In Japan, there was an intensive research on organic germanium, but also in Germany was doing research on the item that owes its name to the German explorer Clemens Winkler. Knowledge of the beneficial effects of organic germanium sat through. Is it because the big pharmaceutical companies are not interested in a cheap means that have significantly strengthens the immune system? What is organic germanium, how does organic germanium, organic germanium, where do I get? Germanium from the house of Sanum / Sanumgermanium is from Germany and is used only for export. GE 132 (Ge 32), an organic germanium in the U.S. is much more concentrated but it is available only in the USA.. Organic Germanium and the immune system in many intensive molecular immunology research revealed that organic Germanium strengthens the immune system of humans and animals. It is believed that the anti-tumor effect of organic germanium to a change of different components of the immune system can be reduced by, for example ...

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Please assume that a germanium diode has a forward-biased junction potential of 0.3V. Germanium diode voltage drop - Nehmen Sie dem Favoriten der Redaktion. Eine Rangliste der Top Germanium diode voltage drop. 1N100A Germanium Diode, Package : DO-7 . All silicone type semi-conductors have the same voltage drop, only germanium diodes and transistor have a lower drop, 300mV Alles wieviel du letztendlich im Themenfeld Germanium diode voltage drop erfahren wolltest, erfährst du bei uns - als auch die ausführlichsten Germanium diode voltage drop Vergleiche. What is a Germanium diode? Forward Voltage Drop VF IF = 5mA − − 1.0 V Forward Current IF VF = 1V 4 − − mA VDrop=? Alle Germanium diode voltage drop auf einen Blick. You would be stringing a whole bunch and those numbers are approximate and based on a given temperature. The sufficient numbers of electrons or voltage threshold here is defined as Forward Voltage (Fv) or Voltage Drop and ranges from a median value of c0.25Vf for Schottky ...

2015 Global Germanium and Germanium Products Industry Report is a professional and in-depth research report on the worlds major regional market conditions of the Germanium and Germanium Products industry, focusing on the main regions (North America, Europe and Asia) and the main countries (United States, Germany, Japan and China).. The report firstly introduced the Germanium and Germanium Products basics: definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain overview; industry policies and plans; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures and so on. Then it analyzed the worlds main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, capacity utilization, supply, demand and industry growth rate etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.. The report includes six parts, dealing with: 1.) basic information; 2.) the Asia Germanium and Germanium ...

0041] Numerous embodiments and configurations will be apparent in light of this disclosure. For instance, one example embodiment of the present invention provides a non-planar semiconductor device. The device includes a silicon substrate, a silicon germanium barrier layer formed over the silicon substrate, and a germanium layer formed over the silicon germanium barrier layer, wherein at least a portion of the germanium layer comprises a germanium fin structure having a top surface and laterally opposite sidewall surfaces. The device further includes a silicon capping layer formed on at least a portion of the germanium fin structure, wherein the silicon capping layer covers the top surface and sidewall surfaces of the germanium fin structure. The device further includes a gate dielectric layer formed on the silicon capping layer, the gate dielectric layer formed atop the portion of the silicon capping layer that covers the top surface of the germanium fin structure and formed adjacent to portions ...

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The analytical technologies of sample preparation of rocks and mushrooms using the microwave field for the determination of germanium by the method of mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS analysis) have been developed.. Germanium is a rare element. Germanium is homology of silicon and carbon. To date, the definition of low content of germanium in geological objects is a rather complex analytical task, which requires its concentration - extraction, co-precipitation, ion exchange. At present, the harmonious combination of the method of natural objects decomposition in the microwave field and germanium determination using ICP-MS analysis is particularly promising.. Sample preparation of silicate rocks for ICP-MS determination of germanium was carried out by decomposition in a mixture of hydrofluoric, phosphate and nitric acids (5: 5: 2) in a microwave oven program at 240°C for 30 min. Sample preparation of mushrooms for ICP-MS germanium determination was carried out according ...

Name: Germanium Symbol: Ge Atomic Number: 32 Atomic Mass: 72.61 amu Number of Protons/Electrons: 32 Number of Neutrons: 41 Date of Discovery: 1886 Discoverer: Clemens Winkler Uses: semiconductors Classification: Metalloid aqura.de. As you get older, you order… READ THE REST. Germanium is corrosion-resistant, very brittle and slightly toxic, it doesnt have biological functions. The first commercial application for germanium came after the war, following the invention of transistors by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at Bell Labs in December of 1947. Make sure its well-vented so the heat doesnt build up inside! Germanium tetrachloride is used as a dopant - or additive - to increase the refractive index in the silica glass core of fiber-optic lines. USGS. Germanium is one of the few elements that expand when it freezes, like water does, according to Chemicool. Such systems, known as concentrated photovoltaics (CPVs) due to their use of concentrating lenses that magnify the ...

Light micrograph of the surface of a purified Germanium (Ge) sample. 1886 found by German chemist Clemens Winkler (1838â 1904). Germanium (atomic number 32), is a lustrous, hard, greyish-white metalloid in the carbon group. Chemically similar to its group neighbours tin and silicon. Germanium is an important semiconductor material used in transistors and various other electronic devices. Germanium is one material being considered to replace silicon because it could enable the industry to make smaller transistors and more compact integrated circuits. Compared to silicon, germanium also is said to have a higher mobility for electrons and electron holes, a trait that makes for ultra-fast circuits. Horizontal object size of this section: 4.0 mm. - Stock Image C026/3796

The refractive index (1.7) and optical dispersion properties of germanium dioxide makes it useful as an optical material for wide-angle lenses, in optical microscope objective lenses, and for the core of fiber-optic lines. See Optical fiber for specifics on the manufacturing process. Both Germanium and its glass oxide, GeO2 are transparent to the infrared spectrum. The glass can be manufactured into IR windows and lenses, used for night-vision technology in the military, luxury vehicles,[7] and Thermographic cameras. GeO2 is preferred over other IR transparent glasses because it is mechanically strong and therefore preferred for rugged military usage.[8] A mixture of silicon dioxide and germanium dioxide (silica-germania) is used as an optical material for optical fibers and optical waveguides.[9] Controlling the ratio of the elements allows precise control of refractive index. Silica-germania glasses have lower viscosity and higher refractive index than pure silica. Germania replaced titania ...

Germanium tetrachloride Germanium tetrachloride IUPAC name Germanium(IV) chloride Other names Germanium chloride Tetrachlorogermane Identifiers CAS number

Gamma-ray spectroscopy is one of the most economical and wide-ranging tools for monitoring the environment for radiological impact. This report examines the problems involved in applying germanium detectors to the analysis of environmental samples. All aspects of germanium spectroscopy--equipment, system installation, quality control, energy and efficiency calibration, spectral analysis, analytical sensitivities, and cost considerations--are surveyed. Germanium detectors can be used to achieve analytical sensitivities of less than 10 pCi/l (for water) for most radionuclides, often at a confidence level of 95 percent. Germanium detectors should be used to analyze environmental samples that may contain a complex mixture of radionuclides or unknown components because the resolution offered by germanium detectors is unexcelled in these applications. However, use of germanium detectors may not always be as economical as use of sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)) detectors ...

By coating germanium nanowires with silicon, the researchers stopped nearly all surface diffusion of lithium ions into the nanowires. Instead, lithium diffusion, known as lithiation, occurred layer by layer along the axis of the nanowire. This is in contrast to lithiation from the surface of nanowires not covered with silicon.. These results demonstrate for the first time that interface and bandgap engineering of electrochemical reactions can be utilized to control the nanoscale ionic transport / insertion paths and thus may be a new tool to define the electrochemical reactions in Li-ion batteries, the researchers write in their Nano Letters paper.. Watch a video below that shows the axial lithiation of a silicon-coated nanowires germanium core, as well as radial diffusion of lithium into an uncoated germanium nanowire. Video is from Dayehs Integrated Electronics and Bio-interfaces Lab at UC San Diego and collaborators at Sandia National Laboratories.. This work builds on research ...

We have analyzed phosphorus diffusion profiles in an In0.01Ga0.99As/In0.56Ga0.44P/Ge germanium structure during phosphorus co-diffusion with gallium for synthesis of the germanium subcell in multi-junction solar cells.. Phosphorus diffused from the In0.56Ga0.44P layer simultaneously with gallium diffusion into the heavily gallium doped germanium substrate thus determining the specific diffusion conditions. Most importantly, gallium and phosphorus co-diffusion produces two p-n junctions instead of one. The phosphorus diffusion profiles do not obey Ficks laws. The phosphorus diffusion coefficient DP depth distribution in the specimen has been studied using two methods, i.e., the Sauer-Freise modification of the Boltzmann-Matano method and the coordinate dependent diffusion method. We show that allowance for the drift component in the coordinate dependent diffusion method provides a better DP agreement with literary data. Both methods suggest the DP tendency to grow at the heterostructure boundary and to

TY - JOUR. T1 - Isotope dependence of the lowest direct energy gap in crystalline germanium. AU - Davies, G.. AU - Lightowlers, E. C.. AU - Hui, T. S.. AU - Ozhogin, V.. AU - Itoh, K. M.. AU - Hansen, W. L.. AU - Haller, E. E.. PY - 1993/12/1. Y1 - 1993/12/1. N2 - Using optical absorption measurements we establish that the lowest direct energy gap changes with atomic mass number m at the rate dE/dm=0.49+or-0.03 meV at 2 K, decreasing to 0.11+or-0.03 meV at 300 K, in both isotopically pure and isotopically disordered germanium. These values are broadly consistent with a simple prediction from the measured temperature dependence of the gap and the known dependence of the lattice on the isotope. We confirm, from optical absorption data, that the lowest indirect energy gap of germanium increases at the rate dE/dm=0.36+or-0.01 meV, in agreement with recent photoluminescence data.. AB - Using optical absorption measurements we establish that the lowest direct energy gap changes with atomic mass number ...

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We investigate the growth procedures for achieving taper-free and kinked germanium nanowires epitaxially grown on silicon substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Singly and multiply kinked germanium nanowires consisting of 111 segments were formed by employing a reactant gas purging process. Unlike

With the increasing public use of complementary medicines, most researchers agree that there is a compelling need to study the safety and efficacy of these agents in humans by means of appropriately designed double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trials. With fatigue affecting 96% of the cancer patient population and little more than life style alterations offered as an intervention, the need to evaluate putative and innovative approaches for fatigue is a high priority. The NIH released a State of the Science statement in 2002 which concluded that fatigue is a serious cause of morbidity, being the most prevalent symptom experienced by cancer patients. This expert panel also concluded that the major barrier to effective management of fatigue includes a lack of awareness of this fact, the lack of knowledge of the causes of fatigue, and the lack of proven methods to treat fatigue. Presently, clinical trials evaluating intervention for cancer fatigue are lacking.. Organic germanium literature ...

ref name=commodity,{{cite journal ,title = USGS Minerals Information ,journal = U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries, url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/germanium/index.html#mcs , publisher=U.S. Geological Survey ,author = R.N. Soar ,year = 1977}}; [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/germanium/220303.pdf januar 2003], [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/germanium/germamcs04.pdf januar 2004], [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/germanium/germamcs05.pdf januar 2005], [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/germanium/germamcs06.pdf januar 2006], [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/germanium/germamcs07.pdf januar 2007],[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/germanium/mcs-2010-germa.pdf januar 2010] ISBN 0-85934-039-2,/ref ...

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46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; 73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS; BETA DETECTION; LOW LEVEL COUNTING; GERMANIUM 76; DOUBLE BETA DECAY; GE SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS; BACKGROUND RADIATION; BETA SPECTRA; ENERGY SPECTRA; EXPERIMENTAL DATA; HALF-LIFE; MAJORANA THEORY; BETA DECAY; BETA-MINUS DECAY; CHARGED PARTICLE DETECTION; COUNTING TECHNIQUES; DATA; DAYS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES; DECAY; DETECTION; EVEN-EVEN NUCLEI; GERMANIUM ISOTOPES; INFORMATION; INTERMEDIATE MASS NUCLEI; ISOTOPES; MEASURING INSTRUMENTS; NUCLEAR DECAY; NUCLEI; NUMERICAL DATA; RADIATION DETECTION; RADIATION DETECTORS; RADIATIONS; RADIOISOTOPES; SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS; SPECTRA; STABLE ISOTOPES; YEARS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES; 440103* - Radiation Instrumentation- Nuclear Spectroscopic Instrumentation; 663210 - Ground-State Radioactivity- (1992-); 663550 - Nuclear Mass Ranges- A=59-89- (1992 ...

But as we eventually discovered, the III-V approach has some fundamental physical limitations. Its also likely to be too expensive and difficult to integrate with existing silicon technology. So a few years ago, my team at Purdue University, in West Lafayette, Ind., began experimenting with a different kind of device: a transistor with a channel made of germanium. Since then, weve demonstrated the first complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuits-the kind of logic inside todays computers-made with germanium grown on ordinary silicon wafers. We have also constructed a range of different transistor architectures using the material. These include nanowire devices, which may be next in line when the present state-of-the-art transistor design, known as the FinFET, cant be miniaturized any longer. Full article: http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/materials/germani... ...

This is a custom dual germanium transistor version of our Fuzz Bender Mk I.V. It uses two switchable pairs of hand-selected NOS germanium transistors for more versatility and tonal variation. Each toggle switch allows to have either a Mullard OC75 in the up position, or a Mullard OC84 in the down position. This combination of transistors as well as the extra external bias pot make the pedal exceptionally versatile with a wide tone palette. Also included is a toggle switch on the back for disconnecting the internal battery without having to unplug the pedal. The pedal is housed in a premium GØRVA enclosure in Chameleon finish.. Please note: these custom pedals are not available regularly, and are only built when components are available and when time allows. Please contact us for further information on availability.. Specifications:. ...

A wafer pair comprising a substantially defect-free germanium wafer and methods of making the same. The wafer pair comprises the substantially defect-free germanium wafer directly bonded to a silicon

TY - JOUR. T1 - The Kinetics of the Glass Transition and Physical Aging in Germanium Selenide Glasses. AU - Zhao, Haoyu. AU - Koh, Yungpyo. AU - Pyda, Marek. AU - Sen, Sabyasachi. AU - Simon, Sindee. PY - 2013/4. Y1 - 2013/4. N2 - The kinetics associated with the glass transition is investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for germanium selenide glasses with Ge content ranging from 0 to 30 at.% and average coordination numbers ranging from 2.0 to 2.6. As Ge content increases, the glass transition region broadens and the step change in heat capacity at Tg decreases. As a result of physical aging, enthalpy overshoots are observed in DSC heating scans and the corresponding change in enthalpy can be calculated as a function of aging time. The change in enthalpy linearly increases with the logarithm of aging time and then levels off at an equilibrium value that increases with decreasing aging temperature. The time required to reach equilibrium increases with decreasing aging ...

What if you combine the ruthless sustain of a silver box Big Muff with the harmonic signature of a Tone Bender MkII and the unrivaled touch dynamics of a germanium Fuzz Face? Would you get the ultimate vintage Fuzz pedal? At Supro USA, they think so. The Supro Fuzz takes this best-of-all-worlds approach to old-school fuzz using an N.O.S. Germanium transistor in the first stage, followed by secondary, silicon-based gain and a dash of our special sauce to create a low-noise, high-gain fuzz box that will leave you deaf and breathless.Whether youre looking for a touch-sensitive, vintage 60s flavor or a full-on wall of modern sonic destruction, the Supro Fuzz delivers the goods while keeping your noise floor amazingly low. The Supro Fuzz pedal sports a simple control layout with Volume, Gain, Treble and Bass knobs. The independent EQ found on this pedal is drawn from the award-winning tone stack found in our flagship tube amplifiers, offering a huge range of adjustability without the frustrating

The short-pulse laser crystallization and interference structuring of amorphous germanium films were investigated by time resolved reflection measurements and Raman spectroscopy, We demonstrate that submicrometer crystalline structures with very sharp lateral interfaces can be produced by laser interference crystallization of nonhydrogenated samples. In hydrogenated films, on the other hand, the film surface disrupts upon laser exposure leading to the formation of a free-standing crystalline membrane, The Raman spectra of laser crystallized germanium display effects of finite crystallite size and stress. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics ...

Mid-infrared Raman sources based on spontaneous Raman scattering have been demonstrated in a 15-μm diameter glass-clad crystalline germanium optical fiber and in a germanium-wire. A quantum cascade laser was used as pump at a wavelength of 5.62 μm. Because of their ultra-high optical nonlinearities and extremely broad transparency window, germanium core fibers offer the possibility of fabricating compact and efficient mid-infrared sources. ...

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A p-n junction is obtained at a depth of 3 x 10-3 cm below the surface by diffusion of antimony (Sb) into p-type germanium. What is the donor concentration in the bulk germanium if the diffusion is carried out for three hours at 790 ...

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Goji Juice is now undergoing intense scrutiny as an anti-cancer drug in Mongolia, China, Japan and Switzerland. It has been found that the fruit, as well as an extract from its leaves, can kill many kinds of cancer cells in vitro. In vivo studies and human studies are proving to be highly promising. Goji Juice contains approximately 124 ppm of organic Germanium. Germanium has been demonstrated to have anti-cancer activity. Japanese studies indicate that organic Germanium is effective in treating liver cancer, lung cancer, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, and testicular cancer when combined with other drugs. It has been found to induce the production in human beings of g-interferon. Interferon can depress and even kill cancer cells. Germanium possesses the power to take over the hydrogen ion from cancer cells. Losing hydrogen ions can cause depression and even death to cancer cells. ...

0044]The deposition gas used during step 120 may also contain at least one secondary elemental source, such as a germanium source and/or a carbon source. The germanium source may be added to the process chamber with the silicon source and carrier gas to form a silicon-containing compound, such as a silicon germanium material. The germanium source is usually provided into the process chamber at a rate in the range from about 0.1 sccm to about 20 sccm, preferably from about 0.5 sccm to about 10 sccm, and more preferably from about 1 sccm to about 5 sccm, for example, about 2 sccm. Germanium sources useful to deposit silicon-containing compounds include germane (GeH4), higher germanes and organogermanes. Higher germanes include compounds with the empirical formula GexH.sub.(2x+2), such as digermane (Ge2H6), trigermane (Ge3H8) and tetragermane (Ge4H10), as well as others. Organogermanes include compounds such as methylgermane ((CH3)GeH3), dimethylgermane ((CH3)2GeH2), ethylgermane ((CH3CH2)GeH3), ...

Prior exposure to certain gases appears to largely determine the subsequent performance at LN2 temperatures of high purity germanium detectors with exposur

A method for forming optical fibers reduces losses of germania dopant due to evaporation during chemical vapor deposition. After deposition of a high purity silica layer on the inner surface of a hollow silica tube, the tube is closed at one end and loaded with a small amount of crystalline germanium compound, such as germanium iodide. The other end is then also sealed and the tube is heated to vaporize the GeI4 and deposit a coating of germanium. This process may be repeated to build up the Ge layer. The tube is then broken open at both ends and the iodine vapor removed. The germanium layer is oxidized and heated to diffuse germania into the silica layer to provide a doped high index of refraction core layer on a lower index cladding layer. The tube and layers are then collapsed to form a preform which is later drawn into the optical fiber.

Among other things, one or semiconductor arrangements, and techniques for forming such semiconductor arrangements are provided. For example, one or more silicon and silicon germanium stacks are utiliz

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Bismuth Doping of Germanium Nanocrystals through Colloidal Chemistry. AU - Tabatabaei, Katayoun. AU - Lu, Haipeng. AU - Nolan, Bradley M.. AU - Cen, Xi. AU - McCold, Cliff E.. AU - Zhang, Xinming. AU - Brutchey, Richard L.. AU - Van Benthem, Klaus. AU - Hihath, Joshua. AU - Kauzlarich, Susan M.. PY - 2017/9/12. Y1 - 2017/9/12. N2 - Nanogermanium is a material that has great potential for technological applications, and doped and alloyed Ge nanocrystals (NCs) are actively being considered. New alloys and compositions are possible in colloidal synthesis because the reactions are kinetically rather than thermodynamically controlled. Most of the Group V elements have been shown to be n-type dopants in Ge to increase carrier concentration; however, thermodynamically, Bi shows no solubility in crystalline Ge. Bi-doped Ge NCs were synthesized for the first time in a microwave-assisted solution route. The oleylamine capping ligand can be replaced by dodecanethiol without loss of Bi. A ...

A method for providing a route for the synthesis of a Ge(0) nanometer-sized material from. A Ge(II) precursor is dissolved in a ligand heated to a temperature, generally between approximately 100 C. and 400 C., sufficient to thermally reduce the Ge(II) to Ge(0), where the ligand is a compound that can bond to the surface of the germanium nanomaterials to subsequently prevent agglomeration of the nanomaterials. The ligand encapsulates the surface of the Ge(0) material to prevent agglomeration. The resulting solution is cooled for handling, with the cooling characteristics useful in controlling the size and size distribution of the Ge(0) materials. The characteristics of the Ge(II) precursor determine whether the Ge(0) materials that result will be nanocrystals or nanowires.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Spectral dependences of the optical absorption in bismuth germanium oxide crystals annealed in vacuum. AU - Kisteneva, M. G.. AU - Akrestina, A. S.. AU - Shandarov, S. M.. AU - Mandel, A. E.. AU - Grebenchukov, A. N.. AU - Pozdeeva, É V.. AU - Kargin, Yu F.. PY - 2012/9/1. Y1 - 2012/9/1. N2 - Results of experimental investigations into the spectral dependences of the light absorption coefficient of an undoped Bi 12GeO 20 crystal annealed in vacuum at a temperature of 650°S and subsequently annealed in the air atmosphere at temperatures in the range T AA = 315-590°S are presented for the spectral range 400-1100 nm at room temperature. It is established that the optical absorption of the crystal after temperature annealing in vacuum increases in the entire examined spectral range. Subsequent annealing in air leads to gradual restoration of the initial impurity absorption spectrum in the range from 530 to 1100 nm. The wide band that can be caused by oxygen vacancies is observed ...

Silicon quantum dots have been synthesized in micelles. Particle sizes have been ascertained by transmission electron microscopy and UV-Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The surface of the silicon and germanium particles produced have been modified to produce hydrophobic and hydrophilic particles by reaction with either with 1-heptene or allylamine respectively. For biological applications control of the surface character of the nanocrystals is essential. FTIR spectra show the surface modification of the particles by 1-heptene or allylamine ...

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Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Spectral dependences of the optical absorption in bismuth germanium oxide crystals annealed in vacuum. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

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This paper describes a methodology developed to measure the activity concentration of the four natural radium isotopes 226Ra, 228Ra, 224Ra and 223Ra in water samples, using γ-ray analysis performed with a hyperpure germanium detector (HPGe). The detector efficiency was properly determined using a set of thorium standards exhibiting concentrations between 10 and 10,000 μg/g. The developed analytical protocol was applied for evaluating the radium activity concentration in groundwater samples providing from different aquifer systems in three Brazilian states. The results were compared with the guideline reference values for 226Ra and 228Ra as proposed by the Brazilian and WHO legislations ...

Thin films (2.0 nm) of copper on germanium internal reflection elements (IREs) were exposed to 10% gum arabic (aqueous solution), 2% alginic acid (aqueous solution), 1% bacterial culture supernatant (BCS, simulated seawater solution), and 0.5% Pseudomonas atlantica exopolymer (simulated seawater solution) and monitored in situ, real time, with the use of Fourier transform infrared/cylindrical internal reflection/attenuated total reflection spectroscopy as a function of time at ambient conditions. Ancillary graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to monitor the removal process of the copper thin film from the germanium IREs. Results indicate that some of the copper was removed from the Cu/Ge interface by all four polymers and incorporated into the polymer matrix. Thus, biocorrosion of copper was exhibited by the four polymers in the order of alginic acid , gum arabic , BCS , Pseudomonas atlantica exopolymer. The FT-IR/CIR/ATR technique can be successfully used to monitor ...

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guanidine; oxidanyl-(oxidanyl-bis(oxidanylidene)chromio)oxy-bis(oxidanylidene)chromium,guanidine; methyl nitrate,guanidine; 1-phenylpyrrole,gallium methanethioate,gold(3+); N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-N-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-N-[2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amino]ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine; dichloride,gold(3+); N-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-N-[2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amino]ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine; dichloride,gold(3+); N-methyl-N-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-N-[2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amino]ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine; dichloride,gadolinium(3+); uranium; heptaphosphate,gallium; oxygen(2-); 3,4,5-tris(oxidanyl)benzoate,gold(1+); 2-oxidanylpropanoate,gold(1+); tetradecanoate,gallium; arsenic; indium(3+); phosphorus(3-),gadolinium(3+); neodymium(3+); oxidanidyl-bis(oxidanylidene)vanadium,guanidine; 2-phenylpropanoic acid,guanidine; 3-[4-(3-oxidanyl-3-oxidanylidene-1-phenyl-propyl)phenyl]-3-phenyl-propanoic acid,germanium; hafnium(4+); titanium(2+),germanium; titanium(2+); zirconium(2+),gold(3+);

Errata on Better Closures This article is an errata to the previous article I just wrote. Why? It turns out I was dead wrong in stating that ordinary objects would be better than nested func

gallium silver,gadolinium(3+); N-methylpropane-1,3-diamine,germanium; niobium(2+),gallium; lanthanum(3+); oxidanidyl-bis(oxidanylidene)tantalum,guanidine; 2,2,2-tris(fluoranyl)ethanoic acid; hydrochloride,gallium; pyran-2-one; hydrate,gold(1+),gallium; lanthanum(3+); niobium(2+),gallium zinc,gold(3+); 1,4,5-trimethyl-1,2,4-triazol-4-ium-3-thiolate,gold(1+); 2-methylpropane-2-thiolate,gallium gadolinium(3+) trisulfide,gold(1+); palladium(2+); titanium(2+),gadolinium(3+); 2-methoxyethanolate,gold(3+); sulfane; trisulfide,gallium copper(1+),gold(1+); 2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one,gold(1+); 2-(propanoylamino)ethanoate,gold(1+) disulfide,germanium; indium(3+); phosphorus(3-),

This time I e-published a novel. Woo-hoo! (At least I am excited about this. This was a lot of work. Also I really like the story!) So get yourself over to http://www.smashwords.com/books/view/961323 and check it out! Once again, its available at any price (including free) in a variety of e-formats. If you dont have…

Out of stock already, sadly (https://www.laborsofloveneedlepoint.shop/shop/c/p/Heres-to-2020-x50194553.htm), but you could always find your inner avid needlepointer and rustle one up for yourself. Which is all to say, I think we can all agree that 2020 has long since surpassed 2016 in total fabulousness. That year, in December, a friend of mine sent me a link to…

With more than 400 bioactive compounds, Reishi has attracted the attention of researchers world-wide. Evidence of its efficacy is shown to the extent that it is officially accepted for use in conventional medical sectors in some countries. Among the hundreds of biologically-active compounds found in Reishi mushrooms, five compounds in particular have been highlighted as the major components that contribute to most of its active pharmacological properties. They are the polysaccharides, triterpenoids, adenosine, organic germanium and ganoderic essence.. Polysaccharides are one of the most active elements found in Reishi mushrooms. Their water-soluble polysaccharides possess anti-cancer properties, information that has already been established with research. Polysaccharides activate natural killer cells that identify and kill foreign bodies, and stimulate production of tumor-necrosis factors TNF, a group of cytokines that can cause death to cancer cells. Of all the polysaccharides, Beta-D-glucan ...

An experimental campaign aiming to investigate electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma X-ray emission has been recently carried out at the ECRISs-Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources laboratory of Atomki based on a collaboration between the Debrecen and Catania ECR teams. In a first series, the X-ray spectroscopy was performed through silicon drift detectors and high purity germanium detectors, characterizing the volumetric plasma emission. The on-purpose developed collimation system was suitable for direct plasma density evaluation, performed on-line during beam extraction and charge state distribution characterization. A campaign for correlating the plasma density and temperature with the output charge states and the beam intensity for different pumping wave frequencies, different magnetic field profiles, and single-gas/gas-mixing configurations was carried out. The results reveal a surprisingly very good agreement between warm-electron density fluctuations, output beam currents, and ...

The toxicity of triethyl-and tri-n-butyl-germanium acetates has been studied after their administration to rats. Both compounds had a low toxicity. Triethylgermanium had less than one-tenth of the toxicity of triethyltin or triethyl-lead and, unlike them, it did not appear to have a predominant action on the central nervous system.. In biochemical studies in vitro, tri-n-butylgermanium was found to be more active than trimethyl-, triethyl- or tri-n-propyl-germanium in inhibiting both glucose oxidation by slices of rat brain cortex and processes involved in oxidative phosphorylation by rat liver mitochondria. All the germanium compounds tested had less than one-hundredth the activity of the corresponding trialkyltin and trialkyl-lead compounds.. ...

, Find details about , from Transistors, Diodes & Triodes/n.e.s. suppliers and Transistors, Diodes & Triodes/n.e.s. manufacturers provide by Youhen Silicon & Germanium Semiconductor Material Ltd..

Gamma-ray spectrometry with high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors is often the technique of choice in an environmental radioactivity laboratory. When measuring environmental samples associated activities are usually low so an important parameter that describes the performance of the spectrometer for a nuclide of interest is the minimum detectable activity (MDA). There are many ways for lowering the MDAs in gamma spectrometry. Recently, developments of fast and compact digital acquisition systems have led to growing number of multiple HPGe detector spectrometers. In these applications all detected events are recorded in a list mode file with their timestamp and energy, enabling coincidence identification and spectrum manipulation in post-processing. When coincidence gamma-spectrometry is used for cascade emitting nuclides, coincident signals can be extracted thus significantly reducing the background, as random coincidences are unlikely. This is especially evident when there is high activity of ...

A quantitative description of the transient diffusion and activation of boron during post-implantation annealing steps is one of the most challenging tasks in the simulation of silicon doping processes. In industrially relevant situations, simulations needs to address diffusion at extrinsic concentrations, the agglomeration of self-interstitials, and the formation of boron-interstitial clusters. This paper describes the experimental work performed or used to calibrate model parameters as independently as possible. The combined model is then applied to ultra-shallow junction formation by annealing boron implanted into crystalline or preamorphized silicon. In comparison to bulk silicon, much less is known about diffusion of dopants in SiGe and germanium which are considered as technological options for future technology nodes. Therefore, dedicated experiments were performed to clarify open points in the diffusion behaviour of dopants in these materials. © 2006 The Royal Swedish Academy of ...

A diode is a specialized electronic component with two electrodes called the anode and the cathode. Most diodes are made with semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, or selenium. Some diodes...

The RCA TA153 transistor was the first junction type developed by RCA. This work was started at the RCA Labs in Princeton NJ in early 1952 and has been described in the classic paper Germanium PNP Junction Transistors by L.D. Armstrong, J.I. Pantchechnikoff, C.W. Mueller, and R.R Law, Proceedings of the I.R.E., Vol 40, Nov 1952. Several thousand of this type were built and the main purpose was to supply functioning transistors to RCA circuit engineers for developing devices such as radios. The first production lines were established at the RCA Tube Division at Harrison NJ in 1953. The TA153 was the prototype for the commercialized 2N34, which was introduced by RCA in 1953. The case material is araldite epoxy, which, through time, allows moisture degradation of the transistor junctions - most currently existing units are not functional. The TA part of the model number was used by RCA to represent developmental transistors which were not yet ready for commercialization but were available for ...

A nanowire battery uses nanowires to increase the surface area of one or both of its electrodes. Some designs (silicon, germanium and transition metal oxides), variations of the lithium-ion battery have been announced, although none are commercially available. All of the concepts replace the traditional graphite anode and could improve battery performance. Silicon is a desirable material for lithium battery anodes because it offers extremely desirable material properties. Silicon has a low discharge potential and a high theoretical charge capacity ten times higher than that of typical graphite anodes currently used in industry. Nanowires could improve these properties by increasing the amount of available surface area in contact with the electrolyte, thereby increasing the anodes power density and allowing for faster charging and higher current delivery. However, the use of silicon anodes in batteries has been limited by the volume expansion during lithiation. Silicon swells by 400% as it ...

During his doctoral studies in Oxford and subsequently, John Murphy and his colleagues (particularly Peter Wilshaw, Robert Falster and Semih Senkader) used a novel dislocation locking technique to investigate the transport of oxygen in silicon. The analysis of the stress required to unpin locking impurities from dislocations pinned by oxygen for different times and temperatures allows us to deduce the diffusivity of oxygen. Our work on the transport of oxygen in Czochralski silicon reproduced existing measurements of diffusivity (including those by SIMS) at high temperatures (,700ºC), but at low temperatures where conventional techniques are unsuitable (350 to 600ºC) gave evidence for enhanced oxygen diffusion. The dependence of the behaviour on oxygen concentration strongly suggests that the oxygen dimer is responsible for this enhanced transport. The more recent work focussed on oxygen transport in silicon containing high concentrations of dopants (boron, arsenic, germanium) to understand ...

This is the Multiple Choice Questions in Chapter 2: Semiconductors from the book Electronic Principles 7th Edition by Albert Malvino. Required fields are marked *, MCQ on Types of Bonding and Forces in Solid. pleas explain the reason. The term anodic bonding is used to describe the bonding of silicon wafers to glass wafers. B. Sigma(Σ) E. Hydrogen. D. P It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre, and is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor.It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table: carbon is above it; and germanium, tin, and lead are below it. A. The octet rule does not always hold for which of the following elements A. 9. Free PDF Download of CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 4 Carbon and Its Compounds Multiple Choice Questions with Answers. What type(s) of bonding would be expected for silicon carbide? With anodic bonding, the bond occurs when the two wafers are heated after being brought in contact and an electric field is applied. 15. The initial ...

actual physical houses. Silicon is considered the most abounding electropositive element in The Earths crust. Its a metalloid by using a designated metallic original appeal as well as breakable. Silicon is normally tetravalent in their substances, despite the fact that at times its bivalent, and it is simply electropositive within the chemical type behaviour. In addition, penta-synchronised and hexa-synchronised silicon compounds are also known. Normal silicon is made up of 92.2% of your isotope 28, 4.7Percent of silicon 29 and 3.1% of silicon 30. Other than individuals strong purely natural isotopes, a variety of radioactive unnatural isotopes are recognized.. Elemental silicon has the physical components of metalloids, like the versions or germanium, located underneath it from the group IV from the regular dinner table. Silicon is definitely an intrinsic semiconductor in it is most natural type, however the intensity of its semi-conduction is highly enhanced by adding small proportions of ...

According to theories of the time, Shockleys field effect transistor, a cylinder coated thinly with silicon and mounted close to a metal plate, should have worked. He ordered Brattain and Bardeen to find out why it wouldnt. During November and December the two men carried out a variety of experiments, attempting to determine why Shockleys device wouldnt amplify.[13] Bardeen was a brilliant theorist;[17] Brattain, equally importantly, had an intuitive feel for what you could do in semiconductors.[14]:40 Bardeen theorized that the failure to conduct might be the result of local variations in the surface state which trapped the charge carriers.[18]:467-468 Brattain and Bardeen eventually managed to create a small level of amplification by pushing a gold metal point into the silicon, and surrounding it with distilled water. Replacing silicon with germanium enhanced the amplification, but only for low frequency currents.[13]. On December 16, Brattain devised a method of placing two gold leaf ...

As the semiconductor industry moves beyond the 10 nm node, power consumption constraints and reduction of the negative impact of parasitic elements become important. Silicon germanium (Si1−xGex) alloys have been used to amplify the performance of Si based devices and integrated circuits (ICs) for decades. Selective epitaxial growth of heavily doped Si and/or Si1−xGex is commonly employed to reduce the effect of parasitic resistance. Reducing the supply voltage leads to lower dynamic power consumption in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Monolithic three-dimensional integration (M3D) is a technology that employs vertical stacking of the device tiers. This approach reduces the wiring length, effectively reducing interconnect delay, load capacitance and ultimately reducing the power consumption. Among the integration challenges M3D is facing, one can distinguish the available thermal budget for fabrication, the crystalline quality of the device active layer and finally ...

Abstract In this work, an in-situ ozone treatment is carried out to improve the interface thermal stability of HfO2/Al2O3 gate stack on germanium (Ge) substrate. The micrometer scale level of HfO2/Al2O3 gate stack on Ge is studied using conductive atomic force microscopy (AFM) with a conductive tip. The initial results indicate that comparing with a non in-situ ozone treated sample, the interface thermal stability of the sample with an in-situ ozone treatment can be substantially improved after annealing. As a result, void-free surface, low conductive spots, low leakage current density, and relative high breakdown voltage high-κ/Ge are obtained. A detailed analysis is performed to confirm the origins of the changes. All results indicate that in-situ ozone treatment is a promising method to improve the interface properties of Ge-based three-dimensional (3D) devices in future technology nodes.. ...

MSI Principal Investigator Mo Li, an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (College of Science and Engineering), is one of the authors of a paper in the journal Nature Photonics that reveals properties of black phosphorus films that have exciting implications in optics and photonics. Black phosphorus is a stable crystalline form of the element; in thin films of 20 layers of atoms, it shows remarkable properties as a semiconductor. The paper discusses using black-phosphorus films on silicon optical circuits, with performance rivaling that of devices made of germanium.. An article about the paper appears on the Universitys Discover blog. You can read the entire paper on the Nature Photonics website. (Nathan Youngblood, Che Chen, Steven J. Koester, and Mo Li. 2015. Waveguide-integrated black phosphorus photodetector with high responsivity and low dark current. Nature Photonics, 10.1038/nphoton.2015.23 [published online ahead of print].). Professor Li and his ...

Indium Corporation is a premier materials manufacturer and supplier to the global electronics, semiconductor, thin-film, and thermal management markets. Products include solders and fluxes; brazes; thermal interface materials; sputtering targets; indium, gallium, germanium, and tin metals and inorganic compounds; and NanoFoil®. Founded in 1934, Indium has global technical support and factories located in China, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the USA ...

alkaline hydrolysis than polyesters but not as resistant to acid Some polyimide can be used like a photoresist; both positive and negative types of photoresist-like polyimide exist in the market. [3], However, the first polyimide of significant commercial importance - Kapton - was pioneered in the 1950s by workers at Dupont who developed a successful route for synthesis of high molecular weight polyimide involving a soluble polymer precursor. used for very demanding applications in many industries. The semiconductor industry uses polyimide as a high-temperature adhesive; it is also used as a mechanical stress buffer. brake and transmission friction parts, and gaskets. The IKAROS solar sailing spacecraft uses polyimide resin sails to operate without rocket engines. Multi-layer insulation used on spacecraft is usually made of polyimide coated with thin layers of aluminum, silver, gold, or germanium. For this reason, it has better moisture resistance, dimensional stability, and electrical ...

The distribution of Fe, Ni, Co, P, Ge, W, Mo, and O between molten silicate and liquid metal was determined at pressures and temperatures relevant to core formation (50-80 kb, 2000-2300 degrees C) under both carbon-free and graphite-saturated conditions. The effect of carbon is very pronounced in reducing the siderophile tendencies of P and Ge. Germanium showed a significant reduction in metal-silicate partition coefficients (D-met/sil) from a value too high to be determined by the electron microprobe in the carbon-free metal/ultrabasic silicate system down to a value of similar to 33 in the carbon-bearing metal/ultrabasic silicate system. Phosphorus becomes lithophile at carbon saturation. Nickel and cobalt show a modest reduction, and W and Mo show a modest increase in siderophility at graphite saturation. These effects are seen both in basic, aluminous, and ultrabasic, magnesian silicate liquids. Carbon-bearing liquids, in combination with their sulfurous cousins, would be less effective at ...

An integrated programmable conductor memory cell and diode device in an integrated circuit comprises a diode and a glass electrolyte element, the glass electrolyte element having metal ions mixed or dissolved therein and being able to selectively form a conductive pathway under the influence of an applied voltage. In one embodiment, both the diode and the memory cell comprise a chalcogenide glass, such as germanium selenide (e.g., Ge2Se8 or Ge25Se75). The first diode element comprises a chalcogenide glass layer having a first conductivity type, the second diode element comprises a chalcogenide glass layer doped with an element such as bismuth and having a second conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type and the memory cell comprises a chalcogenide glass element with silver ions therein. In another embodiment, the diode comprises silicon and there is a diffusion barrier layer between the diode and the chalcogenide glass memory element. Methods of fabricating integrated programmable

This Flat Plate is an optional crystal plate for the VeeMAX™ III with ATR accessory.It is a flat plate with a germanium (Ge) crystal set at a 45° angle.

Lithium-ion batteries could last longer if their electrodes stored more charge. Korean researchers have now made a new type of anode that holds three times more charge than the conventional graphite anodes used in batteries. The new anode is made of germanium nanotubes. It charges and discharges five times faster than previously reported silicon anodes, lasts through twice as many charging cycles, and is easier to fabricate. Its 400-cycle life matches that of graphite and is long enough for portable-electronics batteries, says Jaephil Cho, a researcher at South Koreas Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, who led the new work. These anodes meet the practical requirements of lithium-ion cells, Cho says.. Cho collaborated with researchers at LG Chem, the Korean company that makes the lithium-ion batteries used in the Chevy Volt. Their results will soon be published online in the journal Angewandte Chemie. The researchers are also working on silicon nanotube anodes. These advances ...

The discovery of high performance rechargeable batteries initiated the development of portable electronics and electric vehicles until nowadays there is a bottleneck in their further development because of the battery capacity.1 Meanwhile, sodium ion batteries (SIB) with abundance of reserve capacity and cost advantage are becoming the best alternative to lithium ion batteries (LIBs).2 These factors stimulated the search for sodium storage materials with a high capacity and cycle stability.3 Various intercalation-based cathode materials for SIB [e.g., sodium cobalt oxide (NaCoO2) sodium manganese oxide (NaMnO2), sodium iron phosphate (NaFePO4)] have been developed by replacing lithium with sodium (Na).4-7 But the commercial graphite anode of LIBs failed to repeat its success in SIB because its size mismatch with the Na ion.8,9 So attention was drawn to the alloy-based anode promising a high Na capacity. Sodium alloyed elements in group IV such as germanium (Na15Ge4, 369 mAh g−1),10 tin ...

A level Chemistry. Inorganic Chemistry 2.1 The Periodic Table: Chemical Periodicity 2.1 The Periodic Table: Chemical Periodicity You have to remember these things for examinations to … Important Chemistry Terms. This is a complete set of handwritten revision flashcards for AQA Physical Chemistry and the content can be made easily applicable to other specifications. Refer the revision notes to shine in Chemistry. Thank you for producing these notes they are really helpful and i am able to grasp and understand things more better. Overview of main and sub topics of Inorganic chemistry. Covers the limited amount of Group 4 (IUPAC: Group 14) chemistry (carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and lead) required by UK A level syllabuses. Inorganic chemistry S block 6.2. Also, we are getting a lot of requests from our students regarding notes on Inorganic chemistry notes. Ive seen many students striving for notes and important questions on the internet. Advanced Level INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - PERIODIC TABLE & ...

Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Few‑Layer Graphene. Chakrabarti, A.; Lu, J.; Skrabutenas, J.C.; Xu, T.; Xiao, Z.; Maguire, J.A.; Hosmane, N.S.(2011) J. Mater. Chem., 21: 9491-9493.. Nano and Dendritic Structured Carboranes and Metallacarboranes: From Materials to Cancer Therapy. Hosmane, N. S.; Yinghuai, Z.; Maguire, J. A.; Kaim, W.; Takagaki, M. (2009) J. Organomet. Chem., 694: 1690-1697.. Synthesis, Characterization and Polymerization of a Neutral Tantalacarborane Sandwich Complex Derived from Quintanionic exo‑Polyhedrally Linked Bis(C2B10‑carborane) Ligands. Yinghuai, Z.; Nong, L. C.; Zhao, L. C.; Widjaja, E.; Hwei, C. S.; Cun, W.; Tan, J.; Van Meurs, M.; Hosmane, N. S.; Maguire, J. A. (2009) Organometallics, 28: 60-64.. Silicon (IV) and Germanium (IV) Moieties Stabilized by Charge‑Compensated Carborane Ligand, [9‑SMe2‑7,8‑C2B9H10]−: Synthetic and Structural Investigation. Vladimir Meshcheryakov, V.; Zheng, C.; Kudinov, A. R.; Maguire, J. A.; Hosmane, N. S.(2008) ...

38.00 $ 47.50 Cell Factor is a doctor-formulated proprietary blend of key nutrients to promote cell energy and oxygenation to the body. Cell Factor also supports mental sharpness, endurance and overall wellbeing. This product contains: Amino Acid Complex: Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Glycine. Enzyme Blend: Protease, Amylase, Cellulase, Lipase, Lactase Ionic Trace Minerals: Chloride, Magnesium, Sulfate, Sodium, Potassium, Bromide, Lithium, Boron, Carbonate, Calcium, Fluoride, Silicon, Nitrogen, Selenium, Phosphorus, Iodide, Chromium, Iron, Manganese, Titanium, Rubidium, Cobalt, Copper, Antimony, Arsenic, Molybdenum, Strontium, Zinc, Nickel, Tungsten, Germanium, Aluminum, Scandium, Vanadium, Tellerium, Barium, Tin, Lanthanum,... View full product details ...

Arsenic Tellurium Silicon Germanium Alloy Sputtering Target AsTeSiGe bulk & research qty manufacturer. Properties, SDS, Applications, Price. Free samples program. Term contracts & credit cards/PayPal accepted.

Trace elements can be essential or toxic. Trace element toxicity can occur as a result of occupational exposure, environmental exposure or iatrogenic toxicity. Any organ can be affected: the central nervous system, liver, kidneys, muscles or circulatory system. All elements can be toxic in excess. Those most commonly associated with toxicity include: aluminium, lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, thallium, barium, germanium, tellurium, tin, antimony, osmium, uranium.. ...

The process, known as a 3D modulation-doping strategy, succeeded in creating a solid-state device that achieved a simultaneous reduction in the thermal conductivity, which combined with conductivity gains to provide a high figure of merit value of ~1.3 at 900 °C.. To improve a materials figure of merit is extremely challenging because all the internal parameters are closely related to each other, said Yu. Once you change one factor, the others may most likely change, leading to no net improvement. As a result, a more popular trend in this field of study is to look into new opportunities, or new material systems. Our study proved that opportunities are still there for the existing materials, if one could work smartly enough to find some alternative material designs.. Ren pointed out that the performance gains the team reported compete with the state-of-the-art n-type SiGe alloy materials, with a crucial difference that the teams design requires the use of 30 percent less Germanium, which ...

Ingredients per 4 capsules: Magnesium complex (Magnesium Orotate, Magnesium L-Theonate, Magnesium Citrate, Magnesium AA Chelate, Magnesium Krebs) 1300 mg, Vitamin C 250 mg, Vitamin B6 208 mg, Vitamin B6 (P5P) 33 mg, Vitamin B3 17 mg, Vitamin B12 0.333 mg, Zinc Picolinate (20%) 208 mg, Vitamin D3 (Cholicalciferol) 800 IU, Vitamin E 83 mg, Manganese Citrate 42 mg, Boron (Amino Acid chelate) 33 mg, Iodine (Potassium iodide) 8 mg, Biotin 8 mg, Lithium Orotate 8 mg, Germanium 132 8 mg, Molybedenum (Amino Acid chelate) 1.7 mg, Selenium (Selenomethionine) .02 mg, GTF Chromium 2.5% 1.7 mg ...