TY - JOUR. T1 - Galactokinase activity in Streptococcus thermophilus. AU - Hutkins, R.. AU - Morris, H. A.. AU - McKay, L. L.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1985. Y1 - 1985. N2 - ATP-dependent phosphorylation of [14C]galactose by 11 strains of Streptococcus thermophilus indicated that these organisms possessed the Leloir enzyme, galactokinase (galK). Activities were 10 times higher in fully induced, galactose-fermenting (Gal+) strains than in galactose-nonfermenting (Gal-) strains. Lactose-grown, Gal- cells released free galactose into the medium and were unable to utilize residual galactose or to induce galK above basal levels. Gal+ S. thermophilus 19258 also released galactose into the medium, but when lactose was depleted growth on galactose commenced, and galK increased from 0.025 to 0.22 μmol of galactose phosphorylated per min per mg of protein. When lactose was added to galactose-grown cells of S. thermophilus 19258, galK activity rapidly ...

BioAssay record AID 2035 submitted by NCGC: Confirmatory Assay for Inhibitors of Human Galactokinase (GALK): Phenol-HRP redox assay counterscreen.

BioAssay record AID 2502 submitted by NCGC: Confirmatory Assay for Inhibitors of Human Galactokinase (GALK): Phenol-HRP redox assay counterscreen for probe SAR.

Deficiency of this enzyme is one of the rarer, non-classic, causes of galactosaemia. The classic form of galactosaemia is associated with galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (G1PUT) deficiency. Like G1PUT deficiency, galactokinase deficiency causes cataracts in the neonatal period, but the early systemic effects of galactokinase deficiency are less severe. ...

0056] In the present context, the term mutant should be understood as a strain derived from a strain of the invention by means of e.g. genetic engineering, radiation and/or chemical treatment. It is preferred that the mutant is a functionally equivalent mutant, e.g. a mutant that has substantially the same, or improved, properties (e.g. regarding texture, shear stress, viscosity, gel stiffness, mouth coating, flavor, post acidification, acidification speed, and/or phage robustness) as the mother strain. Such a mutant is a part of the present invention. Especially, the term mutant refers to a strain obtained by subjecting a strain of the invention to any conventionally used mutagenization treatment including treatment with a chemical mutagen such as ethane methane sulphonate (EMS) or N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitroguanidine (NTG), UV light or to a spontaneously occurring mutant. A mutant may have been subjected to several mutagenization treatments (a single treatment should be understood one ...

Part of the Leloir pathway for galactose metabolism. The enzymes from mammals and from the bacterium Escherichia coli have no activity with N-acetyl-α-D-galactosamine.

The success of HCMV as an opportunistic and persistent virus is predicated on its ability to infect diverse cells types and establish latency in myeloid cells. To manipulate the engagement of the MIE feedback loop, four target sites for the hematopoietic-specific miRNA, miR-142 (34), were inserted into the 3′ UTR of IE2 by a one-step homologous recombination event in the TB40/E HCMV BAC4 clone (35, 36). To this end, we built on a previously described positive selection technique involving galactokinase (galK) expression and bacterial growth on minimal medium plates (37). However, while the initial use of this technique required both positive and negative selection of the galK cassette, we flanked galK with loxP sites to allow Cre excision during virus rescue, thereby dramatically simplifying the processes of recombination and selection (Fig. 1A). In addition to galK, tandem miRNA targets were incorporated upstream of this marker that were further flanked by arms of selective complementary ...

Complete information for GALK1 gene (Protein Coding), Galactokinase 1, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium

Complete information for GALK1 gene (Protein Coding), Galactokinase 1, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium

abbr.: GLK; EC 2.7.1.6; systematic name: ATP:d‐galactose 1‐phosphotransferase. An enzyme that catalyses the phosphorylation by ATP of d‐galactose to d‐galactose 1‐phosphate, with release of ADP; this initiates the metabolism of ... ...

galactokinase definition: An enzyme that facilitates the phosphorylation of α-D-galactose to galactose 1-phosphate at the expense of one molecule of ATP.; An enzyme that facilitates the phosphorylation…

GALK2 - GALK2 - Human, 4 unique 29mer shRNA constructs in retroviral GFP vector shRNA available for purchase from OriGene - Your Gene Company.

Ive only had 3 tries so far (been too busy to focus fully on this project), but no luck. Others in my lab have also had no success with this project. Another group nearby have been using it successfully, but need to screen up to 100 colonies post transformation as the galK system is apparently quite leaky ...

F-, garB10?, fhuA22?, phoA4(Am), galK35?, serS14(ts), serC13?, ompF627(T2R)?, trpC45, his-68, fadL701(T2R)?, relA1?, rpsL118(strR), malT1(λR), pitA10?, xyl-7, mtlA2, spoT1?, rrnB-2?, mcrB1?, creC510 ...

Juvenile cataracts occur in a number of breeds and in many cases appear to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. This means that it is impossible to eliminate carrier animals solely through removal of affected animals from the breeding population. Due to similarities between patterns of cataract formation in some dog breeds and humans with galactokinase deficiency, we feel that one or more mutations in Galactokinase1 (GALK1) may be responsible for juvenile cataracts in certain dog breeds. We are requesting funding to complete the sequencing of the GALK1 exons (coding regions) in the dog. We will then sequence the eight exons in four breeds of dogs affected with juvenile cataracts. This will be a preliminary study to determine if a mutation in this gene may exist in the Boston Terrier, Australian Terrier, Siberian Husky or Brittany. Regardless of the outcome in these breeds, the ability to sequence the exons of this gene could lead to rapid development of a DNA-based test for carrier animals

Calcineurin is both necessary and sufficient to induce cardiac hypertrophy, an independent risk factor for arrhythmia, dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. However, current knowledge of the downstream effectors of calcineurin is limited. My study utilizes ,italic,Drosophila melanogaster,/italic, to 1) establish a reliable model for discovering novel modifiers of calcineurin-induced cardiomyopathy; and 2) discover and characterize novel modifiers of calcineurin-induced cardiomyopathy. In this study, I generated sensitized ,italic,Drosophila,/italic, lines expressing constitutively active calcineurin (CanA,super,act,/super,) that was either fused to yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) or a Flag epitope (Flag-tagged) specifically in the heart using the cardiac-specific tinC driver (,italic,tinC-CanA,super,act,/super,,/italic,). These sensitized lines displayed significant cardiac enlargement as assayed via optical coherence tomography (OCT), histology, and confocal ...

Blog on galK recombinant protein product: The galK galk (Catalog #MBS1061973) is a Recombinant Protein produced from E Coli or Yeast or Baculovirus...

Gal1, a metabolic enzyme (galactokinase) expressed at high level during induction by galactose allows for maintenance of memory of a previous transcriptional for 6/7 generations. Gal1 presents high homology with Gal3, which sequester Gal80, repressor of the transcription factor Gal4, which act on Gal metabolism genes. Thus high levels of Gal1, induced during the first exposure to galactose, help the cell maintain memory of this first exposure by sequestring gal80, thus rendering the system more reactive to galactose exposition the second time. Dilution of Gal1 during successives cell divisions lead to the Loss of this memory. ...

Modulation of gene network activity allows cells to respond to changes in environmental conditions. For example, the galactose utilization network in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is activated by the presence of galactose but repressed by glucose. If both sugars are present, the yeast will first metabolize glucose, depleting it from the extracellular environment. Upon depletion of glucose, the genes encoding galactose metabolic proteins will activate. Here, we show that the rate at which glucose levels are depleted determines the timing and variability of galactose gene activation. Paradoxically, we find that Gal1p, an enzyme needed for galactose metabolism, accumulates more quickly if glucose is depleted slowly rather than taken away quickly. Furthermore, the variability of induction times in individual cells depends non-monotonically on the rate of glucose depletion and exhibits a minimum at intermediate depletion rates. Our mathematical modeling suggests that the dynamics of the metabolic ...

F-, araC14, leuB6(Am), secA206(aziR), fhuA23, lacY1, tsx-67, purE42, glnX44(AS), galK2(Oc), λ-, trpE38, sup-78(Mal+)?, rfbC1?, mgl-51?, rpsL109(strR), malA38?, glpR201, xylA5, mtl-1, thiE1 ...

ST3GAL2兔多克隆抗体(ab96028)可与人样本反应并经WB实验严格验证，被1篇文献引用。中国75%以上现货，所有产品均提供质保服务，可通过电话、电邮或微信获得本地专属技术支持。

May cause respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated. Exposure causes central nervous system depression with possible headache, dizziness, and drowsiness. May cause lung hemorrhage, blood disturbances, and liver and kidney abnormalities ...

Under non-inducing conditions (absence of galactose), yeast structural genes of the GAL regulon are repressed by Gal80, preventing interaction of Gal4 bound to UASGAL promoter motifs with general factors of the transcriptional machinery. In this work we show that Gal80 is a...

Galactokinase; Sugar-1-kinase with a strict substrate specificity for the alpha-anomeric configuration of D-galacturonic acid (D-GalA) and ATP. Involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-galacturonic acid (UDP-GalA) from the salvaged GalA that is released during growth- dependent cell wall restructuring (424 aa ...

In a previous study system level analysis of adaptively evolved yeast mutants showing improved galactose utilization revealed relevant mutations. The governing mutations were suggested to be in the Ras/PKA signaling pathway and ergosterol metabolism. Here site-directed mutants having one of the mutations, RAS2 Lys 77, RAS2 Tyr112 and ERG5 Pro 370 were constructed and evaluated. The mutants were also combined with over-expression of PGM2, earlier proved as a beneficial target for galactose utilization. The constructed strains were analyzed for their gross phenotype, transcriptome and targeted metabolites; and the results were compared to those obtained from reference strains and the evolved strains. The RAS2 Lys 77 mutation resulted in the highest specific galactose uptake rate among all the strains with an increased maximum specific growth rate on galactose. The RAS2 Tyr112 mutation also improved the specific galactose uptake rate and also resulted in many transcriptional changes, including ergosterol

This paper reports the methods and results of a computer-based search for causal relationships in the gene-regulation pathway of galactose metabolism in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The search uses recently published data from cDNA microarray experiments. A Bayesian method was applied to learn causal networks from a mixture of observational and experimental gene-expression data. The observational data were gene-expression levels obtained from unmanipulated wild-type cells. The experimental data were produced by deleting (knocking out) genes and observing the expression levels of other genes. Causal relations predicted from the analysis on 36 galactose gene pairs are reported and compared with the known galactose pathway. Additional exploratory analyses are also reported.. ...

Boc Sciences offers cas 1,2,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-D-galactose in bulk,please inquire us to get a quote for 1,2,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-D-galactose.

There are a, alpha and a/alpha diploids of JK9-3d with the following genotypes: Genotypes: JK9-3da MATa leu2-3,112 ura3-52 rme1 trp1 his4 JK9-3dα has the same genotype as JK9-3da with the exception of the MAT locus JK9-3da/α is homozygous for all markers except mating type Notes: JK9-3d was constructed by Jeanette Kunz while in Mike Halls lab. She made the original strain while Joe Heitman isolated isogenic strains of opposite mating type and derived the a/alpha isogenic diploid by mating type switching. It has in its background S288c, a strain from the Oshima lab, and a strain from the Herskowitz lab. It was chosen because of its robust growth and sporulation, as well as good growth on galactose (GAL+) (so that genes under control of the galactose promoter could be induced). It may also have a SUP mutation that allows translation through premature STOP codons and therefore produces functional alleles with many point mutations. Recent work shows that JK9-3d carries an rme1 mutation that may ...

Perform reliable qPCR with Bio-Rads pre-validated GALK2 primer pair, for the Rabbit genome. Designed for SYBR Green-based detection.

F-, araC14, leuB6(Am), secA206(aziR), fhuA23, lacY1, proC83, tsx-67, purE42, glnX44(AS), galK2(Oc), λ-, trpE38, xthA15, his-208, rfbC1, mgl-51, argG77, rpsL109(strR), glpR201, xylA5, mtl-1, ilvA681, katG17::Tn10, thiE1, metA160 ...

PubMed journal article: Structure and function of enzymes of the Leloir pathway for galactose metabolism. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android

Galactose Metabolism Galactose is a major dietary sugar for humans. The hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose (in milk) yields galactose and glucose. Galactose and glucose are epimers that differ in their configuration at C-4. Thus the entry of galactose into glycolysis requires an epimerization reaction. This occurs via a four-step pathway called the galactose-glucose interconversion … Read more Galactose Metabolism. ...

Galactose plays an important nutritional role as a source of energy and a structural component in the body. It has also been shown to have antibacterial activity limiting the invasion of some pathogens. However some people have galactose metabolism disorders called galactosemia. It is caused by a deficiency of galactose metabolism enzymes. In this case, it is necessary to eliminate lactose and galactose from the diet. Lactic acid bacteria differ in their ability to metabolize galactose. The metabolism of lactose/galactose may follow the Leloir pathway (S. thermophilus, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. helveticus) or the tagatose-6-P metabolic pathway (L. casei, L. rhamnosus, L. lactis ssp. cremoris). The metabolism of lactose/galactose, which follows the tagatose-6-P pathway, results in the accumulation of small amounts of galactose in the medium, while galactose metabolism via the Leloir pathway is usually associated with the extracellular secretion of significant amounts of galactose. ...

Looking for online definition of 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-galactose in the Medical Dictionary? 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-galactose explanation free. What is 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-galactose? Meaning of 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-galactose medical term. What does 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-galactose mean?

Cellular adaptability to environmental changes depends on the collective actions of genes, mRNA, proteins and ligands, all of which are components of a genetic network. To understand the dynamics of a gene network in response to temporally and spatially environmental changes, we focus on the galactose utilization network in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This network allows yeast cells to metabolize galactose in the absence of glucose and is tightly repressed when glucose is available in the environment. The main question is how the Gal network is activated when glucose is depleted since both sugars cannot be metabolized simultaneously. Using a microfluidic device, we supplied yeast cells with both glucose and galactose before linearly depleting glucose at different rates. We tracked the onset and accumulation of a yellow fluorescent reporter-tagged Gal1p, the first enzyme of the Gal network. Our data shows that the glucose-depletion rate plays an important role in the activation of the ...

Description: This gene encodes a peroxisomal enzyme that is a member of the galactokinase, homoserine kinase, mevalonate kinase, and phosphomevalonate kinase (GHMP) family of ATP-dependent enzymes. The encoded protein catalyzes the conversion of mevalonate 5-phosphate to mevalonate 5-diphosphate, which is the fifth step in the mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. Mutations in this gene are linked to certain types of porokeratosis including disseminated superficial porokeratosis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants ...

यह सामग्री क्रियेटिव कॉमन्स ऍट्रीब्यूशन/शेयर-अलाइक लाइसेंस के तहत उपलब्ध है; अन्य शर्ते लागू हो सकती हैं। विस्तार से जानकारी हेतु देखें उपयोग की शर्तें ...

Dr. Poul Valentin-Hansen and colleagues at the University of Southern Denmark report that a small RNA, called Spot 42, functions by an antisense mechanism to differentially regulate gene expression in the galactose operon. The E. coli galactose operon is a cluster of four contiguous genes that are expressed as a group and encode enzymes that regulate galactose sugar metabolism. Like all bacterial operons, the four gal genes (galE, T, K, and M) are transcribed into one polycistronic mRNA message. Interestingly though, although all four gal genes are translated from this one polycistronic message, the relative synthesis of the encoded enzymes differs depending upon metabolic conditions. Although this discoordinate expression of the galactose operon was characterized more than 20 years ago, this report by Dr. Valentin-Hansen and colleagues provides the first mechanistic insight into the process. Dr. Valentin-Hansen and colleagues have discovered that Spot 42, a small, 109-nucleotide RNA whose ...

There are no specific protocols for Recombinant |em|S. cerevisiae|/em| GAL4 protein (ab81879). Please download our general protocols booklet

MAC x Nasty Gal Collection M∙A∙C partners with Nasty Gal, the style destination for risk-takers and tastemakers, in a high-intensity collection of shades a

R:Schneiderka P. a kol., Stanovení analytů v klinické biochemii,1.část, Praha, Karolinum,1999, 80-7184-761-5 R:Schneiderka P. a kol., Kapitoly z klinické biochemie,Karolinum, 2004, 80-246-0678-X A:Zima T. a kol.: Laboratorní diagnostika, třetí doplněné a přepracované vydání, Praha, Galén, 2013, 978-80-7262-372-3(Galén), 978-80-246-1423-6 (Karolinum) A:Racek, J. a kol.: Klinická biochemie. Druhé, přepracované vydání Galén + Karolinum, Praha, 2006, 80-7262-324-9 A:Štern, P.a kol.: Obecná a klinická biochemie. Praha, Karolinum, 2011, 978-80-246-1979-8 A: Mačák J., Mačáková J. a Dvořáčková J.: Patologie. 2., doplněné vydání. Grada Publishing 2012, 978-80-247-3530-6 ...

Because galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase has been reported to be elevated in the blood of patients with mongolism (21 trisomy), assay of this enzyme in the erythrocytes and leukocytes was performed in patients with the Philadelphia chromosome. Twenty normal individuals and 16 patients with the Ph1 chromosome were studied; 15 of the latter had chronic myelogenous leukemia and 1 had an unusual myeloproliferative disorder. The mean leukocyte enzyme level in the Ph1 group was not different from that in the normal group. The mean erythrocyte enzyme level in the Ph1 group was higher than that in the normal group; this difference might have been due to a younger population of red cells in the Ph1 patients.. To interpret the results, three postulates are presented. First, the relationship between chromosome 21 and this enzyme activity may be obscured by other controlling factors. Second, the long arm of this chromosome may play no role in transferase activity. Third, there may be no reduction of ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Clustered genes for galactose metabolism from Streptococcus mutans cloned in Escherichia coli. AU - Smorawinska, M.. AU - Hsu, J. C.. AU - Hansen, J. B.. AU - Jagusztyn-Krynicka, E. K.. AU - Abiko, Y.. AU - Curtiss, R.. PY - 1983/7/21. Y1 - 1983/7/21. N2 - DNA cloned into Escherichia coli from a serotype c strain of S. mutans allowed a galKTE mutant to utilize galactose for growth. However, the DNA does not appear to encode enzymes of the Leloir pathway used by E. coli, but rather appeears to encode enzymes of the tagatose phosphate pathway.. AB - DNA cloned into Escherichia coli from a serotype c strain of S. mutans allowed a galKTE mutant to utilize galactose for growth. However, the DNA does not appear to encode enzymes of the Leloir pathway used by E. coli, but rather appeears to encode enzymes of the tagatose phosphate pathway.. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0020679927&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - ...

We have shown that galactose metabolism plays a central role in biofilm formation by B. subtilis. Whereas accumulation of UDP-galactose can be toxic to B. subtilis during planktonic growth, it is required for the biosynthesis of EPS as a nucleotide sugar substrate and thus for matrix production. Consistently with the above, the genes encoding the Leloir pathway for galactose catabolism and the operon responsible for EPS biosynthesis show coordinated transcriptional regulation. Finally, we observed that B. subtilis also has the capacity to degrade galactan and thus acquire galactose from this naturally occurring polymer.. Galactose has been shown to be essential for the synthesis of various exopolysaccharides, such as colanic acid in E. coli (27). Similarly, enzymes in the Leloir pathway, and in particular the GalE epimerase, have been correlated with production of exopolysaccharide in Streptococcus thermophilus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Neisseria strains (6, 28-31). Thus, our observation ...

Personalized liver function tests: A Multiscale Computational Model Predicts Individual Human Liver Function From Single-Cell Metabolism. Understanding how liver function arises from the complex interaction of morphology, perfusion, and metabolism from single cells up to the entire organ requires systems-levels computational approaches. We report a multiscale mathematical model of the Human liver comprising the scales from single hepatocytes, over representation of ultra-structure and micro-circulation in the hepatic tissue, up to the entire organ integrated with perfusion. The model was validated against data on multiple spatial and temporal scales. Herein we describe the model construction and application to hepatic galactose metabolism demonstrating its utility via i) the personalization of liver function tests based on galactose elimination capacity (GEC), ii) the explanation of changes in liver function with aging, and iii) the prediction of population variability in liver function based on ...

In 1931, in a paper on the study of the metabolism of galactose in the human subject, Shay, Schloss and Bell1 concluded that this hexose was best suited for testing the carbohydrate function of the liver. In order for the urinary excretion of this sugar, orally administered, to act as a measure of hepatic carbohydrate function, they considered the following among the necessary conditions: (1) that there be no renal threshold for the excretion of galactose; (2) that galactose utilization remain unmodified by the activity of those endocrine glands known to affect glucose metabolism; (3) that galactose be practically unutilizable ...

Since the 1970s, galactose metabolism in Lactococcus lactis has been in debate. Different studies led to diverse outcomes making it difficult to conclude whether galactose uptake was PEP- or ATP-dependent and decide what the exact connection was between galactose and lactose uptake and metabolism. It was shown that some Lactococcus strains possess two galactose-specific systems - a permease and a PTS, even if they lack the lactose utilization plasmid, proving that a lactose-independent PTSGal exists. However, the PTSGal transporter was never identified. Here, with the help of transcriptome analyses and genetic knock-out mutants, we reveal the identities of two low-affinity galactose PTSs. A novel plant-niche-related PTS component Llmg_0963 forming a hybrid transporter Llmg_0963PtcBA and a glucose/mannose-specific PTS are shown to be involved in galactose transport in L. lactis MG1363 ...

The analysis of nrg1Delta demonstrates that Nrg1 plays a role in glucose repression of the SUC2 and GAL genes of S. cerevisiae. Thus, three repressors, Nrg1, Mig1, and Mig2, are involved as the downstream targets of the glucose signaling in S. cerevisiae.

We examine the application of statistical model selection methods to reverse-engineering the control of galactose utilization in yeast from DNA microarray experiment data. In these experiments, relationships among gene ...

The Golm Metabolome Database (GMD) facilitates the search for and dissemination of mass spectra from biologically active metabolites quantified using GC-MS.

This protein is a positive regulator for the gene expression of the galactose-induced genes such as GAL1, GAL2, GAL7, GAL10, and MEL1 which code for the enzymes u...

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