TY - JOUR. T1 - Comparative anti-inflammatory characterization of wild fruiting body, liquid-state fermentation, and solid-state culture of Taiwanofungus camphoratus in microglia and the mechanism of its action. AU - Liu, Der Zen. AU - Liang, Hong Jen. AU - Chen, Chien Ho. AU - Su, Ching Hua. AU - Li, Zong-Huei. AU - Huang, Chun Ting. AU - Hou, Wen Chi. AU - Lin, Shyr Yi. AU - Zhong, Wen-Bin. AU - Lin, Pei Jung. AU - Hung, Ling Fang. AU - Liang, Yu Chih. PY - 2007/8/15. Y1 - 2007/8/15. N2 - Taiwanofungus camphoratus (syn. Antrodia camphorata), a medicinal mushroom in Taiwan, is reputed to provide several therapeutic benefits, but the wild fruiting body is very rare. In this study, we used Taiwanofungus camphoratus extracts from wild fruiting bodies and two types of artificial cultivation (solid-state culture and liquid-state fermentation) to examine their anti-inflammatory effects in microglia cells and their possible roles in protection against neurodegenerative diseases. First, EOC13.31 ...

Species in the ascomycete fungal genus Cordyceps have been proposed to be the teleomorphs of Metarhizium species. The latter have been widely used as insect biocontrol agents. Cordyceps species are highly prized for use in traditional Chinese medicines, but the genes responsible for biosynthesis of bioactive components, insect pathogenicity and the control of sexuality and fruiting have not been determined. Here, we report the genome sequence of the type species Cordyceps militaris. Phylogenomic analysis suggests that different species in the Cordyceps/Metarhizium genera have evolved into insect pathogens independently of each other, and that their similar large secretomes and gene family expansions are due to convergent evolution. However, relative to other fungi, including Metarhizium spp., many protein families are reduced in C. militaris, which suggests a more restricted ecology. Consistent with its long track record of safe usage as a medicine, the Cordyceps genome does not contain genes for known

TY - JOUR. T1 - Immunostimulating activity of celosian, an antihepatotoxic polysaccharide isolated from Celosia argentea. AU - Hase, Koji. AU - Basnet, Purusotam. AU - Kadota, Shigetoshi. AU - Namba, Tsuneo. PY - 1997/7/22. Y1 - 1997/7/22. N2 - Celosian, an acidic polysaccharide from the seeds of Celosia argentea (Amaranthaceae) was found to be a potent antihepatotoxic agent for chemical and immunological liver injury models in animals. The immunomodulating action of celosian was studied to clarify the preventive mechanism of celosian on liver injuries. Celosian induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in mice. Celosian also induced the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and nitric oxide (NO) in macrophage cell line J774.1 in a concentration-dependent manner (1 to 1000/μg/ml). Moreover, celosian induced IL-1β secretion in human mononuclear cells. In addition, celosian enhanced gamma interferon (IFN-υ) production activity of concanavalin A (Con A) in mice spleen cells, though ...

Traditionally used for health and strengthening the body.. Based on researches,Cordyceps militaris on the human body has the following functions ...

Cordyeps militaris is the type of the genus Cordyceps and as such served as the foundation for the generic revision of Sung et al (2007). It is probably the best known species of Cordyceps. It occurs throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere as a pathogen of lepidopteran pupae, with the hosts generally assumed to be members of assorted moth families. There do exist occassion reports and collections of C. militaris from the Southern Hemisphere and from nonlepidopteran hosts, but it is not known if these collections are conspecific with C. militaris.. ...

Aqueous extracts from the vegetative submerged mycelia of cultivated Basidiomycetes Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus edodes, and Grifola frondosa, as well as from the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum, were found to have antitumor activity. The antitumor effect of the mycelial extracts from all 3 fungal spec …

When many gametes compete to fertilize a limited number of compatible gametes, sexual selection will favour traits that increase competitive success during mating. In animals and plants, sperm and pollen competition have yielded many interesting adaptations for improved mating success. In fungi, similar processes have not been shown directly yet. We test the hypothesis that sexual selection can increase competitive fitness during mating, using experimental evolution in the mushroom-forming fungus Schizophyllum commune (Basidiomycota). Mating in mushroom fungi occurs by donation of nuclei to a mycelium. These fertilizing male nuclei migrate through the receiving female mycelium. In our setup, an evolving population of nuclei was serially mated with a non-evolving female mycelium for 20 sexual generations. From the twelve tested evolved lines, four had increased and one had decreased fitness relative to an unevolved competitor. Even though only two of those five remained significant after ...

As a somewhat competitive athlete ive tried many of your herbs to help with workouts. Have had great results with all of them as far as having much better workouts but having a very fast metabolism made some of the more stimulating herbs such as rhidiola a little overwhelming. I was left feeling jittery and kind of unstable because the effects were so strong. Also felt crazy hungry which is sort of normal for me but not at that high of a level. In my search to find a more compatible herb to add to my pine pollen base, I recently tried cordyceps. I dont give easy praise but i must say the cordyceps is for me thus far. My endurance has jumped up a few notches without the overstimulated feeling. I actually feel like I breathe deeper. This helps with perception of effort greatly. This has happened at a minimal dose which makes cordyceps a great bang for my buck herb as the bag will last longer and fit my budget better. The whole process of trying the different herbs has been a great experience in ...

Certain species of cordyceps have been used in traditional medicine systems for thousands of years, particularly in Tibet, China and Japan. The term cordyceps is now used to refer to any number of species taken as a dietary supplement ...

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (eCAM) is an international peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that seeks to understand the sources and to encourage rigorous research in this new, yet ancient world of complementary and alternative medicine.

Define Morchella. Morchella synonyms, Morchella pronunciation, Morchella translation, English dictionary definition of Morchella. Noun 1. Morchella - genus of edible fungi: morel genus Morchella fungus genus - includes lichen genera morel - any of various edible mushrooms of the genus...

When old bread grows fungus on it, many of us have laughingly said that a bit of penicillin isnt going to harm us; and chopping off the offending portion we have proceeded to make toast and eat it! Now we hear a lot about medicinal mushrooms and their curative properties that can assist in a lot of different ailments.. Medicinal mushrooms are those mushrooms that are used for medical practice as, or in a number of different palliatives. While in traditional forms of medicine, different varieties of mushrooms have long held pride of place, medical researchers and ethnobotanists have now an increased interest it the curative properties of mushrooms.. In fact the properties that make mushrooms inhibit growth of certain tumors and enhance immunity have fascinated researchers for the past 50 years now.. Enoki, King Oyster mushrooms, and Shiitake are just some of the varieties of mushrooms that are said to have medicinal properties. Chaga mushrooms have long been used in places such as Russia for ...

Cordyceps (rhymes with biceps) can help take your performance to the next level. Our muscly mushroom aims to increase the bodys production of the molecule adenosine triphosphate. This is an essential ingredient to deliver energy to your muscles and help improve the way your body uses oxygen - especially during exercis

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a mechanism to recognize and repair bulky DNA damage caused by compounds, environmental carcinogens, and exposure to UV-light. In humans hereditary defects in the NER pathway are linked to at least three diseases: xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Cockayne syndrome (CS), and trichothiodystrophy (TTD). The repair of damaged DNA involves at least 30 polypeptides within two different sub-pathways of NER known as transcription-coupled repair (TCR-NER) and global genome repair (GGR-NER). TCR refers to the expedited repair of lesions located in the actively transcribed strand of genes by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II). In GGR-NER the first step of damage recognition involves XPC-hHR23B complex together with XPE complex (in prokaryotes, uvrAB complex). The following steps of GGR-NER and TCR-NER are similar ...

Dose for children between 12-18 years - 1-2 tablets 2 - 3 times a day.. Direction of Use : Take tablet 2-3 times a day, along with lukewarm water an hour before taking breakfast, lunch and dinner. Medicinal Properties. Amalaki Rasayan Tablet has following medicinal properties.. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity, Immunomodulatory, Adaptogenic, Antihyperlipidemic, Hypolipidemic, and Anti-atherogenic effect, Anti-cancer and Anti-proliferative activity, Radioprotective activity, HIV-reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity, Anti-diabetic and hypoglycemic activity, Anti ulcerogenic activity, Digestive stimulant, Antacid, Haematinic, Hematogenic, Antianemic, Anti-atherogenic, Anti ulcerogenic activity, Hepato-protective activity, Anti-ageing, Aphrodisiac activity, Ergogenic, Bioenhancer.. Indications : Textual Properties & Indications : Anuloma (Corrects the flow of Nutrients / Vata / Wastes), Raktapittahara (Cures pitta dominant disorders and bleeding disorders), Kaphahara (Gives ...

Compounds with reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity that are more potent and less toxic than the nucleoside analogues are needed. Nevirapine (BI-RG-587) has shown in vitro inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and has shown a synergistic inhibition of HIV-1 replication when combined with zidovudine (AZT) in a plaque reduction assay.. Sixty mildly to moderately symptomatic HIV-infected children (five patients in each of four age groups) will receive oral nevirapine at 1 of 3 doses for 168 days. If preliminary activity is demonstrated and toxicity is acceptable after 84 days of treatment in the three oldest age groups (ages 2 months - less than 2 years, ages 2 years - less than 13 years, and ages 13 years - less than 18 years), children ages 1 day - less than 2 months will receive one of the three doses of nevirapine. Additionally, 15 additional patients (five in each of three age groups) will receive zidovudine in combination with nevirapine. At the end of 24 weeks of ...

Boiling a pot of delicious and flavoursome traditional long stewed soup (老火靓汤) is something that every mother wish to do for the family especially those soups that consists nourishing effect for the body. And in order to achieve those restaurants taste of long stewed soup, there is no shortcut for it as you need to simmer the soup ingredients over low heat for sometime. Another point to note is too much of water would also dilute the taste of the soup so the amount of ingredients and water used must be in correct portions ...

Number of capsules: 120 caps Size capsules: Size 0 Capsules net content: 400mg Dosage: Take 1 capsule twice a day with water during the meal. ...

Lycium pallidum var. oligospermum, a dicot, is a shrub that is native to California and is found only slightly beyond California borders. ...

C. militaris is a less expensive substitute for the mushroom Cordyceps sinensis (Dong Chong Xia Cao) with different pharmacological properties, including hemagglutinating activity, antifungal properties, and antiproliferative properties [42-44].. A lectin (CML) was isolated and purified from the crude protein extract of C. militaris by gel-filtration chromatography on a Sephadex G-75 affinity fetuin-agarose column and dialysis [43]. Purified cordymin was obtained with ion-exchange chromatography of the aqueous extract on SP-Sepharose and Mono S, and gel filtration on Superdex 75 by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) [42]. Another anti-fungal and anti-cancer C. militaris protein (CMP), was isolated by anion-exchange chromatography on a DEAE-Sepharose column [44].. CML is approximately 31 kDa and contains the N-terminal amino acid sequence SYDADXQRVXNDKGIXND (the X residue could not be identified), which has low homology compared with the lectins from other mushrooms, such as Marasmius ...

This product is TRULY a remarkable product with 9 of the worlds best medicinal mushrooms. A powerful life enhancing, immune system, and longevity formula! Chaga: The King of Medicinal Mushrooms/Diamond of the Forest Mushrooms have long been associated with nearby enchanted, magical realms. Adding the super-mushroom

Mushrooms 4 Life Organic Chaga extract uses only wild harvested organic Chaga growing on birch trees in Siberia to obtain key active nutrients including betulinic acid. 2 capsules provides: Organic Chaga (Inonotus obliquus) 100% conk grown in Siberia on Birch wood. Combined hot-water and ethanolic extracts - 800mg

Subscribe in iTunes. Click the link below to access the complete transcript.. [spoiler] Logan: Hey guys, welcome back to The Vital Way. Were going to continue on our talk about medicinal mushrooms right here with Part 2. Last time, we were just wrapping up with chaga. Were going to start right there this time.. Zane: I described briefly what it does for you. One of the things with the cultivated chaga is because its not on birch trees, its not pulling that betulinic acid out of the trees and concentrating it. I dont know if you would even have any in cultivated chaga. So its just something to consider with chaga. Obviously, we would wish we could have wild chaga all the time and I really wish that I had wild chaga now but even cultivated chaga is going to be way better than not drinking any chaga at all. read more ...

The main ingredient in the Four Sigmatic Instant Cordyceps Mushroom Elixir is - you guessed it - pure cordyceps mushroom. Each packet includes 1,500 mg of Cordyceps militaris extract with at least 30 percent polysaccharides (including more than 15 percent beta-glucans) and 0.5 percent adenosine. Which helps your body produce and maintain steady energy levels. No starch, sugars, or any fillers at all. ...

2006) - including lignin peroxidases (8), manganese peroxidases (8), other oxidoreductases (87) and glycoside hydrolases (90). 7). The lignolytic basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea is predicted to secrete 1,769 proteins and 76 of these have been identified as enzymes (Bouws et al. 2008). The physical structure of plant detritus is an important determinant of the order in which the polymers are degraded. Soluble carbohydrates may be located on the outer fiber structures of litter or diffuse out of the complex, making them susceptible to the early colonizers in the degradation sequence. In other words, the allocation of resources to generating and externalizing enzymes must be compensated by the gain in energy and nutrients for the processes of microbial growth and cell division. However, soil is an hostile environment and once extracellular enzymes leave the cell they are subject to denaturation, degradation, adsorption and dilution. The locations and functions of enzymes in soil have been ...

Commonly known as Cordyceps flower, Chong Cao Hua or Mushroom Cordyceps Militaris. Commonly used to add in soups and teas. Benefits: Improves energy, blood circulation and regulate blood sugar level. Improves the function of our immunity system ...

Li, X.-L. & Y.-J. Yao. Revision of the taxonomic position of the Phoenix Mushroom. Mycotaxon 91: 61-73. 2005.. ABSTRACT: The Phoenix Mushroom, previously assigned to Pleurotus sajor-caju (=Lentinus sajor-caju), is an important edible mushroom widely cultivated with a great commercial value, but confusion on its taxonomic position and scientific name have occurred since it was first isolated for cultivation. In the present study, both morphological and molecular data were gathered from strains commonly cultivated in China and from various collections of the same fungus. The absence of the annulus on the stipe and of the hyphal pegs on the hymenophoral trama, coupled with the larger basidiospores (7.0 - 10.5 x 3.0 - 4.5µm), distinguish the Phoenix Mushroom from L. sajor-caju. The smaller (6.0 - 10.5 cm) and light coloured pileus with excentric to lateral stipe and faster fruiting rates of the Phoenix Mushroom showed a close affinity with P. pulmonarius. Strains of the Phoenix Mushroom share a ...

Size: 120 vegan capsules. Produce Code: TIMCOR. Choose this product because… it comes from the fruiting body, has been water-/alcohol-extracted and is standardized for polysaccharides and cordycepin.. Ingredients: each capsule provides 375mg Cordyceps militaris fruit body extract, standardized to 50% Polysaccharides / 10% Cordycepic acid / 0.5% Cordycepin. Capsule shell made from tapioca.. ...

We previously reported that |i|Amauroderma rude|/i| polysaccharides (AR) displayed strong immunomodulatory tumor-suppressive effects in mice. The current study ...

Organic Chaga dual extraction mushroom supplement uses only wild-harvested Chaga traditionally grown on birch trees in Siberia to obtain key active nutrients including betulinic acid. Chaga conk grown on birch trees in Siberia Combined hot water and ethanolic extracts Wild crafted and organically certified by the Soil

The invention belongs to the field of food and health care products, particularly relates to truffle fermented wine and a brewing method of the truffle fermented wine and aims at providing a bran-new technology for preparing the truffle fermented wine. The brewing method comprises the following steps of: cleaning truffles, dicing, crushing and processing to obtain truffle serous fluid; the adding cane sugar to the truffle serous fluid, so that the sugar concentration (mass percent) is adjusted to 16-26%, adjusting the acidity to 3.5-7g/L, and fermenting to obtain the truffle fermented wine. The truffle fermented wine brewed by the method has the advantages that the special aroma of truffles is maintained, the bitterness of truffle soaking wine can also be reduced, and the truffle fermented wine obtained by brewing is clear and transparent, has clear color and luster, mellow taste and soft mouth feel and does not generate precipitates after being stored for a long term; the contents of total amino

The water soluble crude polysaccharide obtained from cultured mycelia of Cordyceps militaris (CPM) by hot water extraction followed by ethanol precipitation was fractionated by DEAE cellulose and Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. This fractionation process resulted in four polysaccharide fractions that were termed CPMN Fr I, CPMN Fr II, CPMN Fr III, and CPMN Fr IV. Of these fractions, CPMN Fr III was able to upregulate the functional events mediated by activated macrophages, such as production of nitric oxide (NO) and expression of cytokines (IL-1b and TNF-a). ...

There is a lot of reports coming out from China and Wuhan that Chaga is having a very impressive recovery rate for immune system building against Unnamed Pandemic.Evidence through direct reports on the ground have found that IV Vitamin C 50mg/kg, Chaga dual extract 2 mls twice daily, betalinc acid from dual extract of Usnea. If powder use vs dual extract, then 650 mg chaga powder then the combination of these factors will build up your immune system against a Pandemic.

Mushrooms are not only an ingredient in many delicious recipes, they also contain many healthy active ingredients that have positive effects on the health of humans and animals. So-called medicinal mushrooms or medicinal mushrooms have been used for their healing effects for thousands of years. As a new superfood for dogs, the Asian medicinal mushroom […]

Phellinus ellipsoideus (formerly Fomitiporia ellipsoidea) is a species of polypore fungus in the family Hymenochaetaceae, a specimen of which produced the largest fungal fruit body ever recorded. Found in China, the fruit bodies produced by the species are brown, woody basidiocarps that grow on dead wood, where the fungus feeds as a saprotroph. The basidiocarps are perennial, allowing them to grow very large under favourable circumstances. They are resupinate, measuring 30 centimetres (12 in) or more in length, though typically extending less than a centimetre from the surface of the wood. P. ellipsoideus produces distinct ellipsoidal spores, after which it is named, and unusual setae. These two features allow it to be readily differentiated microscopically from other, similar species. Chemical compounds isolated from the species include several steroidal compounds. These may have pharmacological applications, but further research is needed. The species was named in 2008 by Bao-Kai Cui and ...

Anti-cancer Properties and Relevant Mechanisms of Cordycepin, an Active Ingredient of the Insect Fungus Cordyceps spp., - Apoptosis;cancer;cell cycle;cordycepin;metastasis;

Isoprinosine® is a synthetic complex derivative of purine with immunostimulating activity and a non-specific antiviral effect. The drug exhibits antiviral activity against Herpes simplex viruses, cytomegalovirus and measles virus, type III human T-cell lymphoma virus, polioviruses, influenza A and B, ECHO virus (Enteri

Campacci, Thiago Vinicius Silva & Adriana de Mello Gugliotta. A review of Amauroderma in Brazil, with A. oblongisporum newly recorded from the neotropics. Mycotaxon 110: 423-436. 2009.. ABSTRACT: Twenty species of Amauroderma are accepted from Brazil. Amauroderma oblongisporum is for the first time recorded for the neotropics and is described and illustrated. It is characterized by oblong ellipsoid, hyaline to pale yellowish basidiospores, with slightly protruding endosporic projections. A checklist and key to the Brazilian species of Amauroderma are presented.. KEYWORDS: Basidiomycota, Ganodermataceae, taxonomy. ...

My mind is still reeling from the Labour Day weekend, when Lisa and I attended the Great Alberta Foray in the Bow and Kananaskis valleys. The foray was run by the Alberta Mycological Society.. One month ago, I didnt know what mushrooms were. Of course I had cooked and eaten them, but I didnt understand, for instance, their anatomy (why do they have gills?) or their role in my front lawn (why do they grow in rings?).. Here are some mushroom basics I learned that weekend.. 1. Mushrooms are the fruiting bodies of fungi.. I was sure of one fact before attending the foray: mushrooms are fungi. (Mycologists, however, pronounce the word with a soft g, which precludes any fun guy homophone jokes.) Mushrooms are fungi is actually a misleading statement, as the visible, fleshy mushrooms we all know are only a small part of the fungal organism. Beneath the mushroom, in the substrate, which may be soil or a dead tree or an old shoe, is a network of microscopic fibers called hyphae. There can be 2km ...

Mushrooms are ubiquitous in nature and have high nutritional attributes. They have demonstrated diverse biological effects and therefore have been used in treatments of various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, bacterial and viral infections, and ulcer. In particular, polysaccharides, including beta-glucan, are considered as the major constituents responsible for the biological activity of mushrooms. Although an overwhelming number of reports have been published on the importance of polysaccharides as immunomodulating agents, not all of the healing properties found in these mushrooms could be fully accounted for. Recently, many research groups have begun investigations on biologically active small-molecular weight compounds in wild mushrooms. In this mini-review, both structural diversity and biological activities of novel bioactive substances from Korean native mushrooms are described ...

From the Italian island of Sardinia comes this raw sheeps milk cheese with black truffles. Unlike most truffled cheeses, the truffle paste is infused after Moliterno has been aged so that the cheese develops its own character before the truffles are injected. Though the truffles are only visible in the veins, the truffle flavor permeates throughout the entire paste of this amazing cheese. During the aging process, oil and vinegar are applied to the cheeses rind to prevent weight loss.. Once cut, the dark paste oozes out of the crevices of the cheese like trickles of water from a craggy cliff. Both delicious and intriguing visually, this cheese is a show-stopper. Enjoy this pecorino with a big, earthy Italian red with enough muscle to stand up to the truffles. ...

The parasitic lifestyle has evolved repeatedly in nearly every major lineage of life, and in the broad sense includes brood parasitism, social parasitism, genomic parasitism, and nutritional parasitism [1,2]. Among plants, nutritional parasites obtain water and nutrients directly from their photosynthetic host plant through a specialized feeding structure, the haustorium, which is attached to either host shoots or roots [3]. These plants include both hemiparasites (parasites with the ability to photosynthesize) and holoparasites (those that cannot photosynthesize) [3]. While both hemi- and some holoparasites grow largely exterior to the host, certain holoparasites grow nearly completely embedded within the host plant tissues as endoparasites, emerging only during sexual reproduction [3,4]. Though most parasites can be classified according to their photosynthetic status and the nature of their interactions with their hosts, insight into the evolution of parasitic traits has been hampered by the ...

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PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

What is it about female bodies that are so powerful and amazing that we keep trying to bury it, only to have it emerge as another great big new discovery-until it scares us again into another wave of female genital amnesia?

April is an invigorating time of year, with springs changing moods inviting us back out of our homes and into the streets. The month also brings indecisive weather, from thunderstorms to sunshine. To face this fluctuating weather and to address the rising allergen percentage in the air, our immunity needs a natural boost right now.. Enter chaga mushrooms, a humble type of mycelium that grows on trees. More like a tree fungus than a regular mushroom, chaga is probably best known and most widely used for its scientifically confirmed anti-oxidant qualities that protect against cancer, and also for its use for people with HIV. Chaga doesnt beat around the bush when it comes to antioxidant qualities.. That said, chaga is equally powerful when eaten to reduce seasonal allergies, and it has a soothing effect on the respiratory system. Whats more, chaga mushrooms have a subtle flavor that lends itself well to sweet recipes. It has a woody taste with an undertone of vanilla, so blends well with ...

APHOTOFUNGI - Photographic Stock Image Library Page for Morchella esclenta - Common Morel - Ascomycetes (Ascomycota Images). A-P-H-O-T-O - Furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography.

An ancient remedy thats great for immune health and stress response, adaptogenic mushrooms are packed with antioxidants that help protect our bodies from various viruses, toxins, and more. Each medicinal shroom species comes with its own specific immune benefits based on its unique blend of polysaccharides. Heres how to find the perfect shroom for your needs.

The Clavariaceae is a diverse family of mushroom-forming fungi composed of species that produce simple clubs, coralloid, lamellate-stipitate, hydnoid and resupinate sporocarps. Here we present a systematic and ecological overview of the Clavariaceae based on phylogenetic analysis of sequences of the nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA (nLSU), including nine from type collections. Forty-seven sequences from sporocarps of diverse taxa across the Clavariaceae were merged with 243 environmental sequences from GenBank and analyzed phylogenetically to determine major clades within the family. Four major clades or lineages were recovered: (i) Mucronella, (ii) Ramariopsis-Clavulinopsis, (iii) Hyphodontiella and (iv) Clavaria-Camarophyllopsis-Clavicorona. Clavaria is paraphyletic, within which the lamellate and pileate-stipitate genus Camarophyllopsis is derived and composed of two independent lineages. The monotypic genus Clavicorona also appears nested within Clavaria. The monophyly of Clavaria and ...

While an anti-allergic effect of Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) has been indicated, its therapeutic effect on allergy and immunoregulatory mechanisms and chemical constituents directly responsible for that are hardly known. We examined the effect of 70% ethanol extract of Chaga mushroom (EE) and its dichloromethane (DF) and aqueous (AF) fractions using a mouse model of chicken ovalbumin (cOVA)-induced food allergy, and found that only EE and DF ameliorated allergy symptoms to a significant extent. The in vivo mast cell-stabilizing activity was also found only in EE and DF whereas the activities to suppress Th2 and Th17 immune responses and cOVA-specific IgE production in the small intestine were observed in all three treatment regimens, implying that inhibition of the mast cell function by lipophilic compounds was vital for the therapeutic effect ...