High/ Low Phosphate diet I. A five-day low phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder / A five-day high phosphate diet.. II. A five-day low phosphate diet / A five-day high phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder III. A five-day high phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder / A five-day low phosphate diet.. IV. A five-day high phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder.. V. A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder / A five-day low phosphate diet / A five-day high phosphate diet.. VI. A five-day low phosphate diet with the addition of a phosphate binder / A five-day high phosphate diet / A five-day low phosphate diet. ...
Looking for online definition of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) in the Medical Dictionary? serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) explanation free. What is serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)? Meaning of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) medical term. What does serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) mean?
WHAT IS THE CONTROVERSY SURROUNDING HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP? What is high fructose corn syrup? In the 1970's, Japanese researchers discovered a process that converted cornstarch into a sweetener called high fructose corn syrup (hfcs). It contained 55% fructose, and 45% glucose, which makes it as sweet as sucrose (aka table sugar-about 50% each fructose and glucose). In Canada, hfcs will be identified in ingredient lists as glucose/fructose. As the price of sugar increased (as most sugar is imported), food processors began to use high fructose corn syrup more often. It is much cheaper, as corn is grown in abundance...
Americans love food that tastes good and we find that food and drink companies are adding high-fructose corn syrup as a sweetener to enhance flavors. Why are companies choosing this over other sweeteners? Is there a difference between corn syrup and high-fructose corn syrup? Why is it that some brands use high-fructose corn syrup for the U.S. market, yet sugar for Canadian and European markets?. The simple answer as to why high-fructose corn syrup is used is cost. It is a lot cheaper for food manufactures to use high-fructose corn syrup than real sugar. Also the supply of high-fructose corn syrup is almost limitless. Corn subsidies by the government can be the reason for both cost and supply.. Corn syrup and high-fructose corn syrup are two different products even though both products are made from corn starch. Regular corn syrup is 100% glucose yet high-fructose corn syrup has some of its glucose converted to fructose enzymatically. Scientists are examining the potentially negative effects of ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide administration. AU - Hou, Yu-Chen. AU - Pai, Man Hui. AU - Chiu, Wan Chun. AU - Hu, Ya Mei. AU - Yeh, Sung Ling. PY - 2009/3. Y1 - 2009/3. N2 - Acute lung injury (ALI) is a critical syndrome associated with respiratory dysfunction, and neutrophils are considered to be central to the pathogenesis of ALI. This study investigated the effects of glutamine (Gln) on neutrophil recruitment in a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard diet either with casein as the nitrogen source or with 25% of total nitrogen replaced by Gln. After 10 days, intratracheal instillation of LPS was used to induce ALI. Mice were killed at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h after LPS administration (n = 10/group). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissues were collected for further analysis. The results showed that, compared with the control group, lipid peroxide levels in the lungs were ...
Aoki, Y.-h., Ohkoshi, S., Yamagiwa, S., Yano, M., Takahashi, H., Waguri, N., Igarashi, K., Sugitani, S.-i., Takahashi, T., Ishikawa, T., Kamimura, T., Wakabayashi, H., Watanabe, T., Matsuda, Y., Nomoto, M. and Aoyagi, Y. (2011), Characterization of elevated alanine aminotransferase levels during pegylated-interferon α-2b plus ribavirin treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology Research, 41: 118-125. doi: 10.1111/j.1872-034X.2010.00749.x ...
Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) is the first rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), which plays a pivotal role in the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Therefore, we investigated the prognostic significance of GFPT1 expression in patients with resectable PDAC. We analyzed public datasets to compare GFPT1 expression in tumor tissues and normal/adjacent pancreatic tissues. We measured the relative GFPT1 expression of 134 resected PDAC specimens in our institution, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Survival was compared between high and low GFPT1 expression groups using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. Multivariate analyses were estimated using Cox regression and logistic regression models. GFPT1 is generally upregulated in PDAC tissues, according to the analysis of public datasets. The data from our institution shows that high GFPT1 expression was correlated with a high rate of lymph node (LN) metastasis (p = 0
Authors. Qiushi Chen, Juliane S. Muller, Poh-Choo Pang, Steve H. Laval, Stuart M. Haslam, Hanns Lochmüller and Anne Dell. Journal. Biomolecules, volume 2015, issue 5, pages 2758-2781 Publication date. October 2015. Abstract. Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) is the first enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. It transfers an amino group from glutamine to fructose-6-phosphate to yield glucosamine-6-phosphate, thus providing the precursor for uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) synthesis. UDP-GlcNAc is an essential substrate for all mammalian glycosylation biosynthetic pathways and N-glycan branching is especially sensitive to alterations in the concentration of this sugar nucleotide. It has been reported that GFPT1 mutations lead to a distinct sub-class of congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) termed "limb-girdle CMS with tubular aggregates". CMS are hereditary neuromuscular transmission disorders in which neuromuscular junctions are impaired. To ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Safety of glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrient solutions in humans. AU - Lowe, D. K.. AU - Benfell, K.. AU - Smith, R. J.. AU - Jacobs, D. O.. AU - Murawski, B.. AU - Ziegler, T. R.. AU - Wilmore, D. W.. PY - 1990. Y1 - 1990. N2 - To determine the safety of glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition, seven normal volunteers were admitted to the Clinical Research Center for three 5-d study periods. The subjects received infusions of parenteral nutrients containing increasing doses of glutamine (0, 0.285, and 0.570 g·kg body wt-1·d-1) substituted for alanine and glycine. Each study period was preceded by ≥ 2 wk of normal food intake. The diets were isocaloric (1.2X estimated basal metabolic rate) and isonitrogenous (1.5 g protein·kg-1·d-1) with nonprotein calories given as dextrose (38%) and fat emulsion (62%). The diets were all well tolerated and there were no untoward effects. Plasma glutamine concentrations increased significantly with glutamine administration but ...
Despite the importance of extracellular phosphate, the mechanisms and control of intestinal phosphate transport remain unclear. The present study used in vivo and in vitro methods to compare the extent of Na+- dependent versus Na+-independent phosphate transport along the rat small intestine and colon at different luminal phosphate concentrations. Na+-dependent and Na+-independent phosphate transport and genomic expression of type II (NaPi-II) and type III (PiT) transporters in young (3- week old) and adult (8- and 16-week old) animals fed a control or low phosphate diet have also been quantified. mRNA levels of Na+- dependent phosphate transporters have been analysed in the 5/6 nephrectomy model of chronic renal failure and following treatment with matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE). The acute effects of altered luminal phosphate concentration on intestinal phosphate transport and renal phosphate transporter expression was also assessed. The findings confirm the jejunum to be the ...
A case of hereditary fructose intolerance is reported in a girl aged 2 years at the time of her death. She had apparently progressed normally until the age of 14 months. At 19 months she was admitted to hospital with failure to thrive, hepatomegaly, and superficial infections. Investigations revealed hypoglycaemia, persistent acidosis, aminoaciduria, and a high liver glycogen level which suggested that she had glycogen storage disease. There was also some evidence of malabsorption.. At necropsy the liver enzyme estimations showed that fructose 1-phosphate aldolase activity was absent and that fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase activity was reduced. Hereditary fructose intolerance and glycogen storage disease have been confused in the past on clinical grounds, but a high liver glycogen level has not previously been reported in hereditary fructose intolerance.. ...
A friend at work brought this scary phenomenon to my attention. According to wikipedia, a recent study found traces of mercury in high fructose corn syrup. Here's the excerpt from wikipedia: In 2009, according to a peer-reviewed report published by Environmental Health, high-fructose corn syrup has been found to be commonly tainted with mercury. Traces of mercury have been found in name-brand foods from makers such as Quaker, Hunt's, Manwich, Hershey's, Smucker's, Kraft, Nutri-Grain, and Yoplait. Mercury is a highly toxic substance. It makes its way into high-fructose corn syrup during its production. Several chemicals are required to make high-fructose corn syrup, including caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, alpha-amylase, gluco-amylase, isomerase, powdered carbon, calcium chloride, and magnesium sulfate. Caustic soda and hydrochloric acid can contain traces of mercury.The Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, tested 55 consumer items, finding mercury in one third of the samples ranging ...
Get Details of Ammonium Phosphate Suppliers,Ammonium Phosphate Manufacturers,Ammonium Phosphate Exporters, Ammonium Phosphate Dealer, Ammonium Phosphate Producers, Ammonium Phosphate Traders, Ammonium Phosphate Wholesalers, Ammonium Phosphate Companies, in India
Result 184 patients (mean age 53.9 years, 67.9% male) were recruited. The cumulative rate of virologic relapse at 24 and 48 weeks was 74.2% and 91.4%, respectively. The median HBV DNA level at virologic relapse was 11 000 (range 2115 to ,1.98×108) IU/mL. 42 (25.8%) patients had elevated alanine aminotransferase (median level 97 U/L, range 37-1058 U/L) during virologic relapse. Mean rate of off-treatment HBsAg decline was 0.018 (±0.456) log IU/mL/year. No patients cleared HBsAg. There was no correlation between off-treatment serial HBsAg and HBV DNA levels (r=−0.026, p=0.541). HBsAg levels at the time of entecavir commencement, entecavir cessation and the subsequent rate of HBsAg reduction were not associated with virologic relapse (all p,0.05).. ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Clinical and metabolic efficacy of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition after bone marrow transplantation. T2 - A randomized, double-blind, controlled study. AU - Ziegler, Thomas R.. AU - Young, Lorraine S.. AU - Benfell, Kathleen. AU - Scheltinga, Marc. AU - Hortos, Kari. AU - Bye, Rancy. AU - Morrow, Frank D.. AU - Jacobs, Danny O.. AU - Smith, Robert J.. AU - Antin, Joseph H.. AU - Wilmore, Douglas W.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1992/5. Y1 - 1992/5. N2 - Objective: To determine whether glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition improves nitrogen retention and reduces hospital morbidity compared with standard parenteral nutrition after bone marrow transplantation. Design: Double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Setting: University teaching hospital. Patients: Forty-five adults receiving allogeneic bone marrow transplants for hematologic malignancies. Intervention: Parenteral nutrition was initiated the day after ...
CTP synthase catalyses the ATP-dependent formation of CTP from UTP using either NH3 or l-glutamine as the nitrogen source. GTP is required as an allosteric effector to promote glutamine hydrolysis. In an attempt to identify nucleotide-binding sites, scanning alanine mutagenesis was conducted on a highly conserved region of amino acid sequence (residues 102-118) within the synthase domain of Escherichia coli CTP synthase. Mutant K102A CTP synthase exhibited wild-type activity with respect to NH3 and glutamine; however, the R105A, D107A, L109A and G110A enzymes exhibited wild-type NH3-dependent activity and affinity for glutamine, but impaired glutamine-dependent CTP formation. The E103A, R104A and H118A enzymes exhibited no glutamine-dependent activity and were only partially active with NH3. Although these observations were compatible with impaired activation by GTP, the apparent affinity of the D107A, L109A and G110A enzymes for GTP was reduced only 2-4-fold, suggesting that these residues do ...
Looking for online definition of magnesium ammonium phosphate stone in the Medical Dictionary? magnesium ammonium phosphate stone explanation free. What is magnesium ammonium phosphate stone? Meaning of magnesium ammonium phosphate stone medical term. What does magnesium ammonium phosphate stone mean?
Autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis is an overlap syndrome characterized by features of both autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, the latter usually involving the large bile ducts. Autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis occurs more often in children than in adults and is frequently associated with inflammatory bowel disease, predominantly ulcerative colitis. We report a unique case of a 10-year-old Danish boy with severe small duct autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis and synchronic Crohn colitis. He was referred with a history of weight loss, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. Biochemical anomalies included elevated alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase and immunoglobulin G levels and the presence of smooth muscle antibodies and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies but normal alkaline phosphatase. Liver biopsy specimen revealed features of both autoimmune hepatitis and sclerosing cholangitis, the latter characterized by acute, hyperplastic and destructive
TY - JOUR. T1 - Hexosamine Biosynthesis Is a Possible Mechanism Underlying Hypoxia's Effects on Lipid Metabolism in Human Adipocytes. AU - O'Rourke, Robert W.. AU - Meyer, Kevin A.. AU - Gaston, Garen. AU - White, Ashley E.. AU - Lumeng, Carey N.. AU - Marks, Daniel L.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2013 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2013/8/14. Y1 - 2013/8/14. N2 - Introduction:Hypoxia regulates adipocyte metabolism. Hexosamine biosynthesis is implicated in murine 3T3L1 adipocyte differentiation and is a possible underlying mechanism for hypoxia's effects on adipocyte metabolism.Methods:Lipid metabolism was studied in human visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes in in vitro hypoxic culture with adipophilic staining, glycerol release, and palmitate oxidation assays. Gene expression and hexosamine biosynthesis activation was studied with QRTPCR, immunofluorescence microscopy, and Western blotting.Results:Hypoxia inhibits lipogenesis and induces basal lipolysis in visceral and subcutaneous ...
This condition occurs when the body is missing an enzyme called aldolase B. This substance is needed to break down fructose.. If a person without this substance eats fructose or sucrose (cane or beet sugar, table sugar), complicated chemical changes occur in the body. The body cannot change its stored form of sugar (glycogen) into glucose. As a result, blood sugar falls and dangerous substances build up in the liver.. Hereditary fructose intolerance is inherited, which means it can be passed down through families. If both parents carry a nonworking copy of the adolase B gene, each of their children has a 25% (1 in 4) chance of being affected. ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Bioanalysis of 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine in plasma and brain by ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. AU - Alt, Jesse. AU - Potter, Michelle C.. AU - Rojas, Camilo. AU - Slusher, Barbara. PY - 2015/4/1. Y1 - 2015/4/1. N2 - Glutamine is an abundant amino acid that plays pivotal roles in cell growth, cell metabolism, and neurotransmission. Dysregulation of glutamine-using pathways has been associated with pathological conditions such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. 6-Diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) is a reactive glutamine analog that inhibits enzymes affecting glutamine metabolism such as glutaminase, 2-N-amidotransferase, l-asparaginase, and several enzymes involved in pyrimidine and purine de novo synthesis. As a result, DON is actively used in preclinical models of cancer and neurodegenerative disease. Moreover, there have been several clinical trials using DON to treat a variety of cancers. Considerations of dose and exposure are especially ...
We measured hepatitis C virus antibody titers in 13 patients with chronic hepatitis C to determine whether titration of hepatitis C virus antibody was useful or not, to predict and evaluate the efficacy of interferon (IFN) treatment. During administration of IFN, hepatitis C virus titers declined in all patients. Antibody titers performed before treatment as well as just at the end of treatment did not correlate with change of the alanine aminotransferase levels during administration of IFN. Antibody titers declined continuously after treatment in 5 patients with normal alanine amino-transferase levels for over 6 months after discontinuation of IFN. Antibody titers rose again in 6 patients whose alanine aminotransferase levels fluctuated after treatment. An exceptional pattern of change occurred in 2 patients whose antibody titers declined continuously although their alanine aminotransferase levels fluctuated after treatment. Repeated titration of hepatitis C virus antibody appears to be useful ...
Background and Aims: The influence of a high-fructose diet and probiotics on the male reproductive system and the testicular apoptotic pathway has been poorly documented. In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus helveticus supplementation on apoptotic factors such as sirtuin1, caspase3 and bcl-2 on the testicular tissue of high-fructose-fed rats. Methods: Fructose was given to the rats as a 20% solution in drinking water for 15 weeks. Gene expressions were established by real-time PCR. Protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis. Results: Fructose consumption did not change mRNA expression of SIRT1, but did resulted in a decreased protein level. Dietary fructose reduced bcl-2 mRNA and protein expressions, whereas no changes were observed in the gene and protein expression levels of factor caspase-3. Both Lactobacillus supplementations increased SIRT1 protein expression without changing the mRNA levels in fructose-fed rats. The ...
Serum samples from 139 US patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were studied using six different genotyping systems, including both molecular and serologic methods, to determine the applicability of these approaches and the prevalence of various HCV subtypes. The concordance of genotyping results based on the various systems (except for core polymerase chain reaction genotyping) was good (93.5%). Subtypes 1a and 1b were prevalent (37.4%). Subtypes 2a (2.2%), 2b (8.6%), and 3a (5.8%) were less common. HCV genotypes could not be determined in 3.4%-16.5% of samples depending on the method used. HCV type 2 was associated with greater histologic activity but lower serum HCV RNA levels (P | .05), whereas type 3 was associated with lower serum alanine aminotransferase levels (P | .05). These data demonstrate a high concordance between HCV genotyping systems and provide a foundation for comparison of genotyping data between studies using different systems. HCV types 1a and 1b are both
Kidneys produce ammonium to buffer and excrete acids through metabolism of glutamine. Expression of the glutamine transporter Slc38a3 (SNAT3) increases in kidney during metabolic acidosis (MA), suggesting a role during ammoniagenesis. Potassium depletion and high dietary protein intake are known to elevate renal ammonium excretion. In this study, we examined SNAT3, phosphate-dependent glutaminase (PDG), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) regulation during a control (0.36%) or low-K(+) (0.02%) diet for 7 or 14 days or a control (20%) or high-protein (50%) diet for 7 days. MA was induced in control and low-K(+) groups by addition of NH(4)Cl. Urinary ammonium excretion increased during MA, after 14-day K(+) restriction alone, and during high protein intake. SNAT3, PDG, and PEPCK mRNA abundance were elevated during MA and after 14-day K(+) restriction but not during high protein intake. SNAT3 protein abundance was enhanced during MA (both control and low K(+)), after 14-day low-K(+) ...
The sodium/phosphate cotransporter is a member of the phosphate:Na+ symporter (PNaS) family within the TOG Superfamily of transport proteins as specified in the Transporter Classification Database (TCDB). Sodium/phosphate cotransporters are also known as: Na+-Pi cotransport proteins (aPi-2a) Sodium-dependent phosphate transporters Phosphate:Na+ symporters The Phosphate:Na+ Symporter (PNaS) family (TC# 2.A.58) includes several closely related, functionally characterized, sodium-dependent, inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporter (NPT) proteins from mammals. Other organisms that possess PNaS family members include many in eukaryotic, bacterial and archaeal phyla. Bacterial sodium:phosphate symporters, NptA of Vibrio cholerae (TC#2.A.58.1.2) and YjbB of E. coli (TC# 2.A.58.2.1) have been functionally characterized. The well-characterized mammalian proteins are found in renal (IIa isoform) and intestinal (IIb isoform) brush border membranes and are about 640 amino acyl residues long with 8-12 putative ...
To determine the efficacy of treatment with 8 weeks of entecavir followed by 40 weeks of both entecavir and peginterferon in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in hepatitis B 'e' antigen (HBeAg) positive adults who are in the immune tolerant phase.. To evaluate 'off treatment' safety and sustained responses after treatment with entecavir and peginterferon alfa-2a in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in HBeAg positive adults who are in the immune tolerant phase.. A single arm treatment study of 8 weeks of entecavir followed by 40 weeks of both entecavir and peginterferon alfa-2a in adults with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B with normal or near normal ALT levels and high serum levels of HBV DNA ('immune tolerant' HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B). All participants will be followed until week 96 (48 weeks after discontinuation of therapy in the treatment group) at which time the primary outcome will be measured. ...
A collection of disease information resources and questions answered by our Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Specialists for Hereditary fructose intolerance
Propionic acidemia is caused by deficiency of propionyl CoA carboxylase that impairs the supply of succinyl CoA to the citric acid (Krebs) cycle. The Krebs cycle is responsible for obtaining energy from food in the form of ATP. ATP is essential for muscle contraction and correct functioning of all organs including the hearth, the kidney, and the pancreas.. Patients with propionic acidemia develop hyperammonemia at birth that recurs during episodes of metabolic decompensation. We found that plasma levels of the amino acids glutamine/glutamate are reduced in patients with propionic acidemia and decrease, rather than increase (like in urea cycle defects or other types of hyperammonemia) with hyperammonemia. Since alpha-ketoglutarate is the main source of endogenous glutamate/glutamine synthesis, our hypothesis is that chronic hyperammonemia and progressive dysfunction of multiple organs in patients with propionic acidemia is due to a functional insufficiency of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle with ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Type 1 sodium-dependent phosphate transporter acts as a membrane potential-driven urate exporter. AU - Miyaji, Takaaki. AU - Kawasaki, Tatsuya. AU - Togawa, Natsuko. AU - Omote, Hiroshi. AU - Moriyama, Yoshinori. PY - 2013. Y1 - 2013. N2 - SLC17A1 protein (NPT1) was the first identified member of the SLC17 phosphate transporter family, and is known to mediate Na+/inorganic phosphate (Pi) co-transport when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Although this protein was suggested to be a renal polyspecific anion exporter, its transport properties were not well characterized. The clean biochemical approach revealed that proteoliposomes comprising purified NPT1 as the only protein source transport various organic anions such as urate, p-aminohippuric acid (PAH), and acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) in a membrane potential (δ̄)-driven and Cl- -dependent manner. Human NPT1 carrying an SNP mutation, Thr269Ile, known to increase the risk of gout, exhibited 32% lower urate transport activity ...
Title:Causes of Mortality in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Alcohol Related Fatty Liver Disease (AFLD). VOLUME: 26 ISSUE: 10. Author(s):Michael P. Johnston*, Janisha Patel and Christopher D. Byrne. Affiliation:Department of Hepatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, Department of Hepatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton. Keywords:Alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic steatohepatitis, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, T2DM, CVD, mortality.. Abstract:. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcohol related fatty liver disease (AFLD) both represent a spectrum of liver disease severity from hepatic steatosis to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Both NAFLD and AFLD are common diseases in the general population. NAFLD affects ~25% of the adult global population whilst AFLD ...
Background. Hyperphosphataemia is a risk factor for arterial calcification contributing to the high cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Calcium-based phosphate binders can induce hypercalcaemia and are associated with progression of vascular calcification. Therefore, the effect of lanthanum carbonate, a non-calcium phosphate binder, on the development of vascular calcification was investigated in uraemic rats. Methods. Chronic renal failure (CRF) was induced by feeding rats an adenine-enriched diet for 4 weeks. After 2 weeks, 1% or 2% lanthanum carbonate was added to the diet for 6 weeks. Calcification in the aorta, carotid and femoral arteries was evaluated histomorphometrically, biochemically and by ex vivo micro-CT. Chondro-/osteogenic conversion of vascular smooth muscle cells was also analysed in the rat aorta. Results. Treatment with 1% lanthanum carbonate (1% La) did not reduce vascular calcification, but in the 2% lanthanum carbonate (2% La) group vascular ...
Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) is in widespread use as a polymeric biomaterial with diverse applications such as intravitreal devices, catheters, artificial organs, and mouthguards. Many biomaterials are inherently prone to bacterial colonization, as the human body is host to a vast array of microbes. This can lead to infection at the biomaterial's site of implantation or application. In this study, EVA was coated with chlorhexidine (CHX) hexametaphosphate (HMP) nanoparticles (NPs) precipitated using two different reagent concentrations: CHX-HMP-5 (5 mM CHX and HMP) and CHX-HMP-0.5 (0.5 mM CHX and HMP). Data gathered using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy indicated that the NPs were polydisperse, ~40-80 nm in diameter, and aggregated in solution to form clusters of ~140-200 nm and some much larger aggregates of 4-5 µM. CHX-HMP-5 formed large deposits on the polymer surface discernible using scanning electron microscopy, whereas CHX-HMP-0.5 ...
Abstract Regarding efficacy of new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for seizure control, there are three important clinical questions.Download and Read New Antiepileptic Drugs Epilepsy Research Supplement No 3 New Antiepileptic Drugs Epilepsy Research Supplement No 3 It sounds good when knowing the.Several studies show drugs used to treat AEDS reduce bone density, increase risk of fracture, especially for the up to 50% of users unresponsive to AEDS.Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: Treatment of new onset epilepsy. new AEDs with many of the non-AED drugs.AMR has developed set of analyst tools and data models to supplement.. Research identifies protein that could help patients respond more positively to epilepsy drug therapies.Seizures and epilepsy: Hope through research. for treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy ...
En condiciones normales la fosfaturia 24 h es de unos mg. Lo que debe asegurarse siempre es el tratamiento de la causa subyacente. Causes of hypophosphatemia. En: Up to Date. Rose BD, ed. Wellesley, MA, Agus ZS. Diagnosis and treatment of hypophosphatemia. Molecular pathogenesis of hypophosphatemic rickets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab ; Kronenberg HM. NPT2a-the key to phosphate homeostasis.. N Engl J Med ; Prolonged high-dose phosphate treatment: a risk factor for tertiary hyperparathyroidism in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Clin Endocrinol Oxf ; Barcelona: Masson; Dipyridamole decreases renal phosphate leak and augments serum phosphorus in patients with low renal phosphate threshold. J Am Soc Nephrol ; Nephrolithiasis and osteoporosis associated with hypophosphatemia caused by mutations in the type 2a sodium-phosphate cotransporter.. Pathophysiology of X-linked hypophosphatemia, tumor-induced osteomalacia, and autosomal dominant hypophosphatemia: a perPHEXing problem. Genetic disorders of ...
Clinical trial for Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets , Study of Longitudinal Observation for Patient With X-linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets/Osteomalacia in Collaboration With Asian Partners
Patients with chronic hepatitis C and low serum and hepatic iron stores may have an improved response to interferon (IFN). We tested whether iron reduction before and during IFN therapy would lead to an improved sustained biochemical and virological response compared with IFN alone. Eighty-two previously untreated patients with chronic hepatitis C were randomized to either: group A IFN-α2b 3 MU 3 times per week for 6 months, or group B iron reduction before and during IFN-α2b 3 MU 3 times per week for 6 months. Group B patients had lower mean serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels than group A patients during treatment and follow-up. Group B patients had significantly lower mean hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA levels at treatment weeks 4 and 12 (P , .05). Serum HCV RNA was undetectable at the end of treatment in 15 group B patients compared with 7 group A patients (P = .03); 7 group B patients and 3 group A patients had persistently undetectable serum HCV RNA 24 weeks after the end of therapy (P ...
Patients with e antigen positive chronic hepatitis b were enrolled in the study. Age, sex, symptoms (e.g., fever, fatigue, poor appetite, jaundice) were recorded in the study. We also observed the laboratory test results including the levels of white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), platelet (PLT), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA; detection of gene mutation (IFNA2 p.Ala120Thr), levels of interferon receptor (IFNAR2 ...
The alteration of glucose metabolism, through increased uptake of glucose and glutamine addiction, is essential to cancer cell growth and invasion. Increased flux of glucose through the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway (HBP) drives increased cellular O-GlcNAcylation (hyper-O-GlcNAcylation) and contributes to cancer progression by regulating key oncogenes. However, the association between hyper-O-GlcNAcylation and activation of these oncogenes remains poorly characterized. Here, we implement a qualitative modeling framework to analyze the role of the Biological Regulatory Network in HBP activation and its potential effects on key oncogenes. Experimental observations are encoded in a temporal language format and model checking is applied to infer the model parameters and qualitative model construction. Using this model, we discover step-wise genetic alterations that promote cancer development and invasion due to an increase in glycolytic flux, and reveal critical trajectories involved in cancer progression
The precise molecular alterations driving castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are not clearly understood. Using a novel network-based integrative approach, here, we show distinct alterations in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) to be critical for CRPC.
Astrocytes are the site of early dysfunction and damage in Mn neurotoxicity. Astrocytes are the most abundant CNS cells (~50% by volume), and they perform numerous essential functions for normal neuronal activity, such as glutamate uptake, glutamine release, K+ and H+ buffering and volume regulation [36, 75, 76]. Astrocytes accumulate up to 50-fold higher Mn concentrations compared to neurons, thus serving as the main homeostatic and storage site for this metal [75, 77]. The intracellular concentration of Mn in astrocytes is ~50-75 μM where it is an essential cofactor for the astrocyte-specific enzyme glutamine synthetase, which catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to glutamine [78, 79]. The excessive accumulation of Mn in astrocytes mediates neurotoxicity primarily by oxidative stress and impairment of glutamate transporters [80, 81]. Mn toxicity has been shown to cause astrocytic alterations in primate models, and exposure of pathophysiologically relevant Mn concentrations in astrocytes in ...
Sucralose Double Whammy All, At some times in the past at least, sucralose (aka Splenda) has been considered by some CR folks to be one of the better artificial sweeteners due to it's apparent inert nature in the human digestive system. But that seems to have been called into question recently, as highlighted by two popular press pieces that came across my radar today. The first is this story on the recent downgrade of Splenda from "Caution" to "Avoid" by the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), as announced here. Quoting the CSPI president: "We recommend that consumers avoid sucralose, or Splenda, and we recommend consumers also avoid saccharin, aspartame, and acesulfame potassium," said CSPI president Michael F. Jacobson. "That said, the risk posed by over-consumption of sugar and high-fructose corn syrup, particularly from soda and other sugar-sweetened beverages, of diabetes, heart disease, and obesity, far outweighs the cancer risk posed by sucralose and most other artificial ...
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a condition closely linked to obesity, affects roughly 25 percent of people in the U.S. There is no drug treatment for the disease, although weight loss can reduce the buildup of fat in the liver.. Now, studying mice, new research shows that a natural sugar called trehalose prevents the sugar fructose - thought to be a major contributor to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - from entering the liver and triggers a cellular housekeeping process that cleans up excess fat buildup inside liver cells.. The research, by a team at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, appears Feb. 23 in the journal Science Signaling.. "In general, if you feed a mouse a high-sugar diet, it gets a fatty liver," said first author Brian J. DeBosch, MD, PhD, a pediatric gastroenterologist. "We found that if you feed a mouse a diet high in fructose plus provide drinking water that contains three percent trehalose, you completely block the development of a fatty liver. Those ...
Herein, we describe a case of a now 28-month-old boy who presented at the age of 17 months with four episodes of recurrent vomiting and somnolence during a period of four months with increasing severity. A comprehensive clinical and metabolic evaluation revealed normal blood pH and blood glucose, normal cerebral computed tomography and electroencephalogram but an elevated plasma ammonia concentration, which raised the suspicion of a urea cycle disorder. The combination of elevated urinary orotic acid and plasma glutamine with normal citrulline suggested the diagnosis of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, which was confirmed by molecular genetic testing revealing the novel hemizygous mutation c.535C , T (p.Leu179Phe) of the OTC gene. After restitution of anabolism by administration of parenteral glucose, substitution of citrulline and detoxification of ammonia with sodium benzoate, the patient recovered rapidly and is in a stable metabolic and neurological state since then. This case ...
DESIGN: Pilot, Phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. JUSTIFICATION: In the literature one does not find a pharmacological treatment that changes the natural history of Spinocerebellar ataxtia type 3 (SCA3). Patients with this disease invariably become dependent.. OBJECTIVES I. To determine safety and tolerability of phenylbutyrate in patients with SCA3.. II. To provide early subsidies on the efficacy of phenylbutyrate in SCA3.. DURATION: 12 months of a double-blind study.. PLACE OF REALIZATION: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil.. NUMBER OF PATIENTS: 20 patients.. CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS: There are no concomitant medications that are prohibited unless they affect safety parameters of this study (hemogram and platelets; fasting serum glucose, AST, ALT, Gamma-GT, Bilirubins, Prothrombin time, Creatinine, Urea, Na, K, chlorides and arterial gasometry; electrocardiogram and echocardiogram).. MEDICATIONS UNDER INVESTIGATION: Powdered sodium phenylbutyrate in sachets containing ...
In order to overproduce D-xylose isomerase, the Escherichia coli D-xylose isomerase (D-xylose ketol-isomerase, EC 5.3.1.5) gene (xylA) was fused to ${\lambda}P_{L}$ promoter. The promoterless xylA gene containing the ribosome binding site and coding region for D-xylose isomerase was cloned into a ...
Accepted name: L-rhamnose isomerase. Reaction: L-rhamnose = L-rhamnulose. For diagram of reaction click here.. Other name(s): rhamnose isomerase; L-rhamnose ketol-isomerase. Systematic name: L-rhamnose aldose-ketose-isomerase. Comments: Contains two divalent metal ions located at different metal-binding sites within the active site. The enzyme binds the closed ring form of the substrate and catalyses ring opening to generate a form of open-chain conformation that is coordinated to one of the metal sites. Isomerization proceeds via a hydride-shift mechanism. While the enzyme from the bacterium Escherichia coli is specific for L-rhamnose, the enzyme from the bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri has broad substrate specificity and catalyses the interconversion of L-mannose and L-fructose, L-lyxose and L-xylulose, D-ribose and D-ribulose, and D-allose and D-psicose [2].. Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9023-84-1. References:. 1. Domagk, G.F. and ...
Carboxymethylating agents are potential sources of endogenous DNA damage that have been proposed as possible contributors to gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. The cytotoxicity of the model DNA carboxymethylating agent azaserine was investigated in human cells. Expression of the DNA repair enzyme O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) did not affect sensitivity to the drug in two related Raji Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines. DNA mismatch repair-defective variants of Raji cells which display increased tolerance to DNA methylation damage were not selectively resistant to azaserine. Complementary results were obtained with a second carboxymethylating agent, potassium diazoacetate. In contrast, lymphoblastoid cell lines representative of each of the xeroderma pigmentosum complementation groups, including the variant, were all significantly more sensitive to azaserine than nucleotide excision repair-proficient cells. The hypersensitivity of XP cells was not due to systematic differences in the ...
Insulin resistance and β cell toxicity are key features of type 2 diabetes. One leading hypothesis suggests that these abnormalities result from excessive flux of nutrients through the UDP-hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leading to "glucose toxicity." How the products of the hexosamine pathway mediate these effects is not known. Here, we show that transgenic overexpression of an enzyme using UDP-GlcNAc to modify proteins with O-GlcNAc produces the type 2 diabetic phenotype. Even modest overexpression of an isoform of O-GlcNAc transferase, in muscle and fat, leads to insulin resistance and hyperleptinemia. These data support the proposal that O-linked GlcNAc transferase participates in a hexosamine-dependent signaling pathway that is linked to insulin resistance and leptin production.. ...
Glucosamine is a popular dietary supplement used by many who suffer from joint pain. Most dietary supplements make claims that aren't backed by scientific research, but NIH reports that daily doses of glucosamine can lower pain. As a result, the supplements are recommended by many physicians. However, glucosamine is a sugar that uses some glucose processing pathways. It is processed mainly through the "Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway," which is involved in both glucose transport and the development of insulin resistance-the main cause of type 2 diabetes.[1] Does that mean that these pills can be dangerous?. A person with diabetes does not produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels in the body. Without the right amount of insulin (which is what we mean by "insulin resistance"), glucose can not be properly absorbed and used, leading to too little or too much sugar circulating in the body.[1]. More research is needed to determine whether glucosamine supplements can cause diabetes in ...