The purpose of this study was to compare laboratory and clinical outcomes of intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI) and conventional intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in couples with repeated implantation failures. A total of 200 couples with at least two prior unsuccessful ICSI cycles were enrolled: 100 couples were submitted to IMSI and 100 were submitted to routine ICSI. For IMSI, spermatozoa were selected at 8400× magnification using an inverted microscope equipped with Nomarski (differential interference contrast) optics. For conventional ICSI, spermatozoa were selected at 400× magnification. Clinical outcomes were evaluated between the two groups. Study patients were comparable in age, number of treatment failures, aetiology of infertility, percentage of normal form assessed by MSOME (motile sperm organelle morphology examination), semen parameters, total number of oocytes collected, number of mature oocytes collected, total number of embryos transferred and

Looking for online definition of uterine receptivity in the Medical Dictionary? uterine receptivity explanation free. What is uterine receptivity? Meaning of uterine receptivity medical term. What does uterine receptivity mean?

To describe and analyze the benefit of immunomodulatory drugs for recurrent miscarriages and implantation failures. The literature research was conducted in Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library concerning recurrent miscarriages and implantation failures and steroids, progesterone, intralipids, TNF-α …

The embryo implantation rate in assisted reproduction procedures is 20%, which leads to a low clinical pregnancy rate (35%), and even lower live birth rate (25%), per cycle started. Low embryo quality, poor endometrial receptivity, difficulties during the blastocyst hatching process are frequently denoted as the main reasons for the low implantation rate in humans.. The artificial rupture or thinning of the zona pellucida before embryo transfer-assisted hatching (AH)-has been proposed to foster spontaneous hatching and improve embryo implantation rates. Despite great effort, the clinical relevance of AH remains controversial and elusive.. There is a great importance of AH during frozen embryo cycles. Due to previous studies there is no precise answer about the value of AH performed on cryopreserved-thawed embryos. As far as is known, there is no clinical data to indicate the effects of AH on vitrified-warmed embryo transfer.. The objective of this prospective study is to assess the possible ...

The endometrium undergoes extensive changes to prepare for embryo implantation and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been described as playing a significant role in the regulation of endometrial receptivity. However, there is no consensus about the miRNAs involved in mid-secretory endometrial functions. We analysed the complete endometrial miRNome from early secretory (pre-receptive) and mid-secretory (receptive) phases from fertile women and from patients with recurrent implantation failure (RIF) to reveal differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs in the mid-secretory endometrium. Furthermore, we investigated whether the overall changes during early to mid-secretory phase transition and with RIF condition could be reflected in blood miRNA profiles. In total, 116 endometrial and 114 matched blood samples collected from two different population cohorts were subjected to small RNA sequencing. Among fertile women, 91 DE miRNAs were identified in the mid-secretory vs. early secretory endometrium, while no ...

Mediators of Inflammation is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that publishes original research and review articles on all types of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, PAF, biological response modifiers and the family of cell adhesion-promoting molecules.

RESULTS: In this study, we have applied a genome-wide transcript-level changes approach using oligo microarrays representing 37,600 genes to define the transcriptomic profile of RIF patients in comparison to fertile controls.The differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) that met the criteria , log2(Fold Change) , (LFC)≥1 and adjusted p-value≤0.05 were accepted as statistically significant DEGs. The resulting 641 DEGs that met the criteria were then used for further selection with a feature selection wrapper algorithm that helps in identifying aspects the most relevant to the distinction between patients and controls. Feature selection was performed 100 times and DEGs that were chosen in all runs were accepted to be relevant DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis was carried out with 93 DEGs that were accepted as relevant. The BIOCARTA pathway RAC1 cell motility signaling pathway as well as related pathways were found to be enriched ...

Repeated implantation failure (RIF) happens when good-quality embryos repeatedly fail to implant in several IVF treatment cycles.

Dr. Saleh, Eighteen months ago, I was diagnosed with endometriosis when my doctor found 2 chocolate cysts on ultrasound. At the time, he recommended against surgery given my age (Im now 39) my lack of pain, and his concern that it could reduce my ovarian reserve. Since then I have had what I believe to be multiple implantation failures but no successful pregnancies (all natural cycles). I have read that implantation failure is more common in women with endometriosis, but I am unclear

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) injections can enhance embryo implantation before the embryo is transferred into the uterus. Hcg booster shot after embryo transfer is not necessary because HCG shots before embryo transfer are adequate. Progesterone is often given after embryo transfer to support and sustain a pregnancy. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) injections are mainly given in women who undergo in-vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is a hormone used widely in assisted reproductive treatments (ART) to induce ovulation. Assisted reproductive treatments are ways or methods to treat infertility and to make it possible for a couple to conceive. The definition of infertility is when a couple is unable to conceive despite regular and unprotected sexual intercourse for a one-year duration.. Infertility is a common condition. In the United States, 15% of couples are unable to conceive due to infertility. Infertility can affect the male partner, the female ...

Using single-cell sequencing and an in vitro culture system, researchers followed transcriptomic and epigenomic features over time in three main embryonic cell lineages.

The molecular regulation of mammalian peri-implantation development is complex and difficult to study in vivo. We successfully cultured hamster blastocysts through hatching and peri-attachment stages, using a chemically defined medium, HECM-2h. Using this system, we showed that a species-specific, embryonic cysteine-like protease is involved in blastocyst hatching and that the process is modulated by growth factors. In particular, heparin binding-epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) or leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) enhance blastocyst hatching, and the former also improves attachment and trophoblast outgrowth. We observed interesting changing patterns of expression of mRNA and/or immunoreactive protein for EGF, HB-EGF, LIF and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in the embryo and/or endometrial tissue, during peri-implantation development. Together, it appears that hamster blastocyst hatching, attachment and trophoblast outgrowth are regulated by autocrine and/or paracrine growth factors, ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Implantation in the baboon. T2 - Endometrial responses. AU - Fazleabas, A. T.. AU - Kim, J. J.. AU - Srinivasan, S.. AU - Donnelly, K. M.. AU - Brudney, A.. AU - Jaffe, R. C.. PY - 1999. Y1 - 1999. N2 - Blastocyst implantation in the baboon usually occurs between 8 and 10 days post ovulation. Changes that occur within this window of receptivity and immediately following implantation can be divided into three distinct phases. The first phase, regulated by estrogen and progesterone, is characterized primarily by changes in both the luminal and glandular epithelial cells in preparation for blastocyst apposition and attachment. The second phase is the further modulation of these steroid induced changes in both epithelial and stromal cells by embryonic signals. The final phase is associated with trophoblast invasion and the remodeling of the endometrial stromal compartment. During the initial phase, the actions of estrogen and progesterone are dependent on the presence of specific ...

A team of researchers affiliated with multiple institutions in China has used single-cell sequencing to learn more about the human embryo during implantation in the uterus. In their paper published in the journal Nature, the group describes sequencing thousands of human embryo cells from before, during and after implantation, and what they learned from it.. To learn more about what happens during the implantation process, the researchers fertilized 65 human eggs and allowed them to grow in an in vitro culture system. This allowed them to study thousands of cells before, during and after they started the implantation process.. The researchers suggest their work created a path towards better understanding the underlying basis of an array of pregnancy disorders, including recurrent implantation failure, unexplained sporadic and recurrent pregnancy loss and diseases of abnormal placentation.. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Impact of endometriosis on implantation. T2 - Data from the Wilford Hall Medical Center IVF-ET Program. AU - Hickman, Timothy. PY - 2002/10/1. Y1 - 2002/10/1. N2 - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of endometriosis on implantation. STUDY DESIGN: In a retrospective cohort study, 149 consecutive in vitro fertilization retrieved cycles were analyzed. Patients with endometriosis (n = 27, 31 cycles) were compared with a control group with tubal infertility (n = 104, 118 cycles). The main outcome measure was implantation rate (gestational sac per transferred embryo). RESULTS: The patients in the tubal infertility group were slightly younger and tended to have a better response to stimulation and increased number of oocytes retrieved than did the patients in the endometriosis group; however, there were no differences in fertilization rates, number of embryos transferred or clinical pregnancy rates per cycle between the endometriosis group and tubal infertility group. The overall ...

Embryo implantation is necessary for the successful formation of pregnancy. Ectopic implantation external the uterine cavity and the growth of ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a..

A sequential study was made of non-delayed and of experimentally delayed rat blastocysts. Alterations in shape, axis lengths and area of non-delayed blastocysts first appeared on the afternoon of Day 5 of pregnancy. Similar changes were observed in delayed blastocysts beginning 12 hr after the simultaneous administration of oestrone and progesterone. In both cases implantation occurred within the subsequent 24 hr. In contrast, delayed blastocysts maintained only with progesterone were markedly larger than normal but failed to demonstrate typical pre-implantation changes or to implant. Therefore it was concluded that changes necessary for and indicative of impending implantation are induced by the synergistic action of oestrone and progesterone on the blastocyst.. Blastocysts from non-delayed and delayed, oestrone-treated animals were consistently free of their zonae pellucidae at least 18 hr prior to implantation-6 hr after pre-implantation changes were initially noted. Progesterone, although it ...

Embryo Transfer day is the most important day of the IVF cycle. The day is the culmination of all your hopes and at the same time, your anxieties. So what do you do? Infertility specialists at Pacific Reproductive Center explain the truth about what needs to be done and what doesnt on the embryo transfer day.. Request for the most experienced doctor. As a patient, it is your privilege to ask for the best doctor in the team. PRC doctors are extensively trained and experienced in infertility treatment and IVF. They have been instrumental in advancing the understanding and treatment of fertility and In Vitro Fertilization (IVF).. Discuss in advance about the number of embryos being transferred. Till very recently, doctors would transfer more than embryo to ensure that at least one would implant. But with modern technology, this may no longer be necessary. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis during your IVF fertility treatment at Pacific Reproductive Center, LA ensures that the embryo being ...

The interval transfer of a frozen-thawed embryo is more successful than a fresh embryo transfer for women undergoing IVF with recurrent implantation failure after cleavage stage embryo biopsy ...

The Endometrial Receptivity Array (ERA) test has been found to be very accurate in determining the implantation window so it reduces the chances of IVF failure.

/CNW/ -- The first human implantation of the VenusA Plus retrievable valve system was completed successfully at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang...

Recurrent IVF Failure is the failure to achieve a pregnancy after several IVF efforts. Recurrent Implantation Failure (RIF) is very unsatisfying for patients and Doctors. After a failed IVF cycle, it will be important for your IVF specialist to go over your file and correlate previous test results with the details of the failed cycle.. We have had patients achieve pregnancy on their very first IVF cycle and we have seen patients achieve pregnancy on their fifth cycle! In such cases, when the problem is with egg count or quality, the treatment protocol can be modified and a more aggressive approach can be adopted to maximize ovarian response. Depending on the patients age bracket, ovarian function, and the nature of the specific problem. For a better assessment, your case will need to be analyzed with all aspects included because each patient will necessitate a different approach.. ...

Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is an intrigue situation throughout in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) remedies. The aim of this retrospective examine is to discover the worth of next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) of trophectoderm biopsy within the medical outcomes for RIF sufferers with superior age. A complete of 265 RIF sufferers, who underwent 346 oocyte retrieval cycles and 250 PGT-A cycles, have been categorised as two teams in keeping with the feminine age, together with , 38 and ≥ 38 years outdated teams.. The 2 teams have been statistically comparable in baseline traits. The part of aneuploid embryos was considerably greater in superior age group than in youthful age group (68.9 vs 39.9%, P , 0.001). However there have been no statistically vital variations in being pregnant charge (43.5 vs 64.7%), medical being pregnant charge (39.1 vs 48.0%), implantation charge (39.1 vs ...

Evidence from an abundant number of studies suggests that human female reproductive functions have become impaired over the past half century and that there might be a relationship between endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and reduced fertility. It is, however, not known by what mechanisms EDCs affect different reproductive functions such as endometrial receptivity, embryo implantation and placentation.. The endometrium is continuously changing its morphological and functional properties, responding to cyclic changes of oestrogen and progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle. These changes include monthly preparation for embryo implantation through changed endometrial angiogenic activity and consequent changes in endometrial vasculature.. Use of primary human endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs) in this work was evaluated as a possible screening tool for effects caused by EDCs on human endometrial vasculature and subsequently on various endometrial functions.. In this study HEEC and ...

The mural trophectoderm is the region of the trophoblast that corresponds to the area of the embryonic sphere opposite and farthest from the inner cell mass. In mouse embryos, this is the site of implantation, whereas in the human embryo implantation is initiated in the opposing polar trophectoderm, nearest to the inner cell mass. The mural trophectoderm gives rise to the chorion leave portion of the placenta ...

Part 2: Improving your success rates of IVF where RIF is a factor. Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) can be a devastating problem for many couples. There are many reasons why an embryo can repeatedly fail to implant in the uterus.. There are a number of fertility aspects natural medicine can help with, including preparing the body with Preconception Care, assistance with Artificial Reproductive Therapy cycles and support management all the way throughout pregnancy, and post pregnancy health. In conjunction with Naturopathic and Acupuncture intervention our practitioners also look at a balance of Lifestyle, Diet and Nutrition, Stress and Exercise according to your constitution and individual energy balance.. Embryo quality. Thin endometrium. Immune problems. Uterine scarring. Sperm quality. Dont be deterred from treatments of Acupuncture or Natural Medicine if you have already commenced your journey for conception…. ...

Part 2: Improving your success rates of IVF where RIF is a factor. Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) can be a devastating problem for many couples. There are many reasons why an embryo can repeatedly fail to implant in the uterus.. There are a number of fertility aspects natural medicine can help with, including preparing the body with Preconception Care, assistance with Artificial Reproductive Therapy cycles and support management all the way throughout pregnancy, and post pregnancy health. In conjunction with Naturopathic and Acupuncture intervention our practitioners also look at a balance of Lifestyle, Diet and Nutrition, Stress and Exercise according to your constitution and individual energy balance.. Embryo quality. Thin endometrium. Immune problems. Uterine scarring. Sperm quality. Dont be deterred from treatments of Acupuncture or Natural Medicine if you have already commenced your journey for conception…. ...

Santillán I., Lozano I., Illán J., Verdú V., Coca S., Bajo-Arenas J. M., and Martinez F. (2015). Where and when should natural killer cells be tested in women with repeated implantation failure? J. Reprod. Immunol. 108, 142-148. doi:10.1016/j.jri.2014.12.009. En este trabajo, realizado conjuntamente con la clínica GineFiv y la Dra. Santillán, describimos la relación entre [...]. ...

Dr. Carolyn Givens for InfertilityDoctor.com, tells us that one protein produced by the endometrium during the implantation window that has some evidence for a scientific basis for a role in implantation is the cell-to-cell adhesion molecule known as beta-3 integrin. Integrins are a class of cell surface proteins that appear to act in all types of cell-to-cell recognition and adhesion processes. The beta-3 class of these proteins has been shown to be produced in response to progesterone in the endometrium and are purported to be one of the key proteins for adhesion of embryos to the endometrium. Failure to express this protein appropriately has been theorized to be a cause of unexplained implantation failure(1). To simplify, beta-3 integrin is the glue that binds the embryo to the uterine wall for successful implantation in the endometrium (uterine lining). Without this glue, the embryo will not attach properly and could result in miscarriages. ...

|p|Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is the repeated failure of an embryo to implant in the uterus of an otherwise healthy woman of childbearing age. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has much to offer women undergoing assisted reproductive technology

Introduction to the physiologic processes driving embryonic development and pregnancy; focus on embryo implantation, establishment of the placenta, development of the fetal circulatory systems and the molecular processes governing embryo differentiation and development; special emphasis on the major organ systems affected by pediatric disease and on the actions of teratogens. ...

OG Research Meeting Speaker: Ms. ZHANG Ruizhe (a Ph.D. student who is under Prof. Ronald WANGs supervision). Topic: DNA methylation of endometrium in women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage (RM_) and recurrent implantation failure (RIF). Speaker: Ms. Elaine NG (a Ph.D. student who is under Prof. Jacqueline CHUNGs supervision). Topic: Awareness, attitude and knowledge of fertility preservation among Hong Kong medical students and Validation of Chinese Version of Fertility Status Awareness Tool. Lunch boxes will be provided for all the participants ...

The human blastocyst at the feto-maternal microenvironment. Signalling and implantation system. Reproduced with permission. (12) The interleukin system is an indispensable component of pre-implantation embryo/endometrial communication. Inappropriate levels of female hormones or the ratio between the two has been shown to have a detrimental affect upon this implantation factor at the critical stage of alignment of the human embryo with the receptive cells of the endometrium prior to implantation, a docking style operation known as apposition.(13) As previously discussed, the Yuzpe method obviously meets the criteria of inappropriate levels. Sequentially associated with embryo/maternal cell-talk is the requirement for holding structures to be adequately present on the surface of the endometrium. These structures will maintain proper embryo/endometrial cellular contact whilst the embryo completes the implantation process. This life sustaining attachment/implantation process is, in part, ...

The purpose of this study is to determine a lipidomic profile on the endometrial fluid, that can predict endometrial receptivity.

Adequate development of uterine receptivity is crucial for establishment of pregnancy. Expression of uterine receptivity molecules i.e. αvβ3 integrin, E-cadherin and mucin-1 could be affected by testosterone. The objective of this study was to investigate effect of testosterone on expression of these molecules during early pregnancy. 30 ovariectomised female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups that consisted of vehicle control, rats received eight days sex-steroid replacement regime (intended to mimic the hormonal changes in early pregnancy) and three groups of rats given testosterone (1 mg/kg/day) subcutaneously with or without flutamide or finasteride between day 6 and 8 representing the period of uterine receptivity. At the end of the treatment, rats were sacrificed and uteri were removed. Expression and distribution of αvβ3 integrin, E-cadherin and mucin-1 were examined by immunoflourescence and levels of messenger RNA (mRNAs) were evaluated by real-time PCR. Expression of ...

The 2014 Annual Scientific Meeting of The Hong Kong Society of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Reproduction (HKSEMR), Hong Kong, 9 November 2014, no. P06 ...

The 15th Research Postgraduate Symposium (RPS 2010), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, 1-2 December 2010 ...

IVF World News, Science Updates, IVF Jobs and Embryology Resumes. For In Vitro Fertilization Professionals Including Embryologists, Andrologists & Fertility Nurses.

Male mice, heterozygous for the T26H reciprocal translocation, were mated to normal females. A systematic histological study at day 6 and day 8 of pregnancy, covering altogether 303 implantation chambers, yielded the following results: the average number of decidual reactions per female was 8·91, the average number of morphologically normal embryos atday 6 was 4·61 and at day 8, 4·25. No significant embryonic loss occurred between day 8 and the end of pregnancy. Most (89·0 %) of the embryonic loss due to genetically unbalanced (deficiencies combined with duplications) progeny occurs between the moment of the induction of a decidual reaction and day 6, i.e. in ±1·5 days. When the genetically unbalanced embryos were grouped in three classes according to the size of their deficiencies, the number sand types of the aberrant histological pictures found could be reconciled with the expectations of the three classes, based on cytological analysis. According to this, embryos with the smallest ...

Although a number of theories have been proposed in the development of endometriosis, the exact pathophysiology is still to be determined. The reduced conception rate in women with endometriosis may be explained by either decreased egg reserve resulting in chromosomally abnormal embryos or one of the following additional factors.

No adverse effect of treatment was evident in pregnancy rate data. At the high-dose level, mean body weights were significantly lower than control. In the mid-dose and high group, mean food consumption was significantly lower than control. At the mid-dose level, the incidence of females with areas of alopecia was notably increased. At the high-dose level, the incidence of females with staining of the fur in the ano-genital area and/ or soft stool was increased during the treatment interval of gestation. Additionally, several high-dose females were noted early in gestation (Day 9) as emaciated with red material about the snout. No adverse effect of treatment at the low- or mid-dose level was evident from uterine implantation data. An increase in both the mean number of resorption sites and the mean ratio of resorptions to implants was seen at the high-dose level, however it was not clear if the increase represents an adverse effect of treatment. No increase in the incidence of malformations was ...

Background: Improving implantation rates in ICSI cycles has been the focus of research in recent decades. Because success rates is not satisfacto

Doctors give trusted, helpful answers on causes, diagnosis, symptoms, treatment, and more: Dr. Livingston on I had my period 2 weeks ago and im spotting: While follicle formation, ovulation, fertilization, zygote formation, implantation are all steps of pregnancy; many more complexities remain: placenta formation, extremely complex cell replication, selective genetic reading, cell|tissue|organ differentiation, etc. Etc. Steps remain. Well over 1/3 of implantation never mature to a healthy live birth. The amazing issue is the percentage which work.

Dear Shining_Star,. As you said, the embryo youve been transferred is of optimal quality. Besides, taking into account that it comes from a healthy donor and the results of the seminogram show normal semen results, your case can be considered to be of good prognosis.. Hormone fertility drugs are indicated to improve chances of embryo implantation, since thanks to them your endometrium gets ready for it. The aim is to achieve the adequate endometrial thickness, which will make it more receptive for implantation. Progesterone is one of such hormone medications, usually indicated for IVF embryo transfer, either in cases where donor eggs are used and when own eggs are used as well.. Nevertheless, progesterone has some side effects, especially if taken by mouth. Bear in mind that symptoms are to be experienced either if oral or vaginal progesterone is taken, but if you move from vaginal route to oral route, symptoms such as somnolence, dizziness and nausea are rather frequent. This is the reason why ...

Vistahermosa Reproduction Unit.. Several aspects have to be evaluated so that the strategy to be followed is successful: number of embryos obtained, embryo quality grade, age of the patient, associated pathologies, complementary techniques and if it is an IVF or ovodonation cycle.. But why on day 3 or day 5? Dr. Avilés explains that these are the days in which the quality of the embryos can be more easily analyzed according to morphological parameters: shape, size, number of cells, fragments or vacuoles of the cells; and kinetic parameters: times of cell division. Also, depending on the implantation potential, the selection of the embryos includes 4 grades, from A to D, with A being very high and D being the lowest.. Transferring on day 3 or on day 5 will depend fundamentally on the number of embryos we have, especially because the fact that an embryo does not reach day 5 in the laboratory does not mean that it does not evolve in the uterus, which is its natural environment, says ...

So I think my endometrial biopsy that I will be having this month is different than the scratch. This one checks to see if your endometrium is receptive...

Immunostaining for Bax/Bcl2 Bax reveals weak expression in the developing decidua, but not in the uterine epithelium of the implantation chamber on 4.5 dpc (a).

Fans know General Hospital loves wacky storylines, and medical chimerism quite easily explains how Charlotte could have DNA of Valentin, Lulu, and Dante but only be the biological child of Lulu and Dante. We know that Claudette was Valentins girlfriend and partner in crime even before she served as the embryo surrogate. Before embryo implantation, fertility treatments can increase odds of success.. With Claudette and Valentin in a sexual relationship, he could have fertilized an egg of Claudettes just as the doctor implanted Lulu and Dantes embryo in her womb. With two embryos, one can be absorbed by the other, resulting in just one baby being born but containing the DNA of the other embryo that didnt survive. In most cases of medical chimerism, it is one twin that absorbs the other, but it could happen with two unrelated embryos in the same uterus.. Valentin and Claudettes embryo could have been absorbed by Dante and Lulus resulting in multiple strains of DNA.. ...

Human embryonic stem cell-derived blastocyst-like spheroids resemble human trophectoderm during early implantation process To study the use of human embryonic stem cell-derived trophoblastic spheroids (BAP-EB ...

Human embryonic stem cell-derived blastocyst-like spheroids resemble human trophectoderm during early implantation process To study the use of human embryonic stem cell-derived trophoblastic spheroids (BAP-EB ...