Primary neuronal cultures represent an essential tool in the study of events related to peripheral neuropathies as they allow to isolate the affected cell types, often originating in complex tissues in which they account for only a few percentage of cells. Neuronal cultures also provide a powerful system to identifying or testing compounds with potential therapeutic effect in the treatment of those diseases. Proprioceptive neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are the primary affected cells in Friedreichs Ataxia. This paper describes a model of primary cultures of DRG sensory neurons in which there is an induced the loss of the frataxin protein. THis model can alleviate the issues related to the complexity of DRG tissues and low amount of sensory neuron material in adult mouse. The authors provide a protocol of detailed and optimized methods to obtain high yield of healthy mouse DRG sensory neuron in culture. Read the entire article HERE. ...

PubMed journal article: Comparison of intracellular calcium signals evoked by heat and capsaicin in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and in a cell line expressing the rat vanilloid receptor, VR1. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android

Summary We have previously described the capacity of neurites extending from cultured rat sensory dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons to transport rabies virus through axoplasm in the retrograde direction. Here we report the infection of cultured neurons derived from the DRG and the subsequent anterograde transport of rabies virus from the infected cell somas through the extending neurites to its release into the culture supernatant. Viral transport was monitored by titration of the virus yield in the external compartment. Both early and late transport mechanisms of rabies virions were identified. The first one occurred a few hours post-infection and was undetectable 6 h later, before the initiation of viral replication. The velocity of this first wave of infective virions was in the range of 100 to 400 mm/day. The early viral transport was probably the result of a direct translocation of infective virions from the somatic site of entry to the neuritic extensions and subsequent release into the culture

Expression of cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and vanilloid 1 (VR1) receptor proteins was studied in adult, cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Immunostaining of CB1 receptors alone produced labelling in 57+/-2% of the cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons (n=3 cultures). The area of the labelled cells was between 200 and 800 microm(2) with an average of 527+/-68 microm(2). VR1 immunolabelling revealed immunopositivity in 42+/-6% of the total population of dorsal root ganglion neurons. Cells showing VR1-like immunopositivity had an area between 200 and 600 microm(2). The mean area of the VR1-like immunopositive neurons was 376+/-61 microm(2). Double immunostaining with antisera raised against the CB1 and VR1 receptor proteins, showed a high degree of co-expression between CB1 and VR1 receptors. An average of 82+/-3% of the CB1-like immunopositive cells also showed VR1-like immunoreactivity (n=3 cultures) while 98+/-2% of the VR1-like immunolabelled neurons showed CB1 receptor-like immunostaining (n=3

Ma J, Stefanoska D, Grad S, Alini M, Peroglio M. Hypoxia and low pH stressed disc conditioned medium promotes hypersensitivity of peripheral sensory neurons. ORS PSRS 5th Symposium, Skytop PA (US), Nov 3-7, 2019 (poster). Stefanoska D, Ma J, Grad S, Alini M, Peroglio M. Effects of glucose concentration and pH on dorsal root ganglion neurite outgrowth. Pain in EU XI EFIC, Valencia (Spain), Sep 4-7, 2019 (e-poster). Ma J, Stefanoska D, Grad S, Alini M, Peroglio M. Effect of pH and oxygen tension on dorsal root ganglion calcium response to bradykinin and neurite sprouting. Pain in EU XI EFIC, Valencia (Spain), Sept 4-7, 2019 (poster). Ma J, Stefanoska D, Hildebrand M, Zeiter S, Alini M, Peroglio M. Validation of cell line models to study intervertebral disc neo-innervation associated with discogenic pain. Swiss 3R Day, Bern (CH), Sept 2, 2019 (poster).. Ma J, Stefanoska D, Grad S, Alini M, Peroglio M. Low pH culture of dorsal root ganglion cells as an in vitro model to study pathological changes ...

Location and numbers of neurons associated with sympathetic innervation of the heart within the right stellate and accessory cervical ganglia, the spinal cord, and spinal ganglia were investigated using horseradish peroxidase retrograde axonal transport techniques in cats. The enzyme was applied to central sections of the anastomosis of the stellate ganglion with the vagus nerve, the inferior cardiac nerve, and the vagosympathetic trunk caudal to the anastomosis. Labeled neurons within the stellate ganglion were located close to the point of departure of the nerves and more thinly distributed in the accessory cervical ganglion. A group of labeled cells was found in the anastomosis itself. Preganglionic neurons associated with sympathetic innervation of the heat were detected at segmental levels T1-T5 in the spinal cord. Labeled neurons were diffusely located in the spinal ganglia, concentrated mainly at levels T2-T4.

Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Investigating mammalian axon regeneration: In vivo electroporation of adult mouse dorsal root ganglion. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

BioAssay record AID 1066650 submitted by ChEMBL: Antagonist activity at TRPM8 isolated from mouse dorsal root ganglion cells expressed in HEK T-REx cells assessed as inhibition of menthol-induced intracellular Ca2+ influx at 10 to 50 uM preincubated for 3 mins followed by menthol challenge measured after 10 mins of post compound washout.

We here provide a detailed protocol for the isolation and culture of primary mouse sensory neurons. The cell bodies of sensory afferent pseudounipolar neurons are located in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) along the vertebral column. Dissected mouse DRGs can be dissociated into single cells by enzymatic digestion to obtain primary cultures of mouse sensory neurons as performed in the studies reported by Khaminets et al. (2015).

in Neuroscience (1992), 51(2), 401-10. In a previous work we have shown that culturing adult rat dorsal root ganglia neurons modifies their neurotransmitter phenotype in such a way that cultured neurons synthesize transmitters that are not ... [more ▼]. In a previous work we have shown that culturing adult rat dorsal root ganglia neurons modifies their neurotransmitter phenotype in such a way that cultured neurons synthesize transmitters that are not found in situ, while several other transmitters are expressed in a much higher percentage of neurons in culture than in situ [Schoenen J. et al. (1989) J. Neurosci. Res. 22, 473-487]. The aim of the present study was to investigate the origin and the nature of the relevant environmental signals that allow this plasticity to be expressed, focusing on three neurotransmitters: 5-hydroxytryptamine, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and calcitonin-gene related peptide. The main results can be summarized as follows: (1) culturing cells in fetal calf serum ...

Run-Shan Duan.,刘佩佩.,Feng Xi.,Wei-Hua Wang.,汤刚彬.,...&刘长梅.(2018).Wnt3 and Gata4 regulate axon regeneration in adult mouse DRG neurons.BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS,499,246-252 ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Cell type-specific changes of the membrane properties of peripherally- axotomized dorsal root ganglion neurons in a rat model of neuropathic pain. AU - Kim, Y. I.. AU - Na, H. S.. AU - Kim, S. H.. AU - Han, H. C.. AU - Yoon, Y. W.. AU - Sung, B.. AU - Nam, H. J.. AU - Shin, S. L.. AU - Hong, S. K.. PY - 1998/5/21. Y1 - 1998/5/21. N2 - Recent evidence indicates that neuropathic pain from partial peripheral nerve injury is maintained by electrophysiologically abnormal signals from injured sensory neurons. To gain an insight into the mechanisms underlying this electrophysiological abnormality, we examined the effects of S1 spinal nerve transection on the membrane properties of S1 dorsal root ganglion neurons one to two weeks after injury. This injury produced significant action potential broadening [40% (1 ms) in C-, 149% (1.5 ms) in Aδ- and 84% (0.5 ms) in Aα/β-cells], which was primarily due to the enhancement of the shoulder appearing on the falling phase of the action ...

Electrical stimulation of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), referred to here as ganglionic field stimulation (GFS), is effective in reducing clinical pain, probably by interrupting transmission of afferent impulse trains on sensory neurons as they pass through the DRG.. Dorsal root ganglion stimulation Much like SCS, DRG stimulation interrupts the pain messages your nerves send out, but its even more precise. With SCS, the electrode is placed in a posterior part of the spinal cords epidural space.. Chronic hyperglycemia results in a predominantly sensory neuropathy. Recent studies suggest that dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons comprise a specific target and may be responsible for the important complication of diabetic sensory neuropathy, since The dorsal root ganglion nestles within the bones of the spine which should give it protection from damage. The dorsal root ganglion contains the nucleus, or control centre, of the nerve and this nucleus manufactures the various sensors and sends them ...

Glutamate is a neurotransmitter used at both the peripheral and central terminals of nociceptive primary sensory neurons, yet little is known concerning regulation of glutamate metabolism during peripheral inflammation. Glutaminase (GLS) is an enzyme of the glutamate-glutamine cycle that converts glutamine into glutamate for neurotransmission and is implicated in producing elevated levels of glutamate in central and peripheral terminals. A potential mechanism for increased levels of glutamate is an elevation in GLS expression. We assessed GLS expression after unilateral hind paw inflammation by measuring GLS immunoreactivity (ir) with quantitative image analysis of L4 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons after one, two, four, and eight days of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) compared to saline injected controls. No significant elevation in GLS-ir occurred in the DRG ipsilateral to the inflamed hind paw after one or two days of AIA. After four days AIA, GLS-ir was elevated significantly in all sizes of

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA sequences that regulate gene expression by binding to intracellular target transcripts. However, miRNAs can be detected in the circulation and in cerebrospinal fluid and are recognized by Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), and extracellular application of the miRNA let-7b triggers TLR7-mediated apoptosis of cortical neurons. Because TLR7 is also present on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons associated with pain, Park et al. explored whether DRG neurons responded to let-7b. Electrophysiological analysis of dissociated mouse DRG neurons from wild-type mice, but not those from TLR7-knockout mice, showed that small-diameter neurons, which are typically nociceptive, produced an inward current in response to let-7b, a response that was abolished by mutation of the GUUGUGU motif in let-7b. Pharmacological inhibition of the calcium channel transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) blocked the response to let-7b, and DRG neurons from TRPA1-knockout mice also failed to respond. ...

S. P. Kramer; ON THE FUNCTION OF THE POSTERIOR SPINAL GANGLIA . J Exp Med 25 May 1907; 9 (3): 314-318. doi: https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.9.3.314. Download citation file:. ...

We performed axonal guidance spot assays (Meiners et al., 1999) to determine the behavior of axons as they encounter immobilized CSPGs. Axonal behavior of cultured mouse cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) was analyzed near a defined region of chicken CSPGs immobilized onto poly-L-lysine (PLL)-coated coverslips. As observed previously (Laabs et al., 2007), most axons were deflected and few crossed onto the CSPG-rich area of the coverslip (Fig. 1A). Time-lapse imaging with adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons showed that filopodia dynamically sampled the CSPG spot (red), and that the growing axons turned at the interface between PLL and CSPG, and continued to extend along the interface, which is in contrast to growth cone collapse (Supplemental material Movie 1). Removal of the chondroitin sulfate GAG chains by cABC abolished this negative axonal guidance cue, indicating that the repellant activity of CSPGs is specifically mediated by the chondroitin sulfate GAG chains (Fig. 1B).. We examined ...

Two major reasons for the failure of central nervous system axon regeneration are (i) lack of neurotrophic factors available to CNS neurones and (ii) the presence of molecules that inhibit the growth of axons. In this study a gene therapy approach using adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8) was used to manipulate these two factors. The following major aims were addressed: (i) confirm the bioactivity of transgenes that would be packaged into the AAV8 vector; (ii) assess the cellular tropism of AAV8 in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG); (iii) evaluate the inflammatory responses of the nervous system to AAV8 after intra-DRG and intrathecal injection; (iv) determine the axon regenerative effect of AAV8-mediated delivery of nt-3 (a neurotrophic factor) and shRNA\(_{RhoA}\) (a disinhibitory therapy) to dorsal root ganglion neurones after spinal cord injury in the rat. Delivery of the nt-3 transgene in vitro resulted in production of high levels of NT-3 protein. Transfection of shRNA\(_{RhoA}\)-containing ...

TY - ABST. T1 - No loss of dorsal root ganglion cells after nerve crush in P75 knockout mice. AU - Sørensen, Bodil. AU - Tandrup, Trine. AU - Jacobsen, Johannes. PY - 1999/7/21. Y1 - 1999/7/21. KW - disease, health science and nursing. M3 - Abstract. SP - 132. ER - ...

MTT assay in DRG culture - posted in MTT, Proliferation and Cytotoxicity Assay: Can someone please help me! I am trying to do a MTT assay in my DRG cultures, but so far it isnt working. I get some purple crystals forming after MTT incubation, but after adding my solvent i dont get any change in colour. I was wondering if it if might be due to my low plating density. Does anyone have a protocol for doing the MTT assay in DRG cultures? Thank you!

We used combined patch-clamp-microfluorimetric recordings to examine the effects of bradykinin on [Ca2+]i transients and the Ca2+ current (ICa) in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro. Bradykinin increased [Ca2+]i in approximately 20% of dorsal root ganglion cells examined and inhibited the ICa in approximately 65% of dorsal root ganglion cells. Bradykinin also inhibited the ICa when [Ca2+]i was buffered with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid or when Ba2+ was the charge carrier. When ICas of increasing duration were elicited in these neurons, [Ca2+]i transients were produced that increased in amplitude but eventually approached an asymptote at longer voltage steps. Similarly, the amplitude of the [Ca2+]i transient also approached an asymptote in current-clamp recordings when cells were induced to fire a large number of action potentials. The bradykinin-induced inhibition of the amplitude of the [Ca2+]i transient was more pronounced at shorter voltage steps. At pulse ...

Akifumi Kanai, Hiromi Hiruma, Tadashi Kawakami, Sumio Hoka; Room D, 10/17/2000 9: 00 AM - 11: 00 AM (PS) Low Dose Lidocaine Rapidly Inhibits Axonal Transport in Cultured Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons : A-761. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A-761. doi: https://doi.org/.. Download citation file:. ...

Cancer-associated pain is a major cause of poor quality of life in cancer patients and is frequently resistant to conventional therapy. Recent studies indicate that some hematopoietic growth factors, namely granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), are abundantly released in the tumor microenvironment and play a key role in regulating tumor-nerve interactions and tumor-associated pain by activating receptors on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Moreover, these hematopoietic factors have been highly implicated in postsurgical pain, inflammatory pain and osteoarthritic pain. However, the molecular mechanisms via which G-/GMCSF bring about nociceptive sensitization and elicit pain are not known. In order to elucidate G-/GMCSF mediated transcriptional changes in the sensory neurons, we performed a comprehensive, genome-wide analysis of changes in the transcriptome of DRG neurons brought about by exposure to GMCSF or GCSF. We present complete

article{3c1d0d1b-0530-4d68-8c34-76c362110061, abstract = {,p,The involvement of cytosolic phospholipase A,sub,2,/sub, (cPLA,sub,2,/sub,) in apoptosis of adult mouse superior cervical and dorsal root ganglia neurons has been investigated by the use of immunohistochemistry for cPLA,sub,2,/sub, and DNA nick-end labeling for apoptotic cells, respectively, cPLA,sub,2,/sub, immunoreactivity was strongly upregulated in neurons of both preparations during in vitro culturing. By double labeling it was unequivocally demonstrated that cPLA,sub,2,/sub, was present and upregulated only in neurons undergoing apoptosis. A similar picture emerged when cPLA,sub,2,/sub, immunoreactivity was compared with staining with Fluoro-Jade, a novel fluorochrome marker for neuronal degeneration. The preferential presence of cPLA,sub,2,/sub, in apoptotic and degenerating cells suggests that the enzyme is important for some mechanism involved in or intimately coupled to neuronal cell death.,/p,}, author = {Hornfelt, M. and ...

After a CNS injury in the adult mammals, axonal regeneration is very limited because of the reduced intrinsic growth capacity and nonpermissive environment for axonal elongation. The growth inhibitions from CNS myelin and astroglial chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans partially account for the lack of CNS repair. Here, we show that the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ibuprofen and indomethacin, the drugs widely used as pain relievers in the clinic, can surmount axon growth restrictions from myelin and proteoglycans by potently inhibiting their downstream pathway RhoA signal. Similar to Rho and Rock inhibitors C3 transferase or Y27632 [(R)-(+)-trans-N-(4-pyridyl)-4-(1-aminoethyl)-cyclohexanecarboxamide], both NSAID drugs stimulate a significant neurite growth in the cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons exposed to the inhibitory substrates. Systemic administration of ibuprofen to spinal cord-lesioned rodents reverses the active RhoA signal around injury area measured via Rho-GTP ...

Whole cell patch recordings were obtained from medium diameter (35-45 microm) dorsal root ganglion neurons. Using electrophysiological parameters, we were able to subclassify acutely dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells into three uniform (types 5, 6 and 9) and one mixed class (type 8) of neurons. …

title: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 functions as a neuromodulator in dorsal root ganglia neurons, doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04969.x, category: Article

Sensory neurons possess the central and peripheral branches and they form unique spinal neural circuits with motoneurons during development. Peripheral branches of sensory axons fasciculate with the motor axons that extend toward the peripheral muscles from the central nervous system (CNS), whereas the central branches of proprioceptive sensory neurons directly innervate motoneurons. Although anatomically well documented, the molecular mechanism underlying sensory-motor interaction during neural circuit formation is not fully understood. To investigate the role of motoneuron on sensory neuron development, we analyzed sensory neuron phenotypes in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of Olig2 knockout (KO) mouse embryos, which lack motoneurons. We found an increased number of apoptotic cells in the DRG of Olig2 KO embryos at embryonic day (E) 10.5. Furthermore, abnormal axonal projections of sensory neurons were observed in both the peripheral branches at E10.5 and central branches at E15.5. To ...

With his research, Powell aims to identify molecular targets to develop novel painkillers that would eliminate the need for opioids in treating chronic inflammatory pain. Current treatment strategies are not suited for long-term pain relief. Pain receptors, known as nociceptors, are sensory neurons that are activated by noxious stimuli. To develop new, non-addictive analgesics, scientists must understand how inflammation produces the change in nociceptor firing that underlies pain perception. The adaptor protein 2 (AP-2) complex is responsible for endocytosis, a basic cellular process where substances and membrane proteins are brought into a cell. Powell is studying the role of the AP-2 complex and endocytosis in the context of inflammatory pain.. Nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are central sites for investigative study. During tissue damage, inflammatory mediators initiate signal transduction in DRG neurons - altering channel properties and concomitant pain perception.. Using ...

Miller K.E., J. Balbás, R.L. Benton, T.S. Lam, K.M. Edwards, R.M. Kriebel, and R. Schechter, Glutaminase immunoreactivity and enzyme activity is increased in the rat dorsal root ganglion following inflammation. Special issue: Primary Afferent Nociceptor as a Target for the Relief of Pain. Pain Research and Treatment 2012:414697, 2012; PMID: 22229088. DOI: 10.1155/2012/ ...

The use of genetically encoded calcium indicators in vivo reveals polymodality is a rare phenomenon in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons. Instead, most of these neurons respond specifically to a single type of sensation, such as mechanical stimulation, cold, or heat, reports a team of researchers led by Edward Emery and John Wood, University College London, UK.

The use of genetically encoded calcium indicators in vivo reveals polymodality is a rare phenomenon in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons. Instead, most of these neurons respond specifically to a single type of sensation, such as mechanical stimulation, cold, or heat, reports a team of researchers led by Edward Emery and John Wood, University College London, UK.

Diabetes initially induces distal axonal damage of peripheral nerves, but molecular mechanisms that mediate axonal injury are not fully understood. MircoRNAs (miRNAs) regulate axonal growth. We found that diabetic db/db mice exhibited substantial upregulation of miR-29c in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, sciatic nerve, and foot pad tissues. Bioinformatic analysis revealed PRKCI, a gene that encodes a member of the protein kinase C (PKC) iota, as a putative target for miR-29c. Western blot analysis showed that diabetic mice exhibited a considerable reduction of PRKCI protein levels in sciatic nerve tissues and DRG neurons. Using dual-luciferase assay, we found that co-transfection of a plasmid containing miR-29c binding site at 3 UTR of PRKCI gene and miR-29c mimics effectively reduced luminescence activity, which was abolished when miR-29c seed sequences at 3 UTR of PRKCI gene were mutated. In vitro, high glucose substantially upregulated and reduced miR-29c and PRKCI protein levels, respectively,

To investigate the distribution of nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors on peripheral and central axons, [125I]NGF was injected into the sciatic nerve or spinal cord of adult rats. Accumulation of [125I]NGF in lumbar dorsal root ganglia was monitored by gamma emission counting and radioautography. [125I]NGF, injected endoneurially in small quantities, was taken into sensory axons by a saturable process and was transported retrogradely to their cell bodies at a maximal rate of 2.5 to 7.5 mm/hr. Because very little [125I]NGF reached peripheral terminals, the results were interpreted to indicate that receptors for NGF are present on nonterminal segments of sensory axons. The specificity and high affinity of NGF uptake were illustrated by observations that negligible amounts of gamma activity accumulated in lumbar dorsal root ganglia after comparable intraneural injection of [125I] cytochrome C or [125I]oxidized NGF. Similar techniques were used to demonstrate avid internalization and retrograde ...

Capsaicin-sensitive nerves mediate axon vasodilator reflexes in the intestine but the ion channels underlying action potential (AP) propagation are poorly understood. To examine the role of voltage gated Na+ channels underlying these reflexes, we measured vasomotor and electrophysiological responses elicited by capsaicin in guinea pig and mouse dorsal root ganglia neurons, submucosal arterioles and mesenteric arteries in vitro. TRPV1 agonists dilated guinea pig ileal submucosal arterioles and were blocked by capsazepine and ruthenium red. In double chamber baths, capsaicin-evoked activation of TRPV1 on proximal perivascular nerves in the left chamber evoked dilations of the distal segment of the submucosal arteriole in the right chamber. Dilations were TTX (1 μM) resistant but reducing extracellular Na+ (10% solution) or applying the Nav 1.8 antagonist A-803467 (1 μM) in the proximal chamber blocked capsaicin-evoked dilations in the distal chamber (88%; P = 0.01 and 75%, P,0.02 respectively). ...

हम सूअर में laminotomy के लिए एक विधि का वर्णन है कि intraganglionic इंजेक्शन के लिए काष्ठ पृष्ठीय रूट गैंग्लिया (डीआरजी) तक पहुंच...

Im needing to inject viral vectors directly into mouse DRG so that I can localize the expression just to the DRG. I can get very good expression when I inject intrathecally, but that enables the spread of the virus to p…

Posterior dorsal Skin Gray sensation matter Dorsal root of Central canal White matter spinal nerve afferent sensory Dorsal root ganglion Afferent Ventral root of neuron Anterior spinal nerve ventral efferent motor Efferent neuron Skeletal muscle FIGURE The spinal cord showing gray and white matter transverse view.Synthesis of diadenosine PPtetraphosphate by lysyltRNA synthetase and a multienzyme complex of aminoacyltRNA synthetases from rat liver.Antiinflammatory medications NSAIDsWhat Abnormal Results Mean Higher than normal levels may indicate The pituitary gland near the brain makes too much of the hormone ACTH called Cushings disease because of excess growth of the pituitary gland or a tumor in the pituitary gland or elsewhere in the body such as the pancreas lung and thyroid Tumor of the adrenal gland that is producing too much cortisol Tumor elsewhere in the body that produces cortisol Lower than normal levels may indicate Addisons disease when the adrenal glands do not produce enough ...

Images: Expression of TLR3 in a subset of small-sized DRG neurons. (A) Single-cell RT-PCR analysis from dissociated small-sized DRG neurons showing the distinct and overlapped distribution patterns of TLR3 and TLR7 in DRG neurons. The lanes were run on the same gel but were noncontiguous. M, marker; NC, negative control. (B) Single-cell RT-PCR analysis from dissociated small-sized DRG neurons showing colocalization of TLR3 with TPRV1 and GRP. Similar results were obtained from 3 independent experiments in 30 cells collected from different animals. (C) Double immunostaining in DRGs showing co-colocalization of TLR3 and GRP. Red and yellow arrows indicate GRP+ only and double-labeled neurons, respectively. Scale bars: 50 μm. (D) Cell size distribution frequency of TLR3+ and GRP+ neurons. (E) Double immunostaining in cultured DRG neurons showing co-colocalization of TLR3 with TRPV1 but not with NF200. Green arrows indicate NF200+ or TRPV1+ neurons, red arrows indicate TLR3+ neurons, and yellow ...

Images: Expression of TLR3 in a subset of small-sized DRG neurons. (A) Single-cell RT-PCR analysis from dissociated small-sized DRG neurons showing the distinct and overlapped distribution patterns of TLR3 and TLR7 in DRG neurons. The lanes were run on the same gel but were noncontiguous. M, marker; NC, negative control. (B) Single-cell RT-PCR analysis from dissociated small-sized DRG neurons showing colocalization of TLR3 with TPRV1 and GRP. Similar results were obtained from 3 independent experiments in 30 cells collected from different animals. (C) Double immunostaining in DRGs showing co-colocalization of TLR3 and GRP. Red and yellow arrows indicate GRP+ only and double-labeled neurons, respectively. Scale bars: 50 μm. (D) Cell size distribution frequency of TLR3+ and GRP+ neurons. (E) Double immunostaining in cultured DRG neurons showing co-colocalization of TLR3 with TRPV1 but not with NF200. Green arrows indicate NF200+ or TRPV1+ neurons, red arrows indicate TLR3+ neurons, and yellow ...

The two paralogs of the calcium-dependent activator protein for secretion (CAPS) are priming factors for synaptic vesicles (SVs) and neuropeptide containing large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs). Yet, it is unclear whether CAPS1 and CAPS2 regulate exocytosis of these two vesicle types differentially in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, wherein synaptic transmission and neuropeptide release are of equal importance. These sensory neurons transfer information from the periphery to the spinal cord (SC), releasing glutamate as the primary neurotransmitter, with co-transmission via neuropeptides in a subset of so called peptidergic neurons. Neuropeptides are key components of the information-processing machinery of pain perception and neuropathic pain generation. Here, we compared the ability of CAPS1 and CAPS2 to support priming of both vesicle types in single and double knock-out mouse (DRG) neurons using a variety of high-resolution live cell imaging methods. While CAPS1 was localized to synapses of all DRG

Our results provide evidence for a role for Hh signaling in promoting the development of neural crest-derived DRG neurons. Analysis of both an allelic series and a comparison of the effects of different concentrations of cyclopamine, reveals a correlation between the severity of the DRG defects observed and the level of Hh signaling. Furthermore, analyses of the timing and tissue requirements for Shh signaling reveal a direct requirement for Hh signal transduction within DRG precursors, and suggest that Shh signaling may act upstream of Ngn1 to promote the specification of DRG neurons. These studies add to the previously demonstrated roles for Shh signaling in other aspects of neural crest development, particularly craniofacial development (Dunn et al., 1995; Ahlgren and Bronner-Fraser, 1999).. In addition to the prevalent loss of DRG in midline/Hh mutants and in cyclopamine-treated embryos, in some segments we observed the appearance of abnormal neuronal clusters ventrolateral to the spinal ...

Dive into the research topics of Electrical stimulation inhibits cytosine arabinoside-induced neuronal death by preventing apoptosis in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

The aim of the study was to identify the differential protein expressions related to neuropathic pain and neuroprotection in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) following chronic compression of DRG (CCD) in rats. We conducted a proteomics study of L(4) and L(5) DRG after CCD for 28 days. A total of 98 pr …

Figure 3: Levels of PKA-RII and PKA-C mRNA in DRG. (a) Representative bands showing levels of PKA-RII and PKA-C mRNA analyzed by RT-PCR. (b and c) Data quantification. Four samples were used for each group with two ganglia in each sample ...

Negative feedback loops represent a regulatory mechanism that guarantees that signaling thresholds are compatible with a physiological response. Previously, we established that Lrig1 acts through this mechanism to inhibit Ret activity. However, it is unclear whether other Lrig family members play similar roles. Here, we show that Lrig1 and Lrig3 are co-expressed in Ret-positive mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Lrig3, like Lrig1, interacts with Ret and inhibits GDNF/Ret signaling. Treatment of DRG neurons with GDNF ligands induces a significant increase in the expression of Lrig1 and Lrig3. Our findings show that, whereas a single deletion of either Lrig1 or Lrig3 fails to promote Ret-mediated axonal growth, haploinsufficiency of Lrig1 in Lrig3 mutants significantly potentiates Ret signaling and axonal growth of DRG neurons in response to GDNF ligands. We observe that Lrig1 and Lrig3 act redundantly to ensure proper cutaneous innervation of nonpeptidergic axons and behavioral sensitivity ...

Mediators of Inflammation is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that publishes original research and review articles on all types of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, PAF, biological response modifiers and the family of cell adhesion-promoting molecules.

The effects of a long-term culturing (12 days, in vitro) of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and the dorsal horn (DH) neurons with peptide Semax on the level of s...

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a degradative enzyme for a group of endogenous signaling lipids that includes anandamide (AEA). AEA acts as an endocannabinoid and an endovanilloid by activating cannabinoid and vanilloid type 1 transient receptor potential (TRPV1) receptors, respectively, on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons. Inhibition of FAAH activity increases AEA concentrations in nervous tissue and reduces sensory hypersensitivity in animal pain models. Using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and reverse transcription-PCR, we demonstrate the location of the FAAH in adult rat DRG, sciatic nerve, and spinal cord. In naive rats, FAAH immunoreactivity localized to the soma of 32.7 +/- 0.8% of neurons in L4 and L5 DRG. These were small-sized (mean soma area, 395.96 +/- 5.6 mum(2)) and predominantly colabeled with peripherin and isolectin B4 markers of unmyelinated C-fiber neurons; 68% colabeled with antibodies to TRPV1 (marker of nociceptive DRG neurons), and ...

Free download. Book file PDF easily for everyone and every device. You can download and read online homeobox gene expression in adult dorsal root ganglia is regeneration a recapitulation of development christina francisca vogelaar file PDF Book only if you are registered here. And also you can download or read online all Book PDF file that related with homeobox gene expression in adult dorsal root ganglia is regeneration a recapitulation of development christina francisca vogelaar book. Happy reading homeobox gene expression in adult dorsal root ganglia is regeneration a recapitulation of development christina francisca vogelaar Bookeveryone. Download file Free Book PDF homeobox gene expression in adult dorsal root ganglia is regeneration a recapitulation of development christina francisca vogelaar at Complete PDF Library. This Book have some digital formats such us :paperbook, ebook, kindle, epub, fb2 and another formats. Here is The CompletePDF Book Library. Its free to register here to get ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Ectopic midline spinal ganglion in diastematomyelia. T2 - a study of its connections. AU - Ross, Gary W.. AU - Swanson, Sven A.. AU - Perentes, Elias. AU - Urich, Henry. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2014 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1988. Y1 - 1988. N2 - The connections of an ectopic midline spinal ganglion associated with an asymptomatic sacral diastematomyelia were studied. The ganglion was intercalated in the ventral root of one hemicord and sent its efferents to the dorsal root of the other hemicord. The afferents joined the anterior root to form a midline intradural spinal nerve in the cauda equina. Islands of ectopic glia were present in both roots and the spinal nerve. Both the midline position of the ganglion and the glial heterotopias can be tentatively explained by the failure of incorporation of the dorsal cell wedge (Zwischenstrang) into the divided neural tube.. AB - The connections of an ectopic midline spinal ganglion associated with an asymptomatic ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Inhibitory effects of clonidine on GABA-activated currents in rat DRG neurons. AU - Wang, Qin Wen. AU - Li, Qin. AU - Li, Zhi Wang. PY - 1998. Y1 - 1998. N2 - Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed on neurons from freshly isolated rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) to investigate modulatory effects of clonidine, an α2-adrenoceptor agonist, on GABA-activated currents. In the majority of the neurons examined (72/75), GABA (10-6 ~ 10-3 mol/L) induced a concentration-dependent inward current, which could be blocked by bicuculine (10-4 ~ 10-5 mol/L). In 51 out of 72 cells, pretreatment with different dosages of clonidine (10-8 ~ 10-4 mol/L) decreased the GABA (10-4 mol/L)-activated current by 8.5%, 19.0%, 33.4%, 44.4% and 40.3%, respectively, while clonidine itself only induced a slight inward current in a few cells (12/72). The inhibitory action of clonidine blockable by yohimbine (10-4 mol/L) was voltage-independent and did not change the membrane conductance during the ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Venom from Anemesia species of spider modulates high voltage-activated Ca2+ currents from rat cultured sensory neurones and excitatory post synaptic potentials from rat hippocampal slices.. AU - Kalikulov, D.. AU - Ayar, A.. AU - Nuritova, F.. AU - Frenguelli, B. G.. AU - McClelland, David. AU - Davidson, I.. AU - Scott, Roderick Hamilton. PY - 2001. Y1 - 2001. N2 - The actions of crude venom from Anemesia species of spider were investigated in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurones from neonatal rats and hippocampal slices. Using mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), 10-12 distinct peptides with masses between about 3 and 10 kDa were identified in the crude spider venom. At a concentration of 5 mug/ml crude Anemesia venom transiently enhanced the mean peak whole cell voltage-activated Ca2+ current in a voltage-dependent manner and potentiated transient increases in intracellular Ca2+ triggered by 30 mM KCI as measured using Fura-2 fluorescence imaging. Additionally, 5-8 mug/ml ...

It is well established that neurons regulate the properties of both central and peripheral glial cells. Some of these neuro-glial interactions are modulated by the pattern of neuronal electrical activity. In the present work, we asked whether blocking the electrical activity of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in vitro by a chronic treatment with tetrodotoxin (TTX) would modulate the expression of the T-type Ca2+ channel by mouse Schwann cells. When recorded in their culture medium, about one-half of the DRG neurons spontaneously fired action potentials (APs). Treatment for 4 days with 1 μM TTX abolished both spontaneous and evoked APs in DRG neurons and in parallel significantly reduced the percentage of Schwann cells expressing Ca2+ channel currents. On the fraction of Schwann cells still expressing Ca2+ channel currents, these currents had electrophysiological parameters (mean amplitude, mean inactivation time constant, steady-state inactivation curve) similar to those of control cultures. ...

Shingles several times more often seen on the background of reduced immunity.During the clinical manifestations of the virus has spread throughout the body and its contents can be determined rashes, tear fluid and saliva.. Once the virus enters the nervous system, its location is observed mainly in the peripheral neurons of the spinal ganglia, and begins to spread throughout the nervous system.It may also present a partial denervation.Posterior spinal ganglion becomes inflamed, involving over a hemorrhagic necrosis.While herpes zoster in the inflammatory process involved not only the peripheral nerves, brain and spinal ganglia and meninges from the medulla.. process of the virus herpes zoster goes into a latent state, and how then activated, especially not been studied until now.. Shingles has no relation to the herpes simplex virus type 1,2 and therefore caused a completely different view of the virus (the virus Zoster), but all kinds of herpes virus belong to the same group - the group of ...

1. The jugular and superior ganglia of the vagus and glossepharyngeal nerves, the hypoglossal ganglia and ganglia of the spinal nerves arise in the pig embryo from a continuous neural crest, as observed by Streeter in human embryos. 2. The hypoglossal ganglia are retarded in their development, but appear in embryos of 13 mm. as a series of eight connected cell masses of nearly equal size. HYPOGLOSSAL GANGLIA OF PIG EMBRYOS 281 3. According to their development, the hypoglossal ganglia can be divided only artificially into a cephalic cerebral group and a caudal pre-cervical group. 4. The first cervical and other spinal ganglia are often of double origin, composed of two spindle-shaped masses, and generally possess two distal roots. 5. The spindle-shaped ganglion of Froriep with its single distal root would therefore represent but one half of a spinal ganglion. 6. The degree of development of the hypoglossal ganglia varies in different embryos; in the same embryo the right side may be better ...

Title:Recent Patents on How to Form or Manufacture Large Diameter Plastic Pipe. VOLUME: 14 ISSUE: 2. Author(s):Chun Cheng, Wei Zou*, Wei-Ping Wang and Guang-Hong Wang*. Affiliation:School of Mechatronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101, Shanghai Road, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101, Shanghai Road, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101, Shanghai Road, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101, Shanghai Road, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province. Keywords:Additive manufacturing, extrusion, large diameter plastic pipe, plastic pipe, spouted-accumulated forming, spirally wound forming.. Abstract:. Background: In recent times, large diameter plastic pipes have been widely used in many functions because of their unique advantages. These applications include water supply, drainage, heating network, ...

large diameter bearings, large diameter bearings . Large diameter bearing 6930 ball bearings Product Photos Catalogue of our bearings Bearing Number Dimensions (mm) Limiting Speeds (rev/min) Weight Bore d OD D Width t Grease Oil kg 6200 10 30 9 24000 30000 0.032 6201 12 32 10 22000 28000 0.037 6202 15 35 11 19000 24000 0.045 6203 17 40 12 17000 20000 0.065 6204 20 47 14 15000 18000 0.11 …. Get Price ...

For those rats receiving an epidural injection, an epidural catheter was inserted under the same surgical condition. A PE-10 tube (outer diameter 0.61 mm) (Clay Adams, Parsippany, NJ) was inserted according to the method described previously.10 Briefly, a 1- to 2-cm midline skin incision was made at the most prominent thoracic spinal process (T13). Using a pair of microscissors, a small hole was made in the middle of ligament flavum, and a PE-10 tube was gently advanced approximately 3 cm caudally into the epidural space with the catheter tip being placed at the level between the L4 and L5 nerve roots. The proximal end of the epidural catheter was tunneled subcutaneously and secured to the posterior cervical area to facilitate epidural injection. Incisions were closed with a 6.0 nylon suture or wound clip. To confirm correct epidural catheter placement, negative aspiration of spinal fluid was confirmed after each catheter implantation, and 2% lidocaine (0.15 ml) was injected through the catheter ...

The involvement of the adhesion molecules L1, N-CAM, and J1 in adhesion and neurite outgrowth in the peripheral nervous system was investigated. We prepared Schwann cells and fibroblasts (from sciatic nerves) and neurons (from dorsal root ganglia) from 1-d mice. These cells were allowed to interact with each other in a short-term adhesion assay. We also measured outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons on Schwann cell and fibroblast monolayers. Schwann cells (which express L1, N-CAM, and J1) adhered most strongly to dorsal root ganglion neurons by an L1-dependent mechanism and less by N-CAM and J1. Schwann cell-Schwann cell adhesion was mediated by L1 and N-CAM, but not J1. Adhesion of fibroblasts (which express N-CAM, but not L1 or J1) to neurons or Schwann cells was mediated by L1 and N-CAM and not J1. However, inhibition by L1 and N-CAM antibodies was found to be less pronounced with fibroblasts than with Schwann cells. N-CAM was also strongly involved in fibroblast-fibroblast adhesion. ...

A lacrimal silicone stent has a very large diameter segment with a diameter greater than the largest diameter stent which can be pulled through the canaliculi readily without damaging the canaliculi, a thin central segment, a moderate diameter segment, and a distal segment with a lumen extending partway from its end. A lumen can also be provided in the very large diameter segment to enhance its flexibility. In addition, a lumina may be provided in the moderate diameter segment when it is formed as an extruded tube. Except for the lumina, the stent is solid. The stent may be molded in one piece, but it may also be made of molded and extruded segments which are fused together. To install the stent, according to a first method a sheath is inserted through the lacrimal system from the eye, through a DCR ostium into the nasal cavity. The distal segment is threaded into the sheath which is used to pull the distal segment back through the lacrimal system and out the superior canaliculus and punctum. A probe is

The present invention generally relates to the field of pharmaceutical sciences. More specifically, the present invention includes apparatus and devices for the preparation of pharmaceutical formulations containing large diameter synthetic membrane vesicles, such as multivesicular liposomes, methods for preparing such formulations, and the use of specific formulations for therapeutic treatment of subjects in need thereof. Formation and use of the pharmaceutical formulations containing large diameter synthetic membrane vesicles produced by using the apparatus and devices for therapeutic treatment of subjects in need thereof is also contemplated.

Light microscopy of a spinal sensory ganglion also known as a dorsal root ganglion. The ganglion is formed of a cluster of nerve cell bodies each with a central nucleus and densely stained cytoplasm (purple). Between the cell bodies are many myelinated axons that convey sensory signals from peripheral nerves to the spinal cord via the spinal ganglia. Magnification x100 when narrow width printed at 10 cm. - Stock Image C024/0082

Neuronal cell responses and interactions with the epithelial and fibroblastic cells of the skin are a key factor in the production in vivo of the irritation/inflammatory response. Currently, few in vitromodels are available that contain dermal, epidermal and the relevant neuronal components. The primary objective of this study was to produce and maintain a 3-D in vitro model of human skin containing these elements. The relevant neuronal component was supplied by adding sensory neurons derived from the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Since adult neuronal cells do not grow significantly in vivo or in vitro, and since it is very difficult to obtain such cells from humans, it was necessary to employ embryonic rat DRG cells. The ultimate purpose of this model is to improve prediction of the in vivo skin irritancy potential of chemicals and formulations, without the need to use animal models. In addition, this approach has also been applied to the in vitro human eye and bronchial 3-D models being ...

Some embodiments of the present invention provide methods of neurostimulating targeted neural tissues. Also described are stimulation systems and components for selective stimulation and/or neuromodulation of one or more dorsal root ganglia through implantation of an electrode on, in or around a dorsal root ganglia. Some other embodiments of the present invention provide methods for selective neurostimulation of one or more dorsal root ganglia as well as techniques for applying neurostimulation to the spinal cord. Still other embodiments of the present invention provide stimulation systems and components for selective stimulation and/or neuromodulation of one or more dorsal root ganglia through implantation of an electrode on, in or around a dorsal root ganglia in combination with a pharmacological agent.

The Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1, vanilloid receptor 1) ion channel plays a key role in the perception of thermal and inflammatory pain, however, its molecular environment in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) is largely unexplored. Utilizing a panel of sequence-directed antibodies against TRPV1 protein and mouse DRG membranes, the channel complex from mouse DRG was detergent-solubilized, isolated by immunoprecipitation and subsequently analyzed by mass spectrometry. A number of potential TRPV1 interaction partners were identified, among them cytoskeletal proteins, signal transduction molecules, and established ion channel subunits. Based on stringent specificity criteria, the voltage-gated K(+) channel beta 2 subunit (Kvbeta2), an accessory subunit of voltage-gated K(+) channels, was identified of being associated with native TRPV1 channels. Reverse co-immunoprecipitation and antibody co-staining experiments confirmed TRPV1/Kvbeta2 association. Biotinylation assays in the presence of ...

IBS is a prevalent, chronic GI disorder that negatively impacts the quality of life in up to 14% of the population.1 ,2 It is characterised by abdominal pain and discomfort associated with altered bowel habits.3-5 Although the pathophysiology of IBS is not completely understood, it is becoming clear that changes to peripheral cellular and sensory mechanisms play key roles in the associated pain.6 ,7 In particular, chronic visceral hypersensitivity (CVH) of colonic afferents is implicated in the development and maintenance of chronic visceral pain (CVP) in IBS.4 ,5 Characteristic features of CVH include nociceptor hypersensitivity8 and increased signalling of noxious colorectal distension (CRD) within the spinal cord.9-11 Recent evidence suggests sensory afferents display upregulation of numerous ion channels and receptors in animal models of CVH,7 ,10 ,12 making them targets for analgesic treatment.. A recently introduced treatment for patients with IBS and constipation involves a small ...

Here we describe the technique of preparing and maintaining compartmented chambers for culturing sensory neurons of the dorsal root...

Voltage-gated sodium channel alpha-subunits play a key role in pain pathophysiology, and are modulated by beta-subunits. We previously reported that beta1- and beta2-subunits were decreased in human sensory neurons after spinal root avulsion injury. We have now detected, by immunohistochemistry, beta3-subunits in 82% of small/medium and 67% of large diameter sensory neurons in intact human dorsal root ganglia: 54% of beta3 small/medium neurons were NGF receptor trkA negative. Unlike beta1- and beta2, beta3-immunoreactivity did not decrease after avulsion injury, and the beta3:neurofilament ratio was significantly increased in proximal injured human nerves. beta3-subunit expression may thus be regulated differently from beta1, beta2 and Nav1.8. Targeting beta3 interactions with key alpha-subunits, particularly Nav1.3 and Nav1.8, may provide novel selective analgesics.

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulfhydryl donor antioxidant that contributes to the regeneration of glutathione (GSH) and also scavengers via a direct reaction with free oxygen radicals. Recently, we observed a modulatory role of NAC on GSH-depleted dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells in rats. NAC may have a protective role on oxidative stress and calcium influx through regulation of the TRPM2 channel in diabetic neurons. Therefore, we investigated the effects of NAC on DRG TRPM2 channel currents and brain oxidative stress in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Thirty-six rats divided into four groups: control, STZ, NAC and STZ + NAC. Diabetes was induced in the STZ and STZ + NAC groups by intraperitoneal STZ (65 mg/kg) administration. After the induction of diabetes, rats in the NAC and STZ + NAC groups received NAC (150 mg/kg) via gastric gavage. After 2 weeks, DRG neurons and the brain cortex were freshly isolated from rats. In whole-cell patch clamp experiments, TRPM2 currents in the DRG ...

Current research in prosthetic device design aims to mimic natural movements using a feedback system that connects to the patients own nerves to control the device. The first step in using neurons to control motion is to make and maintain contact between neurons and the feedback sensors. Therefore, the goal of this project was to determine if changes in electrode resistance could be detected when a neuron extended a neurite to contact a sensor. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were harvested from chick embryos and cultured on a collagen-coated carbon nanotube microelectrode array for two days. The DRG were seeded along one side of the array so the processes extended across the array, contacting about half of the electrodes. Electrode resistance was measured both prior to culture and after the two day culture period. Phase contrast images of the microelectrode array were taken after two days to visually determine which electrodes were in contact with one or more DRG neurite or tissue. Electrodes in contact

The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in skin, dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord: an ideal target gene for RNA interference therapy for pain relief, Chia-Chih Alex Tseng, Yua

Adult mouse DRG neurones have been maintained for 14 days in cultures where non-neuronal cell proliferation was inhibited by the inclusion of 5 × 10(−6) microM-cytosine arabinoside (AraC) in the medium from the onset of culture. On uncoated plastic neurone numbers significantly declined in the absence of non-neuronal cell outgrowth compared with uninhibited co-cultures. However, when neurones were maintained in the presence of AraC on certain coated surfaces this decrease in neurone numbers was not observed. Combinations of fibronectin (FN) and laminin (LAM) proved most effective for 7 and 14 days in vitro, although either was beneficial if used separately. Microexudates produced by the fibroblast line, 3T6, also significantly improved neuronal counts for 14 days in vitro. However, a microexudate derived from primary cultures of mouse hepatocytes, although advantageous for 7 days in vitro, was not effective in maintaining neurones over the 14-day culture period, reminiscent of previous ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Phylogenetic investigation of Dogiels pericellular nests and Cajals initial glomeruli in the dorsal root ganglion. AU - Matsuda, Seiji. AU - Kobayashi, Naoto. AU - Terashita, Takehiro. AU - Shimokawa, Tetsuya. AU - Shigemoto, Kazuhiro. AU - Mominoki, Katsumi. AU - Wakisaka, Hiroyuki. AU - Saito, Shouichiro. AU - Miyawaki, Kyoujy. AU - Saito, Kyoko. AU - Kushihata, Fumiki. AU - Chen, Jie. AU - Gao, Shuang Yan. AU - Li, Chun Yu. AU - Wang, Min. AU - Fujiwara, Takashi. PY - 2005/10/24. Y1 - 2005/10/24. N2 - Cajals initial glomeruli (IG) and Dogiels pericellular nests (PCNs) were first described from methylene blue preparations of healthy animal tissues around the beginning of the last century. Since that time, although many reports have been published concerning these structures, few have focused on their development and phylogeny in healthy animals. The aim of this study was to examine the phylogenetic development of the sensory neurons in Cajals IG (also called axonal ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Immunostaining for the α3 isoform of the Na+/K+-ATPase is selective for functionally identified muscle spindle afferents in vivo. AU - Parekh, A.. AU - Campbell, A. J M. AU - Djouhri, L.. AU - Fang, X.. AU - McMullan, S.. AU - Berry, C.. AU - Acosta, C.. AU - Lawson, S. N.. PY - 2010/11. Y1 - 2010/11. N2 - Muscle spindle afferent (MSA) neurons can show rapid and sustained firing. Immunostaining for the α3 isoform of the Na+/K+-ATPase (α3) in some large dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and large intrafusal fibres suggested α3 expression in MSAs (Dobretsov 2003), but not whether α3-immunoreactive DRG neuronal somata were exclusively MSAs. We found that neuronal somata with high α3 immunointensity were neurofilament-rich, suggesting they have A-fibres; we therefore focussed on A-fibre neurons to determine the sensory properties of α3-immunoreactive neurons. We examined α3 immunointensity in 78 dye-injected DRG neurons whose conduction velocities and hindlimb sensory ...

Primary sensory neurons in the DRG play an essential role in initiating pain by detecting painful stimuli in the periphery. Tissue injury can sensitize DRG neurons, causing heightened pain sensitivity, often leading to chronic pain. Despite the functional importance, how DRG neurons function at a population level is unclear due to the lack of suitable tools. Here we developed an imaging technique that allowed us to simultaneously monitor the activities of >1,600 neurons/DRG in live mice and discovered a striking neuronal coupling phenomenon that adjacent neurons tend to activate together following tissue injury. This coupled activation occurs among various neurons and is mediated by an injury-induced upregulation of gap junctions in glial cells surrounding DRG neurons. Blocking gap junctions attenuated neuronal coupling and mechanical hyperalgesia. Therefore, neuronal coupling represents a new form of neuronal plasticity in the DRG and contributes to pain hypersensitivity by hijacking ...

The general somatic afferent fibers (GSA, or somatic sensory fibers) afferent fibers arise from cells in the spinal ganglia and are found in all the spinal nerves, except occasionally the first cervical, and conduct impulses of pain, touch and temperature from the surface of the body through the dorsal roots to the spinal cord and impulses of muscle sense, tendon sense and joint sense from the deeper structures.[1] ...

Professor and Chair, Neuroscience & Cell Biology, Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Distinguished University Chair, Neuroscience, UT Medical Branch at GalvestonKeywords: Neuralgia, Hyperalgesia, Spinal Nerves, Spinal Ganglia, Spinal Nerve Roots, Ligation, Pain, Neurons ...

Sensory neuron from an adult dorsal root ganglion immunostained for Growth Associated Protein (GAP43) shown in red. Neurites are growing in between st...

In March Charlotte was successfully defended with her doctorate thesis on Differentiation and characterization of human stem cell-derived nociceptors and comparison to human and mouse dorsal root ganglia tissue.. #gallery-1 { margin: auto; } #gallery-1 .gallery-item { float: left; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; width: 33%; } #gallery-1 img { border: 2px solid #cfcfcf; } #gallery-1 .gallery-caption { margin-left: 0; } /* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes/media.php */ ...

sensory neurons for the skin and muscle; cell bodies of these sensory neurons are grouped in a structure called a ganglion just outside the spinal cord on the dorsal side. Thus they are called Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. They have no dendrites. Their axons branch immediately. One branch goes to the periphery (skin or muscle); the other into the spinal cord. Sensory information from the periphery travels from one end of the axon to the other synapsing in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. ...

OLIVEIRA-ABREU, KLAUSEN... Melatonin Reduces Excitability in Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons with Inflection on the Repolarization Phase of the Action Potential. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES 20 n.11 p. JUN 1 2019. Artigo Científico.

To overcome the shortcomings of in vitro and animal models we are developing a microscopic cell culture analogue (microCCA) of the spinal reflex-arc. The present work draws on advances in a wide variety of technical fields including cell culture, surface chemistry, and microfabrication. These advances have allowed us to begin development of a microCCA device comprised of the basic components of the reflex-arc: a muscle fiber, a dorsal root ganglion cell, and a motoneuron. Silicon microstructures serve as the foundation of the device. Surface modification with alkyl-silane SAMs followed by patterning with deep UV photolithography to selectively control cell adhesion and growth. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the control of neuronal growth and myotube differentiation on the microstructures. This system will enable the controlled interrogation of properties of the reflex-arc, thereby creating an improved test bed for the development of novel drug therapies for traumatic SCI and neurodegenerative

PubMed lists over 1,500 papers with U73122 in the abstract. The large majority use the inhibitor simply as a tool to check that some signaling pathway requires PLC. However, numerous papers report additional unexpected effects, raising question whether this agent can be used as a pharmacological tool without serious side effects. We select results from just four early papers. The initial brief announcement of U73122 from Upjohn reports that it inhibits partially purified PLC in vitro when the molar ratio of Ca2+:PI in the assay was ,2, but increased PLC activity when the molar ratio was 4-12 (Bleasdale et al., 1989). There are no data or experimental details in that book chapter. A careful study in NG108-15 neuroblastoma-glioma cells and in dorsal root ganglion cells shows that U73122 blocks bradykinin-induced Ca2+ transients irreversibly with a steep dose-response curve and a half-effective dose IC50 of 200 nM for 20-min preincubations and that U73343 is without effect (Jin et al., 1994). ...

The embryonic rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron-derived 50B11 cell line is a promising sensory neuron mannequin expressing markers attribute of NGF and GDNF-dependent C-fibre nociceptors. Whether or not these cells have the capability to turn into distinct nociceptive subtypes primarily based on NGF- or GDNF-dependence has not been investigated. Right here we present that. Read More ...

The embryonic rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron-derived 50B11 cell line is a promising sensory neuron mannequin expressing markers attribute of NGF and GDNF-dependent C-fibre nociceptors. Whether or not these cells have the capability to turn into distinct nociceptive subtypes primarily based on NGF- or GDNF-dependence has not been investigated. Right here we present that. Read More ...

Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons course of ache signaling by specialised nociceptors situated in their peripheral endings. It has lengthy. Read more ...

It has been hypothesized that one way to overcome the limitations of conventional, intimate electrode placement is to use percutaneous PNS systems designed to enable remote selective targeting. The goal of remote selective targeting is to activate a greater proportion of large diameter fibers while avoiding the unwanted activation of nociceptive afferents to produce a robust non-nociceptive peripheral signal. The relationships between stimulation strength, electrode characteristics, electrode-fiber distance, and fiber diameter are predicted to result in a greater separation of activation thresholds between large and small diameter fibers when using a PNS system designed to enable electrode placement up to several centimeters away (e.g., 0.5-3 cm) and deliver stimulation at therapeutic parameters more selective for large diameter fibers. Leads designed for remote selective targeting have large monopolar electrodes such that the generated electric fields, which decay exponentially across ...

TY - THES. T1 - Peripheral ganglia and the eye : a connection tracing study. AU - ten Tusscher, M.P.M.. PY - 1989/1/1. Y1 - 1989/1/1. M3 - Doctoral Thesis. PB - Rijksuniversiteit Limburg. CY - Maastricht. ER - ...

Sensory ganglion definition. sensory ganglion n. A cluster of primary sensory neurons forming a swelling in the course of a peripheral nerve or its dorsal root and establishing the sol

Hillesheim develop and produce electrical tracer heaters for example industry heating hoses, analytical heating hoses, heating mats, heating sleeves, surface heatings, heating gratings, heating cable, heating tapes, glass heatings, temperature controllers

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EMBL is Europes flagship laboratory for the life sciences - an intergovernmental organisation with more than 80 independent research groups covering the spectrum of molecular biology.. ...

The short pathways into which a spinal nerve divides near its point of attachment to the back of the spinal cord, containing afferent or sensory fibres transmitting nerve impulses to the spinal cord. See also Bell-Magendie law, dorsal root ganglion. Compare ventral root. ...

Neurons, Rat, Ganglia, Inhibition, Membrane, Plasma, Plasma Membrane, Cells, Danio Rerio, Dorsal Root, Dorsal Root Ganglia, Drg, G Protein, Sensory Neurons, Zebrafish, Calcium, Potassium, Proteins, Cannabinoid Receptors, Diacylglycerol Lipase