104 Baruch, D.I., Pasloske, B.L., Singh, H.B., Bi, X.H., Ma, X.C., Feldman, M., Taraschi, T.F., and Howar d, R.J. (1995). Cloning the Plasmodium falciparum gene encoding Pfemp1, a malarial variant antigen and adherence receptor on the surface of parasitized human erythrocytes Cell 82, 7787. Bock, R., Jackson, L., de Vos, A., and Jorgensen, W. (2004). Babesiosis of cattle. Parasitology 129 Suppl S247269. Borst, P., Bitter, W., Blundell, P.A., Chaves, I., Cross, M., Gerrits, H., van Leeuwen, F., McCulloch, R., Taylor, M., and Rudenko, G. (1998). Control of VSG gene expression sites in Trypanosoma brucei Mol Biochem Parasitol 91 6776. Borst, P., and Ulbert, S. (2001). Control of VSG gene expression sites. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 114, 1727. Brayton, K.A., Lau, A.O.T., Herndon, D.R., Hannick, L., Kappmeyer, L.S., Berens, S.J., Bidwell, S.L., Br own, W.C., Crabtree, J., Fadrosh, D., et al. (2007). Genome sequence of B abesia bovis and comparative analysis of apicomplexan hemoprotozoa. ...

2nd International Workshop on Foundations of Coordination Languages and Software Architectures (Foclasa 2002) September 2, 2003, Marseille, France Workshop affiliated to CONCUR2003, 02 - 06 September 2003. http://www.info.fundp.ac.be/~jmj/Foclasa03.html ====================================================================== SCOPE AND TOPICS Modern information systems rely more and more on combining concurrent, distributed, mobile and heterogenous components. This move from old systems, typically conceived in isolation, induces the need for new languages and software architectures. In particular, coordination languages have been proposed to cleanly separate computational aspects and communication. On the other hand, software architects face the problem of specifying and reasoning on non-functional requirements. All these issues are widely perceived as fundamental to improve software productivity, enhance maintainability, advocate modularity, promote reusability, and lead to systems more tractable ...

Production of gametocytes by asexually dividing parasites is a selective disadvantage. Inducible recombination allows controlled expression of ap2-g and

TY - JOUR. T1 - The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii targets proteins to dense granules and the vacuolar space using both conserved and unusual mechanisms. AU - Karsten, Verena. AU - Qi, Huilin. AU - Beckers, Con J.M.. AU - Reddy, Anita. AU - Dubremetz, Jean Francois. AU - Webster, Paul. AU - Joiner, Keith A.. PY - 1998/6/15. Y1 - 1998/6/15. N2 - All known proteins that accumulate in the vacuolar space surrounding the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii are derived from parasite dense granules. To determine if constitutive secretory vesicles could also mediate delivery to the vacuolar space, T. gondii was stably transfected with soluble Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase and E. coli β-lactamase. Surprisingly, both foreign secretory reporters were delivered quantitatively into parasite dense granules and efficiently secreted into the vacuolar space. Addition of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchor rerouted alkaline phosphatase to the parasite surface. ...

Matrajt, M.; Donald, R.G.K.; Singh, U.; Roos, D.S., 2002: Identification and characterization of differentiation mutants in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii

We have an immediate opening for a Post-doctoral Scientist to work on a Leishmania genome sequencing project at Seattle Biomedical Research Institute. We have recently received NIH funding to sequence 10-20 Mb of the Leishmania genome over the next 5 years. Leishmania is a protozoan parasite with a total genome size of 36 Mb, spread over 36 chromosomes. Specific duties will include cloning, template prep, mapping, sequencing, analysis, and supervision of several research technicians. Experiences with database development and genome informatics will be essential, and familiarity with MS Access and Visual Basic would be an advantage. SBRI is an Equal Opportunity Employer and offers a full benefit package. Interested parties should send a resume via e-mail, FAX or mail to: Peter J. Myler, Ph.D. Seattle Biomedical Research Institute 4 Nickerson Street Seattle, WA 98109-1651 e-mail: mylerpj at sbri.org Phone: (206)-284-8846x332 FAX: (206)-284-0313 -- ======================================= Peter J. ...

The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii has a complex life cycle involving the developmental transition between the asexual exo-enteric stages (tachyzoites and bradyzoites) and the coccidian (sexual and asexual) forms (schizonts, macrogametes and microgametes). Previous work has established the stage-specific expression of certain proteins including two glycolytic isoenzymes of enolase and lactate dehydrogenase in T. gondii. Here we describe the expression and subcellular localisation of the two isoforms of enolase (ENO1 and ENO2) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH1 and LDH2) in vivo using immunocytochemistry. In mice, proliferating parasites in the lung expressed ENO2 and LDH1 and were characterised as tachyzoites by the presence of a tachyzoite specific surface antigen (SAG1). In contrast, ENO1 and LDH2 were expressed by bradyzoites present in tissue cysts in the brain characterised by the presence of the bradyzoite specific antigen (BAG1). During stage conversion (tachyzoite/bradyzoite), the isoenzyme

Abstract: The Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1 (PfEMP-1), encoded by the multigene family named var, is responsible for the cytoadherence of infected erythrocytes in malarial infections. Approximately 50 var genes exist per parasite genome, which are mostly located in subtelomeric regions of all chromosomes, but are also found as clusters in central chromosomal regions. It was shown that almost all var transcripts are detectable in ring stage whereas in trophozoite stage one or only a few genes are transcribed while the rest of the family remains transcriptionally downregulated. Recent data published by Deitsch et al. indicate that var gene silencing requires the presence of a var intron and elements within it and an upstream element in the promoter. In the present study we selected a parasite adhesion phenotype by multiple panning procedures on E-selectin and identified a transcribed var gene in a centromeric/central cluster of 4 var genes and 1 rif gene.In order to describe ...

Citation: Dubey, J.P. 2013. The history and life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. In: Weiss, L.M. and Kim, K., editors. Toxoplasma gondii, The model apicomplexan: Perspective and methods. 2nd edition. Waltham, MA: Elsevier. p. 1-14. Interpretive Summary: Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled parasite of all warm-blooded hosts worldwide. It causes mental retardation and loss of vision in children, and abortion in livestock. Cats are the main reservoir of T. gondii because they are the only hosts that can excrete the resistant stage (oocyst) of the parasite in the feces. Humans become infected by eating under cooked meat from infected animals and food and water contaminated with oocysts. In the present paper the author reviews life cycle of Toxoplasma. The results will be of interest to biologists, parasitologists, and public health workers. Technical Abstract: Infections by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii are widely prevalent in humans and other animals on all continents. There are many ...

Trypanosoma brucei, a causative agent of African sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in animals, constantly changes its dense variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat to avoid elimination by the immune system of its mammalian host, using an extensive repertoire of dedicated genes. Although this process, referred to as antigenic variation, is the major mechanism of pathogenesis for T. brucei, the dynamics of VSG expression in T. brucei during an infection are poorly understood. In this thesis, I describe the development of VSG-seq, a method for quantitatively examining the diversity of expressed VSGs in any population of trypanosomes. Using VSG-seq, I monitored VSG expression dynamics in vivo during both acute and chronic mouse infections. My experiments revealed unexpected diversity within parasite populations, and the expression of as much as one-third of the functional genomic VSG repertoire after only one month of infection. In addition to suggesting that the host-pathogen interaction in T.

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Science.. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.. ...

Autophagy is a eukaryotic catabolic pathway that degrades and recycles cellular components to maintain homeostasis. It can target protein aggregates, superfluous biomolecular complexes, dysfunctional and damaged organelles, as well as pathogenic intracellular microbes. Autophagy is a dynamic process in which the different stages from initiation to final degradation of cargo are finely regulated. Therefore, the study of this process requires the use of a palette of techniques, which are continuously evolving and whose interpretation is not trivial. Here, we present the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum as a relevant model to study autophagy. Several methods have been developed based on the tracking and observation of autophagosomes by microscopy, analysis of changes in expression of autophagy genes and proteins, and examination of the autophagic flux with various techniques. In this review, we discuss the pros and cons of the currently available techniques to assess autophagy in this organism.

Macroautophagy is a mechanism employed by eukaryotic cells to recycle non-essential cellular components during starvation, differentiation, and development. Two conjugation reactions related to ubiquitination are essential for autophagy: Apg12p conjugation to Apg5p, and Apg8p conjugation to the lipid phosphatidylethanolamine. These reactions require the action of the E1-like enzyme, Apg7p, and the E2-like enzymes, Apg3p and Apg10p. In Dictyostelium, development is induced by starvation, conditions under which autophagy is required for survival in yeast and plants. We have identified Dictyostelium homologues of 10 budding yeast autophagy genes. We have generated mutations in apg5 and apg7 that produce defects typically associated with an abrogation of autophagy. Mutants are not grossly affected in growth, but survival during nitrogen starvation is severely reduced. Starved mutant cells show little turnover of cellular constituents by electron microscopy, whereas wild-type cells show significant ...

Chromosome 2 of Plasmodium falciparum was sequenced; this sequence contains 947,103 base pairs and encodes 210 predicted genes. In comparison with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, chromosome 2 has a lower gene density, introns are more frequent, and proteins are markedly enriched in nonglobular domains. A family of surface proteins, rifins, that may play a role in antigenic variation was identified. The complete sequencing of chromosome 2 has shown that sequencing of the A+T-rich P. falciparum genome is technically feasible.. ...

Females in various species typically avoid males infected with parasites, while parasite-free males advertise their status through conspicuous phenotypic traits. This process selects for heritable resistance and reduces direct exposure of the female to parasites. Coevolving parasites are likely to attempt to circumvent this obstacle. In this paper, we demonstrate a case of parasitic manipulation of host mate choice. We report that Toxoplasma gondii, a sexually transmitted infection of brown rats, enhances sexual attractiveness of infected males. Thus under some evolutionary niches, parasites can indeed manipulate host sexual signaling to their own advantage ...

PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

I recently wondered, in response to an ideas paper in BioEssays, whether animals, fungi, slime moulds etc. actually had a multicellular common ancestor. Dickinson and colleagues argument (partly) hinged on the shared presence of epithelia, barrier cell layers with distinct insides and outsides, in animals and the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. The most recent crop…

Just as water molecules spontaneously arrange to form geometric snowflakes, the â socialâ amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum transitions from a collection of unicellular organisms to a fruiting body during its life cycle. This aggregation is guided by cyclic AMP (cAMP): when stimulated with cAMP, cells respond by producing and secreting more of the molecule, which, once levels reach a threshold, results in nondissipating waves of cAMP and collective amoeba movement.. Published by Learning Registry #GoOpen. 2 Views, 0 Likes on Docs.com. #Cyclic AMP #NSDL_SetSpec_BEN #nondissipating waves #unicellular organisms #amoeba

The UK/EU Dicty Christmas Meeting 2014 took place on 17th and 18th December in Somerville College, Oxford. Researchers from all over the UK, coming as far afield as Dundee and Cambridge, gathered to discuss a diverse range of biological features of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. The meeting also attracted delegates from Europe with…

Toxoplasmosis is an anthropozoonotic widespread disease, caused by the coccidian protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Since there are no data regarding the genotoxicity of the parasite in vivo, this study was designed to ...

Tetrahymena thermophila ATCC ® 30383™ Designation: B-18686 Isolation: derived from WH-6 X WH-14, Urbana, IL, early 1950s

At the end of this unit, the student is able to:  Classify the Protozoans  Describe the morphology of each protozoa  Explain the pathophysiology, life cycle…

Human malaria is a devastating disease and a major cause of poverty in resource-limited countries. To develop and adapt within hosts Plasmodium falciparum undergoes drastic switches in gene expression. To identify regulatory regions in the parasite genome, we performed genome-wide profiling of chromatin accessibility in two culture-adapted isogenic subclones at four developmental stages during the intraerythrocytic cycle by using the Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin by sequencing (ATAC-seq). Tn5 transposase hypersensitivity sites (THSSs) localize preferentially at transcriptional start sites (TSSs). Chromatin accessibility by ATAC-seq is predictive of active transcription and of the levels of histone marks H3K9ac and H3K4me3. Our assay allows the identification of novel regulatory regions including TSS and enhancer-like elements. We show that the dynamics in the accessible chromatin profile matches temporal transcription during development. Motif analysis of stage-specific ATAC-seq ...

The mature erythrocyte is a terminally differentiated, nonendocytic cell in nature. Membrane invagination is uncommon in mature healthy erythrocytes. However, these cells are readily invaded by malaria parasites, which involute the red cell1,2 to generate a host-derived parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM). This process is central to the establishment of the blood-stage infection that is responsible for all symptoms and pathologies of this major human disease.3. Recently, we and others have shown that erythrocytes contain detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs).4⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-10 These highly buoyant, lipid-rich complexes have also been isolated from various other cell types and appear to be enriched for proteins and lipids present in lipid rafts of cellular membranes. The leading definition of membrane rafts suggests that they may consist of small dynamic domains in the plasma membrane stabilized by cholesterol11 and in response to various stimuli coalesce into a larger, less mobile zone, as ...

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Science.. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.. ...

Vaccination with live attenuated parasites has been shown to induce high level of protection against Toxoplasma gondii. In this study we compared the Mic1-3KO tachyzoite (a live attenuated strain) with the parental wild type (WT) tachyzoite in terms of virulence in mice in vivo, dissemination in mouse tissues and persistence in mouse brain. Survival of mice infected with the Mic1-3KO parasites correlated with reduced parasite burden in mouse tissues compared to the parental strain. Like the WT parasite, Mic1-3KO is able to form tissue cysts in vivo which are not, in our experimental conditions, infectious when given by oral route. Infection with the attenuated tachyzoite induced lower levels of cytokine and chemokine than with the parental strain. These data demonstrate that the deleted strain derived from a type I strain behaves like type II strain in outbred mice in terms of virulence, dissemination in mouse tissue and persistence in brain ...

The mechanism responsible for final cell separation at the end of cytokinesis is currently unknown. Knockout strains of the ciliate, Tetrahymena thermophila lacking the kinesin-II homologous molecular motors, Kin1p and Kin2p are paralyzed due to their complete loss of cilia and undergo frequent cyto …

Finding an immune system in the social amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum) is not only surprising but it also may prove a clue as to what is necessary for an organism to become multicellular, said the Baylor College of Medicine ...

Malaria pathogenesis relies on sexual gametocyte forms of the malaria parasite to be transmitted between the infected human and the mosquito host but the molecular mechanisms controlling gametocytogenesis remains poorly understood. Here we provide a high-resolution transcriptome of Plasmodium falciparum as it commits to and develops through gametocytogenesis. The gametocyte-associated transcriptome is significantly different from that of the asexual parasites, with dynamic gene expression shifts characterizing early, intermediate and late-stage gametocyte development and results in differential timing for sex-specific transcripts. The transcriptional dynamics suggest strict transcriptional control during gametocytogenesis in P. falciparum, which we propose is mediated by putative regulators including epigenetic mechanisms (driving active repression of proliferation-associated processes) and a cascade-like expression of ApiAP2 transcription factors. The gametocyte transcriptome serves as the blueprint

The obligate intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii infects humans and other warm-blooded animals and establishes a chronic infection in the central nervous system after invasion. Studies showing a positive correlation between anti-Toxopl

Due to its central role in both evolutionary change and human disease, mutation has been the focus of intensive research. The probability that a spontaneous mut...

Quadrulus membranelle (4 rows of cilia) in the buccal cavity of Paramecium tetraurelia. Microtubules of the axonemes of the cilia and the triplet fibe...

Information on this disease caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, its life cycle, the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, public health significance and prevention. ...

A high resolution view of a median longitudinal section through this collecting canal that may be artificially swollen at two sites where it is encirc...

Looking for antigenic variation? Find out information about antigenic variation. Alteration of an antigen on the surface of a microorganism; may enable a pathogenic mocroorganism to evade destruction by the hosts immune system Explanation of antigenic variation

Microfluidic trapping technology has been widely applied for single-cell observation in order to reveal characteristic cell behaviors. However, this strategy has yet to be tested for monitoring highly motile cells, which are often biologically important. In this paper, we seek the conditions that enable effe

Κάτοχος Φρούτου: Ellefson Suruperasus Όνομα Φρούτου: Purutotaipu Purutotaipu No Mi Τύπος Φρούτου: Paramecia Αναλυτική Περιγραφή Φρούτου: Είναι ένα υπερβολικά

Genetic mapping is a powerful method to identify mutations that cause drug resistance and other phenotypic changes in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. For efficient mapping of a target gene, it is often necessary to genotype a large number of polymorphic markers. Currently, a community effort is underway to collect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from the parasite genome. Here we evaluate polymorphism detection accuracy of a high-density tiling microarray with 2.56 million probes by comparing single feature polymorphisms (SFP) calls from the microarray with known SNP among parasite isolates. We found that probe GC content, SNP position in a probe, probe coverage, and signal ratio cutoff values were important factors for accurate detection of SFP in the parasite genome. We established a set of SFP calling parameters that could predict mSFP (SFP called by multiple overlapping probes) with high accuracy (≥ 94%) and identified 121,087 mSFP genome-wide from five parasite isolates

Copyright 2013 by the Massachusetts General Hospital. Some sections copyright 2008-2009 by The President and Fellows of Harvard College.. ...

Molecular genetic studies of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum have been hampered in part due to difficulties in stably cloning and propagating parasite genomic DNA in bacteria. This is thought to be a result of the unusual A+T bias (|80%) in the parasites DNA. Pulsed-field gel electrophoretic separation of P. falciparum chromosomes has shown that large chromosomal polymorphisms, resulting from the deletion of DNA from chromosome ends, frequently occur. Understanding the biological implications of this chromosomal polymorphism will require the analysis of large regions of genomic, and in particular telomeric, DNA. To overcome the limitations of cloning parasite DNA in bacteria, we have cloned genomic DNA from the P. falciparum strain FCR3 in yeast as artificial chromosomes. A pYAC4 library with an average insert size of approximately 100 kb was established and found to have a three to fourfold redundancy for single-copy genes. Unlike bacterial hosts, yeast stably maintain and propagate

Ciliated protozoan (Tetrahymena vorax), coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM). Tetrahymena vorax is a fresh water, holotrichous, oligohymenophoran, ciliate. Shown here are 3 cells with nice ciliated pellicle surfaces. Tetrahymena are free-living ciliated protozoa that can switch from commensalistic to pathogenic modes of survival. They are common in freshwater ponds. Tetrahymena species are used as model organisms. Magnification: x260 when shortest axis printed at 25 millimetres. - Stock Image C032/0976

Trypanosoma brucei possesses five metacaspase genes. Of these, MCA2 and MCA3 are expressed only in the mammalian bloodstream form of the parasite, whereas MCA5 is expressed also in the insect procyclic form. Triple RNAi analysis showed MCA2, MCA3 and MCA5 to be essential in the bloodstream form, with parasites accumulating pre-cytokinesis. Nevertheless, triple null mutants (Δmca2/3Δmca5) could be isolated after sequential gene deletion. Thereafter, Δmca2/3Δmca5 mutants were found to grow well both in vitro in culture and in vivo in mice. We hypothesise that metacaspases are essential for bloodstream form parasites, but they have overlapping functions and their progressive loss can be compensated for by activation of alternative biochemical pathways. Analysis of Δmca2/3Δmca5 revealed no greater or lesser susceptibility to stresses reported to initiate programmed cell death, such as treatment with prostaglandin D2. The metacaspases were found to colocalise with RAB11, a marker for recycling ...

In general, the cellular structure of T. brucei is similar to all other eukaryotes. There are however, a few differences. T. bruceis cell surface has, (in addition to its surface antigens), a thick layer of proteins, called Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSGs) genes. These allow the surface antigens to mutate, by switching variants.(2) Having over 1000 VSG genes and psuedogenes, T. brucei is able to switch variants frequently. Trascription occurs one gene at a time, from one of many telomeric VSG expression sites.(3) In order to switch an active VSG gene, DNA rearrangements must occur, to switch the old VSG gene with a new one. Using the bloodstream form of T. brucei, scientists in the Netherlands discovered that telomere exchange, thought to be rare, was indeed occuring. The scientists marked a VSG gene with a hygromycin resistance gene, allowed the gene to undergo variation, and selected switched Trypanosomes. The drug sensitivity and polymerase chain reactions (PCR), revealed that telomere ...

If you have a question about this talk, please contact Danielle Stretch.. The Pathogen Genomics group at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (WTSI) is sequencing genomes of a large number of human and animal pathogens including bacteria, protozoan parasites and parasitic helminths. I will be giving a brief overview of our main pathogen sequencing activities within WTSI , primarily focusing on our efforts in sequencing several Plasmodium species for comparative genomic studies and also on our re-sequencing activities to understand natural diversity among the field isolates of human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.. This talk is part of the Computational and Systems Biology series.. ...

Surprisingly, our ML analyses indicate that the distribution of mutational effects in T. thermophila is best approximated by the equal effects model (shape parameter, β → ∞). An alternative explanation is that the distribution of mutational effects is complex (e.g., a bimodal distribution including a high probability of slightly deleterious mutations and a second peak of moderately deleterious mutations) and not well approximated by any gamma distribution (Davies et al. 1999; Halligan and Keightley 2009). These hypotheses could be tested by repeating the multiple GE analysis for more MA lines, which would allow us to estimate the variance in mutational effects (Vs) directly.. In a survey of MA studies, Halligan and Keightley (2009) noted that the dominance of new mutations has been studied only in a handful of organisms and is not well understood even in those. Therefore, estimates in additional organisms are valuable. Our estimate of the average dominance coefficient of new mutations (h = ...

Hemozoin is generally considered a waste deposit that is formed for the sole purpose of detoxification of free heme that results from the digestion of hemoglobin by Plasmodium parasites. However, several observations of parasite multiplication, both in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts are suggestive of a wider, but overlooked, metabolic role for this product. The presence of clinical peripheral blood samples of P. falciparum with high parasitemia containing only hemozoin-deficient (non-pigmented) asexual forms has been repeatedly confirmed. Such samples stand in contrast with other samples that contain mostly pigmented circulating trophozoites and gametocytes, indicating that pigment accumulation is a prominent feature of gametocytogenesis. The restricted size, i.e. below detection by light microscopy, of hemozoin in asexual merozoites and ringforms of P. falciparum implies its continuous turnover, supporting a role in metabolism. The prominent interaction of hemozoin with several antimalarial ...

POSTDOCTORAL POSITION Biochemistry, Microbiology, Drug development Indiana University School of Medicine POSTDOCTORAL POSITION available to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of experimental drugs to treat infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Related to the malaria parasite, Toxoplasma causes birth defects and life-threatening infection in immunocompromised AIDS or heart transplant patients. The successful candidate will continue the … Continue reading. ...

Evolution had a few more drinks once again, according to a new paper in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences which wants to prompts a rethink of what it means to be an animal.

Biology Assignment Help, Heliozoans - protozoan, Heliozoans - Protozoan Heliozoans are spherical protozoan that occur in the sea or in still bodies of fresh water. They are mainly located in the bottom debris. Fine needle like pseudopodia radiate from the surface of the body. These are known a

Browse the database consisting of PfEMP1 from seven P. falciparum genomes (3D7, DD2, HB3, IT4, PFCLIN, IGH, RAJ116) and related proteins (see reference below for details). Press submit to see all proteins with all homology blocks, or filter output by filling one or more fields below ...