The chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factors (COUP-TFs) are members from the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily and function in transcriptional regulation of a multitude of genes. of the ovalbumin gene (Bagchi et al., 1987; Pastorcic et al., 1986; Wang et Procyanidin B3 inhibitor Mouse monoclonal to Human Albumin al., 1987). It was found to bind an element (COUP) between C90 and C70 within the ovalbumin promoter that is much like thyroid and estrogen response elements (Pastorcic et al., 1986). The COUP-TF has also been shown to bind cis-elements involved in positive transcription rules in the rat insulin II (Hwung et al., 1988; Hwung et al., 1988b), chicken VLDL II (Wijnholds et Procyanidin B3 inhibitor al., 1988), and human being apolipoprotein AI and CIII genes (Ladias and Karathanasis, 1991). It was also reported to bind to bad regulatory elements in the proopiomelanocortin (Drouin et al., 1989a; Drouin et al., 1989b) and HIV-1 (Cooney et al., 1991) promoters. The ...

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RNA Polymerase I Transcription Initiation / RNA Polymerase I Transcription Termination / RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation From Type 2 Promoter / RNA Polymerase I Promoter Escape / RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation From Type 1 Promoter / B-WICH complex positively regulates rRNA expression / mRNA Capping / RNA polymerase II transcribes snRNA genes / FGFR2 alternative splicing / Estrogen-dependent gene expression / TP53 Regulates Transcription of DNA Repair Genes / RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation and interaction with CE / Processing of Capped Intron-Containing Pre-mRNA / RNA Polymerase II Promoter Escape / RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation And Promoter Clearance / RNA Polymerase II Pre-transcription Events / Transcriptional regulation by small RNAs / mRNA Splicing - Minor Pathway / Formation of the Early Elongation Complex / Formation of RNA Pol II elongation complex / RNA Polymerase II Transcription Elongation / RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation / RNA ...

We analyzed the contribution of DRMs and other short DNA sequence motifs to the activity patterns of human enhancers across hundreds of cellular contexts. In contrast to the model proposed in Drosophila [16], GC DRMs were enriched in broadly active enhancers compared to both the genomic background and context-specific enhancers, while TA DRMs were depleted. Using an unbiased machine learning framework, we found that DRM occurrence patterns were only weakly predictive of broadly active human enhancers (ROC AUC ranging from 0.55 to 0.61). However, a classifier trained on the occurrence of all possible 6-bp sequences very accurately distinguished broadly active human enhancers from the genomic background (ROC AUC = 0.93), GC-matched background regions (ROC AUC = 0.87), and context-specific enhancers (ROC AUC = 0.87). Furthermore, 6-mers highly predictive of broad activity tended to be GC-rich, while those with the most negative weights tended to be GC-poor, even when classifying GC-matched regions. ...

Divergence of transcription factor binding sites is considered to be an important source of regulatory evolution. The associations between transcription factor binding sites and phenotypic diversity have been investigated in many model organisms. However, the understanding of other factors that contribute to it is still limited. Recent studies have elucidated the effect of chromatin structure on molecular evolution of genomic DNA. Though the profound impact of nucleosome positions on gene regulation has been reported, their influence on transcriptional evolution is still less explored. With the availability of genome-wide nucleosome map in yeast species, it is thus desirable to investigate their impact on transcription factor binding site evolution. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the role of nucleosome positioning in the evolution of transcription factor binding sites. We compared the transcription factor binding site frequency in nucleosome occupied regions and nucleosome depleted regions

GO Terms Descrition:, periodic partitioning by pair rule gene, central nervous system development, RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding, positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, trunk segmentation, cell fate specification, RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription, regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, blastoderm segmentation, negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, regulation of transcription, DNA-templated, sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity, nucleus, sequence-specific DNA binding, gonadal mesoderm development, segmentation, posterior head segmentation, germ cell migration ...

The single spanning INM protein emerin is encoded by the EMD gene, which, when mutated, produces the X‐linked form of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD; Gruenbaum et al, 2005). The lamin‐associated protein LAP2β was originally identified as a single spanning INM protein with a nucleoplasmic binding region for lamin B and chromatin (Foisner & Gerace, 1993). Both emerin and LAP2β associate with several transcriptional regulators, and this association invariably coincides with repression of the transcription factor target genes. In most instances, the mechanism of repression is not clear because it is uncertain whether the transcription factor acts as an activator or repressor of transcription-often transcription factors can do both. If the transcription factor acts as an activator, sequestering the transcription factor away from its target gene is a possible mechanism. If the transcription factor acts as a repressor, a model would be created of a repressive environment for the target ...

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Sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome revealed a unique complexity of the plant heat stress transcription factor (Hsf) family. By structural characteristics and phylogenetic comparison, the 21 representatives are assigned to 3 classes and 14 groups. Particularly striking is the finding of a new class …

Results Significant hypomethylation of two CpG sites within IFI44L promoter, Site1 (Chr1: 79 085 222) and Site2 (Chr1: 79 085 250; cg06872964), was identified in patients with SLE compared with HCs, patients with RA and patients with pSS. In a comparison between patients with SLE and HCs included in the first validation cohort, Site1 methylation had a sensitivity of 93.6% and a specificity of 96.8% at a cut-off methylation level of 75.5% and Site2 methylation had a sensitivity of 94.1% and a specificity of 98.2% at a cut-off methylation level of 25.5%. The IFI44L promoter methylation marker was also validated in an European-derived cohort. In addition, the methylation levels of Site1 and Site2 within IFI44L promoter were significantly lower in patients with SLE with renal damage than those without renal damage. Patients with SLE showed significantly increased methylation levels of Site1 and Site2 during remission compared with active stage. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Adenovirus E1A protein activates transcription of the E1A gene subsequent to transcription complex formation. AU - Schaack, J.. AU - Logan, J.. AU - Vakalopoulou, E.. AU - Shenk, T.. PY - 1991. Y1 - 1991. N2 - The mechanism of transcriptional activation of the adenovirus E1A and E3 genes by E1A protein during infection was examined by using transcription-competition assays. Infection of HeLa cells with one virus led to inhibition of mRNA accumulation from a superinfecting virus. Synthesis of the E1A 289R protein by the first virus to infect reduced inhibition of transcription of the superinfecting virus, indicating that the E1A 289R protein was limiting for E1A-activated transcription. Infection with an E1A- virus, followed 6 h later by superinfection with a wild-type virus, led to preferential transcriptional activation of the E1A gene of the first virus, suggesting that a host transcription component(s) stably associated with the E1A promoter in the absence of E1A protein and ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Patterns of gene promoter methylation in squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. AU - Hasegawa, Masayuki. AU - Nelson, Heather H.. AU - Peters, Edward. AU - Ringstrom, Elin. AU - Posner, Marshall. AU - Kelsey, Karl T.. N1 - Funding Information: Supported by: CA78609, ES08357, ES00002 and 1P01-DE12467-05.. PY - 2002/6/20. Y1 - 2002/6/20. N2 - Promoter methylation is an important pathway in transcriptional silencing of known and candidate tumor suppressor genes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC). In order to study the association of tumor suppressor gene promoter methylation in HNSCC with patient clinical characteristics, especially alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking, we examined promoter methylation of the p16INK4a, DAP-kinase, E-Cadherin, and RASSF1A genes using methylation-specific PCR (MSP) in 80 patients. The prevalence of p16INK4a, DAP-kinase, E-Cadherin, and RASSF1A promoter methylation was 26/80 (32.5%), 19/80 (23.8%), 29/80 (36.3%), 6/80 (7.5%) ...

Background: Differentiating potentially malignant thyroid nodules among those undetermined by cytology avoid unnecessary surgical procedures. Aberrant DNA methylation is ubiquitous in human cancers, including thyroid tumors. Biomarkers based on methylation profiles have been successfully used to diagnose early stage malignancy in many human cancers.. Objective and hypotheses: To determine the genome-wide promoter methylation status of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules.. Methods: We obtained genomic DNA from frozen samples of three classical (CV PTC) and three follicular variant papillary (FV PTC), two follicular adenomas (FA) and three adenomatous goiter (AG) removed from 11 unrelated patients. The DNA methylation fraction was enriched using methyl-DNA immunoprecipitation and interrogated on Affymetrix human promoter 1.0 array. For control, DNA from normal thyroid tissue patients were also extracted and pooled in a single reaction. All array data analysis were performed using ...

Looking for online definition of putative RNA-binding protein 11 in the Medical Dictionary? putative RNA-binding protein 11 explanation free. What is putative RNA-binding protein 11? Meaning of putative RNA-binding protein 11 medical term. What does putative RNA-binding protein 11 mean?

Transcription activation at two semi-synthetic Escherichia coli promoters, CC(-41.5) and CC(-72.5), is dependent on the cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) that binds to sites centred 41.5 and 72.5 bp upstream from the respective transcription startpoints. An UP-element that can bind the C-terminal domain of the RNA polymerase (RNAP) alpha-subunit was cloned upstream of the DNA site for CRP at CC(-41.5) and downstream of the DNA site for CRP at CC(-72.5). In both cases CRP-dependent promoter activity was increased by the UP-element, but CRP-independent activity was not increased. DNase I footprinting was exploited to investigate the juxtaposition of bound CRP and RNAP alpha-subunits. In both cases, CRP and RNAP alpha-subunits occupy their cognate binding sites in ternary CRP-RNAP promoter complexes. RNAP alpha-subunits can occupy the UP-element in the absence of CRP, but this is not sufficient for open complex formation. The positive effects of binding RNAP alpha-subunits upstream of the DNA site ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Partial nucleotide sequence of the Murray Valley encephalitis virus genome. Comparison of the encoded polypeptides with yellow fever virus structural and non-structural proteins. AU - Dalgarno, Lynn. AU - Trent, Dennis W.. AU - Strauss, James H.. AU - Rice, Charles M.. PY - 1986/2/5. Y1 - 1986/2/5. N2 - The sequence of 5400 bases corresponding to the 5′-terminal half of the Murray Valley encephalitis virus genome has been determined. The genome contains a 5′ non-coding region of about 97 nucleotides, followed by a single continuous open reading frame that encodes the structural proteins followed by the non-structural proteins. Amino acid sequence homology between the Murray Valley encephalitis and yellow fever (Rice et al., 1985) polyproteins is 42% over the region sequenced. The start points of the various Murray Valley encephalitis virus-coded proteins have been assigned on the basis of this homology and a consistent set of potential proteolytic cleavage sites identified, ...

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387448814 - EP 0851912 A4 2000-01-05 - NOVEL FACTORS WHICH MODIFY GENE TRANSCRIPTION AND METHODS OF USE THEREFOR - [origin: WO9708301A1] Eukaryotic RNA polymerase II holoenzymes that contain RNA polymerase II and one or more regulatory proteins are described. These holoenzymes selectively initiate transcription in vitro when supplemented with general transcription factors. The regulatory proteins act positively and negatively to regulate transcription initiation, at least in part, via functional interactions with RNA polymerase II.[origin: WO9708301A1] Eukaryotic RNA polymerase II holoenzymes that contain RNA polymerase II and one or more regulatory proteins are described. These holoenzymes selectively initiate transcription in vitro when supplemented with general transcription factors. The regulatory proteins act positively and negatively to regulate transcription initiation, at least in part, via functional interactions with RNA polymerase II.

BACKGROUND Sequence type 131 (ST131) is a predominant lineage among extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. It plays a major role in the worldwide dissemination of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli. The ST131 pandemic is mainly the result of clonal expansion of the single well-adapted subclone H30-Rx, which is acquired in hospitals more frequently than other ESBL-producing E. coli clones. AIM To develop a rapid method using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to identify ST131 for infection control purposes. METHODS Peak biomarkers of ST131 were identified from the mass spectrum profiles of 109 E. coli isolates (including 50 ST131 isolates). FINDINGS The models accurately identified ST131 isolates from mass spectrum profiles obtained with and without protein extraction. CONCLUSIONS The rapid identification of ST131 isolates with MALDI-TOF MS can be easily implemented in the laboratory, and could help to target

Purpose : The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist fenofibrate prevents progression of diabetic retinopathy, yet its mechanism of protective action is not known. Here, we tested the hypothesis that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonists promote retinal health in the setting of diabetes by inducing a unique transcriptional signature in the eye. Methods : First, we induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activity in the retina using systemically- or locally-introduced agonists and measured changes in canonical transcriptional targets. Second, we investigated retinal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor responsiveness using a transgenic reporter system. Third, we performed a microarray analysis of transcript changes in whole retina after intravitreous delivery of several peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonists and validated putative targets. Results : Canonical genes involved in lipid metabolism and beta-oxidation are ...

Proprotein convertase furin is responsible for the processing of a wide variety of precursors consisted of signal peptide, propeptide and mature peptide in mammal. Many precursors processed by furin have important physiological functions and can be recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris expression system for research, pharmaceutical and vaccine applications. However, it is not clear whether the furin cleavage sites between the propeptide and mature peptide can be properly processed in P. pastoris, bringing uncertainty for proper expression of the coding DNA sequences of furin precursors containing the propeptides and mature peptides. In this study, we evaluated the ability of P. pastoris to process furin cleavage sites and how to improve the cleavage efficiencies of furin cleavage sites in P. pastoris. The results showed that P. pastoris can process furin cleavage sites but the cleavage efficiencies are not high. Arg residue at position P1 or P4 in furin cleavage sites significantly affect cleavage

TY - JOUR. T1 - Suppression of mitochondrial transcription initiation complexes changes the balance of replication intermediates of mitochondrial DNA and reduces 7S DNA in cultured human cells. AU - Qu, Jianhua. AU - Yasukawa, Takehiro. AU - Kang, Dongchon. N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2016 The Authors.. PY - 2016/7. Y1 - 2016/7. N2 - Analysis of replicating mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) suggested that initiation of the replication occurs not only at the specific position, Ori-H but also across a broad zone in mtDNA. We investigated relationship of mitochondrial transcription initiation which takes place upstream of Ori-H and mtDNA replication initiation through analysing the effect of knockdown of mitochondrial transcription factor B2, TFB2M and mitochondrial RNA polymerase, POLRMT, components of the transcription initiation complexes in cultured human cells. Under the conditions where suppression of the transcription initiation complexes was achieved by simultaneous depletion of TFB2M ...

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Genetic susceptibility to autoimmunity is frequently associated with specific MHC alleles. Diabetogenic MHC class II molecules, such as human HLA-DQ8 and mouse I-Ag7, typically have a small, uncharged amino acid residue at position 57 of their β chain (β57); this results in the absence of a salt bridge between β57 and Argα76, which is adjacent to the P9 pocket of the peptide-binding groove. However, the influence of Argα76 on the selection of the TCR repertoire remains unknown, particularly when the MHC molecule binds a peptide with a neutral amino acid residue at position P9. Here, we have shown that diabetogenic MHC class II molecules bound to a peptide with a neutral P9 residue primarily selected and expanded cells expressing TCRs bearing a negatively charged residue in the first segment of their complementarity determining region 3β. The crystal structure of one such TCR in complex with I-Ag7 bound to a peptide containing a neutral P9 residue revealed that a network of favorable ...

We describe the effect of nearest-neighbor sequence context on mismatch-dependent activation of hMSH2-hMSH6. Examination of the intrinsic sequences that occur around symmetric mismatched nucleotides suggests little if any effect of non-nearest-neighbor base pairs on hMSH2-hMSH6 mismatch recognition and ATPase activation (20), although longer-range effects have been reported (22). Although a sequence context effect is not novel in MMR (21), the underlying mechanism is unknown. Our studies have suggested that when a significant nearest-neighbor sequence context effect is manifest, 2 × 3′-purines enhanced, and 2 × 3′-pyrimidines reduced hMSH2-hMSH6 ATPase activation (kcat). A similar trend is observed for mismatch binding (KD), whereas an inverse effect was observed for the Tm of unbound mismatched oligonucleotides. Importantly, the KD and Tm do not accurately account for hMSH2-hMSH6 ATPase activation. Interestingly, the effect of sequence context on KD appears associated with alteration of ...

10) A base other than U at position 5 of the sense strand.(11) A base other than A at position 11 of the sense strand.(12) A base other than an A at position 1 of the sense strand.(13) A base other than an A at position 2 of the sense strand.(14) An A base at position 4 of the sense strand.(15) An A base at position 5 of the sense strand.(16) An A base at position 6 of the sense strand.(17) An A base at position 7 of the sense strand.(18) An A base at position 8 of the sense strand.(19) A base other than an A at position 9 of the sense strand.(20) A base other than an A at position 10 of the sense strand.(21) A base other than an A at position 11 of the sense strand.(22) A base other than an A at position 12 of the sense strand.(23) An A base at position 13 of the sense strand.(24) A base other than an A at position 14 of the sense strand.(25) An A base at position 15 of the sense strand(26) An A base at position 16 of the sense strand.(27) An A base at position 17 of the sense strand.(28) An A ...

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Definition of the Inhibitory Domain of Smooth Muscle Myosin Light Chain Kinase by Site-Directed Mutagenesis. AU - Ito, Masaaki. AU - Guerriero, Vince. AU - Chen, Xiaomin. AU - Hartshorne, David J.. PY - 1991/4/1. Y1 - 1991/4/1. N2 - Site-directed mutagenesis of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase was applied to define its autoinhibitory domain. Mutants were all initiated at Leu-447 but contained varying lengths of C-terminal sequence. Those containing the complete C-terminal sequence to Glu-972 possessed kinase activities that were calmodulin-dependent. Removal of the putative inhibitory domain by truncation to Thr-778 resulted in generation of a constitutively active (calmodulin-independent) species. Thus, the inhibitory domain lies to the C-terminal side of Thr-778. Truncation to Lys-793 and to Trp-800 also resulted in constitutively active mutants, although the specific activity of the latter was less than the other mutants. None of the truncated mutants bound calmodulin. ...

RATIONALE: Regulatory DNA elements in the human genome play important roles in determining the transcriptional abundance and spatiotemporal gene expression during embryonic heart development and somatic cell reprogramming. It is not well known how chromatin marks in regulatory DNA elements are modulated to establish cell type-specific gene expression in the human heart. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to decipher the cell type-specific epigenetic signatures in regulatory DNA elements and how they modulate heart-specific gene expression. METHODS AND RESULTS: We profiled genome-wide transcriptional activity and a variety of epigenetic marks in the regulatory DNA elements using massive RNA-seq (n=12) and ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with high-throughput sequencing; n=84) in human endothelial cells (CD31(+)CD144(+)), cardiac progenitor cells (Sca-1(+)), fibroblasts (DDR2(+)), and their respective induced pluripotent stem cells. We uncovered 2 classes of regulatory DNA elements: class I was ...

The endogenous opioid enkephalin neuropeptides are mediators of pain perception and have been implicated in human addictions. The preproenkephalin gene and its mRNA have also provided many examples of tissue- and species-specific variations in mRNA structure produced through a variety of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Resultant differences in mRNA structure, in several cases, have impact on translation of enkephalin prepropeptide. The reports and discussion presented herein describe studies of the preproenkephalin gene and mRNA structure in the guinea pig, an animal that may have specific advantages for modeling the human endogenous opioid system. A guinea pig brain cDNA library was constructed and screened for clones of preproenkephalin and preprodynorphin, which were then sequenced. These studies confirmed the predicted mRNA structure that had been previously proposed based on homology with gene sequences and other methods. Multiple transcription initiation sites for each ...

TLS interacts with a number of proteins that affect gene expression at various steps, including those involved in RNAP II transcription and splicing of mRNA precursors. We discovered that TLS inhibits RNAP III transcription while examining the possible role of TLS in linking transcription and splicing. Repression was demonstrated in vitro by inhibition of RNAP III transcription and reflects an association of TLS with TBP. TLS was found to associate with and repress all three classes of RNAP III promoters, and increases and decreases in TLS levels in vivo were found to affect expression of endogenous RNAP III-transcribed genes accordingly. Taken together, the in vitro and in vivo data correlate well and indicate that TLS indeed regulates RNAP III transcription. Below we discuss how this novel function of TLS might work, how it relates to other proteins that regulate more than one RNAP, and why a small group of important regulatory proteins function in cell growth control by regulating both RNAP ...

An accurate method based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) has been developed for quantitative analysis of calcitonin and insulin in different commercially available pharmaceutical products. Tryptic peptides derived from these polypeptides were chemically modified at their C-terminal lysine-residues with 2-methoxy-4,5-dihydro-imidazole (light tagging) as standard and deuterated 2-methoxy-4,5-dihydro-imidazole (heavy tagging) as internal standard (IS). The heavy modified tryptic peptides (4D-Lys tag), differed by four atomic mass units from the corresponding light labelled counterparts (4H-Lys tag). The normalized peak areas (the ratio between the light and heavy tagged peptides) were used to construct a standard curve to determine the concentration of the analytes. The concentrations of calcitonin and insulin content of the analyzed pharmaceutical products were accurately determined, and less than 5% error was obtained between the ...

Protein-coding mutations in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) have been extensively characterized, frequently involving inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor. Roles for noncoding cis-regulatory aberrations in ccRCC tumorigenesis, however, remain unclear. Analyzing 10 primary tumor/normal pairs and 9 cell lines across 79 chromatin profiles, we observed pervasive enhancer malfunction in ccRCC, with cognate enhancer-target genes associated with tissue-specific aspects of malignancy. Superenhancer profiling identified ZNF395 as a ccRCC-specific and VHL-regulated master regulator whose depletion causes near-complete tumor elimination in vitro and in vivo. VHL loss predominantly drives enhancer/superenhancer deregulation more so than promoters, with acquisition of active enhancer marks (H3K27ac, H3K4me1) near ccRCC hallmark genes. Mechanistically, VHL loss stabilizes HIF2α-HIF1β heterodimer binding at enhancers, subsequently recruiting histone acetyltransferase p300 ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Effect of some penetration enhancers on the permeation of glibenclamide and glipizide through mouse skin. AU - Mutalik, S.. AU - Udupa, N.. PY - 2003/12. Y1 - 2003/12. N2 - The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of some penetration enhancers on in vitro permeation of glibenclamide and glipizide through mouse skin. Ethanol in various concentrations, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, transcutol, propylene glycol and terpenes like citral, geraniol and eugenol were used as penetration enhancers. The in vitro skin permeation experiments were conducted by both simultaneous application of drug and enhancer solution and by pretreatment of the skin with neat enhancer. At the end of the experiment drug retained in the skin was estimated. The flux values (pg/cm 2/h) of both drugs significantly (p , 0.05) increased in the presence of penetration enhancers, except transcutol and propylene glycol. The glibenclamide flux values ranged from 1.42 ± 0.09 without enhancer, to 18.25 ± ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Three different rearrangements in a single intron truncate sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 and produce sterol-resistant phenotype in three cell lines. T2 - Role of introns in protein evolution. AU - Yang, Jianxin. AU - Brown, Michael S.. AU - Ho, Y. K.. AU - Goldstein, Joseph L.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1995/5/19. Y1 - 1995/5/19. N2 - The cholesterol analogue 25-hydroxycholesterol kills animal cells by blocking the proteolytic activation of two sterol-regulated transcription factors designated sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 and -2 (SREBP-1 and SREBP-2). These proteins, each ∼1150 amino acids in length, are embedded in the membranes of the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum by virtue of hydrophobic COOH-terminal segments. In cholesterol-depleted cells the proteins are cleaved to release soluble NH2-terminal fragments of ∼480 amino acids that enter the nucleus and activate genes encoding the low density ...

92118DNAArtificial SequenceA synthetic DNA fragment 1aaggagcgat cgccatgn 18210DNAArtificial SequenceA synthetic DNA fragment, wherein nnn is the first codon which is 3' to the start codon followed by the remainder of an open reading frame 2cgccatgnnn 10312DNAArtificial SequenceA synthetic DNA fragment 3nnnnnngtct tc 12410DNAArtificial SequenceA synthetic DNA fragment 4nnnngaagag 10513DNAArtificial SequenceA synthetic DNA fragment 5gcagcnnnnn nnn 13611DNAArtificial SequenceA synthetic DNA fragment 6nnnnngagac g 11711DNAArtificial SequenceA synthetic DNA fragment 7gccnnnnngg c 11814DNAArtificial SequenceA synthetic DNA fragment 8ggatgnnnnn nnnn 14911DNAArtificial SequenceA synthetic DNA fragment 9nnnnngagac c 111010DNAArtificial SequenceA synthetic DNA fragment 10gacgcnnnnn 101111DNAArtificial SequenceA synthetic DNA fragment 11ccnnnnnnng g 111211DNAArtificial SequenceA synthetic DNA fragment 12gcnnnnnnng c 111310DNAArtificial SequenceA synthetic DNA fragment 13nnnnngagac 101411DNAArtificial ...

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is one of the most aggressive cancers of the skin. RASSFs are a family of tumor suppressors that are frequently inactivated by promoter hypermethylation in various cancers. We studied CpG island promoter hypermethylation in MCC of RASSF2, RASSF5A, RASSF5C and RASSF10 by combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) in MCC samples and control tissue. We found RASSF2 to be methylated in three out of 43 (7%), RASSF5A in 17 out of 39 (44%, but also 43% in normal tissue), RASSF5C in two out of 26 (8%) and RASSF10 in 19 out of 84 (23%) of the cancer samples. No correlation between the methylation status of the analyzed RASSFs or between RASSF methylation and MCC characteristics (primary versus metastatic, Merkel cell polyoma virus infection, age, sex) was found. Our results show that RASSF2, RASSF5C and RASSF10 are aberrantly hypermethylated in MCC to a varying degree and this might contribute to Merkel cell carcinogenesis.

An assay based on the competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed to quantify Glomus mosseae, an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, within plant roots. Using previously designed G. mosseae specific primers, a heterologous internal standard was constructed by amplifying Pseudomonas DNA under low stringency annealing conditions. Go-amplification of G. mosseae and internal standard DNA within leek root extracts provided accurate quantification of target DNA. Colonization of leek roots by G. mosseae was monitored in a comparative study by competitive PCR and microscopy, a conventional method of quantification. These two methods gave closely parallel data for G. mosseae colonization from three different inoculum levels over a 6 week period Results indicate that competitive PCR is a sensitive and accurate method of quantification. The major advantage of competitive PCR over microscopy is that it can quantify specific AM fungi. ...

5'-R(*UP*AP*GP*AP*UP)-3', 5'-R(*UP*AP*GP*AP*UP)-3', 5'-R(*UP*AP*GP*AP*UP)-3', 5'-R(*UP*AP*GP*AP*UP)-3', 5'-R(*UP*AP*GP*AP*UP)-3', 5'-R(*UP*AP*GP*AP*UP)-3', 5'-R(*UP*AP*GP*AP*UP)-3', 5'-R(*UP*AP*GP*AP*UP)-3', 5'-R(*UP*AP*GP*AP*UP)-3', 5'-R(*UP*AP*GP*AP*UP)-3', TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION PROTEIN MTRB, TRANSCRIPTION ATTENUATION ...

The 72 kDa IE1 protein of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one of a few viral regulatory proteins expressed immediately after infection of a host cell. Although it is now well-established that IE1 is a potent transcriptional activator of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR), the identity of the nucleotide sequence responsive to IE1 remains elusive and the molecular mechanism of this interaction is not well-understood. We have constructed various LTR mutants and tested them for their ability to be activated by IE1 using transient transfection assays. Mutations in the NF-κB sites, of either a few changes in the nucleotide sequence or a deletion of the entire region, abrogated IE1-driven transactivation. Deletion of the Tat-responsive element (TAR) had no significant effect on reporter expression. Mutations in the Sp1 sites or the TATA box significantly lowered LTR activity, but this is probably due to an effect on the general transcription system, as these elements are also

TY - JOUR. T1 - Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 couples HIV-1 transcription to cholesterol homeostasis and T cell activation. AU - Taylor, Harry E.. AU - Linde, Michael E.. AU - Khatua, Atanu K.. AU - Popik, Waldemar. AU - Hildreth, James. PY - 2011/8. Y1 - 2011/8. N2 - Cholesterol plays an essential role in the life cycle of several enveloped viruses. Many of these viruses manipulate host cholesterol metabolism to facilitate their replication. HIV-1 infection of CD4 + T cells activates the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) transcriptional program, which includes genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. However, the role of SREBP2-dependent transcription in HIV-1 biology has not been fully examined. Here, we identify TFII-I, a gene critical for HIV-1 transcription in activated T cells, as a novel SREBP2 target gene. We found TFII-I expression increased after HIV-1 infection or activation of human primary CD4 + T cells. We show that inhibition of SREBP2 activity ...

In Burkitt lymphoma the c-myc gene, the cellular homologue of the viral oncogene v-myc, has been implicated in the aetiology of this human B-cell malignancy. Burkitt lymphoma cells possess specific chromosomal rearrangements involving the region proximal to the c-myc gene and one of the three human immunoglobulin loci. The nature of the effect exerted by the immunoglobulin loci on the translocated c-myc gene is controversial: whereas some reports have suggested c-myc transcription is elevated in Burkitt lymphoma cells, others have suggested the level of transcription is unaffected by the translation. Recently, transcription enhancer elements have been identified in the intron between the JH and C mu segments of the heavy-chain immunoglobulin gene in mice. If similar enhancers exist in humans they may lead to increased transcription of the translocated c-myc gene and thus contribute to oncogenesis in Burkitt lymphoma. We report here the identification of an enhancer element adjacent to the human C mu

The repression of human cytomegalovirus immediate-early (IE) lytic gene expression is crucial for the maintenance of the latent viral state. By using conditionally permissive cell lines, which provide a good model for the differentiation state-dependent repression of IE gene expression, we have identified several cellular factors that bind to the major immediate-early promoter (MIEP) and whose expression is down-regulated after differentiation to a permissive phenotype. Here we show that the cellular protein Ets-2 Repressor Factor (ERF) physically interacts with the MIEP and represses MIEP activity in undifferentiated non-permissive T2 embryonal carcinoma cells. This factor binds to the dyad element and the 21 bp repeats within the MIEP - regions known to be important for the negative regulation of MIEP activity. Finally, we show that following differentiation to a permissive phenotype ERF's repressive effects are severely abrogated.

Food Flavor Enhancer Market analysis is provided for global market including development trends by regions, competitive analysis of the Food Flavor Enhancer market.. Food Flavor Enhancer market analysis report speaks about the manufacturing process. The process is analysed thoroughly with respect four points Manufacturers, regional analysis, Segment by Type and Segment by Applications and the actual process of whole Food Flavor Enhancer market.. Get Sample PDF of Food Flavor Enhancer Market Report @ http://www.360marketupdates.com/enquiry/request-sample/10353869 Food Flavor Enhancers are used in foods to enhance the existing flavour in the food. The common food flavor enhancers include Monosodium Glutamate (MSG), L-alanine, Hydrolyzed Vegetable Proteins (HVP) and Yeast Extract.. Market Segment by Manufacturers, this report covers. · Fufeng. · Meihua. · Ajinomoto Group. · Eppen. · Lianhua. · Shandong Qilu Bio-Technology Group. · Angel Yeast. · Biospringer. · Ohly. And many more. Scope of ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Promoter hypermethylation of CIDEA, HAAO and RXFP3 associated with microsatellite instability in endometrial carcinomas. AU - Huang, Yi Wen. AU - Luo, Jingqin. AU - Weng, Yu I.. AU - Mutch, David G.. AU - Goodfellow, Paul J.. AU - Miller, David S.. AU - Huang, Tim H.M.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2010/5. Y1 - 2010/5. N2 - Objective: DNA promoter methylation is an epigenetic phenomenon for long-term gene silencing during tumorigenesis. The purpose of this study is to identify novel hypermethylated loci associated with clinicopathologic variables in endometrioid endometrial carcinomas. Methods: To find hypermethylated promoter loci, we used differential methylation hybridization coupling with microarray and further validated by combined bisulfite restriction analysis and MassARRAY assay. Methylation levels of candidate loci were corrected with clinicopathologic factors of endometrial carcinomas. Results: Increased promoter methylation ...

PURPOSE: In the setting of a prospective clinical trial, we determined the predictive value of the methylation status of the O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter for outcome in glioblastoma patients treated with the alkylating agent temozolomide. Expression of this excision repair enzyme has been associated with resistance to alkylating chemotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The methylation status of MGMT in the tumor biopsies was evaluated in 38 patients undergoing resection for newly diagnosed glioblastoma and enrolled in a Phase II trial testing concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide and radiation. The epigenetic silencing of the MGMT gene was determined using methylation-specific PCR. RESULTS: Inactivation of the MGMT gene by promoter methylation was associated with longer survival (P = 0.0051; Log-rank test). At 18 months, survival was 62% (16 of 26) for patients testing positive for a methylated MGMT promoter but reached only 8% (1 of 12) in absence of methylation (

P elements containing a 7 kb DNA fragment from the middle of the Drosophila bithorax complex insert preferentially into the bithorax complex or into the adjacent chromosome regions. This 'homing' property is similar to that reported for the engrailed promoter (Hama, C., Ali, Z. and Kornberg, T. B. (1990) Genes Dev. 4, 1079-1093). The 7 kb fragment does not contain any known promoter, but it acts as a boundary element separating adjacent segmental domains. An enhancer-trap P element was constructed with the homing fragment and the selectable marker flanked by FRT sites. P insertions can be trimmed down by Flp-mediated recombination to just the lacZ reporter, so that the (beta)-galactosidase pattern is not influenced by sequences inside the P element. Twenty insertions into the bithorax complex express (beta)-galactosidase in segmentally limited patterns, reflecting the segmental domains of the bithorax complex where the elements reside. The mapping of segmental domains has now been revised, with ...

The Drosophila Vestigial protein has been shown to play an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation within the developing wing imaginal disc. Cell-specific expression of vg is controlled by two separate transcriptional enhancers. The boundary enhancer controls expression in cells near the dorsoventral (DV) boundary and is regulated by the Notch signal transduction pathway, while the quadrant enhancer responds to the Decapentaplegic and Wingless morphogen gradients emanating from cells near the anteroposterior (AP) and DV boundaries, respectively. MAD-dependent activation of the vestigial quadrant enhancer results in broad expression throughout the wing pouch but is excluded from cells near the DV boundary. This has previously been thought to be due to direct repression by a signal from the DV boundary; however, we show that this exclusion of quadrant enhancer-dependent expression from the DV boundary is due to the absence of an additional essential activator in ...

SmartLash Eyelash Enhancer 0.16 oz. A lash enhancement formula for a longer, fuller looking lash line. SmartLash Eyelash Enhancer. Apply twice per day for thicker, longer and fuller lashes and brows. Results seen in as little as 7 days. Prostaglandin-free. Physician formulated and tested. This physician-tested, non-irritating lash enhancement gem completely transforms the appearance of your lashes. If you desire a lash line that looks thick, long and full, SmartLash is the formula for you. The prostaglandin-free blend frees you from the harsh side effects of other lash enhancement products, and is ophthalmologist-approved for wearers of contact lenses and sensitive eyes. Results may be seen in as little as seven days! Also beneficial for brow enhancement. In clinical studies, participants experienced: Up to a 68% increase in the appearance of lash length!* 100% saw an increase in the appearance of eyelash length, fullness and thickness after 30 days. 100% indicated a superior performance of this ...