australian herds averages 15%. Affected animals are lethargic and die typically in the eighth or ninth month after birth, A complete lack of acid α-glucosidase synthesis was demonstrated in cultured fibroblasts and muscle tissue of affected animals. Moreover, the tissue was found to be devoid of acid α-glucosidase mRNA. Gross abnormalities of the acid α-glucosidase gene itself were not detected by Southern blot analysis. These results suggest Brahman glycogenosis type II to be caused by a point mutation or a micro deletion/insertion in the acid α-glucosidase gene ...
Hepatic glycogenosis | Article about hepatic glycogenosis by The Free Dictionary
Looking for hepatic glycogenosis? Find out information about hepatic glycogenosis. von Gierkes disease Explanation of hepatic glycogenosis
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM) in Horses | Standlee Forage
Learn more about Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM), also known as tying-up or cramping, in horses and how to manage the disease.
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM): What should I feed?
Feeds that are high in starch, such as sweet feed, maize, wheat, oats, barley, and molasses, appear to facilitate the development of type 1 and type 2 PSSM. That is why these ingredients should be avoided for horses that have PSSM. Extra calories can be provided in the form of fat (oil) for performance horses that are prone to PSSM. An important part of the management of PSSM horses is daily exercise. This enhances glucose utilization, and improves energy metabolism in skeletal muscle. If only the diet is changed, researchers have found that approximately 50% of horses improve. If both diet and exercise are altered, then 90% of horses have no or few episodes of tying-up. An old theory about tying-up is that it is due to too much lactic acid in the muscle. Many exercise studies have proven that this is absolutely not the case with PSSM.. The unique feature of PSSM is that the muscle cells in PSSM horses remove sugar from the blood stream and transported into their muscle at a faster rate, and ...
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM)
Equine Exertional Rhabdomyolsis - Azoturia - Tying Up - Monday Morning DiseaseThis is a painful condition which can develop shortly after the start of exercise, commonly after some days rest. It damages a horses muscle tissue and is considered to be largely the result of genetic weaknesses. This pre-disposes victims to excessive accumulation of…
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM) - The Horses Advocate
Welcome to this topic page. Right now I have not written an article and summary but be sure to check for images in the gallery.. As time moves on I am adding summaries and articles, videos and podcasts so eventually there will be something on every topic. Please be patient but if you are impatient, please contact me to encourage me to work on a specific topic. Go to the forum for New Content Requests and Ill get right on it. Thanks for visiting this topic page. Doc T. **CONTINUED IN ARTICLE TAB**. Related material - Sometimes I have a lot of material here that I have written, podcasted, video blogs and other things. They will be listed in this tab.. Use the browser back button or menu to return to the index of topics.. ⬇︎ CLICK ANY IMAGE BELOW TO REVEAL MORE INFORMATION ⬇︎ ...
Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy
The following are some subtle signs that have been observed in affected Draft horses. Please indicate any that your horse may have had, with any comments that you think may be useful.. Lack of muscle mass or conditioning, especially in the shoulder or hind quarters _____. Stringhalt, shivers, or fibrotic myopathy-type gait, especially when backing or turning _____. Trembling, especially after exercise _____. Difficulty rising, backing, or reluctance to back _____. Lack of energy _____. Poor performance _____. Reluctance to pick up feet for shoeing, etc. _____. Lifting or stomping of hind limb or limbs, especially while standing _____. ...
2012 February | microrna inhibitor
In addition, we examined the relative PhKG1 levels inside a panel of various human tumor samples, acquired like a in a commercial sense available cDNA array. Using quantitative PCR, we learned that PhKG1 mRNA levels are elevated by a lot more than two-fold in nearly all human growths examined ). Oddly MK-2206 enough, there is no upregulation of PhKG1 detected in cancer of the prostate, recommending that PhKG1 upregulation, although common, isnt a universal sign of all tumor types which cancer of the prostate might not represent a kind that will take advantage of PhKG1 focusing on. This data offers the first proof of upregulated PhKG1 mRNA expression levels in a number of human tumor types and indicates that the upregulation of PhKG1 might be connected with cancer progression.. Discussion PhKG1 hasnt formerly been suggested as a factor either in tumorigenesis or angiogenesis. We therefore provide here the very first description from the participation of PhK within the angiogenesis process and ...
OriGene - PHKG2 (NM 000294) shRNA
PHKG2 - PHKG2 - Human, 4 unique 29mer shRNA constructs in retroviral untagged vector shRNA available for purchase from OriGene - Your Gene Company.
Gene List and References | Paragon Genomics
Gene List: AGL, ALDOA, ENO3, EPM2A, FBP1, G6PC, GAA, GBE1, GYG1, GYS1, GYS2, LAMP2, LDHA, NHLRC1, PFKM, PGAM2, PGK1, PGM1, PHKA1, PHKA2, PHKB, PHKG2, PRKAG2…
E74.09 Hepatic glycogen phosphorylase deficiency
1,4,alpha-glucan 6-alpha-glucosyltransferase deficiency|Amylopectinosis|Andersen disease|Andersens disease|Brancher deficiency glycogen storage disease|Branching enzyme deficiency|Branching-transferase deficiency glycogenosis|Cardiac glycogen phosphorylase kinase deficiency|Cardiac glycogen phosphorylase kinase deficiency (disorder)|Danon disease|Danon disease (disorder)|Deficiency of alpha-dextrin endo-1,6-alpha-glucosidase|Deficiency of alpha-dextrin endo-1,6-alpha-glucosidase (disorder)|Deficiency of alpha-galactosidase|Deficiency of alpha-galactosidase (disorder)|Deficiency of melibiase|Fanconi-Bickel syndrome|GSD IV|GSD VI|GSD VII|GSD VIII|GSD X|Glycogen phosphorylase kinase deficiency|Glycogen phosphorylase kinase deficiency (disorder)|Glycogen phosphorylase kinase deficiency, X-linked|Glycogen phosphorylase kinase deficiency, X-linked (disorder)|Glycogen phosphorylase kinase deficiency, autosomal recessive|Glycogen phosphorylase kinase deficiency, autosomal recessive (disorder)|Glycogen storage
I Have Glycogen Storage Disease Type 2
Do You Have Glycogen Storage Disease Type 2? Join friendly people sharing true stories in the I Have Glycogen Storage Disease Type 2 group. Find support forums, advice and chat with groups who share this life experience. A Glycogen Storage Disease Ty...
Glycogen storage disease synonyms, glycogen storage disease antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
Synonyms for glycogen storage disease in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for glycogen storage disease. 1 synonym for glycogen: animal starch. What are synonyms for glycogen storage disease?
Genetics of Glycogen-Storage Disease Type II (Pompe Disease) Follow-up: Further Outpatient Care, Complications
Glycogen-storage disease type II (GSDII), also referred to as Pompe disease, is an autosomal recessive disorder that results from the deficiency of acid alpha-glucosidase, a lysosomal hydrolase. Pompe first described the disease in 1932 when he was presented with a 7-month-old girl who died after developing idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopa...
Genetics of Glycogen-Storage Disease Type II (Pompe Disease) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Consultations, Diet
Glycogen-storage disease type II (GSDII), also referred to as Pompe disease, is an autosomal recessive disorder that results from the deficiency of acid alpha-glucosidase, a lysosomal hydrolase. Pompe first described the disease in 1932 when he was presented with a 7-month-old girl who died after developing idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopa...
Brancher deficiency glycogenosis | definition of brancher deficiency glycogenosis by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of brancher deficiency glycogenosis in the Medical Dictionary? brancher deficiency glycogenosis explanation free. What is brancher deficiency glycogenosis? Meaning of brancher deficiency glycogenosis medical term. What does brancher deficiency glycogenosis mean?
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
Chen YT, Bali DS. Prenatal Diagnosis of Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism. In: Milunsky A, Milunsky J, eds. Genetic disorders and the fetus - diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. 6th ed. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009.. Chen Y. Glycogen storage disease and other inherited disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci A, et al. eds. Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2004.. Weinstein DA, Koeberl DD, Wolfsdorf JI. Type I Glycogen Storage Disease. In: NORD Guide to Rare Disorders. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2003:450-451.. JOURNAL ARTICLES. Chou JY, Jun HS, Mansfield BC. Type I glycogen storage diseases: disorders of the glucose-6-phosphatase/glucose-6-phosphate transporter complexes. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2015 May;38(3):511-9. doi: 10.1007/s10545-014-9772-x. Epub 2014 Oct 7. Review. PubMed PMID: 25288127.. Kishnani PS, Austin SL, Abdenur JE, Arn P, Bali DS, Boney A, Chung WK, Dagli AI, Dale D, ...
Epidemiologic characteristics and management of polysaccharide storage myopathy in Quarter Horses<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Epidemiologic characteristics and management of polysaccharide storage myopathy in Quarter Horses. AU - Firshman, Anna M.. AU - Valberg, Stephanie J.. AU - Bender, Jeffrey B.. AU - Finno, Carrie J. PY - 2003/10/1. Y1 - 2003/10/1. N2 - Objective - To characterize onset and clinical signs of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) in a well-defined population of affected Quarter Horses, identify risk factors for PSSM, determine compliance of owners to dietary and exercise recommendations, and evaluate the efficacy of dietary and exercise recommendations. Animals - 40 Quarter Horses with PSSM and 37 unaffected control horses. Procedures - Owners of horses with PSSM completed a retrospective questionnaire concerning their horses condition. Results - Between horses with PSSM and control horses, no significant differences were found in sex distribution (21 vs 15 females and 16 vs 22 males, respectively), temperament, muscle build, diet, or amount of turnout. In horses with PSSM, signs ...
Glycogen storage disease type I - Wikipedia
Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD I) or von Gierke disease, is the most common of the glycogen storage diseases. This genetic disease results from deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, and has an incidence in the American population of approximately 1 in 50,000 to 100,000 births. The deficiency impairs the ability of the liver to produce free glucose from glycogen and from gluconeogenesis. Since these are the two principal metabolic mechanisms by which the liver supplies glucose to the rest of the body during periods of fasting, it causes severe hypoglycemia and results in increased glycogen storage in liver and kidneys. Both organs function normally in childhood, but are susceptible to a variety of problems in adult years. Other metabolic derangements include lactic acidosis and hyperlipidemia. Frequent or continuous feedings of cornstarch or other carbohydrates are the principal treatment. Other therapeutic measures may be needed for associated problems. The disease was named ...
Study of Glycogen Storage Disease and Associated Disorders - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Glycogen, is the storage form of glucose. It is usually formed from sugar and stored in the liver. When tissues, such as muscle, need glucose for fuel the stored glycogen is converted into glucose with the help of enzymes produced in the body. Glycogen storage disease (GSD) refers to a group of conditions characterized by abnormal storage of glycogen due to the absence of particular enzymes needed in the process of storing and using glycogen.. This study addresses the related metabolic abnormalities of glycogen storage disease (GSD). As patients with disorders of glycogen metabolism are followed it becomes apparent that the condition is much more complex than initially thought.. Researchers believe that patients suffering from glycogen storage disorders should be followed and monitored for other heritable metabolic disorders.. This study will attempt to determine the frequency of associated disorders in patients with GSD. In addition, the study will look at the current management of these ...
Glycogen storage disease - Biology-Online Dictionary
Home » Glycogen storage disease. Glycogen storage disease (Science: hepatology) a group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalised storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement. Synonym: glycogenosis ...
tgjderks - Liver Glycogen Storage Disease
News - Liver Glycogen Storage Disease
14/12/2017: Update and Closure first survey. The first survey to collect questions from patients, carers and healthcare professionals has been closed. We want to thank all responders for their efforts. We have received 1388 questions from 763 responders representing 58 countries. These questions will be processed and formulated into researchable questions during the national patient day of the Scandinavian Association for liver Glycogen Storage Diseases in 28-29th of April 2018. Afterwards, we will send a second survey to all participants who have indicated that they want to stay involved in the process to prioritize these questions. In a final workshop in 2019 these prioritized questions will be formulated into a Top-10 for liver Glycogen Storage Diseases.. 01/10/2017: Survey Launch. The first survey is now launched in which you can contribute with your unanswered questions ...
Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (EPSM) and Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM)
Adding the fat calories (vegetable oil) to the diet is as important as removing the starches and sugars from grain sources. Depending on severity of the condition, the horse may have comfort restrictions in exercising or work, but some exercise is required to begin rebuilding damaged muscles. As the recovery proceeds, exercise may increase to best occupy the horses attention and maintain recovery.. Molasses is added to many feeds and grains to control dust and to sweeten (sugar) the feed to entice appetite. The sugars and starches in molasses, however, are a problem for EPSM-symptomatic horses. The horses appetite will often decline when molasses is withdrawn. This will pass as the horse relearns the taste of feed without molasses.. Some regions are naturally selenium-sufficient, and additional supplements should be added with care. A local veterinarian can advise about local selenium levels. . Part of the hay ration may be taken as beet pulp shreds, alfalfa pellets, or a combination, to ...
Glycogen storage disease - Wikipedia
A glycogen storage disease (GSD, also glycogenosis and dextrinosis) is a metabolic disorder caused by enzyme deficiencies affecting either glycogen synthesis, glycogen breakdown or glycolysis (glucose breakdown), typically within muscles and/or liver cells.[citation needed] GSD has two classes of cause: genetic and acquired. Genetic GSD is caused by any inborn error of metabolism (genetically defective enzymes) involved in these processes. In livestock, acquired GSD is caused by intoxication with the alkaloid castanospermine. Remarks: Some GSDs have different forms, e.g. infantile, juvenile, adult (late-onset). Some GSDs have different subtypes, e.g. GSD1a / GSD1b, GSD9A1 / GSD9A2 / GSD9B / GSD9C / GSD9D. GSD type 0: Although glycogen synthase deficiency does not result in storage of extra glycogen in the liver, it is often classified with the GSDs as type 0 because it is another defect of glycogen storage and can cause similar problems. GSD type VIII (GSD 8): In the past it was considered a ...
DMOZ - Health: Conditions and Diseases: Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders: Inherited: Glycogen Storage Disease Type I
This not-for-profit foundation has been established to benefit children born with Glycogen Storage Disease, Type 1a (GSD1a.) Our goal is to help find a cure for this disease. ...
Glycogen Storage Disease in Cats
Glycogen storage disease, also known as glycogenosis, is a rare inherited disorder with various types, all characterized by deficient or defective activity of the enzymes responsible for metabolizing glycogen in the body. This leads to an abnormal accumulation of glycogen, the main carbohydrate storage material in the body which aids short term energy storage in cells by converting to glucose as the body needs it for metabolic requirements. Accumulation of glycogen in the tissues can result in the enlargement and dysfunction of various organs, including the liver, heart, and kidneys.. The Type IV classification found in cats is seen in the Norwegian Forest breed. Signs may manifest at five to seven months of age, or in some cases, the disease may manifest in the womb, resulting in a still birth.. ...
Natural history of hepatic glycogen storage diseases
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE XV; GSD15 | MENDELIAN.CO
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE XV; GSD15 description, symptoms and related genes. Get the complete information in our medical search engine for phenotype-ge
Glycogen storage diseases Flashcards - Cram.com
Study Flashcards On Glycogen storage diseases at Cram.com. Quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more. Cram.com makes it easy to get the grade you want!
Glycogen Storage Diseases | Portsmouth Regional Hospital
Learn more about Glycogen Storage Diseases at Portsmouth Regional Hospital DefinitionCausesRisk FactorsSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionrevision
...
Misdiagnosis of Hidden Causes of Type 0 Glycogen Storage Disease - RightDiagnosis.com
Hidden causes of Type 0 Glycogen Storage Disease including causal conditions & diseases, associated medical conditions, and misdiagnosis of overlooked causes.
Glycogen Storage Diseases | Sky Ridge Medical Center
Learn more about Glycogen Storage Diseases at Sky Ridge Medical Center DefinitionCausesRisk FactorsSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionrevision
...
Glycogen storage disease NGS panel (advanced) DNA Test Lab Cost INR 40000.00 best genetic offer discount price Delhi Mumbai...
Glycogen storage disease NGS panel (advanced) Test Cost INR 40000.00 Surat Pune Jaipur Lucknow Kanpur Nagpur Visakhapatnam Indore Thane Bhopal Patna Vadodara Ghaziabad Ludhiana Coimbatore Madurai Meerut Ranchi Allahabad Trivandrum Pondicherry Mysore Aligarh best offer discount price
Glycogen Storage Diseases | Coliseum Health System
Learn more about Glycogen Storage Diseases at Coliseum Health System DefinitionCausesRisk FactorsSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionrevision
...
Quintessence International
Glycogen storage disease type I, also known von Gierkes disease, is a rare, severe autosomal recessive disorder due to a defect in liver, kidney, and intestinal mucosa. The existence of delayed development of the dentition, increased incidence of dental caries, taurodontism, and prolonged bleeding following dental procedures should lead clinicians to consider type I glycogen storage disease. A 10-year-old boy with glycogen storage disease type I whose condition was first diagnosed when he was 4 years of age, was referred to the clinic for multiple caries and evaluation of delayed tooth eruption. On physical examination, the patient was cooperative, with short stature, protuberant abdomen, and growth retardation. Laboratory findings indicated that blood levels of pyruvate, triglycerate, uric acid, and cholesterol were elevated. Intraorally delayed mixed dentition was evident, and approximal caries were found in teeth 55, 54, 52, 51, 61, 62, 65, 74, 84, and 85. The most significant radiographic ...
Postanaesthetic recumbency in a Belgian filly with polysaccharide storage myopathy | Veterinary Record
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...
Pompes disease legal definition of Pompes disease
Definition of Pompe's disease in the Legal Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. What is Pompe's disease? Meaning of Pompe's disease as a legal term. What does Pompe's disease mean in law?
Pompes disease synonyms, Pompes disease antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
Synonyms for Pompe's disease in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for Pompe's disease. 34 synonyms for disease: illness, condition, complaint, upset, infection, disorder, sickness, ailment, affliction, malady, infirmity, indisposition, lurgy, evil. What are synonyms for Pompe's disease?
List of variants in gene GAA studied for Glycogen storage disease II, adult form -
ClinVar Miner
The information on this website is not intended for direct diagnostic use or medical decision-making without review by a genetics professional. Individuals should not change their health behavior solely on the basis of information contained on this website. Neither the University of Utah nor the National Institutes of Health independently verfies the submitted information. If you have questions about the information contained on this website, please see a health care professional. ...
Kindergarten and Glycogen Storage Disease - Kevin Rothermel
Tomorrow, my oldest son heads off to his first day at kindergarten. Its a new school for us. Which means trusting a network of total strangers with the management of his metabolic disorder. His life will be in their hands.. I cant describe the terror that I feel right now.. But this is necessary. Living a normal life means not keeping him cooped up. He cant grow up letting this thing define him.. So we have to do this. We have to place his care in the hands of others and spend the day staring anxiously at our phones while waiting for updates.. Then well do it again tomorrow.. The fear will subside as the days go by.. Well get him there.. ...
Glycogen storage disease VI
Build: Wed Jun 21 18:33:50 EDT 2017 (commit: 4a3b2dc). National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 6701 Democracy Boulevard, Bethesda MD 20892-4874 • 301-435-0888. ...
www.Agsd.org.uk - AGSD | Association for Glycogen Storage Disease
In the United Kingdom, Agsd.org.uk is ranked 318,477, with an estimated < 300 monthly visitors a month. Click to view other data about this site.
OriGene - PHKG1 (NM 006213) cDNA Clone
PHKG1 - PHKG1 (untagged)-Kinase deficient mutant (K49M) of Human phosphorylase kinase, gamma 1 (muscle) (PHKG1) available for purchase from OriGene - Your Gene Company.
Search of: glycogen storage disease type V - List Results - ClinicalTrials.gov
Development of a new MS-based biomarker for the early and sensitive diagnosis of Glycogen storage disease using the technique of Mass-spectometry 7,5 ml EDTA blood, saliva tube and a dry blood spot filter ...
Dealing with PSSM in Your Horse - The #1 Resource for Horse Farms, Stables and Riding Instructors | Stable Management
Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is a muscle disease that occurs in many different breeds of horse, though primarily in Quarter Horses, Paint Horses and Appaloosas.
McArdles disease
noun an inherited disease in which abnormal amounts of glycogen accumulate in skeletal muscle; results in weakness and cramping • Hypernyms: ↑genetic disease, ↑genetic disorder, ↑genetic abnormality, ↑genetic defect, ↑congenital disease,…
McArdles Syndrome with Previously Unreported Electrocardiographic and Serum Enzyme Abnormalities | Annals of Internal Medicine...
In 1951, a metabolic myopathy due to deficient glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle was described by McArdle (1). The responsible enzymatic deficiency in similar cases was not demonstrated until 1959. Pearson and associates (2-4) and Schmid and associates (5-7) demonstrated an absence of muscle phosphorylase in their cases. Since then several cases have been reported by various authors (8-12).. This inborn error leads to insufficient glycogenosis and relative lack of formation of products of anaerobic metabolism. The serum lactic acid does not increase, and it may even decrease during exercise under these circumstances. This response to exercise is a simple ...
agsd-slider-events - AGSD-UK
We help individuals and families affected by Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD) by putting people in contact, providing information and support, publishing a magazine and holding conferences, workshops, courses and family events.. ...
Recombinant Mouse Gys1 Protein, MYC/DDK-tagged Gys1-1082M - Creative BioMart
Purified Recombinant Mouse Gys1 Protein, MYC/DDK-tagged from Creative Biomart. Recombinant Mouse Gys1 Protein, MYC/DDK-tagged can be used for research.
PHKA1 Gene - GeneCards | KPB1 Protein | KPB1 Antibody
Complete information for PHKA1 gene (Protein Coding), Phosphorylase Kinase Regulatory Subunit Alpha 1, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium
PHKA2 Gene - GeneCards | KPB2 Protein | KPB2 Antibody
Complete information for PHKA2 gene (Protein Coding), Phosphorylase Kinase Regulatory Subunit Alpha 2, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium
DMOZ - Health: Conditions and Diseases: Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders: Inherited: McArdles
A neuromuscular condition, it causes victims to experience fatigue and pain after only minimal exercise. It is caused by a genetic defect that results in a deficiency of a muscle enzyme.