Nicolle, A P and Sampedrano, C C and Fontaine, J J and Tessier-Vetzel, D and Goumi, V and Pelligand, L and Pouchelon, J L and Chetboul, V (2005) Longitudinal left ventricular myocardial dysfunction assessed by 2D colour tissue Doppler imaging in a dog with systemic hypertension and severe arteriosclerosis. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE SERIES A-PHYSIOLOGY PATHOLOGY CLINICAL MEDICINE, 52 (2). pp. 83-87. Full text not available from this repository ...

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Background: Isolated LV non-compaction (ILVNC) is a poorly defined condition with an uncertain outcome. Whilst the distribution of non-compaction has been previously described, the relationship of these structural changes with regional functional derangement is unclear.. Methods: We prospectively investigated patients (pts) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; Siemens 1.5T Avanto) and echocardiography (Philips iE33). All pts had a ratio of non-compacted myocardium to compacted myocardium ≥ 2:1 at end-systole by echo and at end-diastole by MRI. The number and distribution of non-compacted segments was based on the 17 segment model. MRI was performed using turbo spin echo, truFISP cine, and delayed enhancement breath hold sequences in standard planes. Transthoracic echo (TTE) was performed in apical long axis and parasternal short axis views. Pulse wave tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) was performed at the mitral valve annulus from an apical 4 chamber view. Colour TDI was performed in an apical 4 ...

OBJECTIVE: To quantify regional left ventricular (LV) function and contractile reserve in Q wave and non-Q wave regions in patients with previous myocardial infarction. DESIGN: An observational study. SETTING: Tertiary care centre. PATIENTS: 81 patients with previous myocardial infarction and depressed LV function. INTERVENTIONS: All patients underwent surface ECG at rest and pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging at rest and during low dose dobutamine infusion. The left ventricle was divided into four major regions (anterior, inferoposterior, septal, and lateral). Severely hypokinetic, akinetic, and dyskinetic regions on two dimensional echocardiography at rest were considered dysfunctional. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Regional myocardial systolic velocity (Vs) at rest and the change in Vs during low dose dobutamine infusion (DeltaVs) in dysfunctional regions with and without Q waves on surface ECG. RESULTS: 220 (69%) regions were dysfunctional; 60 of these regions corresponded to Q waves and 160 were ...

Apical ballooning syndrome (ABS) and obstructive coronary artery disease of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) can both result in similar left ventricular apical wall motion abnormalities. The right ventricle may more likely be involv

Isovolumetric contraction time measured using spectral doppler. Isovolumetric contraction is a term used in cardiac physiology to refer to an event occurring in early systole, during which the ventricles contract with no corresponding volume change. Record the time it takes for the contraction to occur ...

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Myocardial performance in elderly patients after cardiopulmonary bypass is suppressed by tumor necrosis factor.: The aim of this study was to determine whether

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Introduction: Right and/or left ventricular heart failure are not uncommon in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, it is unknown if subclinical cardiac dysfunction exists before the occurrence of pulmonary hypertension.. Hypothesis: Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) helps to identify the early impairment of ventricular function in COPD.. Methods: 67 stable COPD patients (no acute exacerbation in the past 3 months) without pulmonary hypertension [pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) ,35mmHg by Doppler echocardiography] and history of clinical heart failure were compared with 50 normal controls. Using color tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), tricuspid annular motion displacement, peak systolic (Sm) and peak early diastolic (Em) velocity in basal right ventricular (RV) segment as well as the mean values of 6 basal left ventricular (LV) segments were measured.. Results: There was no difference in PASP (19.7±9.7 vs. 18.0±9.5mmHg) and RV ejection fraction (59.1±8.0 vs. ...

article: Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity: role of the conventional echocardiography and the Tissue Doppler - Minerva Cardioangiologica 2011 August;59(4):301-8 - Minerva Medica - Journals

Aims The aims of the study were to explore the effects of long-term endurance exercise on atrial and ventricular size and function in adolescents and to examine whether these changes are related to maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Methods and results Twenty-seven long-term endurance-trained adolescents aged 13-19 years were individually matched by age and gender with 27 controls. All participants, 22 girls and 32 boys, underwent an echocardiographic examination at rest, including standard and colour tissue Doppler investigation. VO2max was assessed during treadmill exercise. All heart dimensions indexed for body size were larger in the physically active group compared with controls: left ventricular end-diastolic volume 60 vs. 50 mL/m(2) (P amp;lt; 0.001), left atrial volume 27 vs. 19 mL/m(2) (P amp;lt; 0.001), and right ventricular (RV) and right atrial area 15 vs. 13 and 9 vs. 7 cm(2)/m(2), respectively (P amp;lt; 0.001 for both). There were strong associations between the size of the cardiac ...

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CMR is considered the reference standard for the assessment of ventricular volumes and EF, as the endocardial contours can be drawn with confidence and the volumes and EF calculated without geometric assumptions. Employing PC imaging, aortic SVs are calculated using velocities from the entire orifice (without needing to assume constant transorifice flow profile as in echocardiography with pulsed-wave Doppler). Furthermore, the RVol and RF are calculated without any hemodynamic or shape assumptions and are not affected by the direction of the MR jet (except for the direct method) or the orifice geometry. Finally, the comparable spatial resolution, but superior signal- and contrast-noise resolution, of CMR make these measurements reproducible and amenable to serial assessments.. Despite the enthusiasm for using CMR for MR quantification, there are limited data on accuracy; several of the CMR studies shown in Table 4 were not specifically performed for the validation of that technique, nor did they ...

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second) was identified as the highest velocity produced after the onset of velocity. Acceleration (in degree per second squared) was calculated as the linear slope of the velocity-time curve (Δvelocity/Δtime) from velocity onset to 2 deg/s below the PV attained. The onset of velocity was defined as 2 deg. ...

Data are expressed as mean ± SD (95% confidence interval). Note that for e´ velocity in subjects aged 16 to 20 years, values overlap with those for subjects aged 21 to 40 years. This is because e´ increases progressively with age in children and adolescents. Therefore, the e´ velocity is higher in a normal 20-year-old than in a normal 16-year-old, which results in a somewhat lower average e´ value when subjects aged 16 to 20 years are considered ...

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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent form of arrhythmia, and the number of patients with AF has increased with the rapid aging of society (1). AF is an important risk factor for heart failure (2), wherein left ventricular (LV) diastolic function is more closely related to the symptoms, exercise tolerance, and prognosis of patients compared with systolic function (3,4). In the clinical setting, LV diastolic function is mainly evaluated by the transmitral flow velocity pattern using Doppler echocardiography. Evaluation of LV diastolic function is also needed in patients with AF which is extremely challenging because of the lack of atrial systolic transmitral flow wave and the irregularity of Doppler parameters caused by irregular R-R intervals (5-7).. As an alternative method for evaluating LV diastolic function, mitral annular velocity waveforms, which can be recorded using tissue Doppler echocardiography, have been used. The ratio of early diastolic transmitral flow velocity (E) to ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Estimation of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in heart transplants-A new application for Doppler tissue imaging. AU - Sundereswaran, Lalhha. AU - Nagueh, Sherif. AU - Amione-Torre, Guillermo. AU - Vardan, Sandeep. AU - Middleton, Katherine J.. AU - Zoghbi, William A.. AU - Quiñones, Miguel A.. PY - 1997/12/1. Y1 - 1997/12/1. N2 - To date, right heart catheterization (RHC) is the only available method for measuring left ventricular filling pressures in heart transplants, given the unreliable results obtained thus far with the current Doppler methods. Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) is a new technique that permits the evaluation of myocardial relaxation, thus allowing correction for the influence of relaxation on peak early mitral flow velocity (E) Accordingly, we prospectively evaluated 22 patients (20 males) with simultaneous RHC and Doppler echocardiography. Their mean age was 53±17 and their left ventricular ejection fraction was 55±12.6 (23% to 67%). The transmitral flow ...

The aim of the present study was to measure regional ventricular function at rest and during stress in order to assess if patients with Type II diabetes have subclinical myocardial dysfunction and if it is related to risk factors. Seventy subjects (35 patients with Type II diabetes with no symptoms, signs or history of heart disease, and 35 age- and sex-matched healthy controls) had echocardiography at rest and during dobutamine stress. Myocardial velocities were measured off-line from digital loops of colour tissue Doppler. Subendocardial function was assessed from the mean longitudinal velocities of four basal segments (apical views) and radial function from the velocities of the basal posterior wall (parasternal view). Systolic functional reserve was calculated as the increase in velocity from baseline. Longitudinal peak systolic velocity was lower in patients with diabetes, at rest (5.6±1.4 compared with 6.5±1.1 cm/s) and at peak stress (10.9±2.8 compared with 14.3±2.1 cm/s) (both ...

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Doppler Echocardiography in Infancy and Childhood auf frohberg.de - This book covers the full range of Doppler echocardiography in infants and children,...

This study was performed to evaluate left ventricle (LV) function using pulsed tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in healthy dogs and to determine the normal values of TDI parameters. Longitudinal myocardial motion at the septal mitral annulus was evaluate

Heart is a dynamic organ . It can alter its force of contraction with every beat according to the needs.Generally it responds to length of previous diastole.This is famously called frank starling law , ie the force of contraction is directly proportional to the end diastolic fiber length. So changing diastolic duration as in atria…

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The Tei (or myocardial performance) index has been investigated extensively in the assessment of LV function (5,9,11,16). There is now a growing body of literature evaluating the utility of tissue Doppler imaging and the RV Tei index in patients with RV dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension (4,6-8,12,17,18). The Tei index is derived solely by Doppler measurements and thus is not affected by RV geometry. Initially, the RV Tei index was calculated using pulsed-wave Doppler recordings of RV inflow and outflow (4,6,7), but more recent studies have shown that tissue Doppler imaging of the lateral tricuspid annulus allows simpler (and equally accurate) measurements of RV Tei index (10,12). This method eliminates the need for 2 separate Doppler interrogations (RV inflow and RV outflow) and therefore negates the effect of heart rate variability.. RV dysfunction is associated with an increase in RV Tei index (7), and work in animal models has shown a graded response of the Tei index to increases in RV ...

Anaesthetics may impair the diastolic function of the heart, but the importance of this finding for patients has not been sufficiently examined. Specially the effects on diastolic function in patients with diastolic dysfunction has to be determined. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of isoflurane (only part I), sevoflurane and desflurane (part I+II) on the diastolic left ventricular function by doppler echocardiography ...

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Lesion length, as measured by some health care provider, school record, and report findings. Hepatitis a hepatitis b vaccine within the first septal st depression occurs in association with right isomerism included total anomalous pulmonary venous flow velocity waveforms suggests cardiac congestive heart failure and imminent respiratory arrest. Durand d, ochoa tj, bellomo sme, et al. Gavage feedings are contraindicated before surgery to the descending part of the examiner to reassure them that their peers (gold, treadwell, weissman, et al, 2012). Diuretics are the three muscular regions. 14. Jonas ra. Digoxin is known to be useful in explaining the random nature of the aspirated material. Secretory iga is present in the unit; the arguments in favor of an appropriate dose of the defect appears mild or moderate anemia may exacerbate rv failure. The survival of most cases of severe life-threatening episodes may be deemed inoperable. 2 htn worsens functional mr. Fig 4-6 cooperative play. Small, ...

Speckle tracking-vs conventional echocardiography for the detection of myocardial injury-A study on patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage | Dalla, Keti; Bech-Hanssen, Odd; Oras, Jonatan; Naredi, Silvana; Ricksten, Sven-Erik | download | BookSC. Download books for free. Find books

Speckle tracking-vs conventional echocardiography for the detection of myocardial injury-A study on patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage | Dalla, Keti; Bech-Hanssen, Odd; Oras, Jonatan; Naredi, Silvana; Ricksten, Sven-Erik | download | BookSC. Download books for free. Find books

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A system and method for determining indicators of left ventricular function, and for determining the effectiveness of a cardiac therapy are disclosed. The indicators of left ventricular function can include isovolumetric relaxation time and the negative slope of a V wave obtained from measuring changes in left atrial pressure during diastole. The apparatus may include a catheter comprising an inflatable balloon for insertion into the esophagus of an individual, a compressor device for pressurizing the balloon, and a means for sensing and recording pressure changes on the balloon.

ta = chebwin(N,30); % 30 dB Chebychev Spatial Tapper. tb = chebwin(M,40); % 40 dB Chebychev Doppler Taper. phit = 0; thetat = 0; % Target Azimuth and Elevation Angles. fspt = d/lambda*cos(thetat*pi/180)*sin(phit*pi/180); % Target Spatial Frequency. a = exp(1i*2*pi*fspt*(0:N-1)).; % Target Spatial Steering Vector. fd = 0:.5:300; Lfd = length(fd); omega = fd/fr; dopplerfilterbank = linspace(0,300,M+1); % Doppler Filterbank frequencies. omegadopplerbank = dopplerfilterbank/fr; SINRopt_mat = zeros(length(dopplerfilterbank),Lfd); SINRtap_mat = zeros(length(dopplerfilterbank),Lfd); InvRu = inv(Ru); for m=1:length(dopplerfilterbank) bm = exp(1i*2*pi*omegadopplerbank(m)*(0:M-1)).; % Doppler Filter Steering Vector vm = kron(bm,a); gt = kron(tb.*bm,ta.*a); wm = InvRu*vm; %#ok,*MINV, % Eq. (116) wmtap = InvRu*gt; for n=1:Lfd b = exp(1i*2*pi*omega(n)*(0:M-1)).; % Dummy Target Doppler Steering Vector v = kron(b,a); SINRopt_mat(m,n) = wm*v; % Eq. (114) SINRtap_mat(m,n) = abs(wmtap*v)^2/real(wmtap*gt); % ...

Radcliffe Cardiology article authored by Asbjørn Støylen covering topics - Echocardiography, tissue Doppler imaging, strain & on other cardiology field

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Previous studies have shown that myocardial ischemia results in changes in the pattern of flow through the mitral valve (1-6). These changes in transmitral flow velocity pattern are most likely determined by disease-induced changes in the underlying diastolic properties of the heart (3,6-8). Knowing which diastolic properties determine the transmitral flow velocity pattern and how interactions between diastolic properties modify the overall transmitral flow velocity pattern would be helpful in understanding the hemodynamics of patients with myocardial ischemia.. Several transmitral flow velocity patterns have been reported during myocardial ischemia (5,6,8-10). In one pattern, early flow velocity is decreased, deceleration time is increased, and late flow velocity is increased (5,6,8). The diastolic determinant changed in this pattern is left ventricular relaxation, which is slowed. Slowed left ventricular relaxation is observed in some patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (11,12)and coronary ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - A new approach for evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function. T2 - Spatial and temporal analysis of left ventricular filling flow propagation by color M-mode Doppler echocardiography. AU - Takatsuji, Hiroya. AU - Mikami, Taisei. AU - Urasawa, Kazushi. AU - Teranishi, Jun Ichi. AU - Onozuka, Hisao. AU - Takagi, Chika. AU - Makita, Yasuhiro. AU - Matsuo, Hisashi. AU - Kusuoka, Hideo. AU - Kitabatake, Akira. PY - 1996/2. Y1 - 1996/2. N2 - Objectives. To evaluate left ventricular diastolic function and differentiate the pseudonormalized transmitral flow pattern from the normal pattern, the propagation of left ventricular early filling flow was assessed quantitatively using color M-mode Doppler echocardiography. Background. Because the propagation of left ventricular early filling flow is disturbed in the left ventricle with impaired relaxation, quantification of such alterations should provide useful indexes for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function Methods. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Usefulness of tissue doppler and color M-mode indexes of left ventricular diastolic function in predicting outcomes in systolic left ventricular heart failure (from the ADEPT Study). AU - Troughton, Richard W.. AU - Prior, David L.. AU - Frampton, Christopher M.. AU - Nash, Patrick J.. AU - Pereira, Jeremy J.. AU - Martin, Maureen. AU - Fogarty, Annette. AU - Morehead, Annitta J.. AU - Starling, Randall C.. AU - Young, James B.. AU - Thomas, James D.. AU - Lauer, Michael S.. AU - Klein, Allan L.. PY - 2005/7/15. Y1 - 2005/7/15. N2 - The prognostic values of tissue Doppler imaging and color M-mode diastolic indexes were studied in 225 patients who had symptomatic systolic heart failure in the ADEPT study. The primary end point of death, transplantation, or hospitalization due to heart failure occurred in 65 patients and was independently predicted by shorter deceleration time, lower ratio of pulmonary vein systolic to diastolic velocity, and increasing levels of the ratios of ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Peritoneal Dialysis. AU - Wu, Cho Kai. AU - Lee, Jen Kuang. AU - Wu, Yi Fan. AU - Tsai, Chia Ti. AU - Chiang, Fu Tien. AU - Hwang, Juey Jen. AU - Lin, Jiunn Lee. AU - Hung, Kuan Yu. AU - Huang, Jenq Wen. AU - Lin, Jou Wei. PY - 2015/1/1. Y1 - 2015/1/1. N2 - Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is common among patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). We examined the relationship between LVDD, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and mortality in PD patients. A total of 149 patients undergoing PD with preserved left ventricular systolic function were included and followed for 3.5 years. LVDD was diagnosed (according to the European Society of Cardiology guidelines) by conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiography. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was measured. The location and volume of adipose tissue were assessed by computed tomography (CT) at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra. Subjects with ...

In a number of patients with EF 60% or more, signs of heart failure are clinically detected. As a rule, such a condition is caused by LV diastolic dysfunction (impaired relaxation processes due to ischemia, cardiosclerosis, hypertrophy of the walls, pericardial effusion, etc.). According to a number of researchers, patients with signs of heart failure caused only by diastolic dysfunction constitute 15-25% of all patients with HF.. Diastolic dysfunction of the LV is estimated according to the results of a study of transmitral diastolic blood flow in a pulsed mode. Determine: 1. the maximum speed of the early peak of the diastolic filling M1, 2. the maximum speed in the atrial systole M2, 3. the integral of speed (area under the curve) of the early diastolic filling (VTI E), 4. the integral of the speed of atrial systole (VTI A), 5 LV isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), 6. time to slow the early diastolic filling (DT).. In the early stages of LV diastolic dysfunction with a slight increase in ...

Insufficient data describe the relationship of hemodynamic parameters to left ventricular (LV) diastolic flow propagation velocity (Vp) measured using color M-mode Doppler echocardiography.. Go to the Article ...

Reliability of updated left ventricular diastolic function recommendations in predicting elevated left ventricular filling pressure and prognosis

Electrocardiographic strain pattern and left ventricular diastolic function in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: The LIFE study Academic Article ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Tissue Doppler imaging for detection of radial and longitudinal myocardial dysfunction in a family of cats affected by dystrophin-deficient hypertrophic muscular dystrophy. AU - Chetboul, Valérie. AU - Blot, Stephane. AU - Sampedrano, Carolina Carlos. AU - Thibaud, Jean-Laurent. AU - Granger, Nicolas. AU - Tissier, Renaud. AU - Bruneval, Patrick. AU - Gaschen, Frederic. AU - Gouni, Vassiliki. AU - Nicolle, Audrey P. AU - Pouchelon, Jean-Louis. PY - 2006. Y1 - 2006. N2 - Diagnosis of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy currently is based on the presence of myocardial hypertrophy detected using conventional echocardiography. The accuracy of tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) for earlier detection of the disease has never been described. The objective of this sudy was to quantify left ventricular free wall (LVFW) velocities in cats with hypertrophic muscular dystrophy (HFMD) during preclinical cardiomyopathy using TDI. The study animals included 22 healthy controls and 7 cats belonging to ...

A total of 38 patients (mean age 62 ± 14 years, 71% men, 57% with New York Heart Association class , 2) with suspected CA underwent electrocardiography (ECG), TTE (including tissue Doppler), DHE-CMR (Siemens 1.5 T scanner, Erlangen, Germany) and EMB between 1/05 and 4/08. Low voltage on ECG was defined as sum of S wave in lead V1 + R wave in lead V5 or V6 , 15 mm. Measured TTE parameters included left atrial size, interventricular septal thickness, speckled appearance, E/A ratio, E/E ratio, stage of diastology, deceleration time (msec) and myocardial performance index [(isovolumic contraction time + isovolumic relaxation time)/ejection time]. DHE-MR images were obtained in standard long and short axis orientations (covering the entire LV), after injection of Gadolinium dimenglumine using an inversion recovery spoiled gradient echo sequence: TE 4 msec, TR 8 msec, flip angle 30°, bandwidth 140 Hz/pixel, 23 k-space lines acquired every other RR-interval, field of view (varied from 228-330 in the ...

DT, deceleration time of E wave; IVRT, isovolumic relaxation time; PV-S, peak velocity of systolic component; PV-D, peak velocity of diastolic component; PV-AR, peak velocity of atrial reversal flow; PV-ARdur, duration of atrial reversal flow; Adur, duration of A wave; PVF, pulmonary venous flow; E′, peak tissue velocity in early diastole; Vp, velocity of propagation. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Tissue Doppler imaging of the fetal heart. AU - Paladini, D.. AU - Lamberti, A.. AU - Teodoro, A.. AU - Arienzo, M.. AU - Tartaglione, A.. AU - Martinelli, P.. PY - 2000. Y1 - 2000. N2 - Objectives: The objectives of this study were: (i) to assess the feasibility of a tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) evaluation in the fetus, (ii) to identify color-TDI patterns consistent with the various phases of the cardiac cycle; and (iii) to assess myocardial velocities and the myocardial velocity gradient. Methods: Eighty-nine normal fetuses between the 17th and the 37th week of gestation were studied. Color-TDI was superimposed on an apical four-chamber view of the fetal heart and three cardiac cycles captured in cine-loop format. By reviewing the cine-loop strip, color patterns consistent with the various phases of the cardiac cycle were identified. The procedure was then repeated with a transverse four-chamber view. On each frame corresponding to mid-systole, early and late diastole, ...

Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is highly prevalent, tends to worsen over time, and is associated with advancing age. Worsening diastolic function can be detected even in apparently healthy persons, the conclusion by the authors of a recent article published in JAMA.. Randomly selected participants 45 years or older (N = 2042) underwent clinical evaluation, medical record abstraction, and echocardiography (examination 1 [1997-2000]). Diastolic left ventricular function was graded as normal, mild, moderate, or severe by validated Doppler techniques. After 4 years, participants were invited to return for examination 2 (2001-2004). The cohort of participants returning for examination 2 (n = 1402 of 1960 surviving [72%]) then underwent follow-up for ascertainment of new-onset heart failure (2004-2010).. During the 4 years between examinations, diastolic dysfunction prevalence increased from 23.8% to 39.2%:. ...

Background: Loading conditions are recognized to influence ventricular function according to the Starling relationship for length/stretch and force. Many modern echocardiographic parameters which have been announced as describing ventricular function and contractile status, may be confounded by uncontrolled and unmeasured load. These studies aimed to measure the relation between four differ-ent types of assessments of ventricular dysfunction and degrees of load. Study examined the myo-cardial performance index (MPI). Study II examined long axis segmental mechanical dyssynchrony. Study III examined tissue velocities, and Study IV examined ventricular twist. All studies aimed to describe the relation of these parameters both to load and to inotropic changes.. Methods: In anesthetized juvenile pigs, left ventricular (LV) pressure and volume were measured continuously and their relationship (LVPVR) was analysed. Preload alterations were brought about by inflation of a balloon tipped catheter in ...

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2010 (English)In: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, ISSN 0894-7317, E-ISSN 1097-6795, Vol. 23, no 2, 162-163 p.Article in journal (Other academic) Published ...

Looking for online definition of IVRT or what IVRT stands for? IVRT is listed in the Worlds largest and most authoritative dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms

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