Formad, Robert J., 1919: Pathology of Dourine with Special Reference to the Microscopic Changes in Nerve Tissues and other Structures

Covering sickness, or dourine (French, from the Arabic darina, meaning mangy (said of a female camel), feminine of darin, meaning dirty), is a disease of horses and other members of the family Equidae. The disease is caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum, which belongs to an important genus of parasitic protozoa, and is the only member of the genus that is spread through sexual intercourse. The occurrence of dourine is notifiable in the European Union under legislation from the OIE. There currently is no vaccine and although clinical signs can be treated, there is no cure. Trypanosoma equiperdum is one of three known strains from the Trypanosoma family; along with Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma brucei. Trypanosoma equiperdum has been discovered to be most closely linked to Trypanosoma evansi, so much so that even observation under microscope is not sufficient to differentiate between the two as their structure is very similar. Dourine is a unique disease in the sense that it has no known vectors ...

No. 24102013-00012-EN. During the period 2001 to 2008, a total of 7,872 equine sera were tested at the Centre of Veterinary Institutes of Athens. Antibodies against seven infectious diseases of equids were determined: equine infectious anaemia (EIA), African horse sickness (AHS), equine viral arteritis (EVA), West Nile encephalitis (WNE), glanders, piroplasmosis and dourine. Tests for the four viral diseases found 4.5% seropositivity for EIA, 0% for AHS, 3.3% for EVA and 4% for WNE. All sera tested for glanders antibodies were negative. Tests for piroplasmosis detected antibodies against T. equi and B. caballi in 12.9% and 1.3% of the sera, respectively. No sample tested positive for dourine. The results of this epidemiological survey provide strong evidence that Greece is free from the diseases of AHS, glanders and dourine.. Keywords ...

On June, 30 2011 the controls were extended to all Regions of Italy. All blood samples were sent at National Reference Centre for the study and verification of Foreign Animal Diseases (CESME).. Seven outbreaks of Dourine were confirmed in Italy during 2011. The outbreaks were confirmed in Sicilia, Campania and Puglia Regions. Results of serological controls are reported in the following table (Table 1).. ...

In 2012, the activity control was restricted only to some central and southern Regions: Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Lazio, Molise, Puglia and Sicilia Regions. The animals included in the serological control were all marketed horses, 30 days before their exit from the farm of origin (excluding animals destined to sporting events, competitions and exhibitions), all equines showing, at the abattoir, clinical signs compatible with dourine and all equines with irregularities in the accompanying documents.. Results of serological controls are reported in the following table.. ...

Alcoholic beverages ordered from the customs and fiscal territory of the EU do not need to be cleared through customs. If you order alcoholic beverages from another EU country, and the seller arranges the transport of the products to Finland, it is a case of so-called distance selling, and you do not have to pay taxes for the products. However, if you personally arrange the transport of the products, it is a case of so-called distance purchasing, and the excise duties - excise duty on alcohol and excise duty on beverage containers - must be paid.. The Finnish Tax Administration is responsible for collecting the excise duties on alcohol and for providing guidance in the matter. Go to the Tax Administration website. Alcoholic beverages ordered from outside the customs and fiscal territory of the EU must always be cleared through customs, and import duties and taxes - customs duty based on the commodity code, excise duties and import VAT - will be levied on them in connection with the customs ...

Livestock trypanosomoses, caused by three species of the Trypanozoon subgenus, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. evansi and T. equiperdum is widely distributed throughout the world and constitutes an important limitation for the production of animal protein. T. evansi and T. equiperdum are morphologically indistinguishable parasites that evolved from a common ancestor but acquired important biological differences, including host range, mode of transmission, distribution, clinical symptoms and pathogenicity. At a molecular level, T. evansi is characterized by the complete loss of the maxicircles of the kinetoplastic DNA, while T. equiperdum has retained maxicircle fragments similar to those present in T. brucei. T. evansi causes the disease known as Surra, Derrengadera or mal de cadeiras, while T. equiperdum is the etiological agent of dourine or mal du coit, characterized by venereal transmission and white patches in the genitalia. Nine Venezuelan Trypanosoma spp. isolates, from horse, donkey or

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The US Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise convened subject matter experts at the 2010 HHS Burkholderia Workshop to develop consensus recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis against and treatment for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei infections, which cause melioidosis and glanders, respectively. Drugs recommended by consensus of the participants are ceftazidime or meropenem for initial intensive therapy, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for eradication therapy. For postexposure prophylaxis, recommended drugs are trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or co-amoxiclav. To improve the timely diagnosis of melioidosis and glanders, further development and wide distribution of rapid diagnostic assays were also recommended. Standardized animal models and B. pseudomallei strains are needed for further development of therapeutic options. Training for laboratory technicians and physicians would facilitate better diagnosis and treatment options.

1MO1: Crystal Structure at 1.8 A of the Bacillus Subtil Catabolite Bacillus Subtilis Catabolite Repression Containing Protein (Crh) Reveals an Unexpected Swapping Domain as an Untertwinned Dimer

Adobo sauce gives this turkey dish from Jim Davis of Montgomery Village, Maryland a delicious smoky kick. These cutlets would make for a special entrée any night of the week.

Looking for Pasteurella caballi? Find out information about Pasteurella caballi. A genus of gram-negative, nonmotile, nonsporulating, facultatively anaerobic coccobacillary to rod-shaped bacteria which are parasitic and often pathogens... Explanation of Pasteurella caballi

More than 12,000 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) have been identified in the genome of Burkholderia mallei ATCC 23344. As a demonstrated mechanism of phase variation in other pathogenic bacteria, these may function as mutable loci leading to altered protein expression or structure variation. To determine if such alterations are occurring in vivo, the genomes of various single-colony passaged B. mallei ATCC 23344 isolates, one from each source, were sequenced from culture, a mouse, a horse, and two isolates from a single human patient, and the sequence compared to the published B. mallei ATCC 23344 genome sequence. Forty-nine insertions and deletions (indels) were detected at SSRs in the five passaged strains, a majority of which (67.3%) were located within noncoding areas, suggesting that such regions are more tolerant of sequence alterations. Expression profiling of the two human passaged isolates compared to the strain before passage revealed alterations in the mRNA levels of multiple genes when grown