Define phylum Echinodermata. phylum Echinodermata synonyms, phylum Echinodermata pronunciation, phylum Echinodermata translation, English dictionary definition of phylum Echinodermata. Noun 1. phylum Echinodermata - radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers Echinodermata animal...

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The swaying fronds of red seaweed that fringe rockpools near the low tide level on the seashore are home to a wealth of miniature marine life, less spectacular than the inhabitants of coral reefs but every bit as intriguing. I found scores of these tiny brittle stars, the largest no larger than a centimetre across (including arms), on a visit to the Northumberland coast at the weekend. Brittle stars, or ophiuroids, are relatives of starfish and sea urchins, in the phylum Echinodermata (which means spiny skin - a feature many members of the phylum share). The view above is of the underside of one of the brttle stars, showing the mouth fringed with five teeth formed from calcareous plates. ...

Vopel, K. , Thistle, D. and Rosenberg, R. (2003): Effect of the brittle star Amphiura filiformis (Amphiuridae, Echinodermata) on oxygen flux into the sediment , Limnology and oceanography ...

Dr. Okanishi approached academist in April 2014, when he was a Postdoctoral researcher at Kyoto University. Titled Taxonomy of bathyal euryalid ophiuroids, it was not long before his research project successfully raised 634,500 JPY (ca. 5,600$).. Having already stumbled across several undescribed species of the brittle star genus Asteronyx, the scientists directed the raised funds towards the genetic and morphological analysis of Asteronyx loveni. As suggested by its common name, the fleshy brittle star (Asteronyx loveni) is covered by thick skin, making it particularly difficult for scientists to observe the body in detail without dissolving the skin. However, modern computed tomography with micrometer resolution allowed for the 3D images of skeletal ossicles and soft tissues to be constructed with no physical intervention whatsoever. The present case indicates that crowdfunding will increase the chances to finance the funds for researchers in those disciplines and activate the research ...

Bather, F.A. 1900. The Echinodermata. Part iii, A and C of A Treatise on Zoology (R.R. Lankester, ed.). Black, London.. Brusca, R.C., and G.J. Brusca. 1990. Invertebrates. Sinauer, Sunderland MA.. David, B. and R. Mooi. 1997. Major events in the evolution of echinoderms viewed by the light of embryology. In Echinoderms: San Francisco (R. Mooi and M. Telford, eds.). Balkema, Rotterdam. In press.. Gehling, J.G. 1987. Earliest known echinoderm -- a new Ediacaran fossil from the Pound Subgroup of South Australia. Alcheringa 11: 337-345.. Hyman, L.H. 1955. The Invertebrates, vol. iv, Echinodermata. McGraw-Hill, New York.. Littlewood, D.T.J. 1995. Echinoderm class relationships revisited. Pages 19-28 in Echinoderm Research 1995 (R. H. Emson, A. B. Smith, and A. C. Campbell, eds.). Balkema, Rotterdam.. Littlewood, D.T.J., A. B. Smith, K. A. Clough, and R. H. Emson. 1997. The interrelationships of the echinoderm classes: morphological and molecular evidence. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 61: 409-438.. MacBride, ...

Amphipholis squamata is a polychromatic luminescent ophiuroid. The effects of amino acids (γ -aminobutyric acid, GABA, taurine, glycine and glutamate), N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and the invertebrate neuropeptides Antho-RFamide, FMRFamide and SALMFamides S1 and S2 were tested on acetylcholine-induced luminescence from isolated arms of clear and black specimens of Amphipholis squamata. The results showed that GABA, glycine and Antho-RFamide inhibited ACh-induced luminescence of clear specimens and had no significant effect on black specimens. Glutamic acid had no significant effect on ACh-induced luminescence, but triggered luminescence in the absence of ACh in both types of specimen. Taurine, NMDA and FMRFamide showed no significant effects on either clear or black specimens. S1 potentiated ACh-induced luminescence of clear and black specimens, while S2 had no clear modulatory effect on luminescence. These results suggest that, in addition to the previously described cholinergic system in ...

Definition of Echinodermata - a phylum of marine invertebrates which includes starfishes, sea urchins, brittlestars, crinoids, and sea cucumbers. They have five

The phylum Echinodermata is well known for its extensive regenerative capabilities. Although there are substantial data now available that describe the histological and cellular bases of this phenomenon, little is known about the regulatory molecules involved. Here, we use an immunochemical approach to explore the potential role played by putative members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of secreted proteins in the arm regeneration process of the crinoid Antedon mediterranea. We show that a TGF-β-like molecule is present in normal and regenerating arms both in a propeptide form and in a mature form. During regeneration, the expression of the mature form is increased and appears to be accompanied by the appearance of an additional isoform. Immunocytochemistry indicates that TGF-β-like molecules are normally present in the nervous tissue and are specifically localized in both neural elements and non-neural migratory cells, mainly at the level of the brachial nerve. This ...

Thirteen blunt-spined brittle stars [Ophiocoma echinata (Lamarck 1816)] measuring 7.7-11.6 cm from the tip of the longest limb to the center of the body disk were collected from the waters of Southwater Caye, Belize (16°49′6′N, 88°4′51″W). All individuals had all five limbs intact, with no noticeable differences in limb length, indicative of recent autotomy and regeneration. Individuals were placed in the center of a 1.5 m diameter test arena filled with fine sand and water from an area near the capture location. There were no strong lighting gradients, and the mixing of the sand during its deposition into the arena presumably eliminated any chemical gradients or scent trails. Because preliminary trials indicated that stimulation via contact did not increase speed and frequently disrupted steady locomotion, animals were allowed to move voluntarily for five trials each. All trials were recorded at a minimum of 15 frames s-1 via either a Fujifilm Finepix S8100fd digital camera (Fujifilm, ...

Spermatogenesis, oogenesis and fecundity are described and the gonad index calculated for 10 individuals from each month using histological and image analysis techniques for the Antarctic brittle star Ophionotus victoriae (Bell 1902). Individuals were collected between September 1997 and December 2000 from a shallow water population (15 to 20 m) on the west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Both male and female gonad index varied seasonally, where proportions of large oocytes and mature sperm decreased markedly between November and December of each year, indicating the spawning period. Although the annual timing of reproduction was consistent among years, O. victoriae displayed considerable inter-annual variation in reproductive effort. This variability was notable in the gonad and gut index of both males and females and in female fecundity, which showed no discernible change in some years, but varied more than an order of magnitude in others. We identify 3 main aspects to the reproductive ecology of ...

Scientists have shown for the first time that brittle stars use vision to guide them through vibrant coral reefs, thanks to a neat colour-changing trick.

Like all echinoderms, the Ophiuroidea possess a skeleton of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite. In ophiuroids, the calcite ossicles are fused to form armor plates which are known collectively as the test. The plates are covered by the epidermis, which consists of a smooth syncytium. In most species, the joints between the ossicles and superficial plates allow the arm to bend to the side, but not to bend upwards. However, in the basket stars, the arms are flexible in all directions.[6] Both the Ophiurida and Euryalida (the basket stars) have five long, slender, flexible, whip-like arms, up to 60 cm in length. They are supported by an internal skeleton of calcium carbonate plates referred to as vertebral ossicles. These vertebrae articulate by means of ball-in-socket joints, and are controlled by muscles. They are essentially fused plates which correspond to the parallel ambulacral plates in sea stars and five Paleozoic families of ophiuroids. In modern forms, the vertebrae occur along the ...

Crinoids are marine animals that make up the class Crinoidea of the echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata). The name comes from the Greek word krinon, a lily, and eidos, form. They live in both shallow water and in depths as great as 9,000 meters (30,000 ft). Those crinoids which in their adult form are attached to the sea bottom by a stalk are commonly called sea lilies. The unstalked forms are called feather stars or comatulids. Crinoids are characterised by a mouth on the top surface that is surrounded by feeding arms. They have a U-shaped gut, and their anus is located next to the mouth. Although the basic echinoderm pattern of fivefold symmetry can be recognised, most crinoids have many more than five arms. Crinoids usually have a stem used to attach themselves to a substrate, but many live attached only as juveniles and become free-swimming as adults. There are only about 600 extant crinoid species, but they were much more abundant and diverse in the past. Some thick limestone beds dating ...

William I. Ausich, Thomas W. Kammer; Dizygocrinus; Mississippian camerate crinoid (Echinodermata) from the midcontinental United States. Journal of Paleontology ; 66 (4): 637-658. doi: Download citation file:. ...

Margulis, L.; Schwartz, K.V. (1998). Five Kingdoms: an illustrated guide to the Phyla of life on earth. 3rd edition. Freeman: New York, NY (USA). ISBN 0-7167-3027-8. xx, 520 pp ...

This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos, Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça (2020): Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa 4742 (1): 31-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2 ...

Echinoderms are relatives, although distant ones, of the vertebrates. In Echinoderms the development may be direct or indirect. Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and development. In contrast, echinoderm larvae are planktonic, and have bilateral symmetry. Explain! Many types of larvae occur in echinoderms. Preoral and postoral loops. p119 Echinoderm larvae are ciliated free-swimming organisms that have a bilaterally symmetry rather like embryonic chordates. Important: The animals and their eggs should be handled in accordance with local regulations. 1. The genealogical tree given in 1957 by Anderson and Guthrie and the phylogenetic tree given in 1948 by L. H. Hyman in collaboration with Prof. YV. They are the following- A stalk develops and the larva turns to a cystidian larva, which metamorphoses to a young individual. Single stressor studies of P CO2 induced acidification show impaired development in echinoderm and mollusc larvae reared in the

Baker, A. N., F. W. E. Rowe and H. E. S. Clark. 1986. A new class of Echinodermata from New Zealand. Nature 321:862-864.. Belyaev, G. M. 1990. Is it valid to isolate the genus Xyloplax as an independent class of echinoderms? Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 69:83-96.. Blake, D. B. 1982. Recognition of higher taxa and phylogeny of the Asteroidea. pp. 105-107. in: International Echinoderm Conference, Tampa Bay. J. M. Lawrence, ed. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.. Blake, D. B. 1987. A classification and phylogeny of post-Paleozoic sea stars (Asteroidea: Echinodermata). Journal of Natural History 21:481-528.. Blake, D. B. 1989. Asteroidea: Functional morphology, classification and phylogeny. pp.179-223. in: Echinoderm Studies Vol.3. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.. Blake, D. B. 1998. Morphological characters of early asteroids and ophiuroids. pp. 5-8. in: Echinoderms: San Francisco. Proceedings of the Ninth International Echinoderm Conference. R. Mooi and M. Telford, eds. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.. Blake, D. B. 2000. The ...

KNOW THESE FACTS (Non-Chordata). Echinodermata. Echinoderms can voluntarily and rapidly change the stiffness of their connective tissue, which is called mutable connective tissue. Their bodies can become stone hard or in holothurians it can become so soft that it may flow between fingers.. If attacked by a predator, brittle stars can break their arms at will and grow them again later. This is called Autotomy.. Brittle stars do not have intestine, anus, dermal branchiae, pedicellariae and ambulacral grooves.. Echinoderms have no brain or ganglia, and nerves are made of diffused neurons.. Sea urchins can harden or soften their spines at will.. Starfishes are slowest of predators that take 4-8 hours to kill and consume a mollusc prey.. Aristotles Lantern is actually a set of masticatory jaws of sea urchins for feeding on algae from rocks.. Pelagothuria is a pelagic holothurian echinoderm that can swim like a jelly fish with the help of webbed papillae.. Mollusca. Mollusca means soft bodied, ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - The deep sea synaptid Protankyra brychia (Echinodermata. T2 - Holothuroidea) and its near-surface dwelling planktotrophic larva, Auricularia nudibranchiata. AU - Pawson, D L. AU - Gage, John D. AU - Belvaev, G M. AU - Miranov, A N. AU - Smirnov, A V. PY - 2003. Y1 - 2003. N2 - Pacific and Atlantic Ocean material of the bathyal to abyssal synaptid holothurian genus Protankyra confirm that P. abyssicola (Theel) and P. pacifica (Ludwig) are subjective synonyms of P. brychia (Verrill 1885). This species is probably cosmopolitan in distribution at 869-4990 m. Post-larval juveniles from several localities in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans retain wheel ossicles from pelagic planktotrophic larvae; the wheels are identical to those of the giant pelagic larva Auricularia nudibranchiata Chun 1896. We believe that Auricularia nudibranchiata is the larva of P. brychia.. AB - Pacific and Atlantic Ocean material of the bathyal to abyssal synaptid holothurian genus Protankyra confirm that P. ...

این تحقیق با هدف شناسایی ترکیبات موجود در گونه توتیا ی دریایی با نام علمی Echinodermata mathaei انجام گرفت. منطقه مورد مطالعه در آب های زیر جزرو مدی بندر لنگه در موقعیت جغرافیایی با طول شرقی 312 .53°54 و عرض شمالی739 .32°26 بود. نمونه برداری در محدوده ی عمق 15-10متری و توسط غواص صورت گرفت. برای شناسایی اجزای تشکیل دهنده این جاندار، پنج توتیای دریایی با میانگین طولی 1±5/8 سانتی متر و عرضی 1±7 سانتی متر و وزنی معادل10±680/66 گرم مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. بعد از آماده سازی، نمونه ها توسط دستگاه سیال فوق بحرانی( مدل Suprex MPS/225 ساخت شرکت Pittsburgh آمریکا) استخراج گشته و توسط دستگاه کروماتوگرافی

The most widely known echinoderm is the sea star, or starfish. But the echinoderm phylum also includes sea urchins, sea lilies and brittle stars. The echinoderms are very well known, but most people actually dont know what category to put them in! The Crinoidea class contains sea lilies and feather stars. These delicate creatures are very beautiful, with several arms stretching out from the center. Echinoderms dont have a head, instead they appear to be groups of legs tied together at the middle! Sea stars are widely known due to their famous shape. It is a common belief that they all have five legs, but that is actually not the case. The Eleven-armed Sea Star has, you guessed it, eleven legs. Regardless, sea stars can be spotted on rocks, sand, mud or reefs. They come in a variety of colors, and sizes. Sea stars have some very weird characteristics. First of all, they invert their stomachs to feed on molluscs and other invertebrates. Secondly, they can grow back any legs they may lose ...

Echinoderms are slow-moving animals. Theyre best distinguished by their bodys radial symmetry and water vascular system, which provides hydraulic pressure for their unique foot cups. Echinoderms are know for their radial symmetry; however, their larvae have bilateral symmetry. As the larvae mature, their body shape changes, and they settle (JL).Their exterior is covered by small spiny bumps from which they are named (echin, Greek for spiny and derma for skin). Echinoderms have a thin skin over their inner skeletons. (AZ) Echinoderms are also characterized by multiple arms (usually 2 on the right, 1 in the middle, and 2 on the left) which stem from a main body cavity (pentamerous). They body cavity contains 5 segments that each contain their own set of internal organs (they have no heart, brain, nor eyes). (AK) [They are a phylum of marine animals and are found at every ocean depth, from the intertidal zone to the abyssal zone. The first definitive members of the phylum appeared near the ...

Previous concepts of echinoderm evolution were based on the assumption that the post-Paleozoic radiation was sparked by at most a handful of closely related survivors from within the direct ancestry of the modern groups (e.g., Smith et al., 1995; Kroh and Smith, 2010). The hangover echinoderms, however, show that echinoids, ophiuroids, and asteroids survived the mass extinction, each with two clades that had long before diverged (Smith, 1984; Smith et al., 1995; Gale, 2011; OHara et al., 2014). Our discovery thus challenges the extreme bottleneck paradigm (Twitchett and Oji, 2005) and calls for a thorough reassessment of postextinction echinoderm evolution. Of particular interest for future research efforts are the factors that eventually allowed the early crown-group echinoderms to outpace the Paleozoic ones, e.g., possible paleoenvironmental or paleogeographic patterns, as well as possible effects of the prolonged coexistence of Paleozoic and modern-type echinoderms in the Triassic. It is ...

Stock Photo of Feather Star on sponge. High Quality Feather Star Images and Gloss Prints are available from Oceanwide Images Stock Photo Library.

Stock Photo of Feather Star on sponge. High Quality Feather Star Images and Gloss Prints are available from Oceanwide Images Stock Photo Library.

All echinoderms have fivefold radial symmetry in their body at some stage of life. The holothurians have bilateral symmetry as adults, and do not have so much of a skeleton as other groups. Echinoderms have a hydraulic water vascular system. This network of fluid-filled canals moves and feeds the animal, and allows gas exchange. There is also a complete digestive tube. They have a simple radial nervous system that consists of a modified nerve net. There are nerve rings with radiating nerves around the mouth extending into each arm. The branches of these nerves coordinate the movements of the animal. Echinoderms have no brain, although some do have ganglia. They usually move with their tube feet, but brittle stars use their arms to pull against rocks. Some feather stars and sea cucumbers can swim. The sexes are usually separate. Sexual reproduction typically consists of releasing eggs and sperm into the water, with fertilization taking place externally. Their larvae are planktonic. Many ...

In biology, a well-supported tree with a strong data set supporting it is BIG DEAL. You can literally put ALL the information known about a group, in this case-the brittle stars, into a PROPER evolutionary framework!! Perhaps some lineages share a particular ecological nice mirrored by body form. A tree like this can literally be mined for information for years ...

Members of the class Ophiuroidea are mostly gonochoric, others are protandric. Fertilization is external. Brooding is common, bursae is used as brood chambers where the embryos develop into juveniles and later crawl out from the bursal slits. Life cycle: Embryos hatch into free-swimming planktotrophic larvae and later metamorphose into tiny brittle stars which sink down the bottom where they grow into adult form (Ref. 833). ...

Symbiotic relationships with subcuticular bacteria (SCB) have been identified and studied in numerous echinoderms, but have not been examined using current sequencing technologies in the brooding brittle star, Amphipholis squamata. Previously, A. squamata SCB were placed in the genus Vibrio (γ-Proteobacteria), but recent evidence suggests the SCB is primarily composed of α-Proteobacteria. The present study clarifies the taxonomic composition of SCB associated with A. squamata from the Northwest Atlantic. Isolated gDNA was amplified using 16S rRNA gene-targeted PCR and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq at the UNH Genomics Center. Results suggest the presence of a single dominant bacterial type within the family Rhodobacteraceae, which composes 70-80% of the A. squamata microbiome. The majority of sequences within Rhodobacteraceae were identified as members of the genus Octadecabacter (97% similarity). By comparison, adjacent seawater and sediment support significantly more diverse bacterial communities,

This broad community consisting of assemblages characterised by brittle stars (ophiuroids) which lie on the surface of the seabed. They can occur in isolation or be overlain onto other broad communities such as sparse encrusting fauna and mixed cold water coral. It may be necessary to assign this broad community and child biotopes in conjunction with another type. Species may differ with depth and sediment type but it was not possible to identify to species level using video data available.

additional source Mah, C.L.; McKnight, D.G.; Eagle, M.K.; Pawson, D.L.; Améziane, N.; Vance, D.J.; Baker, A.N.; Clark, H.E.S.; Davey, N. (2009). Phylum Echinodermata: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sea lilies. In: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. pp. 371-400. [details] ...

Fossil crinoids. Polarised light micrograph of fossil crinoid sections (round) in siliceous marl. Crinoids are marine echinoderms and have been in existence for 500 million years. These fossils are sections through crinoid stems, which they used to attach themselves to the sea floor. Siliceous marl is a mixture of clays, calcium and magnesium carbonates, and silica. Magnification: x4 when printed at 10 centimetres wide. - Stock Image E442/0616

The fringelite pigments, a group of phenanthroperylene quinones discovered in purple coloured specimens of the Upper Jurassic crinoid Liliocrinus, demonstrate exceptional preservation of organic compounds in macrofossils. Here we report the finding of hypericin and related phenanthroperylene quinones in Liliocrinus munsterianus from the original Fringeli locality and in the Middle Triassic crinoid Carnallicrinus carnalli. Our results show that fringelites in fact consist of hypericin and closely related derivatives and that the stratigraphic range of phenanthroperylene quinones is much wider than previously known. The fossil occurrence of hypericin indicates a polyketide biosynthesis of hypericin-type pigments in Mesozoic crinoids analogous to similar polyketides, which occur in living crinoids. The common presence of a characteristic distribution pattern of the fossil pigments and related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons further suggests that this assemblage is the result of a stepwise ...

A metamorphic life-history is present in the majority of animal phyla. This developmental mode is particularly prominent among marine invertebrates with a bentho-planktonic life cycle, where a pelagic larval form transforms into a benthic adult. Metamorphic competence (the stage at which a larva is capable to undergo the metamorphic transformation and settlement) is an important adaptation both ecologically and physiologically. The competence period maintains the larval state until suitable settlement sites are encountered, at which point the larvae settle in response to settlement cues. The mechanistic basis for metamorphosis (the morphogenetic transition from a larva to a juvenile including settlement), i.e. the molecular and cellular processes underlying metamorphosis in marine invertebrate species, is poorly understood. Histamine (HA), a neurotransmitter used for various physiological and developmental functions among animals, has a critical role in sea urchin fertilization and in the induction of

When the gonads are mature, the pineal ruptures and sperm are released into the sea. The eggs are cemented to the outer walls of the pinnules, where they are fertilised.. The larvae that develops is barrel shaped (doliolaria larvae) and does not feed. It lives as a free swimming form for a short time, before it develops into a sessile stalked form called a pentacrinoid larvae. In this form it feeds and grows for several months, before becoming an adult.. Though many of the free living crinoidea are found in shallow coastal waters, the stalked forms are normally only found in waters deeper than 100 metres.. Crinoids can be divided into two different types, depending on their feeding strategy: whether they like moving water or not.. Those that do like moving water are called rheophilic (current seeking) and those that do not are called rheophobic (current avoiding or fearing).. Rheophilic forms are more common. These forms may hide in a cavity during the day and emerge at night - using the cirri ...

Despite the plethora of studies on swallow-water invertebrates, almost nothing is known about the evolution and population structure of deep-sea species at the global scale. The aim of this study was to assess phylogeographic patterns of a common and cosmopolitan, predominantly abyssal sea cucumber, Psychropotes longicauda, based on samples from the Atlantic, Southern, Indian and Pacific oceans. Sequences of the mitochondrial COI and 16S genes were analysed for 128 specimens of P. longicauda. In addition, temporal genetic variation was investigated at one site, the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, NE Atlantic Ocean over a period of 34 years. Two distinct lineages within the global distribution were identified. The sister clades probably could be classified as separate species based on the observed genetic divergence (,5.0%) and phylogenetic reconstruction with indications of a Southern Hemisphere origin. Moreover, significant population differentiation was detected between the North Atlantic and ...

This creature has an endoskeleton like many animals. Its skeleton, known as the tests, is a rigid shell made of flat and fused calcium carbonate bones called calcareous ossicles. The test is divided into ten sections, going from the mouth, which is in the bottom, to the anus, which is at the top. Five of the sections with pierced holes on the tube feet are called ambulacral plates, and the other five without one are known as the interambulacral plates. The spines are usually circular and made to a fine point; certain urchins may have poisonous tips. The spines are attached to the muscles in the body wall, and since the sea urchin is shaped as a ball, it can move around in any direction. ...

əkī˝nōdûr´mətə [key] [Gr.,=spiny skin], phylum of exclusively marine bottom-dwelling invertebrates having external skeletons of calcareous plates just beneath the skin. The plates may be solidly fused together, as in sea urchins , loosely

3. The test will consist of only objective type multiple choice questions requiring students to mouse-click their correct choice of the options against the related question number ...

These colorful charts provide a beautiful and informative look at the different phyla of animal life. Text on each chart summarizes the main distinguishing characteristics of the …

This elbow crab is another crab that lives on crinoids. Its carapace is shaped like a hexagon (six distinct sides). This crab uses all four pair of legs, not including the chelipeds, as walking legs, whereas the squat lobster only has three pair of walking legs (with the fourth pair tucked up underneath). Though not uncommon, this particular type of animal is seen less frequently than squat lobsters ...

Editor : Visit a href http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Relea...With their long stalks and feathery arms marine animals known as sea ...But videos taken from a submersible research vessel at a depth of 430 ...University of Michigan professor of geological sciences Tomasz Baumill...Sea lilies and feather stars members of a group called crinoids are ...,Creeping,crinoids!,Sea,lilies,crawl,to,escape,predators,,new,video,shows,biological,biology news articles,biology news today,latest biology news,current biology news,biology newsletters

Sea Urchins (sometimes referred to as Sea Hedgehogs) are small, spiked and globelike animals which live on the ocean floor and are part of the Echinoderm phylum-- the same as Sea Stars, Sea Cucumbers, Crinoids and Brittle Stars. Throughout our groups diving experience in the Indian Ocean during Fiona Ayersts Underwater Photography Internship in Mozambique, we noticed these little critters were everywhere-- and I mean EVERYWHERE ...

How is life distributed on the Southern Ocean sea floor? How can we explain species distribution patterns, their origin and the underpinning drivers? These questions are central to macroecological studies, especially in regions facing fast environmental changes. The main objective of this thesis was to describe and characterise distribution patterns of sea stars species (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) with regards to reproductive strategy (i.e. brooding versus broadcasting), a key life history trait for species dispersal. I tested whether contrasting dispersal abilities between direct developers (brooders) and species with pelagic larvae in their development (broadcasters) result in distinct diversity and distribution patterns. At the scale of the Southern Ocean, I used both biogeographic (14,000 occurrence records) and phylogeographic approaches (five genera - Diplasterias, Notasterias, Lysasterias, Bathybiaster, Psilaster) to show that 1) biogeographic patterns are highly linked to reproductive strategy

Believe it or not, sand dollars, sea stars and sea cucumbers are all related. Theyre all in the same phylum, Echinodermata, meaning spiny skinned. In the above photo of the sand dollars at Seahurst Beach, you can see the living animals, covered with deep purple spines and the remains of a dead animal, the white shell or test. On the top of this test, we see a flower pattern with five petals. This is where the sand dollar has tube feet that help in respiration. When you flip that test over and look at the underside, youll see a central hole and radiating branches. The hole is the sand dollars mouth and the branches are grooves that, along with mucus, help ferry food to the central mouth.. Beach etiquette tip of the week: Leave your furry family members at home. Dogs are not allowed on our Seattle beaches-on leash or off.. It was another great week at the beach-thanks again to all of our amazing volunteers and visitors! Wait, did I mention already we saw a baby octopus at Lincoln Park ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Population dynamics and reproduction of Holothuria tubulosa (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata) in the Aegean Sea. AU - Kazanidis, Georgios. AU - Antoniadou, Chrysanthi. AU - Lolas , Alexios P. AU - Neofitou , Nikos. AU - Vafidis , Dimitris AU - Chintiroglou, Chariton AU - Neofitou , Christos PY - 2010/8. Y1 - 2010/8. N2 - The Atlanto-Mediterranean holothurian Holothuria tubulosa is among the conspicuous benthic invertebrates in the shallow sublittoral zone. It is an edible species, harvested at the Aegean Sea and utilized as fishing bait. Considering the lack of information for the Aegean populations, a one-year survey, based on monthly or semimonthly samples, was carried out focusing on population structure, allometric relationships and reproductive status of H. tubulosa stocks in Pagasitikos Gulf. Population density varied around 9.93 individuals/100 m2. This value was rather low compared with other studied Mediterranean populations of the species, possibly due to the scarcity of ...

This is entry #48 by atlstuart in a crowdsourcing contest Design a Logo for 3 Feathers Star Quilts for $200.00 posted on Freelancer!

In the oceans, naturally occurring manganese (Mn) is released from the sediments during events of hypoxia. While neuro- and immuno-toxic effects of bioavailable manganese are well documented for crustaceans, studies of similar effects of manganese on other marine invertebrates are comparatively few. Here, we developed a new functional test the repeated turning assay to investigate if manganese exposure at ∼12 mg L−1 affected motoric behaviour of two asteroid echinoderms, the Common sea star, Asterias rubens, and the Black brittle star, Ophiocomina nigra. By measuring of the turning-over capacity, from dorsal to ventral position, after one and two weeks of manganese exposure, we showed that for both species Mn exposure significantly delayed the ability to turn. After a recovery period of two weeks, the capacity of turning-over was not restored to that of unexposed animals neither for A. rubens nor for O. nigra. Further investigation of sea stars showed that Mn accumulated ∼5 fold in the ...

In the oceans, naturally occurring manganese (Mn) is released from the sediments during events of hypoxia. While neuro- and immuno-toxic effects of bioavailable manganese are well documented for crustaceans, studies of similar effects of manganese on other marine invertebrates are comparatively few. Here, we developed a new functional test the repeated turning assay to investigate if manganese exposure at ∼12 mg L−1 affected motoric behaviour of two asteroid echinoderms, the Common sea star, Asterias rubens, and the Black brittle star, Ophiocomina nigra. By measuring of the turning-over capacity, from dorsal to ventral position, after one and two weeks of manganese exposure, we showed that for both species Mn exposure significantly delayed the ability to turn. After a recovery period of two weeks, the capacity of turning-over was not restored to that of unexposed animals neither for A. rubens nor for O. nigra. Further investigation of sea stars showed that Mn accumulated ∼5 fold in the ...

Echinodermata : Pentacrinidae crinoids procured by the MUSORSTOM 2 and CORINDON 2 expeditions. During MUSORSTOM 2 and CORINDON 2 expeditions (West Philippines for the former, Makassar channel for the latter) many stalked crinoids of the family Pentacrinidae were sampled. They are more diversified and comparatively more abundant than the fauna which was collected during the MUSORSTOM 1 expedition. The samplings come from depths between 170 and 970 meters. Four genera are represented : Diplocrinus, Hypalocrinus, Metacrinus and Saracrinus. Detailed descriptions of the ten following species are given : D. alternicirrus, D. sibogae, H. naresianus, M. interruptus, M. musorstomae, M. nodosus, M. serratus, M. wyvillii, S. angulatus and S. superbus. For each specimen, data on morphological features, biometry, arm branching and ossicle articulations are given. Stalk and arm joints were observed under, scanning electron microscope, especially stem synostosis with regard to their importance for taxonorny. ...

Occurs in groups (Ref. 90102) in clear outer lagoon and seaward reefs, over open sand and rubble as well as dense coral growth. Common is shallow exposed areas (Ref. 9710). Benthopelagic (Ref. 58302). Feeds mainly on shelled benthic invertebrates (crabs, shrimps, gastropods, bivalves, brittle stars, sea urchins), also on polychaete worms and fish eggs. ...

The broadcasting coral spawners release their gametes synchronously around the 8th and 10th night after the full moon in August. Shown here, is a star coral, (Montastraea franksi), releasing egg and sperm bundles. A hungry ruby red brittle star, (Ophioderma rubicundum), gathers up the gametes with its arms, and creeps back under the coral ledge to consume them in private. (photo: Emma Hickerson) ...

Associated Fauna Epifaunal biodiversity Infaunal biodiversity. Preliminary indications are that there are a range of variations in the mix of associated species associated with the mound forming types of Modiolus beds. Thus the appearance of samples dredged from off the south of the Isle of Man, before that bed declined, was rather different from samples taken at the same time from beds only less than 30 miles away in apparently similar situations NW of Anglesey. The most obvious difference was that the Manx one had substantial numbers of the very large barnacle Balanus hameri growing on the mussels, while off Anglesey they were absent.. Temporal changes are to be expected that are in no way related to the long-term structural integrity of the persistent Modiolus beds. Ophiothrix fragilis is often abundant in Modiolus beds at present, but examining long-term records from the English Channel, Holme (1983) showed that there had been major changes to brittle star beds off Plymouth apparently linked ...

Hi- Im new to this forum. I had a nano reef tank 20 years ago and it flourished - we were constantly having to sell frags because they grew so fast! I just bought a set-up from someone that was moving. Things have changed so much in 20 yrs in the hobby! I have 3 questions Im hoping to get answers about so I dont mess anything up. I got the tank in January and the coral are growing / spreading and the 2 clowns havent died. It is a 10 gal fusion nano with nemo light and chaeto for filtration with powerhead and barebottom- no substrate. I add BRS 2 part everyday and weekly water change 25%. Parameters are all right on (from what I can tell). Cleaning crew are various snails (dont know what kind), blue leg crab and 2 red legs, tiny red brittle star. The photo is from Feb. My camera doesnt take very good photos - the tank has much more color than it shows. The previous owner did not do much to the tank- He said it was maintenance free - he let the chaeto do the work. I like doing the weekly ...

Domain: Eukaryota • Regnum: Animalia • Phylum: Echinodermata • Subphylum: Crinozoa • Classis: Crinoidea • Subclassis: Camerata • Ordo: Monobathrida • Subordo: Glyptocrinina • Superfamilia: Melocrinitacea • Familia: Scyphocrinitidae • Genus: Scyphocrinites Zenker, 1833 ...

This dataset describes the ORSTOM 2 collection (MNHN, Paris). In november-december 1980, the RV Coriolis carried out an oceanographic campaign in the south and west of Luçon, Philippines. The objective was to capture some female individuals of Neoglyphea opinata femelles (Arthropoda: Decapoda, see MUSORSTOM 1 campaign) and to improve the knowledge on the benthic fauna in the Philippines. 66 trawling operations were carried out, between 50 and 1950 m depth. Sampling has allowed to collect a series of new species. the samlping in the North of the Sibuyan sea, in various biotopes have allowed to record species which were new to the region. The present dataset focuses on sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) collected during the Musortom 2 campaign ...

The term invertebrates covers several phyla. One of these are the sponges (Porifera). They were long thought to have diverged from other animals early.[29] They lack the complex organization found in most other phyla.[30] Their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not organized into distinct tissues.[31] Sponges typically feed by drawing in water through pores.[32] Some speculate that sponges are not so primitive, but may instead be secondarily simplified.[33] The Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus.[34] Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs.[35] There are only two main germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, with only scattered cells between them. As such, they are sometimes called diploblastic.[36]. The Echinodermata are radially symmetric and exclusively marine, including starfish (Asteroidea), ...

Staff at the Directorate Taxonomy and Phylogeny study animal biodiversity and evolution, and more specifically, speciation, adaptation, biotic interactions and integrative taxonomy. They pay particular attention to the identification of new taxa (primarily via DNA barcoding), the impact of invasive species, the importance of chemical communication in insects, the effects of habitat disruption, the reconstruction of phylogenetic relations and the creationism versus evolution debate.. The Directorate Taxonomy and Phylogeny possesses significant expertise in the taxonomy of mammals, reptiles, fish, echinoderms (Echinodermata), crustaceans (Crustacea), spiders (Arachnids), the different groups of insects, molluscs (Mollusca), annelids (partim: Oligochaeta), roundworms (Nematoda) and sponges (Porifera).. Our vast collections offer a wealth of reference and study specimens for our researchers who also occasionally work in the field, mainly in Belgium, Antarctica, the Congo Basin, the Galapagos ...

There are many competing hypotheses for the form of the evolutionary tree of animals. A traditional hypothesis is that the tree resembles a tuning fork: it has a short base and two main branches. However, there is recent molecular evidence that challenges part of this traditional hypothesis. Under the tuning fork model, the base of the tree includes structurally simple animals like sponges, corals, and their relatives. One main branch includes arthropods, molluscs, annelids, and nematodes. This branch, or a large part of it, usually is called the protostomes. The second main branch includes vertebrates (phylum Chordata), and starfish, sea urchins, and their relatives (phylum Echinodermata). This branch usually is called the deuterostomes. Flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes), which include free living planarians as well as parasitic flukes and tapeworms may be placed very low on the protostome branch, or high on the trunk just below the protostome - deuterostome branching. ...

More than 500 sulfated compounds have been isolated from marine organisms so far but most of them originate from two phyla only, Spongia and Echinodermata. The sulfated compounds are presented according to the phyla they have been identified from and to their chemical structures. Biological activiti …

If we take tapeworm belonging to cestoda {platyhelminthes}...it requires a human and pig. So Human and pig belongs to chordata Which is highly evolved. So If we take evolutionary classification into consideration Platyhelminthes follows annelid, arthropods, Molluscs, echinodermata and finally chordata! If that is what evolution of animals... How did tapeworm existed till now with out either man or pig! Is it a modification of some other planarians{Turbellaria} or some fluke{trematoda ...

Gephyrea. 1. History of British Starfishes and other Animals of the Class Echinodermata. Edward Forbes. 1841. 2. Memoire sur lEchiure. Quatrefages. Annales Sci. Nat. 1847. 3. Ueber Thalasse...

Predation on planktonic larval stages is frequently a major source of mortality for the offspring of benthic marine invertebrates. Mortality rate likely varies with larval size and developmental stage, but few experiments have measured how these factors affect predation rates. I used experimental reductions in egg size to test how variation in larval size affects the likelihood of predation during planktonic development. Blastomeres of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus were separated at the two-cell stage to produce half-sized zygotes. Larvae resulting from this manipulation were tested for their susceptibility to predation relative to whole-sized siblings at four ages. Individuals from each size class were simultaneously presented as prey items to five predators (crab zoeae, crab megalopae, chaetognaths, solitary tunicates, and postlarval fish) in the laboratory. Four predators consumed significantly more half-sized larvae than whole-sized larvae, but one predator type (postlarval fish) consumed

The crinoid became the states official fossil on June 16, 1989, after a group of Lees Summit school students worked through the legislative process to promote it as a state symbol. The crinoid (Delocrinus missouriensis) is a mineralization of an animal which, because of its plant-like appearance, was called the sea lily. Related to the starfish and sand dollar, the crinoid lived in the ocean that once covered Missouri. There are about 600 species alive in the ocean today. (RSMo 10.090) ...

Once you start a little research of diving in Bali, you would soon find a famous wreck in Tulamben, the USS Liberty, make several headline as a must-see. The cargo ship used to serve US military during the WorldWar II before being torpedoed by the Japanese in 1942. While the crews were able to be saved, the boat itself was left abandoned in Tulamben beach. It lay dormant on the beach until 1963 Mount Agung eruption and earthquake pushed the boat back to the ocean. The wreck now serves as a vibrant backdrop for coral growth. The coral has completely taken over the ship and is now providing a safe haven for thousands of different species. Feather stars, hydroids, and crinoids all dwell inside this framework. There are a plethora of locations to explore and witness the majesty of the underwater world, with hundreds of small nooks and crannies to live in.. Larger marine animals such as sunfish, barracuda, scribbled file fish, peacock grouper, coral trout, sunfish, regal angel fish, and surgeon fish ...

The Ohio State University. Though scientists have long believed that complex organic molecules couldn´t survive fossilization, some 350-million-year-old remains of aquatic sea creatures uncovered in Ohio, Indiana, and Iowa have challenged that assumption.. The spindly animals with feathery arms-called crinoids, but better known today by the plant-like name sea lily-appear to have been buried alive in storms during the Carboniferous Period, when North America was covered with vast inland seas. Buried quickly and isolated from the water above by layers of fine-grained sediment, their porous skeletons gradually filled with minerals, but some of the pores containing organic molecules were sealed intact.. That´s the conclusion of Ohio State University geologists, who extracted the molecules directly from individual crinoid fossils in the laboratory, and determined that different species of crinoid contained different molecules. The results will appear in the March issue of the journal ...

I. Brahmacrinus Ponderosus gen. et sp. nov.. (P1. XVI, figs. 1 & 2.). This somewhat barbarically ornate crinoid is represented in the University Collection by two calyces, which are both devoid of arms and stem. One of the specimens is exceedingly well preserved, and affords a fairly complete knowledge of the structure of the calyx. In the British Museum (Natural History) five specimens of the same crinoid are displayed; these also are calyces without arms or stem. Some of the specimens in the British Museum were obtained from Preston (Lancashire), and some from Yorkshire; those in the Oxford University Museum are from the latter county, where they occur in the Carboniferous Limestone.. The size of the calyx is fairly constant in all specimens, measuring, in that selected for description, 45 mm. in height by 40 mm. in maximum breadth. The dorsal cup is obconic in form, with the apex (corresponding to the base of the crinoid) truncate; the ventral disc is gently convex, and supports an excentric ...

Most invertebrates (and higher animals) can be placed in one of two groups based on how they develop as embryos. The two groups are called protostomes and deuterostomes. As shown in Figure below, organisms in the two groups have different ways of forming the coelom and mouth, among other differences.. Mollusks, annelids, and arthropods are protostomes. Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes. This distinction is important. Why does it matter? It shows that echinoderms are more closely related to chordates than are the other invertebrate phyla. This is not apparent based on other, more obvious traits.. ...

Sand dollars are burrowing sea urchins found from northern Baja California to Alaska and throughout the Northern Hemisphere, with some species living in and around the Caribbean Sea. They live in...

While this has been well known since the 19th century, an insistence on only monophyletic taxa has resulted in vertebrate classification being in a state of flux.[32]. The majority of animals more complex than jellyfish and other Cnidarians are split into two groups, the protostomes and deuterostomes, the latter of which contains chordates.[33] It seems very likely the 555 million-year-old Kimberella was a member of the protostomes.[34][35] If so, this means the protostome and deuterostome lineages must have split some time before Kimberella appeared-at least 558 million years ago, and hence well before the start of the Cambrian 541 million years ago.[33] The Ediacaran fossil Ernietta, from about 549 to 543 million years ago, may represent a deuterostome animal.[36]. Fossils of one major deuterostome group, the echinoderms (whose modern members include starfish, sea urchins and crinoids), are quite common from the start of the Cambrian, 542 million years ago.[37] The Mid Cambrian fossil ...

View Notes - Practice Test from BG 111 at Erskine. a. Round worms b. Echinoderms c. Anthozoa d. Chordates 3. Which characteristics are found in Eukaryotes and not Prokaryotes? a. Presence of a

The brittlestars Acrocnida brachiata and Amphiura filiformis that occur and characterize these biotopes are shallow burrowers. By extending their fragile arms from the sediment to feed, individuals become vulnerable to damage by abrasion. Brittlestars can resist considerable damage to arms and even the disk without suffering mortality and are capable of arm and even some disk regeneration (Sköld, 1998). Bourgoin & Guillou (1994) observed that the frequency of arm regeneration in population of Acrocnida brachiata in the Bay of Douarenez, France was extensive (nearly 70% of total arm population of the study site). Observations of Acrocnida brachiata populations from the west coast of Ireland, where all individuals exhibited scar or ongoing regeneration of damage. This suggests that this species can withstand high levels of arm damage, and is adapted to rotate the arms for feeding with most damaged arms staying buried in the sediment (Makra & Keegan, 1999). Ramsay et al. (1998) suggested that ...

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The biotopes are characterized by dense mats of brittlestars. There is disagreement concerning the lifespan of the main bed forming brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis. Davoult et al. (1990) suggested a lifespan of 9 -20 months. Taylor (1958, quoted in Gorzula, 1977) recorded that Ophiothrix reached a disc diameter of about 14 mm in two years, and that most individuals died after spawning in their second summer. However, other researchers have considered the animals to be much longer-lived. Gorzula (1977) quotes evidence that Swedish Ophiothrix can live for up to eight years. A lifespan of over nine years has been suggested based on counts of growth bands in the skeletal arm plates of Ophiothrix (Gage, 1990). It is possible that growth rates may vary widely in different areas, or that the different varieties of Ophiothrix fragilis recognised by French workers may have contrasting population dynamics.. Ophiothrix fragilis has an extended breeding season running roughly from April to October (Smith, ...

These revolutionary anti-fatigue floor mats are ergonomically engineered and medically proven to provide unsurpassed comfort, safety, relief, and support while you stand, wherever you stand. They are a premium 3/4″ thick, the edges will never curl, have a no-trip 20 beveled edge, are puncture & heat resistant, easy to clean and include a 7 Year Performance Warranty! 3x2′. ...

A few weeks back the Paleontological Society of Austin went out on one of our monthly field trips. The weather was still quite warm and we decided to keep it closer to home so no one would be to wrung out when we were done. We are hopefully at the tail end of a rather brutal drought with constant triple digit temps that started back in June. We picked three sites within 90 minutes of Austin that took us up thru the Glen Rose Formation, bottom to top. We started at a site in the Lower Member known as the micro zone. Fossils big enough to see from a standing position are few but if you get down and crawl around you can be rewarded with a crazy variety of tiny echinoids, starfish and crinoids and other odd bits in amongst the usual molluscs. The second site was at the very top of the Lower Member in the Salenia texana zone and folks found their share. But it was the last stop way up in Unit 7 of the Upper Member that I found my keeper* for the day. I had collected this site over the years and knew ...

Diploporita: †Class Diploporita Lower Ordovician to Lower Devonian about 400,000,000-500,000,000 years ago; theca globular; respiratory structures pairs of pores. Subphylum Crinozoa Both fossil and living forms (Lower Ordovician about 500,000,000 years ago to Recent); with 5-part symmetry; soft parts enclosed in theca, which gives rise to 5…

Is there a way that I could contact you? Im working on a story featuring humans colonizing an alien planet, and the majority of animals on this planet are organized by radial symmetry, like echinoderms. Id be interested to hear your thoughts on this idea, and run some of the creatures Ive thought up past you to see how plausible they are. Also, what kind of changes would you expect with an echinoderm evolved to be a land animal? ...

Six full size fossil replicas: Allosaurus [largest predator of the Jurassic Period] claw fragment -- Ammonite [ancient marine mollusk] -- Cave bear tooth -- Crinoid [flower-like marine animal] -- Saber tooth tiger tooth fragment -- Trilobite ...

Six full size fossil replicas: Allosaurus [largest predator of the Jurassic Period] claw fragment -- Ammonite [ancient marine mollusk] -- Cave bear tooth -- Crinoid [flower-like marine animal] -- Saber tooth tiger tooth fragment -- Trilobite ...

Body, arms and pinnules are supported by calcareous plates. With their pinnules, each arm has a distinct feather-like appearance. The crinoids central body is small compared to its total mass, most of which is devoted to food-gathering. The mouth and anus are located on the upper surface of the body, and are connected by a simple gut. The gonads are located in the arms; fertilisation takes place in open sea water during mass spawnings ...

Apart from the embellishment of wings and crinoid arms (another clear verbal link to Haeckel), the visual resemblance between Barlowes conception of an Elder Thing and cystoidea from Haeckels plate 90 (particularly specimens in lower center of plate, to either side of central tail) is strong. Besides the central barrel-shaped body terminating in one or more groups of tentacles, there is the five-fold radial symmetry combined with Lovecrafts repeated use of the word starfish as descriptive simile. Moreover, the particular details of the caption--that the Cystoidea are extinct and allies--also seem evocative in the context of Lovecrafts Elder Things. Extinct, after all, is nearly synonymous with elder, and the use of the particular word allies to suggest organisms with an organized society capable of waging war harkens to Lovecrafts theosophic accounts, from the same text, of brutal wars waged between the Elder Things other alien races in the Earths immemorable pre-history. ...

Fossiliferous limestone is any type of limestone, made mostly of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) in the form of the minerals calcite or aragonite, that contains an abundance of fossils or fossil traces.The fossils in these rocks may be of macroscopic or microscopic size. The sort of macroscopic fossils often include crinoid stems, brachiopods, gastropods, and other hard shelled mollusk remains.. ...

The five samples 6480-6464 (6473-6480 bottom of core, 6473-6480 middle of core, 6473-6480 top of core, 6464-6470 bottom of core, 6464-6470 middle of core, 6464-6470 top of core) contain nothing that is significant and very little at all. A few crinoid stems, fragments of Fenestrellina, and a Sulcoretepora. The sample 6462-6464 contains Fusulina and is of Pennsylvanian age. In the conversation between Mr. Lee and me concerning this sample, Mr. Lee said that it was almost certainly misplaced. I would think the same, as there are no other Pennsylvanian samples in the entire core. The next 13 samples, ranging from 6293 to 6114 (6291-6293 with intermediate samples to 6114-6119), contain no fossils so far as ascertained. Core 6051-6065 (samples 1-5) contain fossils in sample 1, which is the top, and in samples 2 and 5, as follows: Worthenopora spinosa, fragments of a Spirifer related to S. keokuk and S. washingtonensis, a finely costate Spirifer (fragment) possibly S. lateralis, and Rhipidomella aff. ...

80.225.78.24 From Lily-livered grass cutter (which was moved after it was originally listed at Lilly-livered grass cutter [sic]): A small Rodent from the forests of the western Draocca river basin in central Congo, the unusual name arose from the peculiarly formed liver of this animal, which curves out in a cup shaped manner rather like a Crinoid. Scientifically known as Leptopedos crinoideformis, the term grass cutter arose from the native Pidgin english name for such rodents, the cutting grass. The creatures have big incisors and construct their nests from grass stems, and when seen often are carrying large bunches of these stems between their teeth. Nesting Nests are constructed within abandoned termite mounds, and young are reared approximately every 7 months, gestation lasting only 3 weeks. They feed entirely on Dragonfly Larvae which crawl the grassy reed beds they frequent. The native Bantu name for the lily-livered grass cutter is tgemo, and natives often catch them as food, eating ...