High/ Low Phosphate diet I. A five-day low phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder / A five-day high phosphate diet.. II. A five-day low phosphate diet / A five-day high phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder III. A five-day high phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder / A five-day low phosphate diet.. IV. A five-day high phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder.. V. A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder / A five-day low phosphate diet / A five-day high phosphate diet.. VI. A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder / A five-day high phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet. ...
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Metformin's Therapeutic Action in the Treatment of Diabetes Does Not Involve Inhibition of Mitochondrial Glycerol Phosphate Dehydrogenase
A total of 1,160 barrows (PIC, initially 68.4 lb) were used in a 70-d study to determine the influence of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and glycerol on pork loin quality attributes. The pigs were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 7 replications per treatment. Pigs were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets with the addition of DDGS, glycerol, or a combination of these. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of DDGS (0 or 20%) and glycerol (0, 2.5, or 5%). Pork loins from the 2 heaviest barrows from each pen were utilized for analysis. There were no DDGS × glycerol interac-tions for purge loss, instrumental color (L*a*b*), visual color, marbling score, drip loss, visual color, pH, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), cook loss, and most sensory characteristics. However, there was a DDGS × glycerol interaction (P , 0.03) for off-flavor intensity. Specifically, pigs fed 20% DDGS without added glycerol had more ...
Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) (EC 1.1.1.49) is a pentose shunt enzyme involved in the maintenance of adequate concentrations of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This nucleotide, together with glutathione reductase, keeps glutathione in its reduced form (GSH), protecting the red cell against oxidative stress. There are two normal G6PD variants, G6PD B and G6PD A+, and other deficient polymorphic mutants such as G6PD A-, besides dozens of rare ones (1), some of which have been described by our group (2,3).. The standard methods used to assay G6PD activity and affinity (Michaelis-Menten constant - Km) for its substrate are currently performed using reaction conditions of 145 mOs and ionic strength I: 0.06, pH 8.0, at 37oC for activity assay and 25oC for Km determination. In the present study the enzyme activity as well as its affinity were determined under nearly physiological conditions regarding osmolarity (290 mOs) and ionic strength (I: 0:188), ...
GAPDHS (the sperm-specific glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, also known as GAPD2, GAPDS, HSD-35, or GAPDH-2, is a glycolytic enzyme that plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism. Like its somatic cell counterpart, this sperm-specific enzyme functions in a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent manner to remove hydrogen and add phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to form 1,3-diphosphoglycerate. During spermiogenesis, this enzyme may play an important role in regulating the switch between different energy-producing pathways, and it is required for sperm motility and male fertility. It can be used as an intra-acrosomal marker for evaluation of the physiological state of sperm cells as well as for selection of a suitable method of fertilization in the laboratories of assisted reproduction ...
Sherer M. Naphthalene-induced hemolytic anemia in a child with erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1965;65(1):60. doi: .. Download citation file:. ...
Hi there, The article posted by Krystyna Kielan Rybicka on the bionet.parasitology newsgroup on the existence of glycogen containing particles called 'glycosomes' in almost all animal is interesting but provokes a large amount of confusion. As you probably all know glycosomes are the membrane surrounded microbody-like organelles of trypanosomatid and bodonid flagellated protists that belong to the order of the Kinetoplastida. This organelle, is unique to the Kinetoplastida. Glycosomes contain the early enzymes of the glycolytic pathway and glycerol metabolism, such as hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, glycerol kinase and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. They also contain enzymes involved in such diversed pathways as carbon-dioxide fixation, pyrimidine biosynthesis, ether-lipid biosynthesis and purine salvage. The organelles resemble the peroxisomes of other eukaryotic ...
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TY - JOUR. T1 - Inhibition of GAPDH activity by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activates three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage in endothelial cells. AU - Du, Xueliang. AU - Matsumura, Takeshi. AU - Edelstein, Diane. AU - Rossetti, Luciano. AU - Zsengellér, Zsuzsanna. AU - Szabó, Csaba. AU - Brownlee, Michael. PY - 2003/10. Y1 - 2003/10. N2 - In this report, we show that hyperglycemia-induced overproduction of superoxide by the mitochondrial electron transport chain activates the three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage found in aortic endothelial cells by inhibiting GAPDH activity. In bovine aortic endothelial cells, GAPDH antisense oligonucleotides activated each of the pathways of hyperglycemic vascular damage in cells cultured in 5 mM glucose to the same extent as that induced by culturing cells in 30 mM glucose. Hyperglycemia-induced GAPDH inhibition was found to be a consequence of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of GAPDH by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which was activated by DNA ...
CONTACT US: whatsapp/ signal/ telegram 0086 15377505767 wickr me: candyliu Hubei AOKS biotech co. ltd. Free of customs clearance!!! We will ship by special line that shipping free from custom clearance and deliver to door, 100% pass customs! Our mainly products are as belows: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate / NADP zwitterion / ?-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate /?-NADP 53-59-8 NADP b-Diphosphopyridine Nucleotide // NAD 53-84-9 NAD NADH disodium salt // beta-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, disodium salt 606-68-8 NADH ?-Nicotinamide mononucleotide // ?-NMN // Nicotinamide ribotide 1094-61-7 NMN Nicotinamide riboside chloride 23111-00-4 NR-CL NADPH // ?-NADPH TETRASODIUM SALT 2646-71-1, NADPH Nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide phosphate,reduced tetrasodium salt // DEAMINO NADPH TETRASODIUM SALT 42934-87-2,NAPH Phenacetin, Boric acid, Benzocaine / Benzocaine hcl , Procaine/Procaine HCL, Lidocaine/Lidocaine HCL, Tetracaine/Tetracaine HCL, Articaine/Articaine HCL, Bupivacaine
Ralstonia eutropha H16 is a well-studied bacterium with respect to biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), which has attracted attentions as biodegradable bio-based plastics. However, this strain shows quite poor growth on glycerol of which bulk supply has been increasing as a major by-product of biodiesel industries. This study examined enhancement of glycerol assimilation ability of R. eutropha H16 by introduction of the genes of aquaglyceroporin (glpF) and glycerol kinase (glpK) from Escherichia coli. Although introduction of glpFK Ec into the strain H16 using a multi-copy vector was not successful, a recombinant strain possessing glpFK Ec within the chromosome showed much faster growth on glycerol than H16. Further analyses clarified that weak expression of glpK Ec alone allowed to establish efficient glycerol assimilation pathway, indicating that the poor growth of H16 on glycerol was caused by insufficient kination activity to glycerol, as well as this strain had a potential ability ...
Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on D-glucono-Δ-lactone (Δgl) was found to be associated with a specific coordinate induction of the synthesis of two enzymes of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway - 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconolactonase - together with that of a third enzyme, gluconokinase. The gnd1 mutation, responsible for an approximately 80% loss of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity and the inability of the cells to grow on Δgl, completely abolished the induction of all three enzymes, while the gnd2 mutation affected this only partially. One class of gnd1 revertants, selected for growth on Δgl, was found to have recovered normal dehydrogenase activity and the ability to synthesize the three enzymes when induced by Δgl. Another class of Δgl-positive revertants possessed constitutively elevated levels of gluconokinase. In contrast, glucose-positive revertants of gnd1, with restored constitutive dehydrogenase activity, continued to remain deficient in
Glycerol uptake and glycerol kinase activity were studied in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes in the presence of either 1 nM insulin, 1 nM glucagon, or 100 nM dexamethasone, alone or in combination in
TY - JOUR. T1 - Transferrin gene expression and transferrin immunolocalization in developing foetal rat lung. AU - Skinner, S. J.M.. AU - Somekvell, C. E.. AU - Buch, S.. AU - Post, M.. PY - 1991. Y1 - 1991. N2 - In previous studies we have shown that transferrin (Tf) specifically stimulates dermatan- and chondroitin-sulphate proteoglycan accumulation around lung cells, and in the extracellular matrix of lung tissue, in vitro. The aim of this study was to determine whether the gene for Tf was activated in specific lung cells during development, and whether the protein product showed evidence of association with extracellular matrix. The expression of the gene in developing lung was shown by the hybridization of a Tf cDNA to a 2.4 kb (kilobase) mRNA species in total RNA extracts of foetal lung. The expression of the Tf gene in comparison to a control gene (GAPD, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase) was greatest in 19, 20 and 21 day foetal lung, rising from low levels on day 18 and decreasing ...
2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BDO) is a promising bio-based chemical because of its wide industrial applications. Previous studies on microbial production of 2,3-BDO has focused on sugar fermentation. Alternatively, biodiesel-derived crude glycerol can be used as a cheap resource for 2,3-BDO production; however, a considerable formation of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) and low concentration, productivity, and yield of 2,3-BDO from glycerol fermentation are limitations. Here, we report a high production of 2,3-BDO from crude glycerol using the engineered Klebsiella oxytoca M3 in which pduC (encoding glycerol dehydratase large subunit) and ldhA (encoding lactate dehydrogenase) were deleted to reduce the formation of 1,3-PDO and lactic acid. In fed-batch fermentation with the parent strain K. oxytoca M1, crude glycerol was more effective than pure glycerol as a carbon source in 2,3-BDO production (59.4 vs. 73.8 g/L) and by-product reduction (1,3-PDO, 8.9 vs. 3.7 g/L; lactic acid, 18.6 vs. 9.8 g/L). When the double
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The uppermost part of the pathway includes part of the general NAM salvage pathway in the cytosol as it is relevant to senescence-induced changes to NAD metabolism. In this pathway, NAD levels are maintained through recycling back to NAD from nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) (Braidy et al., 2019). The conversion from NAM to NMN is catalyzed by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), while the conversion from NMN to NAD is catalyzed by nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferases (NMNATs). Other sources, such as nicotinic acid (NA) and nicotinamid riboside (NR), are not shown here as they are not affected by senescence, at least from current research. OIS-specific interactions are highlighted in orange, while MiDAS-specific interactions are highlighted in purple. General interactions for both (or other senescent types) remain a black color. The OIS pathway, induced by Ras singalling in this case, results in the upregulation of HMGA1, and stimulation of the ...
Glycerol-3-phosphate is an excellent substrate for FAD-linked mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) in brown adipose tissue mitochondria and is regularly used as the primary substrate to measure oxygen consumption and reactive oxygen consumption by these mitochondria. mGPDH converts cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, feeding electrons directly from the cytosolic side of the mitochondrial inner membrane to the CoQ-pool within the inner membrane. mGPDH activity is allosterically activated by calcium, and when calcium chelators are present in the mitochondrial preparation medium and/or experimental incubation medium, calcium must be added to insure maximal mGPDH activity. It was demonstrated that in isolated brown adipose tissue mitochondria (1) mGPDH enzyme activity is maximal at free calcium ion concentrations in the 350 nM-1 μM range, (2) that ROS production also peaks in the 10-100 nM range in the presence of a UCP1 inhibitory ligand (GDP) but wanes with
Biohydrogen technology has drawn much attention due to its many advantages. However, it is still necessary to screen much more strains with stronger hydrogen-producing capacity for future commercialization processes. In this paper, a biohydrogen-producing strain Enterobacter aerogenes EB-06 was isolated, identified, and named. It could convert glycerol to biohydrogen by microorganism fermentation. The effects of oxygen content, initial pH, initial glycerol concentration, and initial nitrogen source content on biohydrogen production process were investigated. The results have shown that biohydrogen generation was more favorable under anaerobic conditions. The optimum specific biohydrogen production rate (QH2) was obtained as 41.47 mmol H2/g DCW h at 40 g/L initial glycerol concentration. The optimum volume H2 yield (CH2) was 83.76 mmol H2/L at initial pH 7.0. It was found that nitrogen source content (0-4 g/L) could promote biohydrogen production and cell growth. The biohydrogen production of
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAmPRTase or Nampt) also known as pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor 1 (PBEF1) or visfatin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NAMPT gene. This protein is the rate-limiting enzyme in the Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) salvage pathway that converts nicotinamide to nicotinamide mononucleotide in mammals to enable NAD+ biosynthesis. NAMPT has also been reported to be a cytokine (PBEF) that promotes B cell maturation and inhibits neutrophil apoptosis. NAMPT is downregulated by an increase of miR-34a in obesity via a 3'UTR functional binding site of NAMPT mRNA resulting in a reduction of NAD(+) and decreased SIRT1 activity. NAMPT catalyzes the following chemical reaction: nicotinamide + 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) + pyrophosphate (PPi) Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are nicotinamide and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRRP), whereas its two ...
Isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate. These enzymes belong to two distinct subclasses, one of which utilizes NAD(+) as the electron acceptor and the other NADP(+). Five isocitrate dehydrogenases have been reported: three NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, which localize to the mitochondrial matrix, and two NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, one of which is mitochondrial and the other predominantly cytosolic. NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the allosterically regulated rate-limiting step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each isozyme is a heterotetramer that is composed of two alpha subunits, one beta subunit, and one gamma subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is the gamma subunit of one isozyme of NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. This gene is a candidate gene for periventricular heterotopia. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but only ...
Plasmodium vivax malaria elimination can only be achieved by the deployment of 8-aminoquinolines (primaquine and tafenoquine) in combination with ACT to kill both blood and liver-stage parasites. However, primaquine and the other 8-aminoquinolines cause dose-dependent haemolysis in subjects with G6PD deficiency, an X-linked disorder of red blood cells that is very common in populations living in tropical and subtropical areas. In order to inform safer use of 8-aminoquinolines in the Greater Mekong Subregion, a multi-centre study was carried out to assess the prevalence of G6PD deficiency and to identify the main G6PD variants in samples collected in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. Blood samples were collected in the five countries during National Malaria Surveys or during Population Surveys. During Population Surveys samples were characterized for G6PD phenotype using the Fluorescent Spot Test. Samples were then genotyped for a panel of G6PD mutations. G6PD deficiency was found to be
Hatcher G. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and cataracts. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1981;80(9):615. doi: 10.7556/jaoa.1981.80.9.615.. Download citation file:. ...
In higher plants, genes for subunits of respiratory chain complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) have so far been identified solely in organellar genomes. At least nine subunits are encoded by the mitochondrial DNA and 11 homologues by the plastid DNA. One of the 'key' components of complex I is the subunit binding the substrate NADH. The corresponding gene for the mitochondrial subunit has now been cloned and identified in the nuclear genome from potato (Solanum tuberosum). The mature protein consists of 457 amino acids and is preceded by a mitochondrial targeting sequence of 30 amino acids. The protein is evolutionarily related to the NADH-binding subunits of complex I from other eukaryotes and is well conserved in the structural domains predicted for binding the substrate NADH, the FMN and one iron-sulphur cluster. Expression examined in different potato tissues by Northern blot analysis shows the highest steady-state mRNA levels in flowers. Precursor proteins translated in vitro from the ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Expression studies of Bacillus licheniformis chitin deacetylase in E. coli Rosetta cells. AU - Raval, Ritu. AU - Simsa, Robin. AU - Raval, Keyur. PY - 2017/11/1. Y1 - 2017/11/1. N2 - Chitin, the biopolymer of the N-acetylglucosamine, is the most abundant biopolymer on the planet after cellulose. However owing to its crystalline nature, its deacetylated derivative; chitosan is industrially more potent. This conversion on an enzymatic scale can be made using chitin deacetylase. The metagenomics library constructed from the soil exposed to chitin and chitosan yielded chitin modifying enzymes, one of them being chitin deacetylase (CDA) utilized for the present study. The gene was amplified and expressed using the pET 22b vector in E. coli Rosetta cells. The effect of two additives; chitin and glycerol on the CDA activity were studied. The inclusion of glycerol in the medium improved the biomass by 50% from the initial value of 1.25 g/l to 2.5 g/l. The activity of CDA increased from ...
A nice surprise to find this morning. She spoke of the difference between process and product, and how the process is hidden. We can be glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency case study more empathetic because, after having been exposed to the various conflicting explanations of the world, from philosophy to economics, from biology to religion, we know that no such thing as an absolute truth exists, but that instead the world is a tug of war between many equally valuable realities. For example, Spike rhymes with hike…. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency case study When that hacker tells you that you've screwed up, and no matter how gruffly tells you not to do it again, he's acting out of concern for 1 you and 2 his community. But it's only one school year, September-May, and it's part-time. Rational expressions glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency case study help, i want to learn algebra, houghton mifflin math algebra and trigonometry, solve my word problem for free. ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Anisotropic poly (glycerol sebacate)-poly (-caprolactone) electrospun fibers promote endothelial cell guidance. AU - Gaharwar, Akhilesh K.. AU - Nikkhah, Mehdi. AU - Sant, Shilpa. AU - Khademhosseini, Ali. N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd.. PY - 2015/3/1. Y1 - 2015/3/1. N2 - Topographical cell guidance is utilized to engineer highly organized and aligned cellular constructs for numerous tissue engineering applications. Recently, electrospun scaffolds fabricated using poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) and poly(-caprolactone) (PCL) have shown a great promise to support valvular interstitial cell functions for the development of tissue engineered heart valves. However, one of the major drawbacks of PGS-PCL scaffolds is the lack of control over cellular alignment. In this work, we investigate the role of scaffold architecture on the endothelial cell alignment, proliferation and formation of organized cellular structures. In particular, PGS-PCL scaffolds with randomly ...
In enzymology, a 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase (EC 1.5.1.34) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine + NAD(P)+ ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } a 6,7-dihydropteridine + NAD(P)H + H+ The 3 substrates of this enzyme are 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine, NAD+, and NADP+, whereas its 4 products are 6,7-dihydropteridine, NADH, NADPH, and H+. This enzyme participates in folate biosynthesis. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH group of donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 6,7-dihydropteridine:NAD(P)H oxidoreductase, DHPR, NAD(P)H:6,7-dihydropteridine oxidoreductase, NADH-dihydropteridine reductase, NADPH-dihydropteridine reductase, NADPH-specific dihydropteridine reductase, dihydropteridine (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), reductase, dihydropteridine reductase, ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Endotoxin- and mechanical stress-induced epigenetic changes in the regulation of the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase promoter. AU - Elangovan, Venkateswaran Ramamoorthi. AU - Camp, Sara M.. AU - Kelly, Gabriel T.. AU - Desai, Ankit A.. AU - Adyshev, Djanybek. AU - Sun, Xiaoguang. AU - Black, Stephen Matthew. AU - Wang, Ting. AU - Garcia, Joe G.N.. N1 - Funding Information: This study is supported by National Institutes of Health grants R01HL94394, P01HL126609, and R01HL91889. Publisher Copyright: © 2016 by the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute. All rights reserved.. PY - 2016/12/1. Y1 - 2016/12/1. N2 - Mechanical ventilation, a lifesaving intervention for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), also unfortunately contributes to excessive mechanical stress and impaired lung physiological and structural integrity. We have elsewhere established the pivotal role of increased nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) transcription and secretion as ...
A novel method has been developed for the preparation of nearly pure separate cultures of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The method is based on (a) the absence of viable neurons in cultures prepared from postnatal rat cerebra, (b) the stratification of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in culture, and (c) the selective detachment of the overlying oligodendrocytes when exposed to sheer forces generated by shaking the cultures on an orbital shaker for 15--18 h at 37 degrees C. Preparations appear greater than 98% pure and contain approximately 1-2 x 10(7) viable cells (20--40 mg of cell protein). Three methods were used to characterize these two culture t ypes. First, electron microscopic examination was used to identify the cells in each preparation (mixed and separated cultures of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) and to assess the purity of each preparation. Second, two oligodendroglial cell markers, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.4.37) and glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase ...
ADP-ribosyl cyclases catalyze the transformation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) into the calcium-mobilizing nucleotide second messenger cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose (cADP-ribose) by adenine N1-cyclization onto the C-1' ' position of NAD+. The invertebrate Aplysia californica ADP-ribosyl cyclase is unusual among this family of enzymes by acting exclusively as a cyclase, whereas the other members, such as CD38 and CD157, also act as NAD+ glycohydrolases, following a partitioning kinetic mechanism. To explore the intramolecular cyclization reaction, the novel nicotinamide 2-fluoroadenine dinucleotide (2-fluoro-NAD+) was designed as a sterically very close analogue to the natural substrate NAD+, with only an electronic perturbation at the critical N1 position of the adenine base designed to impede the cyclization reaction. 2-Fluoro-NAD+ was synthesized in high yield via Lewis acid catalyzed activation of the phosphoromorpholidate derivative of 2-fluoroadenosine 5'-monophosphate and coupling
Glycerol which is a byproduct of biodiesel production is considered as a potential feedstock for syngas production with the increase of biodiesel demand. The objective of this study is to characterize the glycerol gasification under the microwave plasma torch with oxygen and steam supply conditions. Experiments were conducted with an O2/fuel ratio of 0-1.2, a steam/fuel ratio of 0-2.4, and a microwave power of 1-1.8 kW. From the result, it was shown that the gasification efficiency and syngas heating value increased with supplied microwave power while the increase of oxygen and steam led to lower gasification performance. To achieve high carbon conversion and cold gas efficiency in the microwave plasma gasification of glycerol, O2/fuel ratio should be kept at 0-0.4. The gasification performance of glycerol atomizing toward plasma flame showed better performance than other feeding methods. In conclusion, these results indicated that the fuel droplet size and the mixing effect and retention time ...
Evidence for the presence of the enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway in Helicobacter pylori was obtained using 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Bacterial lysates generated 6-phosphogluconate and NADH or NADPH in incubations with glucose-6-phosphate and NAD+ or NADP+, indicating the presence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. Formation of pyruvate was observed in time courses of incubations of bacterial lysates with 6-phosphogluconate as the only substrate, suggesting the presence of 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase activities. The existence of these enzymes and of triose phosphate isomerase was confirmed by observing the appearance of dihydroxyacetone phosphate in time courses of bacterial lysates incubated with 6-phosphogluconate. Aldolase activity was measured by the production of pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate in lysates incubated with 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate as the sole substrate. Dehydrogenase,
The aim of this study is to investigate effects of oxygen transfer conditions on recombinant glucose isomerase (r-GI) production by Pichia pastoris under glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter (PGAP). Two different sets of operation strategies were investigated in terms of oxygen transfer conditions. In the first one, aeration rate was kept constant at QO/V = 3 vvm, 6 vvm, and 10 vvm while agitation rate was kept at N = 900 rpm; and in the second one, dissolved oxygen concentration was kept constant at CDO = 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 40% air saturation throughout the bioprocesses. In the strategies where oxygen supplementation was relatively high, QO/V = 6 vvm and 10 vvm, excessive abundance of oxygen at the earlier hours of the bioprocesses limited cell growth and GI activity. Regardless of the oxygen transfer conditions, the cell concentration and glucose isomerase activity profiles showed similar trends in each strategy with different highest values. The highest cell concentration was ...
Leuconostoc mesenteroides (Tsenkovskii) van Tieghem 1878, Leuconostoc dextranicum (Beijerinck) Hucker and Pederson 1930, and Leuconostoc cremoris (Knudsen and Sørensen) Garvie 1960 belong to a single deoxyribonucleic acid homology group. These three organisms have similar lactate dehydrogenases and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases. Because of these common properties, these organisms are here regarded as subspecies within a single species, Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The names of the subspecies are Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum (Beijerinck) comb. nov., and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris (Knudsen and Sørensen) comb. nov. The type strains of these subspecies are ATCC 8293, NCDO 529, and NCDO 543, respectively.
The influence of caloric restriction on hepatic glyceraldehyde- and glycerol-metabolizing enzyme activities of young and old mice were studied. Glycerol kinase and cytoplasmic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were increased in both young and old CR (calorie-restricted) mice when compared with controls, whereas triokinase increased only in old CR mice. Aldehyde dehydrogenase and aldehyde reductase activities in both young and old CR mice were unchanged by caloric restriction. Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase showed a trend towards an increased activity in old CR mice, whereas a trend towards a decreased activity in alcohol dehydrogenase was observed in both young and old CR mice. Serum glycerol levels decreased in young and old CR mice. Therefore increases in glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were associated with a decrease in fasting blood glycerol levels in CR animals. A prominent role for triokinase in glyceraldehyde metabolism with CR was also ...
The central metabolic pathways are a glycolytic pathway, a pentose phosphate pathway, and the citric acid cycle (Fig. 1). Conversion of glucose to pyruvate via the nonphosphorylating Entner-Doudoroff pathway produces no net energy (19). Genes for most enzymes, except gluconate dehydratase, are present (Sso3204, 3197, 3194, 0666, 0913, 0981). Conversion of pentose substrates (xylose, arabinose) is predicted to proceed via the pentose phosphate pathway, or a variant thereof. However, only genes encoding ribose-5-P isomerase (Sso0978) and transketolase (Sso0297 and 0299) are assigned. In contrast, all citric acid cycle genes are present (Sso1077, 1095, 2182, 2356 to 2359, 2482, 2483, 2585, 2589, 2815, 2816, 2863).. It is striking that NAD+ is used rarely as an electron acceptor in some central metabolic redox reactions. Both glucose dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase are reported to reduce NADP+ specifically. Moreover, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, ...
The activities of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8), glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30), lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), "malic' enzyme (L-malate-NADP+ oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.40) and the beta-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier protein) reductase component of the fatty acid synthetase complex were measured in nine hepatoma lines (8 in rats, 1 in mouse) and in the livers of host animals. With the single exception of Morris hepatoma 16, which had unusually high glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, the activities of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycerol kinase were highly correlated in normal livers and hepatomas (r = 0.97; P less than 0.01). The activities of these two enzymes were not strongly correlated with the activities of any of the other three enzymes. The primary function of hepatic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase appears to be in gluconeogenesis from glycerol.. ...
Heart failure remains the leading cause of death in many industrialized nations owing to the inability of the myocardial tissue to regenerate. The main objective of this work was to develop a cardiac patch that is biocompatible and matches the mechanical properties of the heart muscle for myocardial infarction. The present study was to fabricate poly (glycerol sebacate)/gelatin (PGS/gelatin) core/shell fibers and gelatin fibers alone by electrospinning for cardiac tissue engineering. PGS/gelatin core/shell fibers, PGS used as a core polymer to impart the mechanical properties and gelatin as a shell material to achieve favorable cell adhesion and proliferation. These core/shell fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, contact angle, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and tensile testing. The cell-scaffold interactions were analyzed by cell proliferation, confocal analysis for the expression of marker proteins like actinin, troponin-T, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion ...
Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) is an important intermediate for all living organisms. Glycerol-3-Phosphate is produced either by glycerol via glycerol kinase or by dihydroxyacetone phosphate through glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. In response to cellular signals, glycerol-3-phosphate can be utilized in multiple pathways: it can be further converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and enter glycolysis or rapidly generate NAD+ in brain or muscle tissues through the G3P shuttle or enter the lipid biosynthetic pathway. Recent studies have found that glycerol-3-phosphate is a novel regulator and plays a fundamental defense role in plant pathogenesis ...
The activities of catalase and of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), the two key enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway (ppp), were measured in the seeds of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nectarina Maxim `Nectarine 7'. The seeds were subjected to three imbibition treatments: 1) continuous 24C; 2) continuous 4C; and 3) application of thiourea (TU)/gibberellic acid (GA) at various concentrations to seed held at 24C then subsequently chilled at 4C. Treatments of continuous 24 or 4C indicated that catalase, G6PDH, and 6PGDH exhibited significant activity increases only when the seeds obtained germination potential, which occurred in the seeds chilled for 7 weeks at 4C. Seeds held at 24C did not germinate and showed little change with time in G6PDH and 6PGDH activity. There was only a slight increase in catalase activity beginning 3 weeks following treatment initiation and a decrease in activity following 13 weeks of treatment. Thiourea ...
Poly [ADP Ribose] Polymerase 2 (ADP Ribosyltransferase Diphtheria Toxin Like 2 or NAD(+) ADP Ribosyltransferase 2 or Poly[ADP Ribose] Synthase 2 or PARP2 or EC 2.4.2.30)-Pipeline Review, H1 2017. Summary. According to the recently published report 'Poly [ADP Ribose] Polymerase 2-Pipeline Review, H1 2017'; Poly [ADP Ribose] Polymerase 2 (ADP Ribosyltransferase Diphtheria Toxin Like 2 or NAD(+) ADP Ribosyltransferase 2 or Poly[ADP Ribose] Synthase 2 or PARP2 or EC 2.4.2.30) pipeline Target constitutes close to 18 molecules. Out of which approximately 16 molecules are developed by companies and remaining by the universities/institutes. Poly [ADP Ribose] Polymerase 2 (ADP Ribosyltransferase Diphtheria Toxin Like 2 or NAD(+) ADP Ribosyltransferase 2 or Poly[ADP Ribose] Synthase 2 or PARP2 or EC 2.4.2.30)-Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2 is an enzyme encoded by the PARP2 gene. It is involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, by catalyzing the poly (ADP-ribosylation) of a limited number of ...
Background Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common inherited human enzyme defect. This deficiency provides some protection from clinical malaria, but it can also cause haemolysis after administration of drugs with oxidant properties. Methods The safety of chlorproguanil-dapsone+artesunate (CD+A) and amodiaquine+sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (AQ+SP) for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria was evaluated according to G6PD deficiency in a secondary analysis of an open-label, randomized clinical trial [1]. 702 children, treated with CD+A or AQ+SP and followed for 28 days after treatment were genotyped for G6PD A- deficiency. Findings In the first 4 days following CD+A treatment, mean haematocrit declined on average 1.94% (95% CI 1.54 to 2.33) and 1.05% per day (95% CI 0.95 to 1.15) respectively in patients with G6PD deficiency and normal patients; a mean reduction of 1.3% per day was observed among patients who received AQ+SP regardless of G6PD status (95% CI 1
Abstract. In order to efficiently utilize natural cellulose materials to produce ethylene, three expression vectors containing the ethylene-forming enzyme (efe) gene from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea were constructed. The target gene was respectively controlled by different promoters: cbh I promoter from Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolases I gene, gpd promoter from Aspergillus nidulans glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene and pgk I promoter from T. reesei 3-phosphoglycerate kinase I gene. After transforming into T. reesei QM9414, 43 stable transformants were obtained by PCR amplification and ethylene determination. Southern blot analysis of 14 transformants demonstrated that the efe gene was integrated into chromosomal DNA with copy numbers from 1 to 4. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of 6 transformants showed that the heterologous gene was transcribed. By using wheat straw as a carbon source, the ethylene production rates of aforementioned 14 ...
Lactobacillus reuteri harbors the genes responsible for glycerol utilization and vitamin B12 synthesis within a genetic island phylogenetically related to gamma-Proteobacteria. Within this island, resides a gene (lreu_1750) that based on its genomic context has been suggested to encode the regulatory protein PocR and presumably control the expression of the neighboring loci. However, this functional assignment is not fully supported by sequence homology, and hitherto, completely lacks experimental confirmation. In this contribution, we have overexpressed and inactivated the gene encoding the putative PocR in L. reuteri. The comparison of these strains provided metabolic and transcriptional evidence that this regulatory protein controls the expression of the operons encoding glycerol utilization and vitamin B12 synthesis. We provide clear experimental evidence for assigning Lreu_1750 as PocR in Lactobacillus reuteri. Our genome-wide transcriptional analysis further identifies the loci contained in the
Vitrification is a promising approach for cryopreservation of adherent cells because it allows complete avoidance of ice formation. However, high cryoprotectant (CPA) concentrations are required to prevent freezing, and exposure to high CPA concentrations increases the risk of osmotic and toxic damage. Although cell membrane transport modeling can be used for rational design of CPA equilibration procedures, the necessary permeability data is extremely scarce for adherent cells. This study validates a method for in situ measurement of water and CPA permeability in adherent cells based on the fluorescence quenching of intracellular calcein. Permeability parameters for endothelial monolayers were measured during exposure to four common cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and glycerol) at temperatures of 4°C, 21°C and 37°C. Propylene glycol exhibited the highest permeability and glycerol the lowest. The data was fit using an Arrhenius model, yielding activation ...
Rubisco is central to carbon assimilation and efforts to improve the efficiency and sustainability of crop production have spurred interest in phenotyping Rubisco activity. We tested the hypothesis that microtiter plate-based methods provide comparable results to those obtained with the radiometric assay that measures the incorporation of 14CO2 into 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). Three NADH-linked assays were tested that use alternative coupling enzymes: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase and glycerolphosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH-GlyPDH); phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxylase and malate-dehydrogenase (PEPC-MDH); pyruvate-kinase and lactate-dehydrogenase (PK-LDH). To date there has been no thorough evaluation of their reliability by comparison with the 14C-based method. The three NADH-linked assays were used in parallel to estimate (1) the 3-PGA concentration response curve of NADH oxidation, (2) the Michaelis-Menten constant for RuBP, (3) fully active and inhibited Rubisco activities, and (4) ...
article{0c9c6596-022a-424f-a1a1-682387e3dd78, abstract = {Disruption of the ZWF1 gene encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) has been shown to reduce the xylitol yield and the xylose consumption in the xylose-utilizing recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain TMB3255. In the present investigation we have studied the influence of different production levels of G6PDH on xylose fermentation. We used a synthetic promoter library and the copper-regulated CUP1 promoter to generate G6PDH-activities between 0% and 179% of the wild-type level. G6PDH-activities of 1% and 6% of the wild-type level resulted in 2.8- and 5.1-fold increase in specific xylose consumption, respectively, compared with the ZWF1-disrupted strain. Both strains exhibited decreased xylitol yields (0.13 and 0.19 g/g xylose) and enhanced ethanol yields (0.36 and 0.34 g/g xylose) compared with the control strain TMB3001 (0.29 g xylitol/g xylose, 0.31 g ethanol/g xylose). Cytoplasmic transhydrogenase (TH) from Azotobacter ...
The chain oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.NADH by perhydroxyl radicals and propagated by molecular oxygen was studied by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, 60Co gamma-ray, and pulse radiolysis. The chain length, amount of NADH oxidized per HO2 generated, increases with increasing acidity of the medium and reaches a value of 73 at pH 5.0. The rate constant for the oxidation of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.NADH complex by HO2 was estimated to be 2 X 10(7) M-1 S-1 at ambient temperatures (23-24 degrees C). Rate studies as a function of pH indicate that O2- is unreactive toward the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.NADH complex. Other dehydrogenases (malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and isocitric dehydrogenase) studied showed no catalytic activity in the oxidation of NADH by HO2/O2-. ...