In mammals, the primary step in male sex determination is the initiation of testis development which depends on the expression of the Y-linked testis determining gene, Sry. The mechanisms by which Sry controls this process are unknown. Studies showed that cell migration from the adjacent mesonephros only occurs into XY gonads; however, it was not known whether this effect depended on Sry, another Y-linked gene, or the presence of one versus two X chromosomes. Here we provide genetic proof that Sry is the only Y-linked gene necessary for cell migration into the gonad. Cell migration from the mesonephros into the differentiating gonad is consistently associated with Stys presence and with testis cord formation, suggesting that cell migration plays a critical role in the initiation of testis cord development. The induction of cell migration represents the earliest signaling pathway yet assigned to Sry.

Akinok Physically, a gene is composed genee a defined DNA sequence, located at a specific place locus along the length of a chromosome and transmitted by a parent to its offspring. Protein synthesis is mediated by molecules of messenger RNA formed on the chromosome with the gene acting as a template.. Homeobox genes usually play a role in controlling development of the organism. This is due in part because the Y chromosome is small and does not contain as many genes as the autosomal chromosomes or the X chromosome. One of the loci was autosomal however a second component of this trait appeared to be Y-linked. In recent years, the Y-chromosome has been almost entirely mapped revealing many traits that are y-linked.. Hearing impairment was tracked in one specific tene and through seven generations all males were affected by this trait. In guppies, Y-linked genes help determine sex selection. The primary analysis was that Hairy Ears were a y-linked trait. Through the genetic code of DNA they also ...

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RBMY2EP (RNA binding motif protein Y-linked family 2 member E, pseudogene), Authors: Dessen P. Published in: Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol.

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Biology Chapter 10 Cell Reproduction I. Chromosomes Long thin molecules that store genetic information. A. Chromosome Structure 1. Rod shaped structure composed of DNA and protein. 2. DNA is wrapped around

Complete information for TSPY1 gene (Protein Coding), Testis Specific Protein, Y-Linked 1, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium

It cannot be sex liked. Its not X-linked because that scenario it would NOT be passed from father to son and it is. Its not Y-linked because in that case, it would ONLY be passed from father to son (not the case here). It cannot be dominant because that requires that at least one parent of each affected individual be also affected. Again, not in this case. So, that leaves #3 ...

Complete information for VCY gene (Protein Coding), Variable Charge, Y-Linked, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium

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Anyone know of a RAT Y CHROMOSOME specific probe? Thanks in advance Abizar www.innogenex.com , -----Original Message----- , From: Angeline Martin-Studdard [mailto:[email protected]] , Sent: Monday, January 22, 2001 4:57 AM , To: [email protected] , Subject: mouse Y chromosome probe , , , Hi Dina, , , Ive been utilizing a mouse Y chromosome paint probe from Applied , Genetics (#BMPOY). I tested it on cell drop slides initially and , currently use it on paraffin embedded mouse brain tissue. Ive , only tested a few different fixation methods so far but hope to , make more progress with that in the near future. It works well , and Ive found I can get away with quite a bit less probe than , recommended. , , Let me know if you would like any more information. , Angeline , , Medical College of Georgia , Neurology , 1459 Laney-Walker Blvd , Augusta, GA 30912 , [email protected] , , , ,Date: 19 Jan 2001 15:21:31 -0600 , ,From: [email protected] , ,Subject: mouse Y chromosome ...

Our results establish that diversity is low for Y-linked genes, rather than being unusually high for X-linked ones, since the mean X diversity is slightly lower than the autosomal loci, and close to the value expected with a 1 : 1 sex ratio and the same variance in male and female reproductive success. Hitch-hiking processes on the non-recombining Y chromosome are predicted to lower Y diversity, but a possible alternative reason for low diversity of Y-linked genes is a high variance in male reproductive success. The autosomes should then also have lower diversity than expected, relative to the X, i.e. the X/A ratio should be increased above 0.75 (Laporte & Charlesworth 2002; Ellegren 2009). We therefore conclude that there is no evidence that sexual selection is important in populations of this plant.. Another possibility, however, is a recent change in the demographic history of the population. Changes in population size affect the X and Y chromosomes differently from the autosomes, and can ...

Over the 180 My since their origin, the sex chromosomes of mammals have evolved a gene repertoire highly specialized for function in the male germline. The mouse Y chromosome is unique among mammalian Y chromosomes characterized to date in that it is large, gene-rich and euchromatic. Yet, little is …

Researcher(s): William J. Murphy, PhD Breed(s): All (non-specified). Abstract:. Studies of the human and mouse Y chromosomes have shown that they contain many testis specific genes that, when defective, cause infertility and spermatogenesis defects. The causes of male infertility in dogs are not well known. Though much is now known about genes on the dog autosomes and X chromosome, owing to the canine genome sequence, virtually nothing is known about the canine Y chromosome and the genes it harbors. This study will exhaustively characterize the gene content of the dog Y chromosome by sequencing from a cDNA selection library that is enriched for Y chromosome gene transcripts. This procedure will isolate the majority of canine Y chromosome genes and the DNA fragments they reside on, which will be mapped in the dog genome. The copy number and expression profile of these genes will be determined in a broad range of tissues to discern which genes have testis-specific expression patterns, and may ...

Y-linked genetic disorders include 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development, 47,XYY development, 48,XXYY syndrome and Y chromosome infertility, as reported by the United States National Library...

In this study we have established a simple, accurate and widely applicable method for determining the sex of primate DNA samples by using triple primer PCR of a small region of the UTX/UTY gene. The ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat protein gene (UTX/UTY) is located on the X and Y chromosomes and our analysis identified a region in the human UTY having the highest identity to the mouse Y chromosome. Due to the high conservation of this region the triple primer PCR setup works in all primate species tested. Furthermore, the method contains an internal positive control (the shared primer), but should always be tested in samples of known sex before actual analysis is carried out. Also, it may be necessary to perform species specific optimization of annealing temperature and/or primer concentrations prior to analysis. Since the nature of the Y chromosome allows deletion of many regions, it can be expected that with an increased number of individuals tested deletion of UTY might be ...

Sharing articles I find, discussing options you might consider and suggesting what might help. Each person is different, what works for one might really mess up another. So what you do with this info is entirely up to you

BACKGROUND: Long-term evolution of sex chromosomes is a dynamic process shaped by gene gain and gene loss. Sex chromosome gene traffic has been studied in XY and ZW systems but no detailed analyses have been carried out for haploid phase UV sex chromosomes. Here, we explore sex-specific sequences of seven brown algal species to understand the dynamics of the sex-determining region (SDR) gene content across 100 million years of evolution. RESULTS: A core set of sex-linked genes is conserved across all the species investigated, but we also identify modifications of both the U and the V SDRs that occurred in a lineage-specific fashion ...

This gene is similar to the protein kinase, X-linked gene in the pseudoautosomal region of the X chromosome. The gene is classified as a transcribed pseudogene because it has lost a coding exon that results in all transcripts being candidates for nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) and unlikely to express a protein. Abnormal recombination between this gene and a related gene on chromosome X is a frequent cause of XX males and XY females. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010 ...

ICD-9 code 288.63 for Monocytosis (symptomatic) is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range - DISEASES OF THE BLOOD AND BLOOD-FORMING

TBL1Y - TBL1Y (untagged)-Human transducin (beta)-like 1, Y-linked (TBL1Y), transcript variant 3 available for purchase from OriGene - Your Gene Company.

TMSB4Y - (untagged)-Human thymosin, beta 4, Y-linked (cDNA clone MGC:26307 IMAGE:4798821), complete cds available for purchase from OriGene - Your Gene Company.

While a conclusion was not reached during this meeting because of time constraints, we had some fruitful discussions and a number of issues were raised that should be the focus of future sessions. Most of the discussion revolved around the sharing of research tools. There was brief mention of a web-based textbook for teaching of MATLAB and/or for hearing sciences with MATLAB code examples. Perhaps the ARO website may be a good starting point for hosting this textbook, as well as a place to share research tools?. The following summary is divided into two sections: (1) possible best practices, and (2) open issues.. 1. Possible best practices for sharing. ...

Few plant species are dioecious and only a small fraction of these species are known to have sex chromosomes. Considerable efforts to isolate sex-linked genes from dioecious Silene latifolia (Caryophillaceae) have resulted in the isolation of surprisingly few sex-linked genes, suggesting that the methods used previously were not efficient in plants. This chapter analyzes the methods that have been and can be used for isolation of genes from plant sex chromosomes. The most successful method used for the isolation of Y-linked genes included the screening of a male complementary DNA (cDNA) library with the probe obtained by degenerate oligonucleotide-primed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the microdissected Y chromosomes. However, chromosome microdissection requires sophisticated equipment and is difficult to apply to species with cytologically indistinguishable sex chromosomes. Genome and cDNA library subtraction methods were surprisingly unsuccessful, probably because of low divergence between the

PLENARY PRESENTATION TUESDAY OCTOBER 19 2.00pm - 2.30pm SEQUENCE OF THE MOUSE Y CHROMOSOME Alfoldi JE1, Skaletsky H1, Graves T2, Minx P2, Wilson RK2, Rozen S1, Page DC1 1 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States, 2 Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States Y chromosomes have no partner with which to cross-over during meiosis, and so were once thought to be doomed to degeneration and gene loss. However, the recent discovery of palindromes on the human Y chromosome has given us hope of the continued survival of Y genes, since palindromes could be protecting their genes by gene conversion. The sequencing of the mouse Y chromosome was begun with the hope that it too has palindromes, and that these palindromes could be studied more easily in a more tractable organism. Now that some mouse Y sequence has been produced, we can see that this chromosome ...

Approach and Results-A total of 1988 biologically unrelated men from 4 white European populations were genotyped using 11 Y chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms and classified into 13 most common European haplogroups. Approximately 75% to 93% of the haplotypic variation of the Y chromosome in all cohorts was attributable to I, R1a, and R1b1b2 lineages. None of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including body mass index, blood pressures, lipids, glucose, C-reactive protein, creatinine, and insulin resistance, was associated with haplogroup I of the Y chromosome in the joint inverse variance meta-analysis. Fourteen of 15 ubiquitous single-copy genes of the male-specific region were expressed in human macrophages. When compared with men with other haplogroups, carriers of haplogroup I had ≈0.61- and 0.64-fold lower expression of ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, Y-linked gene (UTY) and protein kinase, Y-linked, pseudogene (PRKY) in macrophages (P=0.0001 and P=0.002, ...

Two recent studies in April 2014 in the journal Nature (from Washington University/MIT and the from Switzerland) summarized in this NY Times editorial, highlight the importance of the Y chromosome not only in sperm production and gender determination for men. The groups sequenced and compared the Y chromosome in 8 types of mammals including humans (which had been previously technically difficult to sequence due to many repeats of genetic code). Because Y-linked genes are active throughout the bodys cells, they may actually contribute to differences in disease susceptibility between men and women. By comparing the human Y chromosome with the chimpanzee for example, the researchers identified that the human Y has lost only one ancestral gene during the past 25 million years and since then has stabilized with an elite bunch of genes of which there are 12 in humans proving very important for male survival. Of course, more study is needed in the future to uncover the exact role of this small group ...

We conducted a direct test of an immunological explanation of the finding that gay men have a greater number of older brothers than do heterosexual men. This explanation posits that some mothers develop antibodies against a Y-linked protein important in male brain development, and that this effect becomes increasingly likely with each male gestation, altering brain structures underlying sexual orientation in their later-born sons. Immune assays targeting two Y-linked proteins important in brain development-protocadherin 11 Y-linked (PCDH11Y) and neuroligin 4 Y-linked (NLGN4Y; isoforms 1 and 2)-were developed. Plasma from mothers of sons, about half of whom had a gay son, along with additional controls (women with no sons, men) was analyzed for male protein-specific antibodies. Results indicated women had significantly higher anti-NLGN4Y levels than men. In addition, after statistically controlling for number of pregnancies, mothers of gay sons, particularly those with older brothers, had ...

Have you thought that not all the genes in your body might have the same evolutionary interests? The mouse Y chromosome has just been revealed after years of superhuman slog and turns out to be strikingly different from other non-recombining sex chromosomes in two main ways. Firstly, the mouse Y contains almost no DNA signatures…

Article about the assessment and treatment leg length difference, particularly after knee and hip replacement surgery. Sole raises and shoe modifications.

A010059 abs(dX), count1bits(N)+1 mod 2 A010060 abs(dY), count1bits(N) mod 2, being Thue-Morse A000120 direction, being total turn, count 1-bits A179868 direction 0to3, count 1-bits mod 4 A035263 turn 0=straight or 180, 1=left or right, being (count low 0-bits + 1) mod 2 A096268 next turn 1=straight or 180, 0=left or right, being count low 1-bits mod 2 A007814 turn-1 to the right, being count low 0-bits A003159 N positions of left or right turn, ends even num 0 bits A036554 N positions of straight or 180 turn, ends odd num 0 bits A146559 X at N=2^k, being Re((i+1)^k) A009545 Y at N=2^k, being Im((i+1)^k) A131064 right boundary length to odd power N=2^(2k-1), being 5*2^n-4n-4, skip initial 1 A027383 right boundary length differences A038503 number of East segments in N=0 to N=2^k-1 A038504 number of North segments in N=0 to N=2^k-1 A038505 number of West segments in N=0 to N=2^k-1 A000749 number of South segments in N=0 to N=2^k-1 A191689 fractal dimension of the interior ...

Forensic use of Y-chromosome DNA: a general overview. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.

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Y chromosomes control essential male functions in many species, including sex determination and fertility. However, because of obstacles posed by repeat-rich heterochromatin, knowledge of Y chromosome sequences is limited to a handful of model organisms, constraining our understanding of Y biology across the tree of life. Here, we leverage long single-molecule sequencing to determine the content and structure of the nonrecombining Y chromosome of the primary African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae We find that the An. gambiae Y consists almost entirely of a few massively amplified, tandemly arrayed repeats, some of which can recombine with similar repeats on the X chromosome. Sex-specific genome resequencing in a recent species radiation, the An. gambiae complex, revealed rapid sequence turnover within An. gambiae and among species. Exploiting 52 sex-specific An. gambiae RNA-Seq datasets representing all developmental stages, we identified a small repertoire of Y-linked genes that lack X ...

Background: Teleost fish present a high diversity of sex determination systems, with possible frequent evolutionary turnover of sex chromosomes and sex-determining genes. In order to identify genes involved in male sex determination and differentiation in the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus, bacterial artificial chromosome contigs from the sex-determining region differentiating the Y from the X chromosome have been assembled and analyzed. Results: A novel three-copy gene called teximY (for testis-expressed in Xiphophorus maculatus on the Y) was identified on the Y but not on the X chromosome. A highly related sequence called texim1, probably at the origin of the Y-linked genes, as well as three more divergent texim genes were detected in (pseudo) autosomal regions of the platyfish genome. Texim genes, for which no functional data are available so far in any organism, encode predicted esterases/lipases with a SGNH hydrolase domain. Texim proteins are related to proteins from very different ...

The evolution of sex chromosomes is often accompanied by gene or chromosome rearrangements. Recently, the gene AP3 was characterized in the dioecious plant species Silene latifolia. It was suggested that this gene had been transferred from an autosome to the Y chromosome. In the present study we provide evidence for the existence of an X linked copy of the AP3 gene. We further show that the Y copy is probably located in a chromosomal region where recombination restriction occurred during the first steps of sex chromosome evolution. A comparison of X and Y copies did not reveal any clear signs of degenerative processes in exon regions. Instead, both X and Y copies show evidence for relaxed selection compared to the autosomal orthologues in S. vulgaris and S. conica. We further found that promoter sequences differ significantly. Comparison of the genic region of AP3 between the X and Y alleles and the corresponding autosomal copies in the gynodioecious species S. vulgaris revealed a massive accumulation

1. KoopmanPGubbayJVivianNGoodfellowPLovell-BadgeR 1991 Male development of chromosomally female mice transgenic for Sry. Nature 351 117 121. 2. GubbayJCollignonJKoopmanPCapelBEconomouA 1990 A gene mapping to the sex-determining region of the mouse Y chromosome is a member of a novel family of embryonically expressed genes. Nature 346 245 250. 3. KarlJCapelB 1998 Sertoli cells of the mouse testis originate from the coelomic epithelium. Dev Biol 203 323 333. 4. WylieC 1999 Germ cells. Cell 96 165 174. 5. CoveneyDCoolJOliverTCapelB 2008 Four-dimensional analysis of vascularization during primary development of an organ, the gonad. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105 7212 7217. 6. MartineauJNordqvistKTilmannCLovell-BadgeRCapelB 1997 Male-specific cell migration into the developing gonad. Curr Biol 7 958 968. 7. AlbrechtKHEicherEM 2001 Evidence that Sry is expressed in pre-Sertoli cells and Sertoli and granulosa cells have a common precursor. Dev Biol 240 92 107. 8. AdamsIRMcLarenA 2002 Sexually dimorphic ...

Genetic conflicts between sexes and generations provide a foundation for understanding the functional evolution of sex chromosomes and sexually dimorphic phenotypes. Y chromosomes of Drosophila contain multi-megabase stretches of satellite DNA repeats and a handful of protein-coding genes that are monomorphic within species. Nevertheless, polymorphic variation in heterochromatic Y chromosomes of Drosophila result in genome-wide gene expression variation. Here we show that such naturally occurring Y-linked regulatory variation (YRV) can be detected in somatic tissues and contributes to the epigenetic balance of heterochromatin/euchromatin at three distinct loci showing position-effect variegation (PEV). Moreover, polymorphic Y chromosomes differentially affect the expression of thousands of genes in XXY female genotypes in which Y-linked protein-coding genes are not transcribed. The data show a disproportionate influence of YRV on the variable expression of genes whose protein products localize ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Constrained expectation-maximization algorithm for stochastic inertial error modeling. T2 - Study of feasibility. AU - Stebler, Yannick. AU - Guerrier, Stéphane. AU - Skaloud, Jan. AU - Victoria-Feser, Maria Pia. PY - 2011/8. Y1 - 2011/8. N2 - Stochastic modeling is a challenging task for low-cost sensors whose errors can have complex spectral structures. This makes the tuning process of the INS/GNSS Kalman filter often sensitive and difficult. For example, first-order Gauss-Markov processes are very often used in inertial sensor models. But the estimation of their parameters is a non-trivial task if the error structure is mixed with other types of noises. Such an estimation is often attempted by computing and analyzing Allan variance plots. This contribution demonstrates solving situations when the estimation of error parameters by graphical interpretation is rather difficult. The novel strategy performs direct estimation of these parameters by means of the ...

The mechanism of silencing of testis expressed X-linked Stellate repeats by homologous Y-linked Suppressor of Stellate [Su(Ste)] repeats localized in the crystal locus was studied. The double stranded RNA as a product of symmetrical transcription of Su(Ste) repeat and small iinterfaceSu(Ste) siRNA were revealed suggesting the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) for Stellate silencing. The relief of Stellate silencing as a result of impaired complementarity between the sequences of putative target Stellate transcripts and Su(Ste) repeats was shown. The role of RNAi mechanism in the silencing of heterochromatic retrotransposon GATE inserted in Stellate cluster was revealed. The studies of cis-effects of Stellate tandem repeats causing variegated expression of juxtaposed reporter genes were extended and the lacZ variegation in imaginal disc was shown. The exceptional case of a non-variegated expression of mini-white gene juxtaposed to Stellate repeats in a construct inserted into the 39C region ...

* __ Home [/paralympics] * Paralympics [/paralympics] * Classification [/paralympics/classification] * Archery Eligible impairment types: * Impaired muscle power * Impaired passive range of movement * Limb deficiency * Leg length difference * Athetosis * Hypertonia *...

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Many organisms have a global mechanism for dosage compensation (DC) operating along the entire male X chromosome, which equalizes gene expression on the male X with that on the two Xs in females and/or on autosomes. At the initial stage of sex chromosome evolution, however, gene-by-gene (or localized) DC may also be necessary because the degeneration of Y-linked genes occurs independently at different times. We therefore tested whether the up-regulation of X-linked genes depends on the status of their Y-linked homologs, using the young sex chromosomes, neo-X and neo-Y, in Drosophila miranda. In support of the presence of gene-by-gene DC, the extent of up-regulation in males was indeed higher for neo-X-linked genes with pseudogenized neo-Y-linked homologs than for neo-X-linked genes with functional neo-Y-linked homologs. Further molecular evolutionary analysis also supports the idea that many individual neo-X-linked genes first acquired the potential for up-regulation, which then enabled the ...

PDF | The Y chromosome has long been considered a genetic wasteland on a trajectory to completely that HPA was a Y-linked trait. Here, we used the plant Silene latifolia, where sex chromosomes actively growing leaves using the Qiagen RNeasy Plant Mini kit (Qiagen, Manchester, Y-SNPs in several females, indicating that recombination in male.. Snps y-chromosome sex linked traits in Manchester

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence from DNA sequence data has revealed that phylogenies based on different genes may drastically differ from each other. This may be due to either inter- or intralineage processes, or to methodological or stochastic errors. Here we investigate a spectacular case where two parts of the same gene (SlX1/Y1) show conflicting phylogenies within Silene (Caryophyllaceae). SlX1 and SlY1 are sex-linked genes on the sex chromosomes of dioecious members of Silene sect. Elisanthe. RESULTS: We sequenced the homologues of the SlX1/Y1 genes in several Sileneae species. We demonstrate that different parts of the SlX1/Y1 region give different phylogenetic signals. The major discrepancy is that Silene vulgaris and S. sect. Conoimorpha (S. conica and relatives) exchange positions. To determine whether gene duplication followed by recombination (an intralineage process) may explain the phylogenetic conflict in the Silene SlX1/Y1 gene, we use a novel probabilistic, multiple primer-pair PCR

Homology-based approaches are often used for the annotation of microbial communities, providing functional profiles that are used to characterize and compare the content and the functionality of microbial communities. Metagenomic reads are the starting data for these studies, however considerable di …

Haywood, M., Rose, S., Rankin, J., Izui, S., Rogers, N. and Morley, B. J., 2005. The Y-linked autoimmune accelerator (YAA) gene is sufficient to break immunological tolerance. In: Joint Meeting of the British Society for Rheumatology/Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Rheumatologie and Spring Meeting of the British Health Professionals in Rheumatology ...

Around the same time, both practitioners came to the conclusion that my left leg is a little bit longer than the right. The chiropractor felt that this would explain why the left leg suffered the fracture, since the left leg was bearing more of the stress from running than the right. For this she recommended an orthotic which would be slightly higher on the right side to try and make up for the leg length difference. To be honest I was a bit skeptical of this conclusion, since nobody had ever suggested this to me before. I decided to trust their advice, however, and went with the orthos ...

Around the same time, both practitioners came to the conclusion that my left leg is a little bit longer than the right. The chiropractor felt that this would explain why the left leg suffered the fracture, since the left leg was bearing more of the stress from running than the right. For this she recommended an orthotic which would be slightly higher on the right side to try and make up for the leg length difference. To be honest I was a bit skeptical of this conclusion, since nobody had ever suggested this to me before. I decided to trust their advice, however, and went with the orthos ...

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20-Hydroxyecdysterone - (2β,3β,5β,22R)-2,3,14,20,22,25-hexahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one was isolated in satisfactory yield using ethanol extraction from the aerial part of Silene wolgensis (Hornem.) Otth; sometimes Silene ...