Free Online Library: Bioactive metabolites from chaetomium globosum L18, an endophytic fungus in the medicinal plant curcuma wenyujin.(Short communication, Report) by 'Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy & Phytopharmacology'; Health, general Biological sciences Science and technology, general Antifungal agents Chaetomyinae Health aspects Research Fungi Herbal medicine Medicine, Botanic Medicine, Herbal Metabolites Physiological aspects Phytosterols Plant lipids Turmeric

TY - JOUR. T1 - Reclassification of' 'Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. cellulosa' NCIMB 10462 (Ueda et al. 1952) as Cellvibrio japonicus sp. nov. and revival of Cellvibrio vulgaris sp. nov., nom. rev. and Cellvibrio fulvus sp. nov., nom. rev.. AU - Humphry, David. AU - Black, Gary. AU - Cummings, Stephen. N1 - Principal investigator in research, devised and supervised the experimental work and wrote the paper. This study developed methodologies that are subsequently being applied in the characterisation of a number of clinically significant bacterial isolates.. PY - 2003/1. Y1 - 2003/1. KW - CML. KW - carboxymethyl curdlan (carboxymethyl laminarin). U2 - 10.1099/ijs.0.02271-0. DO - 10.1099/ijs.0.02271-0. M3 - Article. VL - 53. SP - 393. EP - 400. JO - International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. JF - International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. SN - 1466-5026. IS - 2. ER - ...

Glycoside hydrolases (O-Glycosyl hydrolases) EC 3.2.1. are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. A classification system for glycosyl hydrolases, based on sequence similarity, has led to the definition of numerous different families. This classification is available on the CAZy (CArbohydrate-Active EnZymes) web site. Because the fold of proteins is better conserved than their sequences, some of the families can be grouped in 'clans'. As of October 2011, CAZy includes 128 families of glycosyl hydrolases and 14 clans. Glycoside hydrolase family 1 Glycoside hydrolase family 2 Glycoside hydrolase family 3 Glycoside hydrolase family 4 Glycoside hydrolase family 5 Glycoside hydrolase family 6 Glycoside hydrolase family 7 Glycoside hydrolase family 8 Glycoside hydrolase family 9 Glycoside hydrolase family 10 Glycoside hydrolase family 11 Glycoside hydrolase family 12 Glycoside ...

A genomic DNA library of the bacterium Bacillus pumilus PLS was constructed and the beta-xylosidase gene (xynB) was amplified from a 3-kb genomic DNA fragment with the aid of the polymerase chain reaction technique. The amplified xynB gene was inserted between the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase II gene promoter (ADH2P) and terminator (ADH2T) sequences on a multicopy episomal plasmid (pDLG11). The xynB gene was also fused in-frame to the secretion signal sequence of the yeast mating pheromone a-factor (MFa1S) before insertion between the ADH2P and ADH2T sequences on a similar multicopy episomal plasmid (pDLG12). The resulting construct ADH2P-MFa1SxynB-ADH2T was designated XLO1. Both plasmids pDLG11 and pDLG12 were introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae but only the expression of the XLO1 gene yielded biologically functional beta-xylosidase. The total beta-xylosidase activity remained cell-associated with a maximum activity of 0.09 nkat/ml obtained when the recombinant S. cerevisiae strain was ...

Kumar, Rajesh P and Eswaramoorthy, S and Vithayathil, Paul J and Viswamitra, MA (2000) The Tertiary Structure at 1.59 \AA Resolution and the Proposed Amino Acid Sequence of a Family-11 Xylanase from the Thermophilic Fungus Paecilomyces varioti Bainier. In: Journal of Molecular Biology, 295 (3). pp. 581-593. Ganju, Ramesh K and Murthy, SK and Vithayathil, Paul J (1990) Purification and functional characteristics of an endocellulase from Chaetomium thermophile var. coprophile. In: Carbohydrate Research, 197 . pp. 245-255. Ganju, Ramesh K and Vithayathil, Paul J and Murthy, SK (1989) Purification and characterization of two xylanases from Chaetomium thermophile var. coprophile. In: Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 35 (9). pp. 836-842. Venkatesh, Yeldur P and Vithayathil, Paul J (1984) solation and characterization of monodeamidated derivatives of bovine pancreatic Ribonuclease A. In: International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research, 23 (5). pp. 494-505. Gupta, Munishwar N and Vithayathil, ...

The effects of essential oils from clove, cardamom, almond, cinnamon and Eucalyptus on the seed mycoflora and seedling quality of Italian millet (Setaria italica), wheat, cowpea, coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and palak (Spinacia oleracea) were studied. The seeds were treated with essential oils at 0.1% (w/w), allowed to remain at room temperature (28±2°C) for 5 minutes, incubated for 7 days and examined for the presence of mycoflora after incubation. Simultaneously, a portion of the treated seeds were sown in pots, and the pots were maintained under field conditions for 30 days. The incidence of Fusarium moniliforme [Gibberella moniliformis], Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp., Drechslera longirostrata, Stachybotrys spp. and Chaetomium spp. was significantly reduced by seed treatment with essential oils. Seed treatment completely eradicated F. solani in wheat and palak, and F. semitectum [F. pallidoroseum] in Italian millet. The essential oils reduced the incidence of ...

In this paper, the improvement of a fed-batch fermentation from the point of view of an industrial xylanase production process is described. The Bacillus strain chosen for this study is able to produce high quantities of a xylanase that is suitable to be used as bleach boost agent in chlorine-free bleaching sequences of paper pulp. It was found that xylo-oligosaccharides hydrolysis products from xylan by xylanase action were indispensable for induction of the enzyme synthesis, but that their presence in quantities of only 0.1g dm^-3 xylose equivalents led to catabolite repression. A substrate-limited fed-batch process, that is the most adapted, was furthermore improved with regard to nutrient requirement of the microorganism, especially the nitrogen source. A process with constant supply of a culture medium containing xylan, peptone and mineral nitrogen was able to produce 20240nkatcm^-3 with a productivity of 910nkatcm^-3 h^-1, which places the process among the best ever reported. ...

Chlorine Dioxide Gas Molecule Size = 0.124 Nanometers or 8.06451612903 Chlorine Dioxide Gas Molecules = 1 Nanometer (1000 Nanometers = 1 Micron) (Oxygen = 0.0005 Micron in size) (Approximately 4 Chlorine Dioxide Gas Molecules will fit inside 0.0005 microns). (Atmospheric Dust = 0.001-40 Microns in size) (Approx. 8 Chlorine Dioxide Gas Molecules will fit inside 0.001 microns). (Viruses = 0.005 - 0.3 Microns in size) (Approximately 40 Chlorine Dioxide Gas Molecules will fit inside 0.005 microns). (Tobacco Smoke = 0.01 - 4 Microns in size) (Approximately 80 Chlorine Dioxide Gas Molecules will fit inside 0.01 microns). (Ozone = 0.1 - 0.2 Microns in size) (Approximately 800 Chlorine Dioxide Gas Molecules will fit inside 0.1 microns). (Lead = 0.1-0.7 Microns in size) (Approximately 800 Chlorine Dioxide Gas Molecules will fit inside 0.1 microns). (Bacteria = 0.3 - 60 Microns in size) (Approximately 2,400 Chlorine Dioxide Gas Molecules will fit inside 0.3 microns). (Insecticide Dusts = 0.5-10 Microns in ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - O-Acetylation of glucuronoxylan in Arabidopsis thaliana wild type and its change in xylan biosynthesis mutants. AU - Chong, S L. AU - Virkki, L. AU - Maaheimo, Hannu. AU - Juvonen, M. AU - Derba-Maceluch, M. AU - Koutaniemi, S. AU - Roach, M. AU - Sundberg, B. AU - Tuomainen, P. AU - Mellerowicz, E J. AU - Tenkanen, M. PY - 2014. Y1 - 2014. N2 - O-Acetylglucuronoxylans (AcGX) in Arabidopsis thaliana carry acetyl residues on the 2-O and/or 3-O positions of the xylopyranosyl (Xylp) units, but the distribution of different O-acetylated Xylp units is partly unclear. We studied a possible correlation of xylan acetylation and the activities of different glycosyltransferases involved in xylan biosynthesis by analyzing the distribution of O-acetyl substituents on AcGX from Arabidopsis wild-type and mutants irx7, irx9-1, irx10, irx14 and gux1gux2. The relative contents of the Xylp structural units were determined with quantitative two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence ...

A rapid growing and high xylanase producing fungus Aspergillus niger SA7, was isolated from starch waste. The best yield of xylanase was 2400 U/g on the solid-state starch waste with 65-70% of initial moisture content at 28℃ for 3 days. Crude enzyme preparation contained more components of cellulase. Addition wheat bran to medium could stimulated xylanase production. 21.6% reducing sugar was obtained by hydrolysis starch waste at 45℃ culture for 24 hours.

A genomic library of Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. cellulosa DNA constructed in pUC18 and expressed in Escherichia coli was screened for recombinants expressing 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucoside hydrolysing activity (MUGase). A single MUGase-positive clone was isolated. The MUGase hydrolysed cellobiose, cellotriose, cellotetraose, cellopentaose and cellohexaose to glucose, by sequentially cleaving glucose residues from the non-reducing end of the cello-oligosaccharides. The Km values for cellobiose and cellohexaose hydrolysis were 1.2 mM and 28 microM respectively. The enzyme exhibited no activity against soluble or insoluble cellulose, xylan and xylobiose. Thus the MUGase is classified as a 1,4-beta-D-glucan glucohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.74) and is designated 1,4-beta-D-glucan glucohydrolase D (CELD). When expressed by E. coli, CELD was located in the cell-envelope fraction; a significant proportion of the native enzyme was also associated with the cell envelope when synthesized by its ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Characteristics of Trichoderma reesei ß-xylosidase and its use in the hydrolysis of solubilized xylans. AU - Poutanen, Kaisa. AU - Puls, Jurgen. PY - 1988. Y1 - 1988. N2 - The β-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) of Trichoderma reesei was purified and its characteristics and use in the hydrolysis of steamed birch xylan were studied. The enzyme was a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 100000 as determined by SDS-gel electrophoresis and its isoelectric point was 4.7. The pH optimum was 4.0 and temperature optimum 60°C. β-Xylosidase was competitively inhibited by xylose and the inhibition constant was 2.3 mM. The purified enzyme also showed α-arabinofuranosidase activity.. AB - The β-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) of Trichoderma reesei was purified and its characteristics and use in the hydrolysis of steamed birch xylan were studied. The enzyme was a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 100000 as determined by SDS-gel electrophoresis and its isoelectric point was 4.7. The pH optimum ...

Xylan has been identified as a physical barrier which limits cellulose accessibility by covering the outer surface of fibers and interfibrillar space. Therefore, tracking xylan is a prerequisite for understanding and optimizing lignocellulosic biomass processes. In this study, we developed a novel xylan tracking approach using a two-domain probe called OC15 which consists of a fusion of Cellvibrio japonicus carbohydrate-binding domain 15 with the fluorescent protein mOrange2. The new probe specifically binds to xylan with an affinity similar to that of CBM15. The sensitivity of the OC15-xylan detection approach was compared to that of standard methods such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and chemical composition analysis (NREL/TP-510-42618). All three approaches were used to analyze the variations of xylan content of kraft pulp fibers. XPS, which allows for surface analysis of fibers, did not clearly indicate changes in xylan content. Chemical composition analysis responded to the changes in

Streptomyces thermoviolaceus ChiS protein: similar to histidine kinases; a member of a two-component sensor-regulator system; isolated from Streptomyces thermoviolaceus; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank AB016841

The influence of the auxotrophic deficiencies of the host strain and expression vector selection on the production of a heterologous protein was investigated. Heterologous xylanase production by two prototrophic S. cerevisiae transformants, containing either a plasmid-based, YEp-type expression system or an integrative, YIp-type expression system, were compared with production by an auxotrophic transformant, containing an identical YEp-type expression system, in batch and continuous cultivation, using a chemically defined medium. Heterologous xylanase production by the auxotrophic strains in defined medium was critically dependent on the availability of amino acids, as extracellular xylanase production increased dramatically when amino acids were over-consumed from the medium to the point of saturating the cell. Saturation with amino acids, indicated by an increased leakage of amino acids from the cell, was thus a prerequisite for high level of heterologous; protein production by the auxotrophic ...

The cDNA encoding a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase, PttXET16A, from hybrid aspen (Populus tremula×tremuloides) has been isolated from an expressed sequence tag library and expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Sequence analysis indicated a high degree of similarity with other proteins in the XTH (xyloglucan transglycosylase/hydrolase) gene subfamily of GH16 (glycoside hydrolase family 16). In addition to the conserved GH16 catalytic sequence motif, PttXET16A contains a conserved N-glycosylation site situated proximal to the predicted catalytic residues. MS analysis indicated that the recombinant PttXET16A expressed in P. pastoris is heterogeneous due to the presence of variable N-glycosylation and incomplete cleavage of the α-factor secretion signal peptide. Removal of the N-glycan by endoglycosidase H treatment did not influence the catalytic activity significantly. Similarly, site-directed mutagenesis of Asn93 to serine to remove the N-glycosylation site resulted in an ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells induced by (R, R)-XY-10 and (S, S)-XY-10 and their action mechanisms. AU - Cheng, Yu Wen. AU - Wang, Yu Liang. AU - Zhang, Yi Hua. AU - Peng, Si Xun. AU - Chiou, George C.Y.. PY - 2009/10/22. Y1 - 2009/10/22. N2 - • AIM: To investigate the mechanism of proliferation effect induced by (R, R)-XY-10 and (S, S)-XY-10 on retinal pigmented epithelial cells (ARPE-19). • METHODS: Human retinal pigmented epithelial cells (ARPE-19) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to investigate the effect of (R, R)-XY-10 and (S, S)-XY-10 on cell growth, and their mechanisms of proliferative action by using ERKinverted commas AKTinverted commas PI3Kinverted commas Protein kinase C (PKC)and Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors. RESULTS: (R, R)-XY-10 and (S, S)-XY-10 dose-dependently increased ARPE-19 cell proliferation, but not on HUVECs. When treated with proliferative inhibitors, H7 (5μ mol/L)inverted commas hypericin ...

TY - GEN. T1 - The influences of xylan on the properties of bacterial cellulose nanocrystals. AU - Chi, Kai. AU - Catchmark, Jeffrey M.. PY - 2015/1/1. Y1 - 2015/1/1. N2 - In plant cell wall, cellulose is imbedded in a matrix consisting of cell wall polysaccharides such as hemicelluloses and pectin. The cellulose-cell wall polysaccharides interaction and its effects on cellulose microfibril assembly and crystallization using bacterial cellulose (BC) as a model system have been extensively studied. In this study, the impacts of xylan on the properties of bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNCs) were investigated. G. hansenii (ATCC 23769) was chosen as a model strain to produce BC control and BC/xylan pellicles. The pellicles were subsequently subjected to acid hydrolysis at the same conditions to produce different nanocrytsals. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) observation indicated that xylan could promote BCNCs bundling and tailor the geometrical dimensions of BCNCs.. AB - In plant cell wall, ...

The 20 kDa Bacillus circulans Bcx is a well-studied endoxylanase with a beta-jellyroll fold that places its N- and C-termini in salt bridge contact. initial experiments verified that Bcx could be circularly permuted. by PCR methods to introduce new termini in loop regions while linking its native termini directly or via one or two glycines. Subsequently, a library Of circular permutants, generated by random DNase cleavage of the circularized Bcx gene, was screened for xylarlase activity oil xylan in Congo Red-stained agar. Analysis of 35 unique active circular permutants revealed that, while many of the new termini were introduced in external loops as anticipated, a surprising number were also located within beta-strands. Furthermore, several permutations placed key catalytic residucs at or near the new termini with minimal delecterious effects Oil activity and, in one case, a 4-fold increase. The structure of one permutant Was determined by X-ray crystallography, whereas three others were ...

Cladanthus mixtus, commonly known as the Moroccan chamomile, is a Mediterranean species of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family. The plant is often considered a weed but is used to gather oils that are useful for calming people down and soothing the skin. The species' oils change in composition depending on the area which it occupies. Cladanthus mixtus is mostly found in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia). This species has also been known to occur on the northern side of the Mediterranean (Spain, Italy, Greece, France and Albania). The species is sparingly naturalized in a few widely scattered locations in North America. The Moroccan Chamomile likes moist rich soil to grow and thrive in, but it also has the ability to grow in soils that are more salty around the Mediterranean Sea. Cladanthus mixtus does not need extreme amounts of water as it can retain water because of its thicker cuticle, allowing the species to hold water for longer durations. Cladanthus mixtus can ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Kohlenhydratniveau und saure Invertaseaktivität in mit Pyricularia oryzae infizierten Reisblättern. AU - Hwang, Byung Kook. AU - Kim, Ki Deok. AU - Kim, Young Bae. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2016 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1989/2. Y1 - 1989/2. N2 - Äthanöllosliche Kohlenhydrate in gesunden und mit Reisbräune infizierten Blättern und auch in Pyricularia oryzae‐Kulturen wurden gaschromatographisch analysiert. Arabitol, Mannitol und Trehalose waren im infizierten Blattgewebe vorhanden, aber nicht im gesunden Cewebe. P. oryzae‐Kulturen enthielten Mannitol und Trehalose, aber kein Arabitol und Saccharose. Das Vorhandensein von Arabitol nur in durch Reisbräune infizierten Blättern ist ein Hinweis dafür, daß die Arabitolsynthese im infizierten Blattgewebe durch die Wechselwirkung zwischen Reis und P. oryzae induziert sein kann, aber nicht innerhalb von P. oryzae selbst. Die Gehalte der Glukose, Fruktose und Saccharose in den infizierten Blättern waren bis ...

Pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41, limit dextrinase, amylopectin 6-glucanohydrolase, bacterial debranching enzyme, debranching enzyme, alpha-dextrin endo-1,6-alpha-glucosidase, R-enzyme, pullulan alpha-1,6-glucanohydrolase) is a specific kind of glucanase, an amylolytic exoenzyme, that degrades pullulan. It is produced as an extracellular, cell surface-anchored lipoprotein by Gram-negative bacteria of the genus Klebsiella. Type I pullulanases specifically attack α-1,6 linkages, while type II pullulanases are also able to hydrolyse α-1,4 linkages. It is also produced by some other bacteria and archaea. Pullulanase is used as a processing aid in grain processing biotechnology (production of ethanol and sweeteners). Pullulanase is also known as pullulan-6-glucanohydrolase (Debranching enzyme). Its substrate, pullulan, is regarded as a chain of maltotriose units linked by alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds. Pullulanase will hydrolytically cleave pullulan (alpha-glucan polysaccharides). Lee, E.Y.C.; Whelan, W.J. ...

Xylan, a major component of plant hemicellulose, is a complex, highly branched heteropolymer. Endo-β-1,4-xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) are glycosidases that cleave the internal β-1,4-xylosidic bonds of the main chain of xylan and produce unbranched or branched xylooligosaccharides (1). Due to the complexity of the xylan structure, endo-β-1,4-xylanases are diverse in sequences, structures, hydrolytic activities, and enzymatic properties. They are distributed in glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 43. Among endo-β-1,4-xylanases, those from GH family 10 (GH10) and GH11 have been studied in more detail. GH10 xylanases have an (α/β)8 barrel structure (2), while GH11 xylanases have a β-jelly roll structure (3). Despite their different structures, both enzyme families adopt the catalytic mechanism of anomeric retention to release xylooligosaccharides from xylan (2, 3).. The endo-β-1,4-xylanases in GH family 8 reported so far include XylY from Bacillus sp. strain KK-1 (4), PhXyl from ...

The desire for improved methods of biomass conversion into fuels and feedstocks has re-awakened interest in the enzymology of plant cell wall degradation. The complex polysaccharide xyloglucan is abundant in plant matter, where it may account for up to 20% of the total primary cell wall carbohydrates. Despite this, few studies have focused on xyloglucan saccharification, which requires a consortium of enzymes including endo-xyloglucanases, alpha-xylosidases, beta-galactosidases and alpha-L-fucosidases, among others. In the present paper, we show the characterization of Xy131A, a key alpha-xylosidase in xyloglucan utilization by the model Gram-negative soil saprophyte Cellvibrio japonicus. CjXy131A exhibits high regiospecificity for the hydrolysis of XGOs (xylogluco-oligosaccharides), with a particular preference for longer substrates. Crystallographic structures of both the apo enzyme and the trapped covalent 5-fluoro-beta-xylosyl-enzyme intermediate, together with docking studies with the XXXG ...

Aims: To screen industrially important extracellular enzymes from the newly isolated alkalophilic bacilli and to characterize them by phenotypic and 16S-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA restriction pattern analysis. Methods and Results: Three different environmental samples, soil, leather and horse faeces, were collected within the province of Izmir. Isolates grown on Horikoshi-I medium for 24 h at 37°C were screened for extracellular enzyme activity by using eight different substrates: birchwood xylan, carboxymethylcellulose, casein, citrus pectin, polygalacturonic acid, soluble starch, and Tween 20 and 80. In total, 115 extracellular enzyme-producing bacilli were obtained. Casein was hydrolysed by 78%, soluble starch by 67%, citrus pectin by 63%, polygalacturonic acid by 62%, Tween 20 by 34%, birchwood xylan by 16%, Tween 80 by 12%, and carboxymethylcellulose by 3% of the isolates. The isolates were differentiated into 19 distinct homology groups by the 16S-ITS rDNA restriction pattern ...

The microbial degradation of the plant cell wall is a pivotal biological process that is of increasing industrial significance. One of the major plant structural polysaccharides is mannan, a beta-1,4-linked d-mannose polymer, which is hydrolyzed by endo- and exo-acting mannanases. The mechanisms by which the exo-acting enzymes target the chain ends of mannan and how galactose decorations influence activity are poorly understood. Here we report the crystal structure and biochemical properties of CjMan26C, a Cellvibrio japonicus GH26 mannanase. The exo-acting enzyme releases the disaccharide mannobiose from the nonreducing end of mannan and mannooligosaccharides, harnessing four mannose-binding subsites extending from -2 to +2. The structure of CjMan26C is very similar to that of the endo-acting C. japonicus mannanase CjMan26A. The exo-activity displayed by CjMan26C, however, reflects a subtle change in surface topography in which a four-residue extension of surface loop creates a steric block at ...

Barley limit dextrinase [Hordeum vulgare limit dextrinase (HvLD)] catalyzes the hydrolysis of α-1,6 glucosidic linkages in limit dextrins. This activity plays a role in starch degradation during germination and presumably in starch biosynthesis during grain filling. The crystal structures of HvLD in complex with the competitive inhibitors α-cyclodextrin (CD) and β-CD are solved and refined to 2.5 Å and 2.1 Å, respectively, and are the first structures of a limit dextrinase. HvLD belongs to glycoside hydrolase 13 family and is composed of four domains: an immunoglobulin-like N-terminal eight-stranded β-sandwich domain, a six-stranded β-sandwich domain belonging to the carbohydrate binding module 48 family, a catalytic (β/α)8-like barrel domain that lacks α-helix 5, and a C-terminal eight-stranded β-sandwich domain of unknown function. The CDs are bound at the active site occupying carbohydrate binding subsites + 1 and + 2. A glycerol and three water molecules mimic a glucose residue at ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Rhinocladiella mackenziei (formerly Ramichloridium mackenziei). T2 - A taxonomic update and review of the literature. AU - Taj-Aldeen, Saad J.. AU - Almaslamani, Muna. AU - Alkhalf, Abdullatif. AU - Al Bozom, Issam. AU - Romanelli, Anna M. AU - Wickes, Brian L.. AU - Fothergill, Annette W.. AU - Sutton, Deanna A.. PY - 2010. Y1 - 2010. N2 - Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Rhinocladiella mackenziei (formerly Ramichlo-ridium mackenziei) is extremely rare, and geographically limited to the Middle East. The fungus exclusively targets the brain and infections have a grave prognosis. Eighteen cases have been reported in the literature from 1983 to 2004 with almost 100% mortality. Our patient presented in February 2008 with a brain abscess while receiving chemotherapy for carcinoma of the breast. Diagnosis was by craniotomy and aspiration of the brain abscess. Direct microscopy showed dematiaceous fungal hyphae. R. mackenziei was recovered in ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - SCH 56592, amphotericin B, or itraconazole therapy of experimental murine cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Ramichloridium obovoideum ('Ramichloridium mackenziei'). AU - Al-Abdely, Hail M.. AU - Najvar, Laura. AU - Bocanegra, Rosie. AU - Fothergill, Annette. AU - Loebenberg, David. AU - Rinaldi, Michael G.. AU - Graybill, John R.. PY - 2000/5. Y1 - 2000/5. N2 - Ramichloridium obovoideum ('Ramichloridium makenziei') is a rare cause of lethal cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. It has been, so far, geographically restricted to the Middle East. BALB/c mice were inoculated with two strains of R. obovoideum intracranially. Therapy with amphotericin B, itraconazole, or the investigationaI triazole SCH 56592 was conducted for 10 days. Half the mice were monitored for survival and half were killed for determination of the fungal load in brain tissue. Recipients of SCH 56592 had significantly prolonged survival and lower brain fungal burden, and this result was found for mice infected with both ...

A Gram-positive, spore-forming, aerobic, rod-shaped, xylanolytic bacterium designated strain CC-Alfalfa-35T was isolated from the rhizosphere of Medicago sativa L. in Taiwan. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain CC-Alfalfa-35T was affiliated to the genus Cohnella. Strain CC-Alfalfa-35T shared 95.3 % pairwise 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strain of the type species of the genus Cohnella (Cohnella thermotolerans DSM 17683T) besides showing a similarity of 97.4-93.6 % with other recognized species of the genus Cohnella. The DNA-DNA hybridization value between CC-Alfalfa-35T and Cohnella thailandensis KCTC 22296T was 37.7 %±1.7 % (reciprocal value, 55.7 %±3.0 %). Predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The polar lipid profile constituted diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified phospholipids and three unidentified aminophospholipids. The ...

Lactococcus lactis is being developed as a vaccine delivery system as it bears no threat to animal and human health. It has been used for centuries in the fermentation of foods and is generally recognised as safe. However, a safety factor pertaining to the type of selectable marker present on the vector system poses to be of concern. Chances of the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, usually employed by vectors as selectable markers, into the natural environment become a possible risk. Therefore, there is a need for the development of ideal vectors without such selectable markers (Dertzbaugh, 1998). The activity of the xylanase gene of Bacillus coagulans ST -6 can be detected on Remazol Brilliant Blue-Xylan (RBB-Xylan) as a clear halo zone against a dark blue background. This characteristic allows xylanase to be used as a selectable chromogenic marker on any vector system. On the other hand, the matrix or membrane (M) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain AF 2240 can be useful as ...

At SleepyDentistry.net you'll find a reputable dental anesthesia and dental sedation provider that delivers safe and efficient relief to valued clients living in or near Larchwood, IA. Our licensed dentist anesthesiologist is well trained and equipped and specializes on pain control and patient management. From general anesthesia, tropical anesthesia, local anesthesia and other types of dental anesthesia, our certified and experienced anesthesiologist provide various anesthesia requirements for dental patients. We also offer portable in-office moderate dental sedation to provide a more comfortable dental experience. You may also want a moderate I.V. sedation instead for a more relaxed state during dental procedures especially for dental surgeries. If you have a post traumatic stress disorder, special medical conditions such as autism or mental illness, TMJ discomfort or suffer from anxiety, dental sedation is the best option. Our outstanding service is open to all 51241 patients as well as those ...

Aktiivsemateks õhulämmastiku sidujateks mullas on aeroobsed asotobakterid(Azotobacter chroococcum, Azotobacter vinelandii, Azotobacter aglis jt). Nad on polümorfsed ja seotud lämmastiku (nitritite, nitraatide, aminohapete jt.) puudumisel omastavad õhulämmastikku. Osa seotud lämmastikust eritatakse eksosmoosil ümbritsevasse keskkonda kas amiinohapetena või ammoniaagina. Energeetilise materjalina võivad nad kasutada nii mono-, di- kui ka mõningaid teisi polüsahhariide ja mitmeid alkohole, orgaanilisi happeid, sh. ka aromaatseid (näiteks bensoehape). Nad ei kasuta tselluloosi, kuid tselluloosirikas materjal (põhk, põhurikas sõnnik) intensiivistab nende paljunemist. Põhjendatav on see sellega, et tselluloos lõhustatakse mullas tsellulolüütiliste bakterite (Cellvibrio spp., Cellulomonas spp., Cellfalcicula spp. jt) poolt lihtsamateks süsivesikuteks, mida saavad kasutada asotobakterid ...

Response surface methodology and central composite design were used to optimize a biosynthesis medium for the production of xylanases by Streptomyces sp. P12-137 in submerged fermentation culture at pH 5.0, with wheat bran as substrate. The three variables involved in this research were the wheat bran, potassium nitrate and xylose concentrations. Statistical analysis of the results showed that, in the range studied, xylose and potassium nitrate concentrations had a significant effect on xylanase production. The optimized biosynthesis medium contained (in %, w/v): wheat bran 1.0, KNO3 1.0, xylose 0.5. This medium resulted in a 3-fold increased level of the xylanase (27.77 UA/ml) production compared to the initial level (8.30 UA/ml) after 120 h of fermentation, whereas the value predicted by the quadratic model was 26.45 UA/ml.

Plant polysaccharides constitute arguably the most complex family of biomacromolecules in terms of the stereochemistry and regiochemistry of their intramolecular linkages. The chemical modification of such polysaccharides introduces an additional level of complexity for structural determinations. We have developed an integrated analytical procedure combining selective enzymatic hydrolysis, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), and mass spectrometry (MS) to describe the substitution pattern of xyloglucan (XyG) and its chemo-enzymatic derivatives (cationic, anionic, and benzyl aminated). Enzymatic hydrolysis of XyG derivatives by a xyloglucan-specific endoglucanase (XEG) generates oligosaccharides amenable for mass spectrometric identification with distinct structures, based on enzymatic substrate recognition and hydrolytic pattern. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS) and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) ...

A novel hemicellulase-producing fungal strain was isolated from a local soil sample. The organism is identified as Aspergillus fumigatus based on ribosomal RNA analyses. The Aspergillus strain, designated as 2NB, produces both enzymes acting on xylan backbone (xylanase and β-xylosidase), and those acting on side chains (or accessory enzymes) notably α-arabinofuranosidase and acetyl-xylan esterase. The Asperigillus hemicellulases are characterized as having relatively low xylanase and β-xylosidase activities but high side chain removal activities. The activity ratio of side-chain acting enzymes to xylanase is higher than that of the Multifect enzyme, a commercial hemicellulase product. The potential of the novel hemicellulases in lignocelluloses bioprocessing was demonstrated with alkaline-pretreated switchgrass as lignocellulose substrate with hemicellulase supplemented with a ratio of xylanase activity to filter paper unit of 2:1. Supplement of Aspergillus hemicellulases to commercial ...

The aim of this study was to gain a comprehensive understanding of how viable SAN progeny produces higher levels of xylanases [17]. We focused on candidate TFs exhibiting differential expression levels between SAN and euploid progeny (six TF-encoding genes: ID in jgi,Trire2: 106677, 65854, 111446, 68930, 111515, 36913), as well as another candidate TF, SxlR. We confirmed that SxlR is a negative regulator of GH11 family xylanases. However, overexpression of the other six tested TFs had no effect on the xylanase activity. It seems that the segmental aneuploidy did not result in a change in sxlr gene copy number; however, it is still unknown whether segmental aneuploidy affects the expression of sxlr in SAN progeny.. Recently, another negative regulator of hemi-cellulase, xylanase promoter-binding protein 1 (Xpp1) was reported in T. reesei [18]. Xpp1 regulates transcription of hemi-cellulase genes only at later stages of cultivation. There was no significant difference in xylanase activity between ...

Field studies were conducted in 2000, 2001, and 2002 at Brownstown, DeKalb, Perry and Urbana, in Illinois, USA, to evaluate the weed control and maize (Zea mays) tolerance from postemergence (POST) applications of foramsulfuron in sequential and total-POST herbicide programmes. Foramsulfuron applied alone controlled giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) by 88, 99 and 99%, respectively, 28 days after treatment (DAT), which was comparable with the standard treatment of nicosulfuron. However, the control of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) was significantly higher with foramsulfuron compared with nicosulfuron. Sequential herbicide programmes of atrazine, S-metolachlor or isoxaflutole applied preemergence (PRE) followed by a POST application of foramsulfuron provided greater than 85% control of giant foxtail, fall panicum, common ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Two New Xylanases with Different Substrate Specificities from the Human Gut Bacterium Bacteroides intestinalis DSM 17393. AU - Hong, Pei-Ying. AU - Iakiviak, M.. AU - Dodd, D.. AU - Zhang, M.. AU - Mackie, R. I.. AU - Cann, I.. N1 - KAUST Repository Item: Exported on 2020-10-01. PY - 2014/1/24. Y1 - 2014/1/24. N2 - Xylan is an abundant plant cell wall polysaccharide and is a dominant component of dietary fiber. Bacteria in the distal human gastrointestinal tract produce xylanase enzymes to initiate the degradation of this complex heteropolymer. These xylanases typically derive from glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 10 and 11; however, analysis of the genome sequence of the xylan-degrading human gut bacterium Bacteroides intestinalis DSM 17393 revealed the presence of two putative GH8 xylanases. In the current study, we demonstrate that the two genes encode enzymes that differ in activity. The xyn8A gene encodes an endoxylanase (Xyn8A), and rex8A encodes a reducing-end ...

Scope and method of study: To study the plant cell wall degradation process and changes in overall physiology during the growth of A. nidulans on sorghum stover at proteomic and genomic level, A. nidulans was grown on sorghum stover under solid-state culture conditions for 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days. Semi-quantitative extracellular proteome analysis (1-D PAGE LC-MS/MS), whole genome microarray analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, along with qualitative and quantitative analysis of extracellular hydrolytic enzyme activities, and analysis of the breakdown products by enzymes was used to study sorghum cell wall degradation by A. nidulans.Findings and conclusions: Based on analysis of chitin content, A. nidulans grew to be 4-5% of the total biomass in the culture. A hyphal mat developed on the surface of the sorghum by day one and as seen by scanning electron microscopy the hyphae enmeshed the sorghum particles by day 5. A total of 294 extracellular proteins were identified with ...

0050]FIG. 1 is a graph showing a relation between the holding time and the carbon dioxide gas volume shown in TABLE 1. It was understood from FIG. 1 that there is substantial difference in carbon dioxide gas volume before and after elapse of forty eight hours of holding time. As seen in TABLE 1, carbon dioxide gas volume in the beans was not largely reduced within forty eight hours of holding time at room temperature after roasting. In this case, change in flavor of the liquid extract was avoided. No substantial difference in flavor was sensed in two hours after extraction. In the case of the beans kept at room temperature for fifty two hours or more (Reference Example 1-1), carbon dioxide gas volume was decreased to 87% of that of the beans immediately stored after roasting (Embodiment 1-1). Although the decrease in carbon dioxide gas volume was not so large, there was substantial change in flavor in two hours after extraction in the sensory analysis. As the holding time became longer like ...

Pretreated dirty cotton residue (PDCR) from the textile industry was used as an alternative carbon source for the submerged cultivation of Aspergillus oryzae and the production of xylanases. The filtered culture supernatant was fractionated by ultrafiltration followed by three chromatographic steps, which resulted in the isolation of a homogeneous low-molecular-weight xylanase (Xyl-O1) with a mass of 21.5 kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) co-polymerized with 0.1% oat spelt xylan. Enzyme catalysis was the most efficient at 50 °C and pH 6.0. The Km values (mg·mL−1) for the soluble fraction of oat spelt and birchwood xylans were 10.05 and 3.34, respectively. Xyl-O1 was more stable in the presence of 5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT), l-cysteine or β-mercaptoethanol, which increased the rate of catalysis by 40%, 14%, 40% or 37%, respectively. The enzyme stability was improved at pH 7.0 in the presence of 20 mM l

Abstract:. Background: Seaweed macroalgae of Gracilaria verrucosa has been known to have a potent anticancer activity, however the cytotoxicity against cervical cancer has not been explored further. Objective: This study aims to utilize Indonesia's marine resource which is focused on seaweed macroalgae G. verrucosa as a future anti-cervical cancer agent. Materials and Method: Seaweed G. verrucosa originated from Labuan Aji beach, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, extracted, macerated, and fractionated into four organic solvents of different polarity, consisting of hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and ethanol. Then, the macroalgae extracts are diluted into 8 different concentrations. Afterwards, in vitro anticancer activity evaluation of hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and ethanol extracts of G. verrucosa against cervical HeLa cells were conducted by MTT cell proliferation assay. Triplo mechanism is also applied in this study to increase the accuracy of the results. The anticancer activity is ...

Plant cells are surrounded by a strong polysaccharide-rich cell wall that aids in determining the overall form, growth and development of the plant body. Indeed, the unique shapes of the 40-odd cell types in plants are determined by their walls, as removal of the cell wall results in spherical protoplasts that are amorphic. Hence, assembly and remodeling of the wall is essential in plant development. Most plant cell walls are composed of a framework of cellulose microfibrils that are cross-linked to each other by heteropolysaccharides. The cell walls are highly dynamic and adapt to the changing requirements of the plant during growth. However, despite the importance of plant cell walls for plant growth and for applications that we use in our daily life such as food, feed and fuel, comparatively little is known about how they are synthesized and modified. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we aim to illustrate the underpinning cell biology of the synthesis of wall ...

Background: Molecular evolution of carbohydrate binding modules (CBM) is a new approach for the generation of glycan-specific molecular probes. To date, the possibility of performing affinity maturation on CBM has not been investigated. In this study we show that binding characteristics such as affinity can be improved for CBM generated from the CBM4-2 scaffold by using random mutagenesis in combination with phage display technology. Results: Two modified proteins with greatly improved affinity for xyloglucan, a key polysaccharide abundant in the plant kingdom crucial for providing plant support, were generated. Both improved modules differ from other existing xyloglucan probes by binding to galactose-decorated subunits of xyloglucan. The usefulness of the evolved binders was verified by staining of plant sections, where they performed better than the xyloglucan-binding module from which they had been derived. They discriminated non-fucosylated from fucosylated xyloglucan as shown by their ...

The ability to deconstruct plant biomass without conventional pretreatment has made members of the genus Caldicellulosiruptor the target of investigation for the consolidated processing of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels and bioproducts. These Gram-positive bacteria are hyperthermophilic anaerobes and the most thermophilic cellulolytic organisms so far described. They use both C5 and C6 sugars simultaneously and have the ability to grow well on xylan, a major component of plant cell walls. This is an important advantage for their use to efficiently convert biomass at yields sufficient for an industrial process. For commodity chemicals, yield from substrate is perhaps the most important economic factor. In an attempt to improve even further the ability of C. bescii to use xylan, we introduced two xylanases from Acidothermus cellulolyticus. Acel_0180 includes tandem carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM2 and CBM3) located at the C-terminus, one of which, CBM2, is not present in C. bescii. Also, ...

Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of the Y509E mutant of glycoside hydrolase family 52 β-xylosidase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus with dual activity of β-xylosidase and xylanase (XynB2Y509E) were prepared. Ammonium sulfate was used as the precipitant agent, and glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent. The optimum conditions were found to be 90% ammonium sulfate, 12.5 mM glutaraldehyde, 3 h of cross-linking reaction at 25 °C, and pH 8.5. Under these (most effective) conditions, XynB2Y509E-CLEAs retained 92.3% of their original β-xylosidase activity. Biochemical characterization of both crude and immobilized enzymes demonstrated that the maximum pH and temperature after immobilization remained unchanged (pH 6.5 and 65 °C). Moreover, an improvement in pH stability and thermostability was also found after immobilization. Analysis of kinetic parameters shows that the Km value of XynB2Y509E-CLEAs obtained was slightly higher than that of free XynB2Y509E (1.2 versus 0.9 mM). Interest ...

Endo-β-1,4-xylanases (xylanases), which cleave β-1,4 glycosidic bonds in the xylan backbone, are important components of the repertoire of enzymes that catalyze plant cell wall degradation. The mechanism by which these enzymes are able to hydrolyze a range of decorated xylans remains unclear. Here we reveal the three-dimensional structure, determined by x-ray crystallography, and the catalytic properties of the Cellvibrio mixtus enzyme Xyn10B (CmXyn10B), the most active GH10 xylanase described to date. The crystal structure of the enzyme in complex with xylopentaose reveals that at the +1 subsite the xylose moiety is sandwiched between hydrophobic residues, which is likely to mediate tighter binding than in other GH10 xylanases. The crystal structure of the xylanase in complex with a range of decorated xylooligosaccharides reveals how this enzyme is able to hydrolyze substituted xylan. Solvent exposure of the O-2 groups of xylose at the +4, +3, +1, and -3 subsites may allow accommodation of ...

Water-soluble (1→3), (1→4)-β-d-glucans from barley (Hordeum vulgare) endosperm. I. Physicochemical properties Academic Article ...

Li, B., 2020. The application of ocean environmental art design based on traditional dwelling decoration. In: Guido Aldana, P.A. and Kantamaneni, K. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Coastal Management, and Marine Science Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 104, pp. 930-934. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.. The combination of traditional residential decoration and environmental art design is difficult in how to endow its new meaning through modern design concept and express it in some innovative ways. This paper analyzes the application research of traditional dwelling decoration in environmental art design, analyzing the contents and characteristics of traditional dwelling decoration, and elaborates the application principle of traditional dwelling decoration in environmental art design with the requirement of environmental art design. And based on this, it analyzes the application of traditional residential decoration in environmental art design, and ...