TY - JOUR. T1 - Dietary taurine supplementation reduces plasma and liver cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rats fed a high-cholesterol or a cholesterol-free diet. AU - Park, Taesun. AU - Lee, Kyungshin. PY - 1998. Y1 - 1998. N2 - The effects of dietary taurine supplementation on plasma and hepatic lipid levels and phospholipid profiles were evaluated in rats fed a high- cholesterol or a cholesterol-free diet. Four groups of male rats were fed one of the following diets for 5 weeks: cholesterol-free diet (CFD); high cholesterol diet (HCD); high cholesterol, high taurine diet (HCHTD); or high taurine diet (HTD). Rats fed a HCHTD had significantly lower plasma levels of total cholesterol (32% reduction), LDL-cholesterol (37% reduction) and triglyceride (43% reduction) than rats fed a HCD alone. Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride were also significantly reduced in rats fed a HTD compared to rats fed a CFD. Taurine supplementation to the HCD ...

Fructose-sweetened liquid consumption is associated with fatty liver and oxidative stress. In rodent models of fructose-mediated fatty liver, protein consumption is decreased. Additionally, decreased sulfur amino acid intake is known to cause oxidative stress. Studies were designed to test whether oxidative stress in fructose-sweetened liquid-induced fatty liver is caused by decreased ad libitum solid food intake with associated inadequate sulfur amino acid intake. C57BL6 mice were grouped as: control (ad libitum water), fructose (ad libitum 30% fructose-sweetened liquid), glucose (ad libitum 30% glucose-sweetened water) and pair-fed (ad libitum water and sulfur amino acid intake same as the fructose group). Hepatic and plasma thiol-disulfide antioxidant status were analyzed after five weeks. Fructose- and glucose-fed mice developed fatty liver. The mitochondrial antioxidant protein, thioredoxin-2, displayed decreased abundance in the liver of fructose and glucose-fed mice compared to controls.

Hypotaurine is a sulfinic acid that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of taurine. Like taurine, it also acts as an endogenous neurotransmitter via action on the glycine receptors.[1] Hypotaurine is derived from cysteine (and homocysteine). In mammals, the biosynthesis of hypotaurine from cysteine occurs in the pancreas. In the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway, cysteine is first oxidized to its sulfinic acid, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase. Cysteine sulfinic acid, in turn, is decarboxylated by sulfinoalanine decarboxylase to form hypotaurine. Hypotaurine is enzymatically oxidized to yield taurine by hypotaurine dehydrogenase.[2] ...

Cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) is a mononuclear ferrous enzyme located at a branch-point in cysteine metabolism and catalyzes the oxidation of L-cysteine using both atoms of dioxygen. Although several studies have attempted to characterize the enzyme kinetically, efforts have been thwarted by the apparent inactivation of the purified protein. Publication of the three-dimensional structure of several mammalian CDO enzymes revealed two unusual structural attributes that had previously not been identified in other mononuclear ferrous-dependent enzymes. The metal center of CDO is bound by a facial triad composed entirely of histidine residues in contrast to the previously ubiquitous 2-His/1-carboxylate facial triad found in other ferrous-dependent enzymes. Interestingly, a covalent linkage between Cys93 and Tyr157 was found near the metal center in the active site. The purpose of these studies is to probe the cause of inactivation of purified CDO and to determine how the 3-His facial triad and Cys-Tyr ...

The disorder trimethylaminuria (TMAu) often manifests itself in a body odor for individuals affected. TMAu is due to decreased metabolism of dietary-derived trimethylamine (TMA). In a healthy individual, 95% or more of TMA is converted by the flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3, EC 1.14.13.8) to …

Adiponectin greatly stimulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) as did IL-1β. We wondered whether taurine chloramine (TauCl) inhibits the production of MMPs stimulated by adiponectin in the same pattern as by IL-1β stimulation in vitro Synovial cells from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients were treated with adiponectin or interleukin (IL)-1β for 24 hr in the presence or absence of TauCl. The culture supernatant was collected and the levels of MMPs were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The IκB signaling pathways stimulated by adiponectin were studied and the levels of NF-κB in the nuclei of the cells were analyzed by ELISA. TauCl (600 µM) inhibited MMP-13, but not MMP-1, expression in IL-1β-stimulated RA FLSs. However, TauCl at the same concentration significantly inhibited the production of both adiponectin-stimulated MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression. TauCl inhibited the degradation of IκB-α stimulated by adiponectin, but

The results from this large prospective nested case-control study indicated that higher plasma total cysteine concentrations were associated with lower risk of breast cancer. Women in the highest quintile of plasma total cysteine had an approximately 50% lower risk of breast cancer. Except for a stronger association among lean women, this inverse association did not differ significantly according to other risk factors for breast cancer. The prospective design and high follow-up rates in this study minimize the possibility that our findings are due to methodological biases. Because controlling for established risk factors for breast cancer had minimal effect on the RRs, our results are unlikely to be explained by residual confounding by these factors. The inverse association between plasma total cysteine concentrations and risk of breast cancer among women is also unlikely to be explained by plasma concentrations of folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and total homocysteine because the RRs did not ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Intracellular cysteines of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulate channel gating. AU - Ketchum, Christian. AU - Yue, Hongwen. AU - Alessi, Karen. AU - Devidas, Shreenivas. AU - Guggino, William. AU - Maloney, Peter. PY - 2002/1/1. Y1 - 2002/1/1. N2 - The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a member of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily, is a cAMP-activated chloride channel. CFTR contains two transmembrane domains (TMDs), two nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs), and a regulatory (R) domain. We found that whole-cell CFTR-dependent Cl - currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes were sensitive to HgCl 2 , suggesting that modification of endogenous cysteines alters channel activity. To understand better this phenomenon, site-directed mutagenesis was employed to generate both individual cysteine replacements and a version of the molecule with no cysteines in the hydrophobic sector. Each mutant displayed a forskolin/IBMX-activated ...

The particulate methane monooxygenase gene clusters, pmoCAB, from two representative type II methanotrophs of the alpha-Proteobacteria, Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and Methylocystis sp, strain M, have been cloned and sequenced. Primer extension experiments revealed that the pmo cluster is probably transcribed from a single transcriptional start site located 300 bp upstream of the start of the first gene, pmoC, for Methylocystis sp, strain M, Immediately upstream of the putative start site, consensus sequences for sigma(70) promoters were identified, suggesting that these pmo genes are recognized by sigma(70) and negatively regulated under low-copper conditions. The pmo genes were cloned in several overlapping fragments, since parts of these genes appeared to be toxic to the Escherichia coil host. Methanotrophs contain two virtually identical copies of pmo genes, and it was necessary to use Southern blotting and probing with pmo gene fragments in order to differentiate between the two pmoCAB ...

A 0·5 kb fragment of Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230 genomic DNA was amplified by PCR using primers based on consensus sequences of cysteine synthase isozyme A from bacteria. The deduced amino acid sequence of the PCR product resembled not only cysteine synthase sequences from prokaryotes and eukaryotes but also eukaryotic cystathionine β-synthase sequences. Probing an Str. venezuelae genomic library with the PCR product located a hybridizing colony from which pJV207 was isolated. Sequencing and analysis of the Str. venezuelae DNA insert in pJV207 detected two ORFs. The deduced amino acid sequence of ORF1 matched both cysteine synthase and cystathionine β-synthase sequences in GenBank, but its size favoured assignment as a cystathionine β-synthase. ORF2 in the pJV207 insert was unrelated in function to ORF1; in its sequence the deduced product resembled acetyl-CoA transferases, but disruption of the ORF did not cause a detectable phenotypic change. Disruption of ORF1 failed to elicit cysteine

The first three enzymatic steps of the strigolactone biosynthetic pathway catalysed by β-carotene cis-trans isomerase Dwarf27 (D27) from Oryza sativa and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases CCD7 and CCD8 from Arabidopsis thaliana have been reconstituted in vitro, and kinetic assays have been developed …

Antibodies for proteins involved in arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity pathways, according to their Panther/Gene Ontology Classification

TY - JOUR. T1 - Colocalization of taurine- and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity in the cerebellum of the rat with monoclonal antibodies against taurine. AU - Magnusson, K. R.. AU - Madl, J. E.. AU - Clements, J. R.. AU - Wu, J. Y.. AU - Larson, A. A.. AU - Beitz, A. J.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1988. Y1 - 1988. N2 - Two monoclonal antibodies against fixative-modified taurine, Tau1 and Tau2, were produced, characterized, and used in the present study to analyze the distribution of taurine in the cerebellum of the rat. In addition, immunohistochemical colocalization experiments were performed to determine whether cerebellar neurons contain both taurine and its synthesizing enzyme, cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSADC). In ELISAs, both Tau1 and Tau2 displayed high affinities for taurine conjugated to various carrier proteins and possessed some cross-reactivity for other amino acids which are present in lower ...

Squalene monooxygenase (also called squalene epoxidase) is an enzyme that uses NADPH and molecular oxygen to oxidize squalene to 2,3-oxidosqualene (squalene epoxide). Squalene epoxidase catalyzes the first oxygenation step in sterol biosynthesis and is thought to be one of the rate-limiting enzymes in this pathway. In humans, squalene epoxidase is encoded by the SQLE gene. Squalene monooxygenase (SqMO) was formerly referred to as squalene epoxidase (SqE) in the literature. Squalene monooxygenase is a flavoprotein monooxygenase. Flavoprotein monooxygenase form flavin hydroperoxides at the enzyme active site, which then transfer the terminal oxygen atom of the hydroperoxide to the substrate. Squalene monooxygenase differs from other flavin monooxygenases in that the oxygen is inserted as an epoxide rather than as a hydroxyl group. Squalene monooxygenase contains a loosely bound FAD flavin and obtains electrons from NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, rather than binding the nicotinamide cofactor ...

The effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), and sulfur amino acid metabolism was examined in human lung epithelial-like (A549) cells exposed to various CSE concentrations (2.5-100%) for 24 or 48h. Intracellular SAM and SAM/SAH ratio were elevated after exposure to CSE for 48h. Cell SAH content decreased, but the effect was not consistent. Cellular cystathionine, cysteine, and methionine levels were increased after CSE exposure for 48h. Sub-acute exposure to CSE induced increases in cellular SAM and SAM/SAH ratio. The transsulfuration pathway was likely activated by CSE since cystathionine increased, potentially contributing to the increased total intracellular GSH content. © 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved ...

para-Nitrophenol (PNP) is a highly toxic compound with threats to mammalian health. The pnpE-encoded γ-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase catalyzes the reduction of γ-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde to maleylacetate in Pseudomonas sp. strain WBC-3, playing a key role in the catabolism of PNP to Krebs cycle intermediates. However, the catalyzing mechanism by PnpE has not been well understood. Here we report the crystal structures of the apo and NAD bound PnpE. In the PnpE-NAD complex structure, NAD is situated in a cleft of PnpE. The cofactor binding site is composed of two pockets. The adenosine and the first ribose group of NAD bind in one pocket and the nicotinamide ring in the other. Six amino acids have interactions with the cofactor. They are C281, E247, Q210, W148, I146 and K172. Highly conserved residues C281 and E247 were identified to be critical for its catalytic activity. In addition, flexible docking studies of the enzyme-substrate system were performed to predict the interactions

Inflammation is associated with schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. A point I have strongly stressed is that the transsulfuration pathway is dysregulated in many neurological illnesses. With the transsulfuration pathway dysregulated there will de decreased levels of L-cysteine which is synthesized via the transsulfuration pathway. Decreased levels of l-cysteine will lead to decreased levels of taurine. Taurine is synthesized from L-cysteine. The bile acid, taurocholate, is synthesized from taurine. With low levels of taurine, essential fatty acids are not absorbed sufficiently. Inflammation in schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and Alsheimer's disease could be due to low levels of taurine which leads to failures to absorb sufficient fatty acids with inflammation resulting. Taurine chloramine which is synthesized from taurine is also an important immunomodulatory. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) cerebral accumulation and symptom and sign severity during hypothyroidism. AU - Schraml, Frank V.. AU - Beason-Held, Lori L.. PY - 2010. Y1 - 2010. N2 - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to correlate hypothyroid-related symptomatology with regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during hypothyroidism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine thyroidectomized patients underwent neuropsychological testing and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of their brains with technetium-99m (Tc-99m) ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD), a lipophilic cerebral blood flow radiotracer, while hypothyroid, and again following thyroid hormone replacement. Neuropsychological test scores and TSH levels while hypothyroid were correlated with rCBF in hypothyroid-affected areas of the brain. RESULTS: Correlations were found during hypothyroidism between the noted parameters and ECD radiotracer accumulation in the following respective regions, all of which ...

Cysteine oxidation mediates oxidative tension signaling and toxicity. substantial thiol oxidation happens just in cells missing Trr, with 30% of most cysteine-containing peptides becoming reversibly oxidized; this oxidized cysteine proteome depends upon the current presence of Trxs. Our observations result in the hypothesis that, in the lack of its Rabbit Polyclonal to ACVL1 reductase, the natural electron donor Trx becomes a robust triggers and oxidant general thiol oxidation. does not result in CUDC-907 kinase inhibitor general thiol oxidation. On the other hand, insufficient thioredoxin reductase transforms the organic electron donor Trx right into a potent and general thiol oxidant. Generally, most solvent-exposed cysteines in the cytoplasm are within their thiol/decreased form. Exceptions to the rule are protein accumulating disulfides within the protein's enzymatic activity [proteome had been recognized from total components using mass spectrometry. Open up in another windowpane FIG. 1. ...

Gut Microbiota Composition Reflects Disease Severity and Dysfunctional Immune Responses in Patients with COVID-19. Although COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory illness, there is mounting evidence suggesting that the GI tract is involved in this disease. We investigated whether the gut microbiome is linked to disease severity in patients with COVID-19, and whether perturbations in microbiome composition, if any, resolve with clearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus…. What are the new findings?. Composition of the gut microbiota in patients with COVID-19 is concordant with disease severity and magnitude of plasma concentrations of several inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and blood markers of tissue damage.. Patients with COVID-19 were depleted in gut bacteria with known immunomodulatory potential, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Eubacterium rectale and several bifidobacterial species.. The dysbiotic gut microbiota composition in patients with COVID-19 persists after clearance of the ...

Looking for tetrachlorobenzene? Find out information about tetrachlorobenzene. C6H2Cl4 Water-insoluble, combustible white crystals that appear in two forms: 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene which melts at 47°C and is used in chemical... Explanation of tetrachlorobenzene

Rat liver mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (a homodimer) was shown to catalyse a β-lyase reaction with three nephrotoxic halogenated cysteine S-conjugates [S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-l-cysteine, S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine and S-(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)-l-cysteine], and less effectively so with a non-toxic cysteine S-conjugate [benzothiazolyl-l-cysteine]. Transamination competes with the β-lyase reaction, but is not favourable. The ratio of β elimination to transamination in the presence of S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-l-cysteine and 2-oxoglutarate is ,100. Syncatalytic inactivation by the halogenated cysteine S-conjugates is also observed. The enzyme turns over approx. 2700 molecules of halogenated cysteine S-conjugate on average for every monomer inactivated. Kidney mitochondria are known to be especially sensitive to toxic halogenated cysteine S-conjugates. Evidence is presented that 15-20% of the cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase activity towards ...

Background Genome characterization of the model PCB-degrading bacterium Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 revealed the presence of eleven central pathways for aromatic compounds degradation, among them, the homogentisate and the homoprotocatechuate pathways. However, the functionality of these central pathways in strain LB400 has not been assessed and related peripheral pathways has not been described. Methodology/Principal Findings The aims of this study were to determine the functionality of the homogentisate and homoprotocatechuate central pathways in B. xenovorans LB400 and to establish their role in 3-hydroxyphenylacetate (3-HPA) and 4-hydroxyphenylacetate (4-HPA) catabolism. Strain LB400 was able to grow using 3-HPA and 4-HPA as sole carbon source. A genomic search in LB400 suggested the presence of mhaAB and hpaBC genes clusters encoding proteins of the 3-hydroxyphenylacetate and 4-hydroxyphenylacetate peripheral pathways. LB400 cells grown with 3-HPA and 4-HPA degraded homogentisate and

TY - JOUR. T1 - [17O]Water and nitric oxide binding by protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase. Evidence for binding of exogenous ligands to the active site Fe2+ of extradiol dioxygenases. AU - Arciero, D. M.. AU - Orville, A. M.. AU - Lipscomb, J. D.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1985. Y1 - 1985. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0022270779&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0022270779&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Article. C2 - 2997190. AN - SCOPUS:0022270779. VL - 260. SP - 14035. EP - 14044. JO - Journal of Biological Chemistry. JF - Journal of Biological Chemistry. SN - 0021-9258. IS - 26. ER - ...

Cysteine and methionine are sulfur-containing amino acids. Cysteine is synthesized from serine through different pathways in different organism groups. In bacteria and plants, cysteine is converted from serine (via acetylserine) by transfer of hydrogen sulfide [MD:M00021]. In animals, methionine-derived homocysteine is used as sulfur source and its condensation product with serine (cystathionine) is converted to cysteine [MD:M00338]. Cysteine is metabolized to pyruvate in multiple routes. Methionine is an essential amino acid, which animals cannot synthesize. In bacteria and plants, methionine is synthesized from aspartate [MD:M00017]. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM), synthesized from methionine and ATP, is a methyl group donor in many important transfer reactions including DNA methylation for regulation of gene expression. SAM may also be used to regenerate methionine in the methionine salvage pathway [MD:M00034 ...

Background and Aims Patients on home parenteral nutrition (HPN) are at risk for catheter-related complications; mainly infections and occlusions. We have previously shown in HPN patients presenting with catheter sepsis that catheter locking with taurolidine dramatically reduced re-infections when compared with heparin. Our HPN population therefore switched from heparin to taurolidine in 2008. The aim of the present study was to compare long-term effects of this catheter lock strategy on the occurrence of catheter-related bloodstream infections and occlusions in HPN patients. Methods Data of catheter-related complications were retrospectively collected from 212 patients who received HPN between January 2000 and November 2011, comprising 545 and 200 catheters during catheter lock therapy with heparin and taurolidine, respectively. We evaluated catheter-related bloodstream infection and occlusion incidence rates using Poisson-normal regression analysis. Incidence rate ratios were calculated by dividing

Incubation of actin with decavanadate induces cysteine oxidation and oxidovanadium(IV) formation. The studies were performed combining kinetic with spectroscopic (NMR and EPR) methodologies. Although decavanadate is converted to labile oxovanadates, the rate of deoligomerization can be very slow (half-life time of 5.4 h, at 25 degrees C, with a first order kinetics), which effectively allows decavanadate to exist for some time under experimental conditions. It was observed that decavanadate inhibits F-actin-stimulated myosin ATPase activity with an IC(50) of 0.8 microM V(10) species, whereas 50 microM of vanadate or oxidovanadium(IV) only inhibits enzyme activity up to 25%. Moreover, from these three vanadium forms, only decavanadate induces the oxidation of the so called "fast" cysteines (or exposed cysteine, Cys-374) when the enzyme is in the polymerized and active form, F-actin, with an IC(50) of 1 microM V(10) species. Decavanadate exposition to F- and G-actin (monomeric form) promotes ...

2-nitropropane dioxygenase: FAD-enzyme which converts 2 moles 2-nitropropane to 2 moles acetone or converts a nitroalkane to hydrogen peroxide + an aldehyde + nitrite

D-arabino-3-Hexulose 6-phosphate was prepared by condensation of formaldehyde with ribulose 5-phosphate in the presence of 3-hexulose phosphate synthase from methane-grown Methylococcus capsulatus. The 3-hexulose phosphate was unstable in solutions of pH greater than 3, giving a mixture of products in which, after dephosphorylation, allulose and fructose were detected. A complete conversion of d-ribulose 5-phosphate and formaldehyde into d-fructose 6-phosphate was demonstrated in the presence of 3-hexulose phosphate synthase and phospho-3-hexuloisomerase (prepared from methane-grown M. capsulatus). d-Allulose 6-phosphate was prepared from d-allose by way of d-allose 6-phosphate. No evidence was found for its metabolism by extracts of M. capsulatus, thus eliminating it as an intermediate in the carbon assimilation process of this organism. A survey was made of the enzymes involved in the regeneration of pentose phosphate during C1 assimilation via a modified pentose phosphate cycle. On the basis ...

Your shown homocysteine pathway is way too simple. Especially the production of the neuromodulator H2S from excess sulfur amino acids is not shown. In the last years many more enzymes and reactions have been discovered. I have summarized human sulfur amino acid metabolism in reactome.org, so please use this link to discover all the details and new papers. I'll also append some of the relevant papers below.. Brosnan, JT, Brosnan, ME The sulfur-containing amino acids: an overview 2006 J Nutr PMID 16702333. Remethylation of homocysteine to methionine can also happen using betaine as a methyl donor. This reaction is also part of choline catabolism.. Li, F, Feng, Q, Lee, C, Wang, S, Pelleymounter, LL, Moon, I, Eckloff, BW, Wieben, ED, Schaid, DJ, Yee, V, Weinshilboum, RM Human betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) and BHMT2: common gene sequence variation and functional characterization 2008 Mol Genet Metab PMID 18457970. Bearden, SE, Beard RS, Jr, Pfau, JC Extracellular transsulfuration ...

The Moco (molybdenum cofactor) sulfurase ABA3 from Arabidopsis thaliana catalyses the sulfuration of the Moco of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidoreductase, which represents the final activation step of these enzymes. ABA3 consists of an N-terminal NifS-like domain that exhibits L-cysteine desulfurase activity and a C-terminal domain that binds sulfurated Moco. The strictly conserved Cys430 in the NifS-like domain binds a persulfide intermediate, which is abstracted from the substrate L-cysteine and finally needs to be transferred to the Moco of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidoreductase. In addition to Cys⁴³⁰, another eight cysteine residues are located in the NifS-like domain, with two of them being highly conserved among Moco sulfurase proteins and, at the same time, being in close proximity to Cys⁴³⁰. By determination of the number of surface-exposed cysteine residues and the number of persulfide-binding cysteine residues in combination with the sequential substitution of each ...

Abscisic acid (ABA) inhibits seed germination and the regulation of ABA biosynthesis has a role in maintenance of seed dormancy. The key rate-limiting step in ABA biosynthesis is catalyzed by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED). Two hydroxamic acid inhibitors of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD), D4 and D7, previously found to inhibit CCD and NCED in vitro, are shown to have the novel property of decreasing mean germination time of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seeds constitutively overexpressing LeNCED1. Post-germination, D4 exhibited no negative effects on tomato seedling growth in terms of height, dry weight, and fresh weight. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seeds containing a tetracycline-inducible LeNCED1 transgene were used to show that germination could be negatively and positively controlled through the chemical induction of gene expression and the chemical inhibition of the NCED protein: application of tetracycline increased mean germination time and delayed hypocotyl ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Draft genome sequences of the alga-degrading bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila strain AD9 and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes strain AD6. AU - Lenneman, Eric M.. AU - Barney, Brett M.. N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2014 Lenneman and Barney. Copyright: Copyright 2016 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2014. Y1 - 2014. N2 - Aeromonas hydrophila AD9 and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes AD6 have been linked to algal cell degradation. Here we report the draft genomes of A. hydrophila AD9 and P. pseudoalcaligenes AD6 for the investigation of causative agents for algal cell degradation.. AB - Aeromonas hydrophila AD9 and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes AD6 have been linked to algal cell degradation. Here we report the draft genomes of A. hydrophila AD9 and P. pseudoalcaligenes AD6 for the investigation of causative agents for algal cell degradation.. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85003671312&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - ...

The bacterial 2,4-dioxygenases 1H-3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinoline 2,4-dioxygenase (Qdo) and 1H-3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinaldine 2,4-dioxygenase (Hod) are involved in the degradation of 1H-4-oxoquinoline by Pseudomonas putida 33/1 and quinaldine by Arthrobacter ilicis Rü61a. These enzymes catalyse an N-heterocyclic ring cleavage, generating N-formylanthranilate and N-acetylanthranilate, respectively, and carbon monoxide. Amino acid sequence comparisons between Qdo, Hod, and a number of proteins belonging to the alpha/beta hydrolase-fold superfamily of enzymes and analysis of the known secondary structure of haloalkane dehalogenase from Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10 strongly suggested that Qdo and Hod are structurally related to the alpha/beta hydrolase-fold enzymes. Site-directed mutagenesis and biochemical investigations supported the hypothesis that H244 of Qdo might be the essential catalytic base. A hypothetical mechanism of Qdo-catalyzed dioxygenation of 1H-3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinoline is compared with the ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Inhibition of receptor-coupled phosphoinositide hydrolysis by sulfur-containing amino acids in rat brain slices. AU - Li, Xiaohua. AU - Jope, Richard S. PY - 1989/9/1. Y1 - 1989/9/1. N2 - Sulfur-containing amino acids were found to inhibit norepinephrine-stimulated [3H]phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat cortical slices. Of the amino acids tested, l-cysteine was the most potent, inhibiting the response by 42 and 85% at concentrations of 50 and 500 μM respectively. l-Cystine and l-serine-O-sulfate also inhibited the response to norepinephrine, but to a lesser degree than did l-cysteine. l-homocysteic acid slightly potentiated phosphoinositide hydrolysis at a concentration of 100μm, but caused inhibition at 500 μM. l-cysteine sulfinate produced effects intermediate to those of l-cysteine and l-homocysteic acid, having no effect on the response to norepinephrine at 50 μM, but causing 84% inhibition at 500 μM. The d-isomers of cysteine and homocysteic acid were much less potent ...

Stress and starvation increased liver metallothionein (MT) and decreased liver glutathione (GSH) levels. Serum cysteine plus cystine levels were increased by stress. The exogenous administration of GSH, while not modifying hepatic GSH content, increased liver MT levels in basal and starved rats but not in stressed rats. Liver and serum cysteine levels were increased by GSH administration, a process partially reverted by the irreversible inhibitor of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alpha-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid. Mouse and rat liver MT levels were also increased by buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, indicating that GSH is not a necessary precursor of MT. In addition, the hepatic MT content was increased by the administration of cysteine in a dose-response manner. These results suggest that hepatic MT synthesis is elevated by increased cysteine pools, and that MT, GSH and cysteine levels are somehow inter-related. MT, besides GSH, may be contemplated as ...

論文Prokaryotic homologs of the eukaryotic 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase and 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase in the degradation pathway of 2-nitrobenzoate by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain KU-7査読有学術雑誌共著岩木 宏明;T.Muraki;M.Taki;Y.Hasegawa;H.Iwaki;P.C.K.Lau;adipic acid;green chemistry;Acinetobacter;gene cloning;Biodegradation;Cyclohexanol;Appl. Enviorn. Microbiol.69巻３号 1564-1572頁2003年3月 英文The 2-nitrobenzoic acid degradation pathway of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain KU-7 proceeds via a novel 3-hydroxyanthranilate intermediate.In this study, we cloned and sequenced a 19-kb DNA locus of strain KU-7 that enocompasses the 3-hydroxyanthranilate meta-cleavage pathway genes.The gene cluster, designated nbaEX HJIGFCDR, is organized tightly and in the same derection.The nbaC and nbaDgene products were found to be novel homologs of the eukaryotic 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase and 2-amino-3carboxymuconate-6semialdehyde ...

Members of the Acidovorax genus are frequently encountered in association with PAH degradation, notably that of phenanthrene, but prior to this work little was known of the underlying genetic determinants behind the phenotype. The particular Acidovorax strain used in this study has genes very similar in sequence and arrangement to those in Alcaligenes faecalis AFK2, and the initial dioxygenase sequence is also highly similar to those in several Burkholderia strains, although not to that of Burkholderia sp. strain RP007. These observations suggest that this particular genotype may be widespread among some PAH-degrading members of the order Burkholderiales.. Unfortunately for comparative purposes, while the genes determined in this study bear significant resemblance to the Alcaligenes faecalis AFK2 sequences deposited in GenBank, there does not appear to be a publication associated with the entry (GenBank accession number AB024945). However, other previously published research on AFK2 revealed the ...

Male pattern baldness (MPB), an observable trait, has been reported to be associated with various diseases, such as prostate cancer and cardiovascular disease. Oral sulfur-containing gases have also been suggested to be useful as markers of systemic health condition. However, there are no known reports regarding the associations among MPB, and oral sulfur-containing gases, and systemic health conditions in males. We studied 170 male subjects aged either 60 or 65 years old. The degree of MPB was assessed using the Norwood-Hamilton Baldness scale. Oral sulfur-containing gases were measured using a compact-designed device. All subjects completed physical and laboratory blood examinations, a face-to-face medical questionnaire, and an oral examination. There were significant differences between the levels of CH3SCH3 and baldness patterns, independent of age. When we analyzed whether the association was linked to systemic health condition, a strong significant association was observed between the level of

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The aim of the work was to identify and characterize the cysteine proteinases of bone tissue, as these enzymes appear necessary for bone resorption. Three cysteine-dependent proteolytic activities were separated from a homogenate of mouse calvaria by a fractionation procedure involving (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The first two are typical cathepsins B and L with respect to (1) their reactivity with anti-(cathepsin B) and anti-(cathepsin L) antibodies respectively, (2) their relative rate constants for inhibition by benzyloxycarbonyl-Phe-Phe-CHN2 and L-3-carboxy-trans-2,3-epoxypropionyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanid ino)butane and (3) their enzymic properties, such as the higher activities of cathepsin L against collagen and gelatin as compared with cathepsin B, and the fact that benzyloxycarbonyl-Arg-Arg 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide is hydrolysed only by cathepsin B. Cathepsin L was mainly recovered in its precursor form, as indicated by its apparent 40 kDa ...

The 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases OsNCED4 was cloned from rice in conjunction with OsNCED 1-3 and 5, of which 3 has been shown to function in ABA biosynthesis and alteration of leaf morphology. In higher plants, NCEDs have been shown to be key enzymes controlling ABA biosynthesis and belong to a differentially expressed gene family. Aside from OsNCED3, it remains largely unknown if other OsNCED genes are involved in ABA biosynthesis in rice. Thus, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing OsNCED4 were generated in the 129B08/nced3 mutant background to explore OsNCED4 function in ABA biosynthesis. Heterologous expression of OsNCED4 in Arabidopsis increased ABA levels and altered plant size and leaf shape, delayed seed germination, caused sugar oversensitivity in post-germination growth, and enhanced tolerance to drought. The native OsNCED3 and OsNCED4 promoters were expressed in an overlapping pattern in rice seeds and young seedlings, suggesting possible functional redundancy between OsNCED3 and

Ralstonia eutropha strain E2 (previously Alcaligenes sp.) is a phenol-degrading bacterium expressing phenol-oxygenating activity with a low Ks (the apparent half-saturation constant in Haldane's equation) and an extremely high KSI (the apparent inhibition constant). To identify the molecular basis for these novel cellular kinetic properties, a 9.5 kb DNA fragment that allowed Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1c (Phl- Cat+) to grow on phenol as the sole carbon source was cloned from strain E2 into plasmid pRO1614. PAO1c harbouring this plasmid (designated pROE217) transformed phenol to catechol, indicating that this fragment contains gene(s) for phenol hydroxylase. The cloned genes consist of eight complete ORFs, designated poxRABCDEFG. The products are homologous to those of dmpRKLMNOPQ of Pseudomonas sp. CF600, sharing 30--65% identity: this suggests that the phenol hydroxylase is a multicomponent enzyme. The kinetic constants for phenol-oxygenating activity of PA01c(pROE217) were determined, and these

Bile acids are usually found conjugated to glycine or taurine, a derivative of cysteine. Cells require the presence of an active bile acid transporter for uptake of these conjugated derivatives (10). To test whether conjugated bile acids would also activate FXR, we coexpressed the human ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) with FXR in CV-1 cells (11). FXR was strongly activated by 3 μM of the taurine or glycine conjugates of CDCA, LCA, and DCA (Fig. 2G). Weaker activation was seen with the conjugated forms of CA, and tauro-MCA was inactive (Fig. 2G). These data indicate that FXR can be activated by conjugated bile acids in tissues that express bile acid transporters such as the terminal ileum, liver, and kidney. The relation between the chemical structure of bile acids and their activation of FXR is in close agreement with the reported effects of bile acids on induction of I-BABP expression in Caco-2 cells and inhibition of Cyp7a expression in hepatocytes (3, 12). Coactivator proteins interact ...

Introduction: Adult hearts contain c-Kit+ endogenous cardiac stem cells (eCSCs) that are being studied for regenerative therapy. eCSCs express volume-dependent Cl- channels (ICl,vol) activated under hemodynamic stress. Here, we examined the changes in eCSC Cl- channels caused by experimental congestive heart failure (CHF).. Methods: c-Kit+ eCSCs isolated from healthy (CTL) and CHF (tachypaced) dog hearts were magnetically purified with c-Kit antibodies. Cl- channel expression in freshly isolated cells was studied with patch clamp and qPCR.. Results: Under isotonic conditions, ionic currents were barely detectable in CTL eCSCs (Fig. A). The current observed was time-independent and reversed at values close to the calculated Cl- equilibrium potential (ECl-≈ -40 mV). This current was insensitive to TEA-Cl but inhibited by the Cl- channel blocker DIDS. When cells were superfused with hypo-osmotic solution (0.7T), an outward current with unchanged reversal potential was activated, and completely ...

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NAC (N-acetyl-L-cysteine) is an antioxidant that helps increase glutathione synthesis, and potentially has benefit during oxidative stress. NAC is the acetyl derivative of L-cysteine. While L-cysteine plays important metabolic roles as a key antioxidant, a glutathione precursor, and a natural source of sulfur for metabolism, it is unstable and can become degraded during absorption. NAC on the other hand, is more stable than L-cysteine. Taken orally, NAC converts into L-cysteine after being absorbed, and raises blood and tissue cysteine levels. As a dietary supplement, NAC is a highly attractive alternative to L-cysteine. Free form amino acid, high purity, well tolerated, and in tablet form to ensure potency. NAC supports the body in five primary ways. 1. NAC is a powerful antioxidant and free radical scavenger. 2. NAC is a safe and frequently used supplement to increase glutathione production in the body. 3. NAC neutralizes environmental toxins and pollutants including heavy metals that ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Hypotaurine is an energy-saving hepatoprotective compound against ischemia-reperfusion injury of the rat liver. AU - Sakuragawa, Tadayuki. AU - Hishiki, Takako. AU - Ueno, Yuki. AU - Ikeda, Satsuki. AU - Soga, Tomoyoshi. AU - Yachie-Kinoshita, Ayako. AU - Kajimura, Mayumi. AU - Suematsu, Makoto. PY - 2010/3. Y1 - 2010/3. N2 - Metabolome analyses assisted by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) have allowed us to systematically grasp changes in small molecular metabolites under disease conditions. We applied CE-MS to mine out biomarkers in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion. Rat livers were exposed to ischemia by clamping of the portal inlet followed by reperfusion. Metabolomic profiling revealed that 1 contents of taurine in liver and plasma were significantly increased. Of interest is an elevation of hypotaurine, collectively suggesting significance of hypotaurine/taurine in post-ischemic responses. Considering the anti-oxidative capacity of hypotaurine, we examined if ...

Graphical abstract: Layer-stack hexagonal cadmium oxide (CdO) micro-rods were prepared. - Highlights: • Novel hexagonal layer-stack structure CdO micro-rods were synthesized by a thermal evaporation method. • The pre-oxidation, vapor pressure and substrate nature play a key role on the formation of CdO rods. • The formation mechanism of CdO micro-rods was explained. - Abstract: Novel layer-stack hexagonal cadmium oxide (CdO) micro-rods were prepared by pre-oxidizing Cd granules and subsequent thermal oxidation under normal atmospheric pressure. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to characterize the phase structure and microstructure. The pre-oxidation process, vapor pressure and substrate nature were the key factors for the formation of CdO micro-rods. The diameter of micro-rod and surface rough increased with increasing of thermal evaporation temperature, the length of micro-rod increased with the increasing of evaporation time. The formation of ...

article{8631988, abstract = {Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important messenger molecule for diverse cellular processes. H2O2 oxidizes proteinaceous cysteinyl thiols to sulfenic acid, also known as S-sulfenylation, thereby affecting the protein conformation and functionality. Although many proteins have been identified as S-sulfenylation targets in plants, site-specific mapping and quantification remain largely unexplored. By means of a peptide-centric chemoproteomics approach, we mapped 1,537 S-sulfenylated sites on more than 1,000 proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana cells. Proteins involved in RNA homeostasis and metabolism were identified as hotspots for S-sulfenylation. Moreover, S-sulfenylation frequently occurred on cysteines located at catalytic sites of enzymes or on cysteines involved in metal binding, hinting at a direct mode of action for redox regulation. Comparison of human and Arabidopsis S-sulfenylation datasets provided 155 conserved S-sulfenylated cysteines, including Cys181 of the ...