Preventing flavor fade requires an understanding of the relationship between carbonyl amine and lipid oxidation reactions. The polyunsaturated fatty acid content of lipids in peanuts makes them more susceptible to lipid oxidation. The major by-products of the oxidation reaction are nonanal, hexanal, octanal, and decanal. These chemicals are associated with cardboardy, painty, and oxidized flavors associated with flavor fade. The carbonyl-amine reaction yields a variety of pyrazines with positive flavor attributes. Initial flavor notes were explored through sensory work, Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry, and chemical analysis. The fresh roasted volatiles produced from roasted peanuts and the aldehydes resulting from oxidation were also evaluated using GC-FID to quantify and identify the pyrazines and hexanal over a 21 day storage period. Electronic Nose was used to determine differences between storage periods. Gas chromatography-Olfactometry identified potent pyrazines contributing to fresh ...
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Gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of the essential oils of leaves and fruits of the ornamental Shinus molle L. were reported and their allelopathic effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was evaluated. Qualitative and qua...
Results for flame ionization detection from leading brands for monitoring and testing. Compare and contact a supplier near you on (monitoring and testing) - Environmental XPRT
Approach and Results-Carotid plaque was assessed using ultrasonography at baseline and after a median period of 9.5 years. Plasma phospholipid n-3 and n-6 FAs were determined using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Relative risk regression analyses assessed the relations of FAs with the presence or progression of carotid plaque adjusted for typical cardiovascular disease risk factors. At baseline, it was found that participants in the fourth quartile of n-3 docosahexaenoic acid showed a 9% lower risk of carotid plaque (P=0.05), whereas those in the second quartile of n-3 α-linolenic acid showed an 11% greater risk compared with respective referent quartiles (P=0.02). In prospective analyses, individuals in the top quartile of docosahexaenoic acid showed a 12% lower risk of carotid plaque progression during 9.5 years compared with those in the referent quartile (P=0.002). No significant relations were observed among n-6 FAs and plaque outcomes. No significant race/ethnicity ...
1. Introduction. The International Centre for Alcohol Policies (ICAP) which defines unrecorded (non-commercial) alcohols as (a) traditional drinks produced, whether legally or illegally, for home consumption or limited trade, (b) unregistered drinks or counterfeit products and (c) non-beverage or surrogate alcohols derived from medicinal products, automobile products or cosmetics1 realizes that although these drinks may adhere to standards of quality, some of them may be contaminated and toxic, thereby posing public health threats of unknown magnitude and necessitating the need for analysis. A collation of literature illustrates the presence of alcoholic beverages obtained from several ingredients including melons,2 oranges,3 mango,4 agave plants.5,6 Analyses of some unrecorded alcohols from India, Mexico, Russia, Tanzania, Zambia,7 Nigeria, Lithuania, Hungary, Guatemala, Poland and Vietman 8 have shown the beverages to contain ethanol (as major component), methanol, n-propanol, 2-butanol, ...
Detectors for use with capillary columns must have high sensitivities due to the limited sample size that can be used whith such columns. In addition, due to the very small peak volumes produced by the column, the sensing volume must also be extremely small. As the flame ionization detector (FID) is mass sensitive as opposed to concentration sensitive (see book 4 of this series for the meaning of mass and concentration sensitivity) the dilution by hydrogen does not effect the detector response. Thus, the FID has both the high sensitivity and the small sensor volume that is necessary and is, consequently, ideal for use with capillary columns. The nitrogen phosphorous detector (NPD) is also appropriate for capillary columns (the function of which is very similar to that of the FID) for the same reason. The micro-argon detector employs a scavenger flow which also, in effect, reduces the sensor volume, so this detector can also be used with capillary columns. The FID and the NPD detector will be ...
Jet Contact Spring for External Igniter and Auto-Ignite Flame Ionization Detector (FID) for the PerkinElmer AutoSystem/AutoSystem XL, and the Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector (NPD) for the PerkinElmer Series/Sigma 2000 Series GCs
Jet Contact Spring for External Igniter and Auto-Ignite Flame Ionization Detector (FID) for the PerkinElmer AutoSystem/AutoSystem XL, and the Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector (NPD) for the PerkinElmer Series/Sigma 2000 Series GCs
The intrinsically safe, portable MicroFID II Flame Ionization Detector (FID) is designed for HAZMAT detection, confined space entry and soil gas monitoring. MicroFID II provides measurements over a wide range of VOCs, including methane. Its operating range of 0.1 ppm to 50,000 ppm helps better define the severity of the hot zone. When sampling in an unknown, potentially explosive environment, responders can be confident the area can be safely entered with measurement information provided by the instrument ...
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The reaction of samfilcon A was monitored using Photo Differential Scanning Calorimetry (Photo-DSC), Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID), and high resolution/accurate mass (HR/AM) Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Photo-DSC was used to monitor the reaction as a function of time and dose. GC-FID and LC-MS provided time dependent consumption of individual monomers, as well as formation of PVP polymer, to further the understanding of the reaction progress. Water content was determined using a gravimetric procedure while modulus was measured using ASTM method 1708. Modulus and % water were collected on 30 lenses. Dk/t (oxygen transmissibility) was calculated using the polarographic technique outlined in ANSI Z80.20:2010 and the mean central thickness on 4 lots of lenses, each of different thickness.. ...
Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and NO + NO2 (NOx) are precursors for photochemical smog which includes particulate matter and ozone. NMHCs and NOx have both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. This work characterizes sources of NMHCs and NOx by developing and deploying instrumentation for the quantification of NMHCs emitted from vegetation and spark ignition engines. A two channel volatile organic compound (VOC) preconcentration system was designed and constructed to measure C2 to C12 VOCs with a gas chromatograph-ion trap mass spectrometer GC-ITMS and a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Observations from three field experiments are used to characterize sources of VOC and NOx, and the impact these pollutants have on local air chemistry. Focus is given to mobile sources emissions as they are an important, often dominant, source of NHMCs and NOx in urban environments. Morning rush hour CO to NOx ratios of 4.2 ± 0.59 mol/mol and 6.9 ± 1.1 mol/mol are reported for Boise, ID and ...
3. Kobayashi S, Putri SP, Yamamoto Y, Donghyo K, Bamba T, Fukusaki E. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabolic profiling for the identification of discrimination markers of Angelicae Radix and its application to gas chromatography-flame ionization detector system. J. Biosci. Bioeng.114(2):232 (2012 ...
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The GC-FID (Gas Chromatograph - Flame Ionization Detector) works by injecting a sample into a column (tube) which is then heated in an oven. The evolution from the stationary phase (solid or liquid) to the mobile phase (gas) is measured as it moves through the column and the flame ionization detector. This technique measures the amount of each compound found in the sample, and our software delivers the results as peaks on a graph as they are reflected at varying temperatures over time. The area under the curve is measured and compared to the calibration, resulting in accurately quantified testing.. ...
Starch index and internal ethylene were measured on a total of 10 fruit per orchard each year. Soluble solids concentration was measured using a handheld temperature-compensated refractometer (Fisher Scientific, Nepean, Ontario, Canada) on fruit in Ontario, but not in Maine. Starch staining with iodine was measured using a visual rating in which 1 = all starch remaining and 8 = no starch (Blanpied and Silsby, 1992). To measure internal ethylene concentration (IEC) in Maine, a 25-mm-long stainless steel needle with a syringe was inserted through the calyx end to remove 1 mL of gas, which was injected into a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (Shimadzu GC-8A, Kyoto, Japan). The gas chromatograph was fitted with a 450 × 3-mm stainless steel column packed with activated alumina. Operating conditions were as follows: oven temperature was 80 °C, injector temperature was 200 °C, and flame ionization detector temperature was 200 °C. IEC was measured in Ontario by withdrawing a 3-mL ...
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The associated electronics of the FID sensor consist of a high voltage power supply and a high impedance amplifier. The jet and electrode can be connected to the power supply and amplifier in basically two different configurations; the two alternatives are shown in figure 17. The floating jet configuration is the most commonly used and is shown on the left in figure 17. One side of the high voltage power supply is earthed (grounded) and the other is taken to the cylindrical electrode. A high resistance is situated between the jet and earth. This resistance is changed to adjust the sensitivity of the detector but at the maximum sensitivity may be as great as 1000 M.. ...
A piece of equipment used in gas chromatography that uses a flame to decompose the neutral solute molecules into charged particles, then measures any changes in conductivity ...
A market survey was conducted to determine the availability of portable, direct-reading flame ionization detectors for the measurement of organic vapors. Two prototypes, the Wilks Miran 101 infrared analyzer for toluene and the h.nu photo-ionization meter were included in this study along with four flame ionization instruments. Manufacturers of selected meters were requested to submit a meter for
The Thermo Scientific TVA-1000B Toxic Vapor Analyzer is the only over- the shoulder portable vapor analyzer that offers both Flame Ionization Detection (FID) and Photo Ionization Detection (PID) in a single, easy-to-use instrument.
With the aim to reinforce laboratory competence in the field of testing the quality of fish from aquaculture, a study on the precision of fatty acid (FA) analyses in fish meat and fish feed was undertaken. Different methods were performed in laboratories. In situ transesterification method and extraction of lipids from the fish were followed by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The reproducibility (R) values of the majority of FAs were less than 3% of their absolute values. Differences in calculating ionization detector response factors and/or autoxidation caused by faulty sample-handling could lead to variation in quantification of FAs in fish, especially for FA C22:6n-3. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between the two laboratories quantifications of FAs in fish and fish feed (Pearsons correlation coefficient; r = 0.987, r = 0.994, and r = 0.997; for fish Z [trout], fish Š [rainbow trout], and fish feed, respectively). Overall, adequate ...
Significant findings. Conventional chemical analyses for volatile insect pheromones usually involve the use of a gas chromatograph (GC). The GC separates individual chemical components in the complex mixture. Each separate compound is then usually quantified using a flame ionization detector (FID). This detector basically burns and ionizes all the carbon in each separated chemical component. This method of analysis requires a relatively large chemical concentration to acquire a good signal for quantitation. Besides being insensitive, this form of ionization detection is nonspecific and not useful for assessing very low but bioactively significant pheromone concentrations that result in mating disruption in apple and pear orchard air.. Our preliminary method development findings using the GC/MS/CI show that both the electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) modes on the mass spectrometer have greatly enhanced sensitivity for codlemone quantitation compared to conventional GC/FID ...
As is the case with many other small, polar molecules, analysing for formaldehyde presents analysts with a real challenge.. If you attempt to analyse for CH2O by GC you quickly find that a flame ionisation detector gives no response, and with a molecular weight of just 30, GC-MS offers no help either; so to analyse this pesky compound by GC at low levels you need something exotic like a helium ionisation detector, which, for low level work is tricky to use.. If that isnt enough to contend with, formaldehyde can react in the sampling system, injector or column, which means that sometimes when the analysis should work - it just doesnt.. A common approach is to trap and derivatize gas phase samples on DNPH tubes and analyse the derivatives by LC using a fluorescence detector.. You can get decent results this way, but it is slow and time consuming.. This matters, because formaldehyde is toxic, a known human carcinogen and very useful. We manufacture more than 8.7 million tonnes of formaldehyde per ...
It was investigated whether concentrations of DHA and AA would increase if preterm infants were fed formula containing 0.4% DHA and AA instead of 0.2% DHA and AA, and whether these concentrations would be more similar to those of preterm infants fed human milk.. Infants (bw ,1500 g and/or ga ,32 w) received preterm formula or fortified human milk until term. Thereafter, they were randomized to a postdischarge formula (n = 30, PDF) or a standard term formula (n = 31, TF) until 6 months CA. Twelve infants were fed human milk exclusively until 3 months CA (HM3). At term, 3 and 6 months CA a venous blood sample was drawn and LC-PUFA status in the red blood cell was determined by capillary gas chromatography/flame ionisation detection.. AA, DHA and the DHA/AA ratio were higher in infants fed PDF than in infants fed TF at 3 and 6 months CA. AA was higher in HM3 infants than in PDF/TF infants at 3+6 months CA. DHA was lower in HM3 infants than in PDF infants at all times.. Feeding preterm infants ...
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are gut microbiota metabolites recognized for their beneficial effects on the host organism. In this study, a simple and rapid sample preparation method combined to SCFAs analysis by direct injection and gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), for the determination and quantification of eight SCFAs (acetic, propionic, i-butyric, butyric ...
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are gut microbiota metabolites recognized for their beneficial effects on the host organism. In this study, a simple and rapid sample preparation method combined to SCFAs analysis by direct injection and gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), for the determination and quantification of eight SCFAs (acetic, propionic, i-butyric, butyric ...
2. So far the 0-1cm of 10cm cores of marine sediment spiked with Biodegradable lubricant, used lubricant, clean lubricant and Special Antarctic Blend (SAB) diesel have been analysed by gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionisation detector (GC-FID). Analyses by GC-FID allowed the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration at each sample time to be calculated from statistical analysis. Further analyses were performed on the SAB sediments extractions by GC-MS (mass spectrometry). The chromatograms of the extractions were compared with chromatograms of standard mixtures of compounds and a compound identification library and thus, peaks were identified. From this peak identification, degradation patterns of compounds and groups of compounds could be seen; naphthalenes degrade less readily with increasing methyl groups but still degrade more readily than n-alkanes. From the analyses of the 0-1cm sediment extractions the most recalcitrant compounds were (adamantanes and diamantanes) and the ...
A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedure has been developed for the determination of 16 US Environmental Protection Agency promulgated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Five kinds of SPME fibers were used and compared in this study. The extracted sample was analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection or mass spectrometry. Parameters affecting the sorption of analyte into the fibers, including sampling time, thickness of the fiber coating, and the effect of temperature, have been examined. Moreover, the feasibility of headspace SPME with different working temperatures was evaluated. The method was also applied to real samples. The 85-microm polyacrylate (PA) and 100-microm poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) fibers were shown to have the highest affinities for the selected PAHs. The PA fiber was more suitable than the PDMS fiber for the determination of low-ring PAHs while high sensitivity of high-ring PAHs was observed when a 100-microm PDMS fiber was used. The method ...
Around 144 cannabinoids have been identified in cannabis plant, among them tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most prominent ones. Because of the legal restrictions on cannabis in many countries, it is difficult to obtain standards to use in research; nonetheless, it is important to develop a cannabinoid quantification technique with pharmaceutical applications for quality control of future therapeutic cannabinoids. To find relevant articles for this narrative review paper, a combination of keywords such as medicinal cannabis, analytical, quantification and cannabinoids were searched for in PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library (Wiley) databases. The most common cannabinoid quantification techniques include gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). GC is often used in conjunction with mass spectrometry (MS) or flame ionization detection (FID). The major advantage of GC is terpenes quantification however, for evaluating acidic
TY - JOUR. T1 - Quantitative carbon detector (QCD) for calibration-free, high-resolution characterization of complex mixtures. AU - Maduskar, Saurabh. AU - Teixeira, Andrew R.. AU - Paulsen, Alex D.. AU - Krumm, Christoph. AU - Mountziaris, T. J.. AU - Fan, Wei. AU - Dauenhauer, Paul J.. PY - 2015/1/21. Y1 - 2015/1/21. N2 - Current research of complex chemical systems, including biomass pyrolysis, petroleum refining, and wastewater remediation requires analysis of large analyte mixtures (,100 compounds). Quantification of each carbon-containing analyte by existing methods (flame ionization detection) requires extensive identification and calibration. In this work, we describe an integrated microreactor system called the Quantitative Carbon Detector (QCD) for use with current gas chromatography techniques for calibration-free quantitation of analyte mixtures. Combined heating, catalytic combustion, methanation and gas co-reactant mixing within a single modular reactor fully converts all analytes ...
Theoretical work in the field of unimolecular reactions raises some doubt whether or not high pressure limits to unimolecular rates do exist. The objective of the work was to study the unimolecular decomposition of some alkyl-substituted cyclobutanes at pressures as high as two hundred atmospheres, using nitrogen as a diluent gas, in an attempt to determine if the proposed limits actually exist. Small partial pressures (twenty to fifty mm Hg) of ethylcyclobutane were mixed from one hundred to four thousand psi of oxygen-free nitrogen and pyrolyzed at approximately four hundred ten degrees centigrade. Analyses were done on a Varian Aerograph six hundred D chromatograph with flame ionization detection. Despite serious experimental problems the search was successful and the predicted decrease of the rate constant was observed and verified. Measurements of this sort can provide kineticists with a new type of information about the nature of the transition state in unimolecular gas reactions. (Author)(
Exhaust emissions of non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and methane were measured from a Tier 3 dual-fuel demonstration locomotive running diesel-natural gas blend. Measurements were performed with the typical flame ionization detector (FID) method in accordance with EPA CFR Title 40 Part 1065 and with an alternative Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy method. Measurements were performed with and without oxidation catalyst exhaust aftertreatment. FTIR may have potential for improved accuracy over the FID when NMHC is dominated by light hydrocarbons. In the dual fuel tests, the FTIR measurement was 1-4% higher than the FID measurement of. NMHC results between the two methods differed considerably, in some cases reporting concentrations as much as four times those of the FID. However, in comparing these data it is important to note that the FTIR method has several advantages over the FID method, so the differences do not necessarily represent error in the FTIR ...
Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) are a complex mixture of organic compounds, which can negatively impact terrestrial ecosystems. The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) provides recommendations on the allowable concentrations of PHC in Canadian soils. The preferred method for PHC analysis according to the CCME is solvent extraction with 1:1 acetone/hexane (1:1 AH) to recover PHC from soils, followed by quantification via gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). However, the 1:1 AH solvent often co-extracts naturally occurring biological organic compounds (BOC) along with PHCs from soils. This co-extraction of BOC could lead to an incorrect PHC concentration in soil. One potential PHC soil remediation technology is plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) enhanced phytoremediation systems (PEPS). PEPS use plants and their associated microbiota to remove PHC from soils. This investigation was divided into two sections. First was optimization of PHC ...
provides simple functions to align peak lists obtained from Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detectors (GC-FID) based on retention times and plots to evaluate the quality of the alignment. The package supports any other one-dimensional chromatograpy technique that enables the user to create a peak list with at least one column specifying retention times as illustrated below.. ...
The DGA technique involves extracting or stripping the gases from the oil and injecting them into a gas chromatograph (GC). Detection of gas concentrations usually involves the use of a flame ionization detector (FID) and a thermal conductivity detector (TCD). Most systems also employ a methanizer, which converts any carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide present into methane so that it can be burned and detected on the FID, a very sensitive sensor. Removing the gas from the oil is one of the more difficult and critical portions of the procedure. The original method, now ASTM D3612A, required that the oil be subjected to a high vacuum in an elaborate glass-sealed system to remove most of the gas from the oil. The gas was then collected and measured in a graduated tube by breaking the vacuum with a mercury piston. The gas was removed from the graduated column through a septum with a gas-tight syringe and immediately injected into a GC. In the present modern day laboratory, however, mercury is not a ...
John Driscoll started the business as HNU Systems, Inc. in 1973 in Newton, MA as an incredibly talented chemist and innovator credited with commercializing the technique of photoionization and in 1976 utilizing his research and expanding the photoionization detector (PID) product development and applying it to gas chromatography-it was found that the PID when used with a gas chromatograph (GC) is 50 more sensitive than the accepted technology available in the 1970s: the flame ionization detector (FID). PID Analyzers still uses HNU for their web address since HNU stands for the energy of the photon think Physics where: h is Planks constant yielding the Greek symbol nu which initiates the photoionization process. ...
In an effort to predict the service life of activated carbon respirator cartridges, the role of vapor polarity on breakthrough times was studied using the Wheeler model. The Wheeler model, which was developed to predict adsorbent bed behavior in dynamic systems, was described. Breakthrough was tested using a gas chromatograph containing both flame ionization detectors (FID) and photoionization det
The ultra clean high capacity combi filter is perfect for purifying Flame Ionization Detector (FID) fuel gases, removing both moisture and hydrocarbons. Using this filter for FID hydrogen and air will produce a stable baseline, improving overall reproducibility and sensitivity. Ideal for use in combination with a zero air generator.
Pipet 100.0 mg of standard solution or sample solution into a glass tube fitted with a screw cap and add 100.0 mg of internal standard solution. Remove the water by lyophilization and dissolve the residue in 1.0 ml of pyridine. Add 4 mg O-benzyl-hydroxylamine hydrochloride, and cap the tube and set it aside for 12 h at room temperature. Then, add 1 ml of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) and heat to 80º for 12 h shaking occasionally and allow to cool. Inject 1 µl portions of these solutions directly into a gas chromatograph under the following operating conditions with helium as carrier gas (initial flow rate: approx. 1 ml/min at 80º and 1 atm; split flow: 25 ml/min):. Column: Fused silica HT-8 (25 m x 0.22 mm x 0.25 µm), or equivalent. Injector: Programmed temperature vaporizer: 30º; 270º/min to 300º (49 min). Detector: Flame ionization detector; 360º. Temperature program: 80º (3 min); 10º/min 80º (3 min); 10º/min to 210º; 5º/min to 350º (6 min). Approximate ...
The analyzer is based on a flame ionization detector (FID) with FlowGuard electronic control that delivers a small portion of the sample gas to the detector flame. During the combustion process, organic or hydrocarbon-based gases in the sample are ionized then they are detected by the instrument and reported as a concentration ...
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THE ALE/GAGE/AGAGE NETWORK (Last revision-August 2014, Last data update-May 2014) The following material provides a brief history of the ALE/GAGE/AGAGE program, which has consisted of 3 stages corresponding to major advances and upgrades in instrumentation and resulting increases in measurement frequency, precision, and number of gaseous species that could be measured. The first stage, ALE(Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment), began in 1978 using Hewlett-Packard (HP) 5840 gas chromatographs (gc) with an electron-capture detector (ECD) to measure five species (CFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2), methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) 4 times daily. In the 1981-1985 time frame, ALE was phased into GAGE (Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment) which used HP 5880 chromatographs and flame ionization detectors (FIDs) to measure the original suite of gases plus chloroform (CHCl3), CFC-113 (CCl2FCClF2 ) and methane (CH4). During GAGE the frequency of measurement was also ...
Extractables can be diverse. No single analytical method can detect all extractables, so multiple orthogonal methods must always be used. The table below summarizes analytical techniques and their ability to detect diverse chemical entities extracted from materials.. Liquid chromatography and gas chromatography are two analytical separation techniques that, when applied together, provide the ability to detect diverse extractables. The use of alternate sample introduction techniques (e.g. headspace analysis) and detectors (e.g. flame ionization detector) increases the range of detectable extractables.. In addition, sample modification techniques can provide the ability to more effectively detect specific types of extractables. For example, organic acids are often more easily detected by GC following sample derivatization.. The different techniques employed by VR Analytical are briefly described below. When a combination of these techniques is applied, a more complete characterization of the ...
The increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has led the scientific community to investigate the adverse effects on humanity and nature, including the greenhouse effect, which contributes to global warming and can lead to climate change, besides the risks associated with human health. Due to the importance of metrological issues in the current scenario, the Laboratory of Gas Analysis (Lanag) of the National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro) is developing the methodology of preparation of such primary standard gas mixtures through gravimetry. For the preparation of these standards, an analysis verification step is necessary, carried out by means of an analytical technique of comparison, at low levels of concentration, by cavity ringdown (CRDS) and by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector coupled to a methaniser catalyst (GC-FIDmeth). This work presents the method validation of both methodologies developed to analyze a range of
A simple and rapid microextraction procedure based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was developed for the extraction and analysis of 2-phenylethanol in rose water sample. In the proposed approach, carbon tetrachloride and ethanol were used as extraction and dispersive solvents, respectively. Some important parameters, such as extraction and disperser solvent and volume of them, extraction time, pH and salt effect were investigated. Under optimized conditions, a linear relationship was obtained in the range of 1.0-300.0 mg l-1. The method detection limit was 0.1 mg l-1. The relative standard deviations for the analysis of 2-phenylethanol were in the range of 1.5-2.4%. The relative recoveries of 2-phenylethanol at spiking levels of 10, 75 and 150 mg l-1 were 93.7, 96.9 and 97.2%, respectively. The enrichment factor of the proposed method was 123. The proposed method is a simple, fast, accurate, highly stable and
Gašparović, Blaženka; Kazazić, Snježana; Cvitešić, Ana; Penezić, Abra; Frka, Sanja (2015) Improved separation and analysis of glycolipids by Iatroscan thin-layer chromatography-flame ionization detection. Journal of chromatography. A, 1409 . pp. 259-267. ISSN 0021-9673 Gašparović, Blaženka; Kozarac, Zlatica; Saliot, Alain; Ćosović, Božena; Moebius, Dietmar (1998) Physicochemical Characterization of Natural and ex-Situ Reconstructed Sea-Surface Microlayers. Journal of colloid and interface science, 208 (1). pp. 191-202. ISSN 0021-9797 Gašparović, Blaženka; Plavšić, Marta; Bošković, Nikola; Ćosović, Božena; Reigstad, Marit (2007) Organic matter characterization in Barents Sea and eastern Arctic Ocean during summer. Marine Chemistry, 105 (1/2). pp. 151-165. ISSN 0304-4203 Gašparović, Blaženka; Plavšić, Marta; Ćosović, Božena; Reigstad, Marit (2005) Organic matter characterization and fate in the subarctic Norwegian fjords during late spring/summer period. Estuarine, ...
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aliphatic banding: ,C5-C6, ,C6-C8, ,C8-C10, ,C10-C12, ,C12-C16, ,C16-C21, ,C21- C35, ,C35- C44. aromatic banding: ,C5-C7, ,C7-C8, ,C8-C10, ,C10-C12, ,C12-C16, ,C16- C21, ,C21- C35, ,C35- C44. Methodology - Liquid/liquid solvent extraction of a water sample into pentane followed by determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons by two dimensional gas chromatography using flame ionisation detection (GCxGC-FID). ...
An experiment was undertaken by Tanniet al. (1992) to determine the octanol-water partition coefficient of 2-(2-methylpropoxy)ethanol and thirteen other ethylene glycol ethers as part of a study evaluating structure-toxicity relationships. The estimation (solubility ratio) methodology followed was according to that outlined by Tanni and Hashimoto (1982) and involved analyses by gas-liquid chromatography with flame ionisation detection and a glass column. Under the conditions of the experiment, 2-(2-methylpropoxy)ethanol was reported to be evidently separated from the organic (n-octanol) phase that had been dissolved in water. Following analyses, a log Kow of 0.75 was determined for 2-(2-methylpropoxy)ethanol. ...
Since he was a young athlete, Nick Frank dreamed of working at Nike alongside world-renowned scientists designing sportswear to improve athletic performance. Completing a Bachelor and Master of Science in the Department of Kinesiology further developed his curiosity in biomechanics and helped him develop a strong foundation in essential research skills. Combining persistence with solid field experience helped Nick to land a position as a Researcher at Nike, where he designs exceptional footwear for basketball players around the world.. ...
TY - JOUR AU - Novaković, J AU - Tvrzická, E AU - Ražić, Slavica PY - 1998 UR - http://farfar.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/208 AB - High-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD) and thin layer chromatography with flame ionization detection (TLC-FID) have been applied to the separation of five main free bile acids present in humans : cholic (CA), chenodeoxycholic (CDCA), deoxycholic (DCA), lithocholic (LCA) and ursodeoxycholic (UDCA) acid. HPLC separation was performed on Biospher Si 100 column using a mixture of n- heptane, isopropanol, ethylacetate, methanol and glacial acetic acid as a mobile phase. All the compounds were separate in less than 12 minutes by using a gradient elution mode. TLC-FID separation was performed on S-II Chromarods with a mixture of isooctane, ethylacetate and glacial acetic acid as a mobile phase. HPLC-ELSD method was applied to the determination of CDCA and UDCA in pharmaceuticals and their purity control when ...
Plectranthus is a large and widespread genus with a diversity of ethnobotanical uses. In traditional medicine P. mollis has been used against snakebites, respiratory stimulant and vasoconstrictor, cardiac depressant, cure for haemorrahage, treatment of mental retardation and rheumatism. P. mollis is reported to exhibit relaxant activity on smooth and skeletal muscles, and has cytotoxic and anti-tumour promoting activity, and can be used in the treatment of cancer. The aim of the present study was to identify chemical composition of the essential oil of P. mollis and to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of the oil. The essential oil of the flowering aerial parts of P. mollis was obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Twenty-seven compounds were identified, which comprised 98.6% of the total constituents. The main compound was identified as fenchone (32.3%), ...
In the present study, tenorite (CuO) nanoparticles have been assayed for their catalytic properties. The decontamination reaction of chloro ethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) as an surrogate of sulfur mustard simulant have been accomplished on the surface of CuO NPs with different weight ratios at ambient temperature and monitored by Gas chromatography equipped with Flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). CuO NPs were successfully synthesized via precipitation method in the absence and presence of polyvinylpyrrolydone (PVP) and copper (ΙΙ) nitrate as the precursors. PVP was used as a capping agent to control and reduce the agglomeration of the nanoparticles. The synthesized CuO NPs were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The GC analysis results has revealed that the decontamination of CEES occurred in n-hexane solvent with the weight ratio of 1:40 (CEES:
Esters and Solvents LLP was established in 1980 with the idea in mind to fulfill the requirements of the chemical industry in developing super specialty chemicals. The ability of this solvent to distribute between the aqueous and polymeric phases contributes to film formation and formulation stability. n CH3COO(CH2CH2O)2C4H9. Synonym: Butyldiglycol acetate, Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate Linear Formula: CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 O(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 Molecular Weight: 204.26 Butyl carbitol and butyl carbitol acetate are used as a solvent for nitrocellulose, oils, dyes, gums, soaps, and polymers, and as a pasticizer in lacquers and coatings. Its mild, nonresidual odor makes it ideal to be used in interior latex coatings. Act as a coalescing agent, evaporation retarder, and active solvent. Samples are desorbed with 5:95 methanol:methylene chloride and analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Octyl Salicylate is a salicylic ester which can be used as an UV ...
Abstract Body: The use of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracking of shale has catapulted the US into one of the leading producers of natural gas in 2012. The producers are interested in the natural gas composition (C1 to C6 hydrocarbon and BTU content). Local Environmental Agencies will be concerned with leakage of methane from the fracking operation both from a reduction in the O2 level where employees work or a large leakage of a potential greenhouse gas during production. Another application involves the investigation of contamination of methane in local water supplies or streams. Data will be presented utilizing the PID Analyzers Model 312 portable gas chromatograph (GC) configured with a flame ionization detector (FID) that will detect hydrocarbons from ppm to percent levels. A dual column system is used for the various fracking applications described above. The portable GC has an embedded PC with PeakWorksTM software for GC control and peak integration. The internal battery and the ...
In December 2007 the oil tanker Hebei Spirit released about 12,547 kilo liters of crude oil into the west coast of Korea, heavily impacting more than 70 km of coastline of Taean County. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in seawater was monitored using a gas chromatograph / flame ionization detector (GC/FID) to understand the contamination levels and temporal variations of dissolved/dispersed oil in intertidal seawater. An extensive sample collection campaign was initiated at the impacted sites five days after the spill, and subsequent monthly-based surveys were continued until December 2008. TPH concentrations in seawater, immediately after the spill (December 12 좻 16, 2007), ranged from 1.22 to 106,000 꺷g L-1 with an average of 1,540 꺷g L-1 (n=92) and appeared to decrease dramatically to 1.98 좻 172 꺷g L-1 in one month after the spill. The TPH concentrations in seawater fluctuated with time thereafter, because of the remobilization of oil by continuing shoreline cleanup activities and ...
Five canola cultivars (Cascade, Ceres, Cobra, Doublol, and Jetton) were planted in replicated field experiments during 1994 95 crop season to determine the effects of three planting dates (Sept. 13, 28, and Oct. 7) on yield and quality of canola oil. Other experiments evaluated seeding rates (5.4, 3.6, and 1.8 kg seed/ha) and nitrogen application (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N/ha) with Jetton cultivar. The seeding rate and nitrogen rate experiments were planted on Sept. 28, 1994. All plots were harvested at maturity, approximately during the first week of June, 1995. Lipids were extracted from 20 g of ground seed three times at room temperature by homogenization with hexane/isopropanol (3:2, v/v) (St. John and Bell 1990). The fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of the lipid were prepared (Dahmer et al. 1989) and analyzed in a Varian model Vista 6000 Gas Chromatograph equipped with a fused silica capillary column (SP-wax10, 25 m × 0.25 mm i.d.), a flame ionization detector and a Spectra Physics ...
RTECS registry number: GZ1255000 Relative molecular mass: 391.31 Permethrin was invented in 1973 and marketed in 1977 as a photo-stable pyrethroid. It is a mixture of four stereo-isomers. Technical grade permethrin is more than 91-93% pure. It is formulated as emulsifiable concentrates, ultra-low volume concentrates, wettable powders, dust, fogging formulations, and aerosols. 1.2 Physical and Chemical Properties Some physical and chemical properties of permethrin are given in the International Chemical Safety Card (section 6). Technical permethrin is a yellow brown to brown liquid or crystalline material. It is stable to light and heat, but unstable in alkaline media. 1.3 Analytical Methods Residue and environmental analysis can be performed using a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector at a minimum detectable concentration of 0.005 mg/kg. Gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector is used to analyse technical products. 1.4 Uses Approximately 600 tonnes of ...
Identification of wildlife species from indirect evidence can be an important part of wildlife management, and conventional +methods can be expensive or have high error rates. We used chemical characterization of the volatile organic constituents (VOCs) in scat as a method to identify 5 species of North American canids from multiple individuals. We sampled vapors of scats in the headspace over a sample using solid-phase microextraction and determined VOC content using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. We used linear discriminant analysis to develop models for differentiating species with bootstrapping to estimate accuracy. Our method correcdy classified 82.4% (bootstrapped 95% CI = 68.8-93.8%) of scat samples. Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) scat was most frequendy misclassified (25.0% of scats misclassified); red fox was also the most common destination for misclassified samples. Our findings are the first reported identification of animal species using VOCs in vapor emissions from scat and
Abstract. High-frequency atmospheric measurements of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) from Darjeeling, India are presented from December 2011 (CH4)/March 2012 (N2O and SF6) through February 2013. These measurements were made on a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and electron capture detector, and were calibrated on the Tohoku University, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO)-98 and SIO-2005 scales for CH4, N2O and SF6, respectively. The observations show large variability and frequent pollution events in CH4 and N2O mole fractions, suggesting significant sources in the regions sampled by Darjeeling throughout the year. By contrast, SF6 mole fractions show little variability and only occasional pollution episodes, likely due to weak sources in the region. Simulations using the Numerical Atmospheric dispersion Modelling Environment (NAME) particle dispersion model suggest that many of the enhancements in the three gases result from ...
In the present study, physiological, biochemical and molecular analyses were performed using fruits from various stages of fruit development. Physiological and biochemical analyses included measurements of carotenoid, FAC (fatty acid composition) and ethylene production. UV-Vis spectrophotometer, gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GCMS) and GC equipped with flame ionization detector (FID) were used to estimate and quantify the β-carotene content, FAC and ethylene production from the fruit mesocarp from young until the ripening stages. Results showed that changes in the β-carotene content, FAC and ethylene production throughout the fruit developmental stages from young until ripening were significant (p,0.001). Both accumulation of the β-carotene and ethylene production increased as the fruits developed and reached the maximum at the ripest stage used in this study. Similarly, changes in the FAC was observed especially in palmitic, oleic, stearic and linoleic acid throughout the fruit ...
Refined, bleached, and deodorized palm oil become one of the potential renewable resources in biolubricant application. However, palm oil cannot be used directly as biolubricant because of its low oxidative stability. It is due to the presence of oxidation active site β-hydrogen in a glycerol backbone structure. This drawback can be overcome by molecule structural redesign through chemical modification process such as esterification with polyhydric alcohol. The synthesis of biolubricant was carried out via esterification of palm oil fatty acids with trimethylolpropane in a mole ratio of 3.5:1, 1.34% sulphuric acid as the catalyst at 154°C for 5.97 h. Gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector was used to determine the percentage of ester composition in palm oil trimethylolpropane (POTMP) ester. The structure of POTMP ester was confirmed by Fourier transformation infra-red (FTIR), proton and carbon Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) spectroscopy. The result showed ...
The Series 2400 Total Hydrocarbon Analyzer is microprocessor-controlled designed to continuously measure concentrations of hydrocarbons. The Series 2400 utilizes a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) operating on the principle that the electrical conductivity of a gas is directly proportional to the concentration of charged particles within the gas. Designed to continuously measure and monitor concentrations of Hydrocarbons in a gas stream, it can also measure CO & CO2 using a methanizer. The instrument provides long term stability and accurate performance in a multitude of gas manufacturing facilities and laboratory applications.. ...
AMS-Dielheim, your partner for Process Analysis Systems. Portable and stationary Trace Oxygen Analysers for General- and Ex-Applications. TÜV-approved Flue Gas Probes and Transmitters, also for High Temperature and Ex-Applications. Fourier-Transformed Thermal Conductivity Analysers. Wobbe Index Analysers for combustible gases and Off-gases from Chemical and Petrochemical Industries for fast burner control. Zero Air Generators for use with Flame Ionisation Detectors (FID).
A new, simple, precise, and rapid high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed for the analysis of commercial emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations of cypermethrin, α-cypermethrin, and λ-cyhalothrin. A known amount of reference grade synthetic pyrethroid and its EC formulation was subjected to TLC, and the amount of pesticide present in the active ingredient spot was estimated by densitometry in a single beam, single wavelength reflectance mode. Calibration curves of the synthetic pyrethroid was linear in the range of 8-24 μg, and the correlation coefficient for the calibration equation ranged between 0.97 and 0.99. Recoveries from laboratory-prepared test samples of the EC formulation were in the range of 95-99%. Pesticide formulations were further analyzed by gas liquid chromatography using flame ionization detector, and results were comparable. The proposed HPTLC method has application for quality control and determination of the shelf life of EC formulations ...
PORTER RANCH, CA - A SoCalGas news release says the screening and laboratory results show that the level of methane detected in indoor air in the homes sampled is well below California EPAs screening value, and consistent with normal indoor air levels.. Additionally, mercaptan was not detected in the indoor air. According to Geosyntecs report, no further testing is warranted.. The objective of the indoor air screening was to determine if methane and natural gas odorants were present in homes in concentrations that could warrant further evaluation. The screening was completed on March 14 through 16 in more than 70 homes throughout the Porter Ranch community.. SoCalGas said: All screenings for methane were found to be well below levels that would warrant further evaluation. In addition, no natural gas odorants (mercaptans) were detected in any sample.. Methane screening was conducted using a handheld flame ionization detector. Measurements were taken in all accessible rooms, garages and in ...
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A simple, low-cost concentric capillary nebulizer (CCN) was developed and evaluated for ICP spectrometry. The CCN could be operated at sample uptake rates of 0.050-1.00 ml min^ and under oscillating and non-oscillating conditions. Aerosol characteristics for the CCN were studied using a laser Fraunhofter diffraction analyzer. Solvent transport efficiencies and transport rates, detection limits, and short- and long-term stabilities were evaluated for the CCN with a modified cyclonic spray chamber at different sample uptake rates. The Mg II (280.2nm)/l\/lg 1(285.2nm) ratio was used for matrix effect studies. Results were compared to those with conventional nebulizers, a cross-flow nebulizer with a Scott-type spray chamber, a GemCone nebulizer with a cyclonic spray chamber, and a Meinhard TR-30-K3 concentric nebulizer with a cyclonic spray chamber. Transport efficiencies of up to 57% were obtained for the CCN. For the elements tested, short- and long-term precisions and detection limits obtained ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Whey-protein-coated peanuts assessed by sensory evaluation and static headspace gas chromatography. AU - Lee, S. Y.. AU - Trezza, T. A.. AU - Guinard, J. X.. AU - Krochta, J. M.. PY - 2002/1/1. Y1 - 2002/1/1. N2 - Lipid oxidation is one of the leading causes of deterioration in peanuts. Oxygen concentration plays an important role in oxidation. Oxygen uptake can be impeded by specialized packaging systems or an edible coating, which in turn will decrease the rate of lipid oxidation. Four different formulations of whey-proteinrbased coatings were used to coat the peanuts. The peanut samples were stored in duplicate at 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C, each for storage times of 0, 5, 15, and 45 d. Descriptive analysis results revealed that the rancidity was significantly lower for whey-protein-coated peanuts than for uncoated peanuts. This finding was also confirmed by static headspace GC analysis.. AB - Lipid oxidation is one of the leading causes of deterioration in peanuts. Oxygen ...
Saw Palmetto Extract 160 mg - 120 softgelsRecommended Use:1 to 2 softgel daily between meals, or as recommended by your health care professional.Native to the southern atlantic coast of the United States, the saw palmetto berry was used by Native Americans for a variety of different health concerns, and was found especially useful for older men, numerous studies have shown that the berry contains fatty acids which may inhibit the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone within the prostate. Two of Source Naturals; saw palmetto berry extract softgels contain the exact amount (320mg) and concentration of saw palmetto fatty acids (85-95%) administered in clinical trials.Ingredients:Each Softgel Contains 160mg Of Saw Palmetto Berry Extract (Serenoa Repens) Standardized To Contain 85-95% Fatty Acids And Sterols.WARNING: Keep out of the reach of children. Do not use if either tamper-evident seal is broken or missing. Store in a cool, dry place. If you are pregnant or nursing consult your health
Clinical studies have given inconsistent results on the use of saw palmetto for treating symptoms of BPH. Overall, there is not enough scientific evidence to support its use.. Saw palmetto does not appear to affect readings of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. PSA is protein produced by cells in the prostate. The PSA test is used to screen for prostate cancer and to monitor patients who have had prostate cancer.. So far, research suggests that saw palmetto is not effective in lowering the risks of developing prostate cancer. However, more research is needed.. Saw palmetto appears to be well tolerated by most users. Side effects include stomach discomfort, nausea, diarrhea, and headache. Decreased libido and runny nose have also been reported.. The following may interact with saw palmetto:. ...
Save 36% Lindberg - Saw Palmetto Extract 160 mg 60 Softgels Saw Palmetto Extract 160 Mg Serenoa repens Standardized 85-95% Fatty Acids and Sterols Supports Normal Urine Flow and Prostate Health* Saw Palmetto Extract 160 mg is derived from the berry of the Saw Palmetto tree and is standardized to 85-95% fatty acids and sterols. Take two softgels daily to get the same clinically studied potency that support normal urine flow and prostate health.*
Save 36% Lindberg - Saw Palmetto Extract 160 mg 60 Softgels Saw Palmetto Extract 160 Mg Serenoa repens Supports Normal Urine Flow and Prostate Health* Standardized 85-95% Fatty Acids and Sterols Saw Palmetto Extract 160 mg is derived from the berry of the Saw Palmetto tree and is standardized to 85-95% fatty acids and sterols. Take two softgels daily to support normal urine flow and prostate health.*
Replied on 04/19/2011 Saw palmetto may be effective as an anti-testosterone agent and may help in the treatment of tumors that develop due to the influence of testosterone. Castration is the most effective treatment for these tumors, but if castration is not an option prescription anti-testosterone medications can be very helpful. Your veterinarian can prescribe specific anti-testosterone hormone medications for your dog. Saw palmetto has been used as a nutritional supplement to counter the effects of testosterone in humans. One study performed with saw palmetto in dogs did not show any adverse effects at the doses used, but also did not show any changes in prostate size. This study was performed in normal dogs, however, so there may be some benefit to using saw palmetto. The highest dose used in this particular study was 500 mg orally every eight hours. This dose should be safe in dogs as small as 2 lbs. ...
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The milk which is still liquid is taken up to The highest point of the installation - the spray Chamber. The milk which is now more like Yoghurt is then sprayed at high pressure into thespray chamber at level eighth, Stefan continues blowing it in through special nozzles, themilk is converted into extremely small drops. At the same time, we add hot air at a temperature of 200 C into the spray chamber. The result is that every little drop of milk explodes and is divided into dry substance and water steam. The steam rises while the dry substance falls downwards like snow and we have achieved what we call spray-drying ...
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TY - CONF. T1 - Principles and Advantages of Programmed Temperature Vaporising (PTV) Injectors for Capillary Gas Chromatography: Large volume injection and other Applications. AU - Janssen, J.G.M.. PY - 1997. Y1 - 1997. M3 - Other. T2 - conference; Shell Houston; 1997-09-01; 1997-09-01. Y2 - 1 September 1997 through 1 September 1997. ER - ...
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Determination of formaldehyde in urine by headspace gas chromatography. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
Saw Palmetto Extract 160mgDouble Strength Saw Palmetto Berries come from a small palm tree which grows in the southeastern US. It has been used by Native Americans and researched in Europe and Japan, where it is widely consumed. One Softgel Contains: Saw Palmetto Berry Extract (Serenoa repens fruit) 160mg (Standardized to contain between 85-95% fatty acids and biologically active sterol compounds), Other ingredients: Olive oil, gelatin, glycerin, carob and water.Contains no salt, yeast, sugar, corn, wheat, milk or preservatives.Suggested Usage: As a dietary supplement (especially for men) take 1 softgel daily with meals
Buy SAW PALMETTO COMPLEX - 120 softgels Online.SAW PALMETTO (American dwarf palm) by Good Natural is used for the prostate and for alopecia. SAW PALMETTO acts as a natural inhibitor of the DHT hormone (cause in large measure of inflam
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Always be careful when taking any supplements. If you are taking any drugs of any kind there is always the possibility of interactions that may reduce or increase the effect the drug might have.. Saw Palmetto may reduce clotting of the blood so if it is taken in conjunction with an anti-coagulant such as Warfarin, Clopidogrel, or even Aspirin then there is the possibility of bruising or bleeding. It also might have an effect on estrogen and androgen receptors in the body which could cause issues with birth control pills and estrogen therapies. Be sure to speak with your doctor before taking any supplement.. ...
Always be careful when taking any supplements. If you are taking any drugs of any kind there is always the possibility of interactions that may reduce or increase the effect the drug might have.. Saw Palmetto may reduce clotting of the blood so if it is taken in conjunction with an anti-coagulant such as Warfarin, Clopidogrel, or even Aspirin then there is the possibility of bruising or bleeding. It also might have an effect on estrogen and androgen receptors in the body which could cause issues with birth control pills and estrogen therapies. Be sure to speak with your doctor before taking any supplement.. ...
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