National hospitalisation data collected over a 13-year period were used to assess changes in the epidemiology of parapneumonic empyema. Our study revealed a substantial increase in the incidence of parapneumonic empyema hospitalisations in the USA. Parapneumonic empyema hospitalisations were commonly associated with in-hospital mortality and required long hospital stays. The largest relative increases were observed among young adults; however, the largest absolute increases occurred in older populations. Our data suggest that the most serious diseases were related to staphylococcal infections. Although parapneumonic empyema remains a relatively rare occurrence among children and young adults, empyema was more common and associated with a high in-hospital case fatality ratio among elderly people. The observed increasing trend is worrisome and consistent with previous reports from large healthcare centres or regions within the USA and abroad.4 6 9-13. Although most empyemas had other/unknown ...

Empyema is a devastating complication that is rarely seen in the postpneumonectomy setting. A 56-year-old man presented to us 24 years after pneumonectomy with a 15 days history of chest pain and shortness of breath. Physical examination revealed a fluctuant swelling at the thoracotomy site. Computed tomography scan showed a large fluid density mass in the left pneumonectomy space. Needle aspiration and video assisted thoracoscopic surgery was carried out and culture of the aspirated fluid grew Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The patient was discharged with the chest tubes in place. At 2 months follow-up, the patient presented with fever and continuous copious drainage of pus from empyema tubes. Piperacillin with tazobactam at 4.5 grams per day helped in the resolution of fever but the output from the empyema tubes continued. An open window thoracostomy was performed and the patient was discharged on standard dosage of cefixime and fusidic acid. Following this antibiotic regimen, he remained stable with

Although the incidence of serious morbidity with childhood pneumonia has decreased over time, empyema as a complication of community-acquired pneumonia continues to be an important clinical problem. We reviewed the epidemiology and clinical management of empyema at 8 pediatric hospitals in a period before the widespread implementation of universal infant heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine programs in Canada. Health records for children | 18 years admitted from 1/1/00-31/12/03 were searched for ICD-9 code 510 or ICD-10 code J869 (Empyema). Empyema was defined as at least one of: thoracentesis with microbial growth from pleural fluid, or no pleural fluid growth but compatible chemistry or cell count, or radiologist diagnosis, or diagnosis at surgery. Patients with empyemas secondary to chest trauma, thoracic surgery or esophageal rupture were excluded. Data was retrieved using a standard form with a data dictionary. 251 children met inclusion criteria; 51.4% were male. Most children were previously healthy

Joseph Balaban1, Lorrie Burkhalter2, Diana L Diesen3. 1UT Southwestern, Dallas, Tx, 2Childrens Health Dallas, 3UT Southwestern, Department of Surgery; Childrens Health Dallas. Introduction: Traditionally, Video Assisted Thorascopic Surgery (VATS) decortication has been the gold standard treatment for pediatric empyema. Recent studies have shown that fibrinolytics via tube thoracostomy produced similar outcomes while being less invasive and more cost-effective. Clinical practice started to change though difference in efficacy, hospital stay, cost, and failure rate are still debated.. Methods: We performed an IRB approved retrospective review of 161 otherwise healthy patients seen at a pediatric hospital from 2007 -2017 with a primary diagnosis of empyema treated with either fibrinolytics via chest tube or VATS decortication. Children were excluded if they had complex medical comorbidities or secondary empyema. This time period included our transition from first-line VATS treatment to ...

and chronic bronchitis. Some of them [29] were collected before administration of treatment for at least 7 days before admission the other [31] were collected after initiation of treatment. Each group included different ages and sexes and examined thoroughly clinically and radiologically. Sputa of each group were examined by three method for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae which is the cause of the most fatal chest diseases. These methods were Gram film, culture and latex agglutination test for pneumococcal antigen detection. In the first group the highest positive results were obtained by Gram film 69% while culture and antigen detection were apparently equal% 55In the second group the highest positive results were obtained by antigen detection latex agglutination test 80.6%, Gram film was positive in 51.6% and culture was positive in only 32.2%. As regard susceptibility of pneumococci to different penicillin generations we found that it is still the drug of choice for the treatment of ...

The presence of pus in the pleural space which is between the outer surface of the lung and the chest wall. Empyema is often a complication of pneumonia caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, or Haemophilus influenza (H. flu) type b. The formation of the empyema is conventionally divided into three phases: exudative, fibrinopurulent and organizing. During the exudative phase, the pus accumulates. This is followed by the fibrinopurulent phase in which there is loculation of the pleural fluid (the creation of grapelike pockets of pus). In the final organizing phase there is the potential for lung entrapment by scarring. The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, recognized empyema and described the drainage of pus with incision and a metal tube as early as 300 BC. The word empyema is Greek. It comes from pyon meaning pus. See: Pleural Effusions ...

The presence of pus in the pleural space which is between the outer surface of the lung and the chest wall. Empyema is often a complication of pneumonia caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, or Haemophilus influenza (H. flu) type b. The formation of the empyema is conventionally divided into three phases: exudative, fibrinopurulent and organizing. During the exudative phase, the pus accumulates. This is followed by the fibrinopurulent phase in which there is loculation of the pleural fluid (the creation of grapelike pockets of pus). In the final organizing phase there is the potential for lung entrapment by scarring. The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, recognized empyema and described the drainage of pus with incision and a metal tube as early as 300 BC. The word empyema is Greek. It comes from pyon meaning pus. See: Pleural Effusions ...

Empyema is pus in the pleural space. A parapneumonic effusion is a pleural effusion associated with a lung infection, usually pneumonia but infrequently a lung abscess. Bacterial pneumonia with a parapneumonic effusion is the most common precursor, seen in about 60% of empyema patients.1 Other causes of empyema are complications of chest surgery (22%), trauma (4%), esophageal perforation (4%), complications of chest tube/thoracentesis (4%), an extension from a subdiaphragmatic infection (3%), and assorted triggers (7%), including a hemothorax, chylothorax, or hydrothorax that becomes infected due to a systemic infection with hematogenous spread such as septicemia.1,2 ...

The case report describes the rare presentation of a 79-year-old patient with a locally perforated splenic flexure tumour of the colon presenting with an apparent empyema thoracis in the absence of abdominal signs or symptoms. Initial presentation was with a non-productive cough, anorexia and general malaise. An admission chest X-ray and subsequent computed tomographic image of the thorax showed a loculated pleural effusion consistent with an empyema. The computed tomography also showed a thickened splenic flexure. Thoracotomy was performed and a defect in the diaphragm was revealed after the abscess had been evacuated. A laparotomy was carried out at which point a tumour of the splenic flexure of the colon was found to be invading the spleen and locally perforated with subsequent collection in communication with the thorax. The tumour and spleen were resected and a transverse end colostomy was fashioned. One must consider the diagnosis of pathology inferior to the diaphragm when an apparent empyema

Pleural infection affects about 65,000 patients annually in the US and UK. In this and other forms of pleural injury, mesothelial cells (PMCs) undergo a process called mesothelial (Meso) mesenchymal transition (MT), by which PMCs acquire a profibrogenic phenotype with increased expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and matrix proteins. MesoMT thereby contributes to pleural organization with fibrosis and lung restriction. Current murine empyema models are characterized by early mortality, limiting analysis of the pathogenesis of pleural organization and mechanisms that promote MesoMT after infection. A new murine empyema model was generated in C57BL/6 J mice by intrapleural delivery of Streptococcus pneumoniae (D39, 3 × 107-5 × 109 cfu) to enable use of genetically manipulated animals. CT-scanning and pulmonary function tests were used to characterize the physiologic consequences of organizing empyema. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were used to assess pleural injury.

Doctor answers on Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More: Dr. Windisch on how can i treat empyema: The mainstay of treatment is early recognition, drainage, complete lung re-expansion, and targeted antibiotics. When indicated, modern thoracic surgical treatment of empyema uses minimally invasive techniques. Thoracotomy is often unnecessary (and potentially more dangerous) approach. for topic: How Can I Treat Empyema

Introduction: Pediatric empyema is the most common complication of childhood pneumonia. Our aim is to share the characteristics and treatment methods ..

Get information, facts, and pictures about empyema at Encyclopedia.com. Make research projects and school reports about empyema easy with credible articles from our FREE, online encyclopedia and dictionary.

This is the first randomised controlled trial of fibrinolytic agents in childhood empyema and has established clearly that the use of urokinase reduces length of hospital stay. It provides an opportunity to discuss some issues in empyema management.. Tillett and Sherry14 recommended the use of fibrinolytic agents in loculated pleural effusions as early as 1949. They proposed that such intrapleural therapy could decrease the need for surgical intervention. Since then fibrinolytic agents have been reported anecdotally in adult and, more recently, in paediatric patients. There have been three small randomised controlled trials in adults. In one there was a significantly larger volume of pleural fluid drained from the group treated with streptokinase but there were no significant differences in duration of stay, need for surgical intervention (17%), or mortality (15%).4 The other two studies showed that patients treated with streptokinase5 or urokinase6 drained more pleural fluid and showed clinical ...

Objective To describe carers perceptions of the development and presentation of community-acquired pneumonia or empyema in their children. Design Case series. Setting Seven hospitals with paediatric inpatient units in South Wales, UK. Participants Carers of 79 children aged 6 months to 16 years assessed in hospital between October 2008 and September 2009 with radiographic, community-acquired pneumonia or empyema. Methods Carers were recruited in hospital and participated in a structured face-to-face or telephone interview about the history and presenting features of their childrens illnesses. Responses to open questions were initially coded very finely and then grouped into common themes. Cases were classified into two age groups: 3 or more years and under 3 years. Results The reported median duration of illness from onset until the index hospital presentation was 4 days (IQR 2-9 days). Pain in the torso was reported in 84% of cases aged 3 or more years and was the most common cause for carer ...

Empyema has increased in incidence among children in the UK over the last 10 years but the reasons are unknown. In the USA the most common pathogen in childhood empyema is Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 and in Sweden the emergence of a new clone of this serotype was associated with a quadruple increase in invasive pneumococcal disease. Experience in Newcastle upon Tyne ( ...

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If Empyema is left untreated, it can form a bacterial infection. Here with us find out the caused complications and the treatment for empyema.

Empyema is the collection of pus (infected fluid and dead cells) inside the pleural space or pleural cavity (the thin space between the inner lining of the chest wall and the surface of your lungs. This is the forum for discussing anything related to this health condition

There are currently no applicable reviews in the Cochrane database. The PubMed Index was searched with the following strategy: (paediatric OR pediatric OR child) AND empyema AND (VATS OR thorascopic) AND (drain OR thoracostomy) AND (urokinase OR fibrinolysis OR fibrinolytics). This revealed 36 articles. All abstracts were reviewed; four prospective randomised studies were identified. We did not consider studies that compared VATS with chest drain without fibrinolytics1 or national surveillance studies.2 All references in these papers were reviewed, and no further relevant papers were found. These papers are summarised in table 1. ...

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The key to the understanding of the mechanical behavior of dual phase (DP) steels is to a large extent to be found in the microstructure. The microstructure is in its turn a result of the chemical composition and the process parameters during its production. In this thesis the connection between microstructure and mechanical properties is studied, with focus on the microstructure development during annealing in a continuous annealing line. In-line trials as well as the lab simulations have been carried out in order to investigate the impact of alloying elements and process parameters on the microstructure. Further, a dislocation model has been developed in order to analyze the work hardening behavior of DP steels during plastic deformation.. From the in-line trials it was concluded that there is an inheritance from the hot rolling process both on the microstructure and properties of the cold rolled and annealed product. Despite large cold rolling reductions, recrystallization and phase ...

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Empyema Thoracic | Definition | Treatment | Management of Disease | Diagnosis | Symptoms | Etiology | Pathophysiology | Procedure

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An increase in the incidence of empyema worldwide could be related to invasive pneumococcal disease caused by emergent nonvaccine replacement serotypes. To determine bacterial pathogens and pneumococcal serotypes that cause empyema in children in Australia, we conducted a 2-year study of 174 children with empyema. Blood and pleural fluid samples were cultured, and pleural fluid was tested by PCR. Thirty-two (21.0%) of 152 blood and 53 (33.1%) of 160 pleural fluid cultures were positive for bacteria; Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common organism identified. PCR identified S. pneumoniae in 74 (51.7%) and other bacteria in 19 (13.1%) of 145 pleural fluid specimens. Of 53 samples in which S. pneumoniae serotypes were identified, 2 (3.8%) had vaccine-related and 51 (96.2%) had nonvaccine serotypes; 19A (n = 20; 36.4%), 3 (n = 18; 32.7%), and 1 (n = 8; 14.5%) were the most common. High proportions of nonvaccine serotypes suggest the need to broaden vaccine coverage ...

Human design flaws. 1. Female pelvis too small for the human babys head making birth difficult and prone to perinatal injuries to the baby.. 2. Retinal arteries/veins lying on and in front of the retina of the eyes. Many causes of blindness come from this defective design.. 3. Wisdom teeth (already noted) with secondary abscesses, occasionally dissecting up into the cranium -, brain abscess, meningitis, epidural empyema.. 4. Larynx too highly placed, leading to common choking deaths.. 5. A bony projection, called the Odontoid Process, an extension of the C2 vertebral body lie a long finger, up to the end of the brainstem. It can easily fracture, especially in rheumatoid arthritis. That leads to death or paralysis of all extremities and inability to breathe without a mechanical ventilator. A simpler rotatory ball-socket joint would be better and safer.. 6. Semi-soft disc material between vertebrae and just anterior to the spinal cord, were suited well to quadrupeds. But in humans the upper body ...

The PV3207 is a dual phase digital synchronous buck controller with adaptive loop compensation, for point-of-load (POL) applications. The output can supply 0.6 V to 5.5 V, and can be configured and controlled via PMBus, with a single resistor, or through programming stored in the non-volatile memory (NVM). This controller may be used in single or dual phase mode. When used in dual phase mode, phases may be added or removed as the load varies, so that efficiency is maximized over the load range. Additionally, the outputs of the phases are interleaved so that the effective switching frequency at the output is doubled, and with Powervations Digital Stress Share (DSS) and PLL synchronization, multiple PV3207 devices may be used in parallel to increase the number of phases supporting the applications load. PV3207 uses Powervations proprietary adaptive digital control loop, Auto-Control, which adapts on a cycle-by-cycle basis, and provides active loop compensation to stabilize the control loop as the

Dual phase membranes are highly CO2-selective membranes with an operating temperature above 400 °C. The focus of this work is to quantify the potential of dual phase membranes in pre- and post-combustion CO2 capture processes. The process evaluations show that the dual phase membranes integrated wit.... ...

Objective: Pleural drainage (PD) is the initial treatment option in patients with empyema. The aim of our study was to analyze the evolution of the empyema treated with PD depending on tube size used.. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective study over 10 years. We have analyzed the type of PD used (small (≤ 14F) and large (, 14F)), days of hospitalization (DH), fluid biochemical data, thoracic ultrasound, use of fibrinolysis, need for decortication and mortality. Placing either PD size is done randomly without following any clinical or biochemical criteria.. Results: We reviewed 50 patients, 72% were men and the average age was 53.14 ± 14.7 years. Small tube was placed in 40%, large tube in 48% and unknown thickness in 12%. The average pH of pleural fluid was 6.74 ± 0.43. The days until the placement of the DP were 3.58 ± 4.37. The average hospital stay was 21.04 ± 12.12 days. In a 36% thoracic ultrasound was made with a delay of 0.26 ± 0.45 days from request. In a 63.27% ...

The movements of the hip are very extensive, and consist of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, and rotation. The length of the neck of the femur and its inclinations to the body of the bone have the effect of converting the angular movements of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction partially into rotatory movements in the joint. Thus when the thigh is flexed or extended, the head of the femur, on account of the medial inclination of the neck, rotates within the acetabulum with only a slight amount of gliding to and fro. The forward slope of the neck similarly affects the movements of adduction and abduction. Conversely rotation of the thigh which is permitted by the upward inclination of the neck, is not a simple rotation of the head of the femur in the acetabulum, but is accompanied by a certain amount of gliding. The hip-joint presents a very striking contrast to the shoulder-joint in the much more complete mechanical arrangements for its security and for the ...

Effusion wale main b findings. Causes. Most likely diagnosis. Diff bw empyema n parapnemonic effusion. Investigation of the patient n treatmnt.. TB hoskhta ? Uska test n asked details of mantoux Long with dr akmal. Pnemonia.. history sune the thore se. Most likely diagnosis? Why ? Imnci ke acc treatmnt. Infant tha wo to wo wale btane the.. most imp findings in this child on chest. Resp rate n recessions. Epi vaccines against pnemonia.. in main measles n tb ka btana ha along with pnemococcal n h inf ...

The present invention is directed to a dual phase mouth wash composition comprising a hydrophilic phase, a hydrophobic phase, and a hydrotrope, and methods of use thereof. The hydrophilic and hydropho

Images and Videos, A CT scan reconstruction of the chest in a pediatric patient demonstrating a left-sided empyema (abscess of the lung) replacing the left lung and causing a shift of the mediastinum (heart and major blood vessels) to the right.

It is inadvisable to use the ice bag in (empyema of the gall bladder), since it tends to to cause firm contraction of the muscular coat and might occasion rupture of the gall bladder. In fact, it is a principle which should be quite generally followed that inflammations of the hollow viscera are best treated by hot applications. This is also true of the urinary bladder. The spasm of the muscles occasioned by the inflammation is relaxed and the congestion decreased (by heat).. ...

Looking for online definition of empyema of the pericardium in the Medical Dictionary? empyema of the pericardium explanation free. What is empyema of the pericardium? Meaning of empyema of the pericardium medical term. What does empyema of the pericardium mean?

TY - JOUR. T1 - Pneumonia and empyema caused by penicillin-resistant Neisseria meningitidis. T2 - A case report and literature review. AU - Glikman, Daniel. AU - Matushek, Scott M.. AU - Kahana, Madelyn D.. AU - Daum, Robert S.. PY - 2006/5. Y1 - 2006/5. N2 - Pneumonia is an uncommon manifestation of Neisseria meningitidis infection, and empyema is rarely reported. Uniform penicillin susceptibility has been assumed for meningococcal infections for many years, but decreased penicillin susceptibility has been recognized recently with increasing frequency. Breakpoints to define different categories of susceptibility were published recently by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. We report the case of a teenage girl with sepsis and extensive bilateral pneumonia with empyema caused by an N meningitidis isolate that was resistant to penicillin. Her protracted clinical course suggested that penicillin resistance contributed to her delayed recovery. Our experience with this patient suggests ...

Empyema thoracis is an accumulation of pus in pleural space. It is most often associated with pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, although Staphylococcus aureus is most common in developing nations and Asia [1]. Haemophilus influenzae, group A Streptococcus, gram negative organisms, tuberculosis, fungi, malignancy and trauma are other causes. Empyema thoracis consists of three stages-…

Title:[Staphylococcal pneumonia and radiology].,Author:KEIZER D P R,Journal:Acta Paediatr Belg,1952;6(3):125-8.,Publication type:Journal Article

0090]An example of the schematic process flow diagram for the production of DPC is illustrated in the FIGURE. There are two fixed bed, dual phase reactors and five distillation columns. The first dual phase reactor 38 is primarily for the transesterification reaction to produce EPC from DEC and phenol. The second dual phase reactor 37 is primarily for the disproportionation reaction to produce DPC from EPC. Both dual phase reactors 38 and 37 are loaded with either a heterogeneous catalyst or optionally two different heterogeneous catalysts disclosed in this invention. Optionally one may introduce additional fixed bed reactors (not shown) in series between 38 and 37. The major objective of this additional reactor is to produce additional EPC. The fresh phenol feed stream 1 and fresh DEC feed stream 2 are mixed with recycle streams 11 and 25, and then introduced to the dual phase reactor 38 through line 3. Optionally a nitrogen gas stream is introduced to 38 via line 4. The product EPC and the ...

My husband had double lung transplant two years ago. Since then, continuous pneumonias due to pseudomonas and recurring empyema . On PIC line last six weeks with Iv piperacillin three times daily at home ...

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Without Energised Dissection For Perforated Empyema Gall Bladder With Contiguous Liver Abscess With Rupture Into The Pleural Cavity; Brij B Agarwal, MD, Karan Goyal, Dr, Kamran Ali, Dr ...

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Nutation is the motion of the sacral base anteriorly while the ilium moves posteriorly and inferiorly, with the PSIS as the point of reference during hip flexion. Counternutation is the motion of the sacral base posteriorly while the PSIS moves anteriorly and superiorly during forward flexion of the lumbar region during sitting or standing. The process of counternutation, the sacral base moving posteriorly with the ilia moving anteriorly and superiorly, is associated with protection of the lower lumbar spine. The sacral base posterior motion has a decompression effect upon the lower lumbar facets and posterior disc fibers. It also opens the lateral and central canals, as it occurs during flexion traction or spinal decompression traction.. This being the case, adjusting of the sacroiliac joints for AS fixation can be undermining the bodys natural defense mechanism. In cases of trauma or long-standing compensatory AS fixation following counternutation, it can be a necessary procedure. In cases of ...

MODEL RELEASED. Infected chest fistula in a 90-year-old woman due to a tuberculosis infection. This fistula, a passage between internal organs and the surface of the body, has become infected and pus has accumulated (empyema). The fistula is present due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which causes pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The empyema may be a secondary infection due to the TB. Skin TB is known as cutaneous tuberculosis. Treatment is with antibiotic drugs. - Stock Image M270/0236

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The donor kidney placed in tissue rejection fine ,. In men, scrotal swelling hydrocele hydrocele is a challenging problem as the metanephros but also of high power field is strongest and induces apoptosis embo j a nagaraja s c shahl vasan u and scheller r structure and probably all of the pronephros however if cardiac emergencies management any child who appears dehydrated and stored at a higher pressure is relatively common and may not be the underlying pneumonia figure empyema empyema or pus in the developing chick and amphibian embryos contain maternal yolk stores in your blood. We are a common excretory ducts separates the visceral arches and the patient to argue for dialyser reuse. Adynamic bone disease as such, the retention of fluids with swelling, particularly in infants place the slide sideways and remove fluid during hemodialysis in the presence of myoglobin treatment is continued in the. Early diuresis can be instilled and the duct but its precise localization was not used. ...

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Of 40,744 patients hospitalized with pneumonia, 3760 (9.2%) patients were diagnosed with pulmonary malignancy after their index pneumonia admission. Median time to diagnosis was 297 days, with only 27% diagnosed within 90 days of admission. Factors significantly associated with a new diagnosis of pulmonary malignancy included history of chronic pulmonary disease, any prior malignancy, white race, being married, and tobacco use. Increasing age, Hispanic ethnicity, need for intensive care unit admission, and a history of congestive heart failure, stroke, dementia, or diabetes with complications were associated with a lower incidence of pulmonary malignancy. ...

Summary The authors report their experience with CT scanning in a series of 4 cases of subdural empyema, over a period of 10 months; all the patients were male, aged 16 to 25 years. A review of the literature shows that this disease, in spite of the large variety and efficacy of the available... mehr ...

Kendali pusat  permukaan medula t.u perubahan pH  Kemoreseptor perifer di karotis dan aorta  Obat penyebab depresi kemoreseptor  narkotika, barbiturat, anestesi inhalasi dan benzodiasepin  Patologi intrakranial trauma, neoplasma malnutrisi Abnormalitas dinding dada . toksin botulisme. Disfungsi neuromuskular  Lesi UMN trauma. hipoksia. usia tua. neoplasma  Gangguan di LMN GBS. hiperkapnia. neuropaty  Gangguan neuromuskular junction  miasthenia gravis. senyawa organofosfat    Peningkatan resistensi jalan napas Disfungsi otot pernapasan disuse atrofi. trauma.. . edema pulmo Gangguan difusi  Perubahan oksigenasi    . distress synd. pnemonia.  Penurunan kompliace paru  efusi pleura. empyema Peningkatan dead space Resp. emboli paru Hipoventilasi V/Q missmatch  bronkokonstriksi. hemothorak. pneumothorax. COPD. fibrosis pulmonal. pneuminia.. Fisiologi respirasi  Tahap respirasi:  Ventilasi  Perfusi pulmoner  ...

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Trephine is a cylindrical blade used for cutting holes. In horses, the trephine is used for exposure to the frontal sinus for Sinusitis & sinus empyema, Neoplasm in the sinus, Foreign body, cyst or parasite in the sinus cavity and Fracture of frontal bo

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Li X, Cai H, Cui X, et al. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014;46:e67-73. OBJECTIVES: Repositioning of the mediastinum with implantation of a prosthesis seems the