High/ Low Phosphate diet I. A five-day low phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder / A five-day high phosphate diet.. II. A five-day low phosphate diet / A five-day high phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder III. A five-day high phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder / A five-day low phosphate diet.. IV. A five-day high phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder.. V. A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder / A five-day low phosphate diet / A five-day high phosphate diet.. VI. A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder / A five-day high phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet. ...
Catalyzes the stereospecific, NADPH-dependent reduction of L-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (L-GAP). The physiological role of gpr is the detoxification of L-GAP, which may be formed by non-enzymatic racemization of GAP. Also involved in the stress response as a methylglyoxal reductase which converts the toxic metabolite methylglyoxal to acetol in vitro and in vivo.
Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) (EC 1.1.1.49) is a pentose shunt enzyme involved in the maintenance of adequate concentrations of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This nucleotide, together with glutathione reductase, keeps glutathione in its reduced form (GSH), protecting the red cell against oxidative stress. There are two normal G6PD variants, G6PD B and G6PD A+, and other deficient polymorphic mutants such as G6PD A-, besides dozens of rare ones (1), some of which have been described by our group (2,3).. The standard methods used to assay G6PD activity and affinity (Michaelis-Menten constant - Km) for its substrate are currently performed using reaction conditions of 145 mOs and ionic strength I: 0.06, pH 8.0, at 37oC for activity assay and 25oC for Km determination. In the present study the enzyme activity as well as its affinity were determined under nearly physiological conditions regarding osmolarity (290 mOs) and ionic strength (I: 0:188), ...
GAPDHS (the sperm-specific glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, also known as GAPD2, GAPDS, HSD-35, or GAPDH-2, is a glycolytic enzyme that plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism. Like its somatic cell counterpart, this sperm-specific enzyme functions in a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent manner to remove hydrogen and add phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to form 1,3-diphosphoglycerate. During spermiogenesis, this enzyme may play an important role in regulating the switch between different energy-producing pathways, and it is required for sperm motility and male fertility. It can be used as an intra-acrosomal marker for evaluation of the physiological state of sperm cells as well as for selection of a suitable method of fertilization in the laboratories of assisted reproduction ...
Despite the importance of extracellular phosphate, the mechanisms and control of intestinal phosphate transport remain unclear. The present study used in vivo and in vitro methods to compare the extent of Na+- dependent versus Na+-independent phosphate transport along the rat small intestine and colon at different luminal phosphate concentrations. Na+-dependent and Na+-independent phosphate transport and genomic expression of type II (NaPi-II) and type III (PiT) transporters in young (3- week old) and adult (8- and 16-week old) animals fed a control or low phosphate diet have also been quantified. mRNA levels of Na+- dependent phosphate transporters have been analysed in the 5/6 nephrectomy model of chronic renal failure and following treatment with matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE). The acute effects of altered luminal phosphate concentration on intestinal phosphate transport and renal phosphate transporter expression was also assessed. The findings confirm the jejunum to be the ...
Sherer M. Naphthalene-induced hemolytic anemia in a child with erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1965;65(1):60. doi: .. Download citation file:. ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Transferrin gene expression and transferrin immunolocalization in developing foetal rat lung. AU - Skinner, S. J.M.. AU - Somekvell, C. E.. AU - Buch, S.. AU - Post, M.. PY - 1991. Y1 - 1991. N2 - In previous studies we have shown that transferrin (Tf) specifically stimulates dermatan- and chondroitin-sulphate proteoglycan accumulation around lung cells, and in the extracellular matrix of lung tissue, in vitro. The aim of this study was to determine whether the gene for Tf was activated in specific lung cells during development, and whether the protein product showed evidence of association with extracellular matrix. The expression of the gene in developing lung was shown by the hybridization of a Tf cDNA to a 2.4 kb (kilobase) mRNA species in total RNA extracts of foetal lung. The expression of the Tf gene in comparison to a control gene (GAPD, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase) was greatest in 19, 20 and 21 day foetal lung, rising from low levels on day 18 and decreasing ...
Background: Reuterin produced from glycerol by Lactobacillus reuteri, a normal inhabitant of the human intestine, is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. It has been postulated that reuterin could play a role in the probiotic effects of Lb. reuteri. Reuterin is active toward enteropathogens, yeasts, fungi, protozoa and viruses, but its effect on commensal intestinal bacteria is unknown. Moreover reuterin's mode of action has not yet been elucidated. Glutathione, a powerful antioxidant, which also plays a key role in detoxifying reactive aldehydes, protects certain bacteria from oxidative stress, and could also be implicated in resistance to reuterin. The aim of this work was to test the activity of reuterin against a representative panel of intestinal bacteria and to study a possible correlation between intracellular low molecular weight thiols (LMW-SH) such as glutathione, hydrogen peroxide and/or reuterin sensitivity. Reuterin was produced by Lb. reuteri SD2112 in pure glycerol solution, purified and
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TY - JOUR. T1 - Inhibition of GAPDH activity by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activates three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage in endothelial cells. AU - Du, Xueliang. AU - Matsumura, Takeshi. AU - Edelstein, Diane. AU - Rossetti, Luciano. AU - Zsengellér, Zsuzsanna. AU - Szabó, Csaba. AU - Brownlee, Michael. PY - 2003/10. Y1 - 2003/10. N2 - In this report, we show that hyperglycemia-induced overproduction of superoxide by the mitochondrial electron transport chain activates the three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage found in aortic endothelial cells by inhibiting GAPDH activity. In bovine aortic endothelial cells, GAPDH antisense oligonucleotides activated each of the pathways of hyperglycemic vascular damage in cells cultured in 5 mM glucose to the same extent as that induced by culturing cells in 30 mM glucose. Hyperglycemia-induced GAPDH inhibition was found to be a consequence of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of GAPDH by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which was activated by DNA ...
Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on D-glucono-Δ-lactone (Δgl) was found to be associated with a specific coordinate induction of the synthesis of two enzymes of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway - 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconolactonase - together with that of a third enzyme, gluconokinase. The gnd1 mutation, responsible for an approximately 80% loss of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity and the inability of the cells to grow on Δgl, completely abolished the induction of all three enzymes, while the gnd2 mutation affected this only partially. One class of gnd1 revertants, selected for growth on Δgl, was found to have recovered normal dehydrogenase activity and the ability to synthesize the three enzymes when induced by Δgl. Another class of Δgl-positive revertants possessed constitutively elevated levels of gluconokinase. In contrast, glucose-positive revertants of gnd1, with restored constitutive dehydrogenase activity, continued to remain deficient in
Looking for online definition of prolactin-releasing hormone in the Medical Dictionary? prolactin-releasing hormone explanation free. What is prolactin-releasing hormone? Meaning of prolactin-releasing hormone medical term. What does prolactin-releasing hormone mean?
10. Asarum geophilum Hemsley, Gard. Chron., ser. 3. 7: 422. 1890. 地花细辛 di hua xi xin Asarum cavaleriei H. Léveillé & Vaniot; A. cavaleriei var. esquirolii Léveillé; A. taiwanense S. S. Ying; Geotaenium geophilum (Hemsley) F. Maekawa, comb. inval.. Herbs. Rhizomes horizontal, 3-4 mm in diam., internodes 0.5-1.5 cm. Leaves paired; petiole 3-15 cm, villous; leaf blade uniformly colored, orbicular-cordate, ovate-cordate, or broadly ovate, 5-10 × 5.5-12.5 cm, abaxial surface densely yellow-brown pubescent or glabrescent, adaxial surface sparsely pubescent or glabrous, apex acute or obtuse; cataphylls ovate or narrowly ovate, ca. 0.8 × 0.4 cm. Peduncle declinate, 0.5-1.5 cm. Calyx slightly zygomorphic, purplish, subrotate, 1.5-2 × 2-2.5 cm; sepals connate beyond attachment to ovary, abaxially pubescent, adaxially dark red pubescent; tube obconic, ca. 0.5 × 0.6-1 cm; lobes spreading, triangular-orbicular, ca. 0.8 × 1-1.2 cm. Stamens 12; filaments less than 0.4 mm, shorter than anthers; ...
A triose is a monosaccharide, or simple sugar, containing three carbon atoms. There are only three possible trioses: L-Glyceraldehyde and D-Glyceraldehyde, the two enantiomers of glyceraldehyde, which are aldotrioses because the carbonyl group is at the end of the chain, and dihydroxyacetone, the only ketotriose, which is symmetrical and therefore has no enantiomers. Trioses are important in cellular respiration. During glycolysis, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is broken down into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Lactic acid and pyruvic acid are later derived from these molecules. "Trioses - Three Carbon Sugars". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2011-07-10. "Glycolysis in Detail". Ohio State University at Mansfield. Retrieved 2011-07-10 ...
Glycerol-3-phosphate is an excellent substrate for FAD-linked mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) in brown adipose tissue mitochondria and is regularly used as the primary substrate to measure oxygen consumption and reactive oxygen consumption by these mitochondria. mGPDH converts cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, feeding electrons directly from the cytosolic side of the mitochondrial inner membrane to the CoQ-pool within the inner membrane. mGPDH activity is allosterically activated by calcium, and when calcium chelators are present in the mitochondrial preparation medium and/or experimental incubation medium, calcium must be added to insure maximal mGPDH activity. It was demonstrated that in isolated brown adipose tissue mitochondria (1) mGPDH enzyme activity is maximal at free calcium ion concentrations in the 350 nM-1 μM range, (2) that ROS production also peaks in the 10-100 nM range in the presence of a UCP1 inhibitory ligand (GDP) but wanes with
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP), an RF amide peptide present in the brain, generates a wide variety of centrally generated autonomic responses, including increases in arterial blood pressure and heart rate. The identity of the receptor mediating the effects of PrRP is unknown. In addition to GPR10, which is its putative endogenous receptor, PrRP demonstrates a high binding affinity for Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) receptors, specifically the NPFF2 receptor. In the present study, we examined whether the central cardiovascular effects of PrRP in the intact animal and its cellular effects on parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons are mediated via NPFF receptors. In conscious rats, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) PrRP caused an increase in arterial blood pressure and heart rate, which was blocked with RF9, a specific NPFF receptor antagonist. These PrRP-evoked cardiovascular effects were preserved in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat strain, in which the GRP10 receptor ...
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is an endogenous hypothalamic neuropeptide that when exogenously injected increases food intake in chickens, but decreases it in rodents and goldfish. We designed three sets of experiments to elucidate the mechanisms of PrRP's orexigenic effect in chicks. In experiment one, food and water intake were evaluated in chicks after receiving intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of the vehicle, 0.75, 3, 12, 47 or 188 pmol PrRP. The administration of 12 and 47 pmol PrRP increased food intake for up to 120 min after injection, and 188 pmol increased it for up to 180 min. The lowest effective dose was 3 pmol, which increased food intake for up to 60 min after injection. Water intake was not affected. To investigate the molecular mechanisms, c-Fos immunohistochemistry was performed and mRNA expression of some appetite-associated neurotransmitters was measured in chicks that received either vehicle or 188 pmol of PrRP. The rostral paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Proteomic analysis of the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri CRL1098 reveals novel tolerance biomarkers to bile acid-induced stress. AU - Bustos, Ana Yanina. AU - de Valdez, Graciela Font. AU - Raya, Raúl. AU - de Almeida, André Martinho. AU - Fadda, Silvina. AU - Taranto, María Pía. PY - 2015/11/1. Y1 - 2015/11/1. N2 - Lactobacillus (L.) reuteri CRL1098 is a probiotic bacterium with a proven hypocholesterolemic effect, moderate immune stimulant effect and ability to produce cobalamin. The CRL1098 strain survives the passage through the gastrointestinal tract where the exposure to bile acids (BA) causes deleterious effects. In order to characterize the molecular mechanisms through which L. reuteri CRL1098 adapts to bile, its proteomic response was evaluated in the presence of conjugated (glycodeoxycholic acid-GDCA-) and free (deoxycholic acid-DCA-) bile acids (BA). Cell growth inhibition was observed only in the presence of DCA. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled to ...
Hi there, The article posted by Krystyna Kielan Rybicka on the bionet.parasitology newsgroup on the existence of glycogen containing particles called 'glycosomes' in almost all animal is interesting but provokes a large amount of confusion. As you probably all know glycosomes are the membrane surrounded microbody-like organelles of trypanosomatid and bodonid flagellated protists that belong to the order of the Kinetoplastida. This organelle, is unique to the Kinetoplastida. Glycosomes contain the early enzymes of the glycolytic pathway and glycerol metabolism, such as hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, glycerol kinase and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. They also contain enzymes involved in such diversed pathways as carbon-dioxide fixation, pyrimidine biosynthesis, ether-lipid biosynthesis and purine salvage. The organelles resemble the peroxisomes of other eukaryotic ...
Vedecké štúdie o účinkoch kmeňa baktérie Lactobacillus reuteri DSM17648. Väčšina vedeckých skúmaní baktérie Lactobacillus reuteri bola venovaná jej účinkom na posilnenie, či ozdravenie tráviaceho traktu. Vedecké štúdie boli tiež venované možnému potenciálnemu účinku Lactobacillus reuteri na podporu liečby baktérie helikobakter pylori. Zoznámte sa s výsledkami niektorých z uskutočnených vedeckých štúdií:. Štúdia The effect of Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation in Helicobacter pylori infection: a placebo-controlled, single-blind study (Martin Buckley, Sean Lacey, Andrea Doolan, 2018). Štúdia bola vykonaná na 24 dospelých s diagnostikovaným h.pylori. Po 28-mich dňoch užívania baktérie Lactobacillus reuteri kmeň DSM17648 v produkte Pyllopas boli pacientom pomocou dychového testu merané zmeny na koncentrácii baktérie helikobakter pylori. Trend znižovania prítomnosť baktérie sa preukázal u 62,5% pacientov. Počas štúdie neboli ...
Plasmodium vivax malaria elimination can only be achieved by the deployment of 8-aminoquinolines (primaquine and tafenoquine) in combination with ACT to kill both blood and liver-stage parasites. However, primaquine and the other 8-aminoquinolines cause dose-dependent haemolysis in subjects with G6PD deficiency, an X-linked disorder of red blood cells that is very common in populations living in tropical and subtropical areas. In order to inform safer use of 8-aminoquinolines in the Greater Mekong Subregion, a multi-centre study was carried out to assess the prevalence of G6PD deficiency and to identify the main G6PD variants in samples collected in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. Blood samples were collected in the five countries during National Malaria Surveys or during Population Surveys. During Population Surveys samples were characterized for G6PD phenotype using the Fluorescent Spot Test. Samples were then genotyped for a panel of G6PD mutations. G6PD deficiency was found to be
TY - JOUR. T1 - Inhibition of GAPDH activity by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activates three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage in endothelial cells. AU - Du, Xueliang. AU - Matsumura, Takeshi. AU - Edelstein, Diane. AU - Rossetti, Luciano. AU - Zsengellér, Zsuzsanna. AU - Szabo, Csaba. AU - Brownlee, Michael. PY - 2003/10. Y1 - 2003/10. N2 - In this report, we show that hyperglycemia-induced overproduction of superoxide by the mitochondrial electron transport chain activates the three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage found in aortic endothelial cells by inhibiting GAPDH activity. In bovine aortic endothelial cells, GAPDH antisense oligonucleotides activated each of the pathways of hyperglycemic vascular damage in cells cultured in 5 mM glucose to the same extent as that induced by culturing cells in 30 mM glucose. Hyperglycemia-induced GAPDH inhibition was found to be a consequence of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of GAPDH by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which was activated by DNA ...
Hatcher G. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and cataracts. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1981;80(9):615. doi: 10.7556/jaoa.1981.80.9.615.. Download citation file:. ...
A nice surprise to find this morning. She spoke of the difference between process and product, and how the process is hidden. We can be glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency case study more empathetic because, after having been exposed to the various conflicting explanations of the world, from philosophy to economics, from biology to religion, we know that no such thing as an absolute truth exists, but that instead the world is a tug of war between many equally valuable realities. For example, Spike rhymes with hike…. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency case study When that hacker tells you that you've screwed up, and no matter how gruffly tells you not to do it again, he's acting out of concern for 1 you and 2 his community. But it's only one school year, September-May, and it's part-time. Rational expressions glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency case study help, i want to learn algebra, houghton mifflin math algebra and trigonometry, solve my word problem for free. ...
Glucose in the bloodstream diffuses into the cytoplasm and is locked there by phosphorylation. A glucose molecule is then rearranged slightly to fructose and phosphorylated again to fructose diphosphate. These steps actually require energy, in the form of two ATPs per glucose. The fructose is then cleaved to yield two glyceraldehyde phosphates (GPs). In the next steps, energy is finally released, in the form of two ATPs and two NADHs, as the GPs are oxidized to phosphoglycerates. One of the key enzymes in this process is glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), which transfers a hydrogen atom from the GP to NAD to yield the energetic NADH. Due to its key position in the glycolytic pathway, biochemical assays of GPDH are often used to estimate the glycolytic capacity of a muscle cell. Finally, two more ATPs are produced as the phosphoglycerates are oxidized to pyruvate.varicofix pret. ...
Supplementation with the - commercially available beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 6475 boosts testosterone synthesis and sperm production. Medical scientists at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge came to this conclusion after doing experiments with mice. The probiotic also makes mice slimmer.
Evidence for the presence of the enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway in Helicobacter pylori was obtained using 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Bacterial lysates generated 6-phosphogluconate and NADH or NADPH in incubations with glucose-6-phosphate and NAD+ or NADP+, indicating the presence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. Formation of pyruvate was observed in time courses of incubations of bacterial lysates with 6-phosphogluconate as the only substrate, suggesting the presence of 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase activities. The existence of these enzymes and of triose phosphate isomerase was confirmed by observing the appearance of dihydroxyacetone phosphate in time courses of bacterial lysates incubated with 6-phosphogluconate. Aldolase activity was measured by the production of pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate in lysates incubated with 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate as the sole substrate. Dehydrogenase,
The aim of this study is to investigate effects of oxygen transfer conditions on recombinant glucose isomerase (r-GI) production by Pichia pastoris under glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter (PGAP). Two different sets of operation strategies were investigated in terms of oxygen transfer conditions. In the first one, aeration rate was kept constant at QO/V = 3 vvm, 6 vvm, and 10 vvm while agitation rate was kept at N = 900 rpm; and in the second one, dissolved oxygen concentration was kept constant at CDO = 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 40% air saturation throughout the bioprocesses. In the strategies where oxygen supplementation was relatively high, QO/V = 6 vvm and 10 vvm, excessive abundance of oxygen at the earlier hours of the bioprocesses limited cell growth and GI activity. Regardless of the oxygen transfer conditions, the cell concentration and glucose isomerase activity profiles showed similar trends in each strategy with different highest values. The highest cell concentration was ...
Leuconostoc mesenteroides (Tsenkovskii) van Tieghem 1878, Leuconostoc dextranicum (Beijerinck) Hucker and Pederson 1930, and Leuconostoc cremoris (Knudsen and Sørensen) Garvie 1960 belong to a single deoxyribonucleic acid homology group. These three organisms have similar lactate dehydrogenases and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases. Because of these common properties, these organisms are here regarded as subspecies within a single species, Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The names of the subspecies are Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum (Beijerinck) comb. nov., and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris (Knudsen and Sørensen) comb. nov. The type strains of these subspecies are ATCC 8293, NCDO 529, and NCDO 543, respectively.
The central metabolic pathways are a glycolytic pathway, a pentose phosphate pathway, and the citric acid cycle (Fig. 1). Conversion of glucose to pyruvate via the nonphosphorylating Entner-Doudoroff pathway produces no net energy (19). Genes for most enzymes, except gluconate dehydratase, are present (Sso3204, 3197, 3194, 0666, 0913, 0981). Conversion of pentose substrates (xylose, arabinose) is predicted to proceed via the pentose phosphate pathway, or a variant thereof. However, only genes encoding ribose-5-P isomerase (Sso0978) and transketolase (Sso0297 and 0299) are assigned. In contrast, all citric acid cycle genes are present (Sso1077, 1095, 2182, 2356 to 2359, 2482, 2483, 2585, 2589, 2815, 2816, 2863).. It is striking that NAD+ is used rarely as an electron acceptor in some central metabolic redox reactions. Both glucose dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase are reported to reduce NADP+ specifically. Moreover, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, ...
The ectomycorrhizal fungi Cenococcum geophilum, Hebeloma crustuliniforme and Laccaria laccata produced ethylene in vitro in modified Melin-Norkrans liquid medium only if amended with 2.5 to 10 mM methionine; Pisolithus tinctorius failed to produce ethylene unless the cultures were renewed with fresh methionine-amended medium prior to ethylene assay. An additional 19 ectomycorrhizal fungi plus 5 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pini all produced ethylene in renewed and/or nonrenewed media. Although the rates varied, ethylene production by many ectomycorrhizal fungi equaled that of Fusarium. Culture filtrates of H. crustuliniforme and L. laccata also evolved ethylene that was apparently of nonenzymatic origin. Ethylene was produced by aseptically grown Douglas-fir seedlings inoculated with C. geophilum, H. crustuliniforme and L. laccata, and appearance of ethylene coincided with the formation of mycorrhizae; production by P. tinctorius-inoculated seedlings was inconsistent. Lateral root ...
Get information, facts, and pictures about Glyceraldehyde at Encyclopedia.com. Make research projects and school reports about Glyceraldehyde easy with credible articles from our FREE, online encyclopedia and dictionary.
TY - JOUR. T1 - Active-Site Glu165 Activation in Triosephosphate Isomerase and Its Deprotonation Kinetics. AU - Deng, Hua. AU - Dyer, R. Brian. AU - Callender, Robert. PY - 2019/5/16. Y1 - 2019/5/16. N2 - Triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) catalyzes the interconversion between dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) via an enediol(ate) intermediate. The active-site residue Glu165 serves as the catalytic base during catalysis. It abstracts a proton from C1 carbon of DHAP to form the reaction intermediate and donates a proton to C2 carbon of the intermediate to form product GAP. Our difference Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies on the yeast TIM (YeTIM)/phosphate complex revealed a C=O stretch band at 1706 cm-1 from the protonated Glu165 carboxyl group at pH 7.5, indicating that the pKa of the catalytic base is increased by ,3.0 pH units upon phosphate binding, and that the Glu165 carboxyl environment in the complex is still hydrophilic in spite of the ...
Transaldolase is an enzyme (EC 2.2.1.2) of the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway. In humans, transaldolase is encoded by the TALDO1 gene. The following chemical reaction is catalyzed by transaldolase: sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } erythrose 4-phosphate + fructose 6-phosphate The pentose phosphate pathway has two metabolic functions: (1) generation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced NADPH), for reductive biosynthesis, and (2) formation of ribose, which is an essential component of ATP, DNA, and RNA. Transaldolase links the pentose phosphate pathway to glycolysis. In patients with deficiency of transaldolase, there's an accumulation of erythritol (from erythrose 4-phosphate), D-arabitol, and ribitol. The deletion in 3 base pairs in the TALDO1 gene results in the absence of serine at position 171 of the transaldolase protein, which is part of a highly conserved region, suggesting that the ...
The activities of catalase and of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), the two key enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway (ppp), were measured in the seeds of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nectarina Maxim `Nectarine 7'. The seeds were subjected to three imbibition treatments: 1) continuous 24C; 2) continuous 4C; and 3) application of thiourea (TU)/gibberellic acid (GA) at various concentrations to seed held at 24C then subsequently chilled at 4C. Treatments of continuous 24 or 4C indicated that catalase, G6PDH, and 6PGDH exhibited significant activity increases only when the seeds obtained germination potential, which occurred in the seeds chilled for 7 weeks at 4C. Seeds held at 24C did not germinate and showed little change with time in G6PDH and 6PGDH activity. There was only a slight increase in catalase activity beginning 3 weeks following treatment initiation and a decrease in activity following 13 weeks of treatment. Thiourea ...
Lactobacillus reuteri, a symbiotic inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract in humans and animals, is marketed as a probiotic. The ability to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells and mucus is an interesting property with regard to probiotic features such as colonization of the gastrointestinal tract and interaction with the host. Here, we present a study performed to elucidate the role of sortase (SrtA), four putative sortase-dependent proteins (SDPs), and one C-terminal membrane-anchored cell surface protein of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 in adhesion to Caco-2 cells and mucus in vitro. This included mutagenesis of the genes encoding these proteins and complementation of mutants. A null mutation in hmpref0536_10255 encoding srtA resulted in significantly reduced adhesion to Caco-2 cells and mucus, indicating involvement of SDPs in adhesion. Evaluation of the bacterial adhesion revealed that of the five putative surface protein mutants tested, only a null mutation in the hmpref0536_10633 gene,
Background Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common inherited human enzyme defect. This deficiency provides some protection from clinical malaria, but it can also cause haemolysis after administration of drugs with oxidant properties. Methods The safety of chlorproguanil-dapsone+artesunate (CD+A) and amodiaquine+sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (AQ+SP) for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria was evaluated according to G6PD deficiency in a secondary analysis of an open-label, randomized clinical trial [1]. 702 children, treated with CD+A or AQ+SP and followed for 28 days after treatment were genotyped for G6PD A- deficiency. Findings In the first 4 days following CD+A treatment, mean haematocrit declined on average 1.94% (95% CI 1.54 to 2.33) and 1.05% per day (95% CI 0.95 to 1.15) respectively in patients with G6PD deficiency and normal patients; a mean reduction of 1.3% per day was observed among patients who received AQ+SP regardless of G6PD status (95% CI 1
Abstract. In order to efficiently utilize natural cellulose materials to produce ethylene, three expression vectors containing the ethylene-forming enzyme (efe) gene from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea were constructed. The target gene was respectively controlled by different promoters: cbh I promoter from Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolases I gene, gpd promoter from Aspergillus nidulans glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene and pgk I promoter from T. reesei 3-phosphoglycerate kinase I gene. After transforming into T. reesei QM9414, 43 stable transformants were obtained by PCR amplification and ethylene determination. Southern blot analysis of 14 transformants demonstrated that the efe gene was integrated into chromosomal DNA with copy numbers from 1 to 4. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of 6 transformants showed that the heterologous gene was transcribed. By using wheat straw as a carbon source, the ethylene production rates of aforementioned 14 ...
Fetal rat pancreatic cells were isolated from pancreatic primordia on days 12-14 of pregnancy and cultured for 48 h in the presence of 5 mmol/l glucose. Insulin accumulation in the medium over the next 24 h was measured. Cultured cells from day 12 fetuses secreted about 1 fmol insulin per pancreas in response to 5 or 15 mmol/l glucose irrespective of whether 1 mmol/l tolbutamide, 400 mumol/l diazoxide, 5 mmol/l theophylline or 10 mmol/l mannoheptulose was present. In contrast, insulin released from day 13 cultured cells increased significantly from 3.0 +/- 0.6 to 6.2 +/- 2.2 fmol per pancreas, when the glucose concentration was raised. Tolbutamide increased, diazoxide and mannoheptulose decreased and theophylline had no effect on insulin release. Even more pronounced effects were found on insulin release from day 14 cultured cells, in which theophylline also increased the release. In addition, insulin release from cells from pregnancy day 14 was 75 +/- 16 amol/min per pancreas when the cells ...
Rubisco is central to carbon assimilation and efforts to improve the efficiency and sustainability of crop production have spurred interest in phenotyping Rubisco activity. We tested the hypothesis that microtiter plate-based methods provide comparable results to those obtained with the radiometric assay that measures the incorporation of 14CO2 into 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). Three NADH-linked assays were tested that use alternative coupling enzymes: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase and glycerolphosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH-GlyPDH); phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxylase and malate-dehydrogenase (PEPC-MDH); pyruvate-kinase and lactate-dehydrogenase (PK-LDH). To date there has been no thorough evaluation of their reliability by comparison with the 14C-based method. The three NADH-linked assays were used in parallel to estimate (1) the 3-PGA concentration response curve of NADH oxidation, (2) the Michaelis-Menten constant for RuBP, (3) fully active and inhibited Rubisco activities, and (4) ...
Some important edible oils (extra virgin oilve oil, canola oil, and sunflower oil) were added to aqueous glucose-lysine or xylose-lysine model systems to investigate their effect on the formation of volatiles from the Maillard reaction (MR). The volatile compounds were extracted by a Likens-Nickerson apparatus and quantified: Pyrazines, Maillard reaction products with an important impact on food flavor, appeared to be particularly sensitive to the presence of the oils in both the xylose-lysine and glucose-lysine model systems. The unsubstituted pyrazine was formed more with olive oil, less with canola oil, and even less with sunflower oil, whereas 2-methylpyrazine, 2,5-methylpyrazine, and 2,3-dimethylpyrazine were formed less with olive oil, more with canola oil, and even more with sunflower. The oxidative states of the oils and their fatty acid fingerprints were determined: the results indicated that the relative amounts of the pyrazines are sensitive to the degree of unsaturation of the oil. ...
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Gene in Yak - Yak;Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase gene;Cloning;Housekeeping Gene;
The neglected disease American trypanosomiasis is one of the major health problems in Latin America. Triosephosphate isomerase from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTIM), the etiologic agent of this disease, has been proposed as a druggable target. Some bis-benzothiazoles have been described as irreversible inhibitors of this enzyme. On the other hand, new bioactive furane-containing thiazoles have been described as excellent in vivo anti-T. cruzi agents. This encouraged us to design and develop new bis-thiazoles with potential use as drugs for American trypanosomiasis. The bis-thiazol 5, 3,3'-allyl-2,2'-bis[3-(2-furyl)-2-propenylidenehydrazono]-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-4,4'-bisthiazole, showed the best in vitro anti-T. cruzi profile with a higher selectivity index than the reference drugs Nifurtimox and Benznidazole against amastigote form of the parasite. This derivative displayed marginal activity against TcTIM however the bis-thiazol 14, ...
Numerous hits in gapped BLAST to bacterial and plant GAPN sequences, e.g. residues 3-474 are 40% similar to GAPN_STRMU. Residues 16-474 are 40% similar to GAPN_PEA. No similarity to M.genitalium, T.pallidum or C.trachomatis ...
Has both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and nitrosylase activities, thereby playing a role in glycolysis and nuclear functions, respectively. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate. Modulates the organization and assembly of the cytoskeleton. Facilitates the CHP1-dependent microtubule and membrane associations through its ability to stimulate the binding of CHP1 to microtubules. Also participates in nuclear events including transcription, RNA transport, DNA replication and apoptosis. Nuclear functions are probably due to the nitrosylase activity that mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of nuclear target proteins such as SIRT1, HDAC2 and PRKDC. Component of the GAIT (gamma interferon-activated inhibitor of translation) complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes.
Nature's Way Primadophilus Reuteri Probiotic 90Vegetarian Capsules Multi Strain Plus scFOS 5 billion CFU* What is Reuteri? Pronounced roy-tur-eye, this unique lactobacillus is naturally found in human breast milk, and is one of the first defenses a nursing mother passes to her child. When taken as a supplement, reuteri colonizes in the intestine and provides immune and digestive support. Why take Primadophilus Reuteri? Maintaining a proper level of Lactobacillus reuteri and other lactobacillus & bifidobacterium cultures in the intestinal tract can: Help support healthy immune function* Supports healthy digestion* True Potency - a guaranteed potency of at least 5 billion CFU through to its expiration date. Most other probiotic brands claim potency at time of manufacture. Directions: Take 1 capsule daily, with or without food. Keep refrigerated to maintain maximum potency. Supplement Facts Serving Size: 1 Veg CapsuleAmount/Serving%DV NutraFlora scFOS (short chain
Aging and skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury both lead to skeletal\r\nmuscle dysfunction, evidenced by decreased contractile force generation, particularly in\r\nglycolytic muscle. The deficits in I/R are more severe and persistent in aged animals.\r\nPrevious studies in our lab led us to hypothesize that the expression of the glycolytic\r\nenzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase may be altered following I/R. We\r\nfurther hypothesized that aging would enhance the oxidative stress and oxidative damage\r\nexperienced by the muscle. GAPDH protein levels were measured by Western blotting.\r\nWe observed that the enzyme is significantly decreased at 3 and 5 days of reperfusion in\r\nthe young muscle, while the enzyme was significantly decreased in the aged muscle at 1,\r\n3, 5, and 7 days. Using PCR, we compared GAPDH mRNA levels at 5 days reperfusion\r\nand found that the I/R tissue from both young and old have significant increases in\r\nGAPDH transcript at this time point ...
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase catalyzes the reversible cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and fructose 1-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and either glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or glyceraldehyde, respectively. Catalysis involves the formation of a Schiff's base intermediate formed at the epsilon-amino group of Lys229. The existing apo-enzyme structure was refined using the crystallographic free-R-factor and maximum likelihood methods that have been shown to give improved structural results that are less subject to model bias. Crystals were also soaked with the natural substrate (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate), and the crystal structure of this complex has been determined to 2.8 A. The apo structure differs from the previous Brookhaven-deposited structure (1ald) in the flexible C-terminal region. This is also the region where the native and complex structures exhibit differences. The conformational changes between native and complex structure are not large, but the observed complex does ...
(±)-Glyceraldehyde (CAS 56-82-6) Market Research Report 2017 aims at providing comprehensive data on (±)-glyceraldehyde market globally and regionally
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