Guglielmini et al. (1) present phylogenetic trees of cellular organisms and Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDVs) based on two subunits of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP) and conclude that NCLDVs originated before their eukaryotic hosts and contributed RNAP to eukaryotes. While the study might provide insights into NCLDV phylogeny, the main conclusion is highly disputable. In addition to the small number of genes analyzed, we are particularly concerned about the accuracy of the trees, how much they represent the evolution of cellular life and viruses, and the overuse of lateral gene transfers (LGTs) to explain tree topologies.. Based on only two genes encoding subunits of the same enzyme, Guglielmini … ↵1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: chuanku{at}gate.sinica.edu.tw.. ...

A nudivirus (family Nudiviridae) is a large, rod-shaped virus with a circular, double stranded DNA genome of 96-231 kb. The genome encodes 98 to 154 open reading frames. Virions are rod-shaped and when enveloped are up to 382×77 nm. The word nudivirus comes from the Latin nudus, which means naked and virus, poison. Naked refers to the fact that, unlike baculoviruses, they are not occluded by cryoproteins. In 2007, the genus Nudivirus was proposed to include viruses similar to the Oryctes rhinoceros virus (Wang et al., 2007b). The nudiviruses were classified as the family Nudiviridae in 2013. All 3 sequenced nudivirus have 33 open reading frames in common. Gene content comparaison and phylogenetic analyses show that Nudivirus share 20 cores genes with baculovirus and form a monophyletic sister group with them. Fossil calibration estimate this association arose 100 million years ago(Mya), while the last common ancestor of BVs, nudivirus, and baculovirus existed approximately 312 Mya. ...

Phytopathology 101:1081-1090...Phytopathology 101:1081-1090...Association of a Novel DNA Virus with the Grapevine Vein-Clearing and Vine Decline Syndrome...Yu Zhang, Kashmir Singh, Ravneet Kaur, and Wenping Qiu...

A DNA virus is a virus that has DNA as its genetic material and replicates using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The nucleic acid is usually double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) but may also be single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). DNA viruses belong to either Group I or Group II of the Baltimore classification system for viruses. Single-stranded DNA is usually expanded to double-stranded in infected cells. Although Group VII viruses such as hepatitis B contain a DNA genome, they are not considered DNA viruses according to the Baltimore classification, but rather reverse transcribing viruses because they replicate through an RNA intermediate. ...

A DNA virus is a virus that has DNA as its genetic material and replicates using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The nucleic acid is usually double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) but may also be single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). DNA viruses belong to either Group I or Group II of the Baltimore classification system for viruses. Single-stranded DNA is usually expanded to double-stranded in infected cells. Although Group VII viruses such as hepatitis B contain a DNA genome, they are not considered DNA viruses according to the Baltimore classification, but rather reverse transcribing viruses because they replicate through an RNA intermediate. ...

Background: In 1997, a novel DNA virus was isolated from the serum of a patient in Japan, and it was named TT virus (TTV). As the virus is replicated in liver and has the ability to induce apoptosis in hepatocytes (Hepatocellular carcinoma cells) it is hypothesized that TTV is an opportunistic virus ...

After DNA viruses enter the nucleus, they initiate a transcriptional cascade which is followed by replication. We investigated whether these processes take place at specific nuclear sites or, as suggested by the mode of entry, randomly throughout the nucleus. Three distinct nuclear domains, nuclear factor-1 sites, coiled bodies, and nuclear domain 10 (ND10), were used as markers to investigate the relative position of DNA virus replication sites. We found that all three nuclear domains had a very high spatial correlation with each other in uninfected cells. After adenoviral infection, nuclear factor 1 and coiled bodies were found associated with some viral replication domains. Simian virus 40 begins replication adjacent to ND10 but adenovirus 5 and herpes simplex type 1 modified ND10s before replication. Adenovirus E4orf 3 gene deletion mutants retain ND10 and begin replication at the peripheries of ND10. The same was found for the herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate early gene 1 mutants. That ...

Types of Viruses Used in Gene Therapy: There are 6 main types of viruses used in gene therapy:. 1) Retroviruses - A class of viruses that can create double-stranded DNA copies of their RNA genomes. These copies of its genome can be integrated into the chromosomes of host cells. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus.. 2) Adenoviruses - A class of viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes that cause respiratory, intestinal, and eye infectious in humans. The virus that causes the common cold is an adenovirus.. 3) Adeno-associated viruses - A class of small, single-stranded DNA viruses that can insert their genetic material at a specific site on chromosome 19.. 4) Herpes simplex viruses - A class of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect a particular cell type, neurons. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is a common human pathogen that causes cold sores.. 5) Alphaviruses - A single stranded positive sense RNA, particularly used to develop viral vectors for the Ross-River virus, Sindbis virus, ...

Herpesviruses constitute a family of large DNA viruses widely spread in vertebrates and causing a variety of different diseases. low sequence similarity, suggesting that function may be more conserved than sequence. By combining interactomes of 1818-71-9 different species we were able to systematically address the low coverage of the Y2H system and to extract biologically […]. ...

In the theory of viral eukaryogenesis I propose here, the eukaryotic nucleus evolved from a complex DNA virus. It is proposed that the virus established a persistent presence in the cytoplasm of a met

DNA virus replication strategies (2) - Lecture from USCMED, Columbia recorded between 2007-2009. Good lecture in advanced e-learning presentation

Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Conferring DNA virus resistance with high specificity in plants using virus-inducible genome-editing system. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

Fields Virology remains the most authoritative reference in this fast-changing field, providing definitive coverage of virology, including virus biology as well as replication and medical aspects of specific virus families.

WASHINGTON, DC - August 5, 2013 -- The results of a large-scale analysis of the association between DNA viruses and human malignancies suggest that many of the most common cancers are not associated with DNA viruses. The findings, published in the August 2013 issue of the Journal of Virology, challenge earlier studies suggesting as high as 40 percent of tumors are caused by viruses.

CMX001 is an orally administered lipid conjugate of the synthetic nucleotide analog cidofovir (CDV). The conjugate is believed to be absorbed in the small intestine then delivered to target organs throughout the body where it crosses cell membranes by facilitated and passive diffusion. Inside the cell, CMX001 is cleaved by intracellular phospholipases to release CDV which is converted to the active antiviral agent, CDV-diphosphate (CDV-PP), by intracellular anabolic kinases. Adults and adolescents, regardless of viral infection/disease, will have a maximum weekly dose of 200 mg i.e., 200 mg once weekly OR 100 mg twice weekly; not to exceed 4mg/kg total weekly dose. Pediatric subjects (, 12 years), regardless of viral infection/disease, will have a maximum weekly dose of 4 mg/kg i.e., 4 mg/kg once weekly OR 2 mg/kg twice weekly ...

By interfering with cellular components that are essential for the replication of DNA viruses, ViroStatics compounds have been shown in vitro and ex vivo to be potent inhibitors of several viruses:. ...

Nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) constitute a group of eukaryotic viruses that can have crucial ecological roles in the sea by accelerating the turnover of their unicellular hosts or by causing diseases in animals. To better characterize the diversity, abundance and biogeography of marine NCLDVs, we analyzed 17 metagenomes derived from microbial samples (0.2-1.6 μm size range) collected during the Tara Oceans Expedition. The sample set includes ecosystems under-represented in previous studies, such as the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) and Indian Ocean lagoons. By combining computationally derived relative abundance and direct prokaryote cell counts, the abundance of NCLDVs was found to be in the order of 104-105 genomes ml−1 for the samples from the photic zone and 102-103 genomes ml−1 for the OMZ. The Megaviridae and Phycodnaviridae dominated the NCLDV populations in the metagenomes, although most of the reads classified in these families showed large divergence from known

Mamavirus is a large and complex virus in the Group I family mimiviridae. The virus is exceptionally large, and larger than many bacteria. Mamavirus and other mimiviridae belong to nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDVs) family. Mamavirus can be compared to the similar complex virus mimivirus; mamavirus was so named because it is similar to but larger than mimivirus. Mamavirus was first reported in September 2008. Like mimivirus, mamavirus was isolated from an amoeba in a cooling tower. The mimiviridae were not discovered until recently because of their size; when filtered the mimiviridae stay with the bacteria which led scientists to believe they were also bacteria. Mimivirus was first isolated in 1992 when scientists were looking for the cause of a pneumonia outbreak in Bradford UK. Due to its size it was named Bradford coccus and put in a freezer with scientists thinking it was a bacterium. A decade later, Jean-Michel Claverie and Didier Raoult discovered Bradford coccus was no ...

The discovery of giant viruses with genome and physical size comparable to cellular organisms, remnants of protein translation machinery and virus-specific parasites (virophages) have raised intriguing questions about their origin. Evidence advocates for their inclusion into global phylogenomic studies and their consideration as a distinct and ancient form of life. Here we reconstruct phylogenies describing the evolution of proteomes and protein domain structures of cellular organisms and double-stranded DNA viruses with medium-to-very-large proteomes (giant viruses). Trees of proteomes define viruses as a fourth supergroup along with superkingdoms Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Trees of domains indicate they have evolved via massive and primordial reductive evolutionary processes. The distribution of domain structures suggests giant viruses harbor a significant number of protein domains including those with no cellular representation. The genomic and structural diversity embedded in the viral

So when Didier Raoult and his colleagues in France one day observed that a virophage known as Zamilon was no longer able to successfully infect the giant virus it was previously known to attack (a mimivirus), they wondered if a CRISPR-like immune system was to blame. Sure enough, they found that Zamilon-resistant giant viruses contained snippets of the virophages DNA in their own genomes. Furthermore, when they studied the sequence of the DNA surrounding the Zamilon snippets in the mimivirus, they found that this DNA encoded a gene product that unwinds DNA, and another one that cleaves it. To test whether these two genes were responsible for the giant viruss ability to ward off Zamilon infection, the researchers silenced each flanking gene. The result? The mimiviruses were suddenly vulnerable to Zamilon. Raoult and his colleagues named the newly-identified immunity segment of viral DNA MIMIVIRE, which stands for mimivirus virophage-resistance element. They suggest MIMIVIRE acts as a viral ...

In freshwater lakes, microbes regulate the flow of carbon and determine if the bodies of water serve as carbon sinks or carbon sources. Algae and cyanobacteria in particular can trap and use carbon, but their capacity to do so may be impacted by viruses. Viruses exist amidst all bacteria, usually in a 10-fold excess, and are made up of various sizes ranging from giant viruses, to much smaller viruses known as virophages (which live in giant viruses and use their machinery to replicate and spread.)

Although the mimivirus virion proteome has already been reported (28, 29), we were interested to reexamine the composition of mature virions by applying mass spectrometry procedures identical to those used for examination of the factories. A total of 236 mimivirus proteins were detected in mature viral particles (see Tables S1 and S2 in the supplemental material) in contrast to the 114 reported in reference 29, a discrepancy likely due to the higher sensitivity of the instrumentation used in this study. Comparison of the protein content of mature virions to the protein content of 4-h VFs (Fig. 4B) revealed that 139 proteins are shared, including six helicases and seven transcription factors (see Tables S1 and S2), supporting the notion that massive replication and transcription processes occur already at this stage (26). In comparisons of the protein content of 7-h viral factories to that of mature virions, 213 proteins were found to be common (Fig. 4C). There were 13 proteins in the virion that ...

HUMAN DNA VIRUSES Ronald Luftig Ph.D. Louisiana State University Professor and Head Department of Microbiology,Immunology & Parasitology www.freelivedoctor.co…

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Vaccinia virus is a large (2 um), double-stranded DNA virus. Unlike many other DNA viruses, vaccinia completes its entire life cycle in the host cytoplasm and therefore, encodes for its own machinery for gene expression ...

A giant virus under a microscope looks like this. To keep abreast of the latest scientific discoveries, subscribe to our news channel in Telegram. In general, researchers believe that the newthe virus comes from an unknown isolated group of viruses or distant relatives of a giant virus, which acquired a reduced form during evolution. Giant viruses were discovered in the twenty-first century. These organisms reach the size of a bacterial cell. Because of capsid - the protein coat that encapsulates viral particles, the virus is called giant. The DNA of a giant virus exceeds 200,000 base pairs and contains Orfan genes that are not found in other organisms.. Read more interesting articles on our channel in Yandex.Zen Yaravirus is composed of small particles with a size of 80 nmand has a unique genome. According to the researchers, it is simple and does not contain giant particles, but at the same time, a significant amount of previously undescribed genes is observed in Yaravirus. Scientists intend ...

A new study of giant viruses supports the idea that viruses are ancient living organisms and not inanimate molecular remnants run amok. Learn more on EarthSky.

Lineage: Viruses; Varidnaviria; Bamfordvirae; Nucleocytoviricota; Megaviricetes; Imitervirales; Mimiviridae; unclassified Mimiviridae; Klosneuvirinae; ...

Our team of expert virologists can help you to design a range of viral expression systems for your research needs. They have previous expertise in working with both single and double stranded DNA viruses, and developing new reverse genetics systems for both positive and negative sense RNA viruses. Please contact us for further information. ...

Since the isolation of the first giant virus, the Mimivirus, by T.J. Rowbotham in a cooling tower in Bradford, UK, and after its… Expand ...

Recognition of foreign DNA in the cytosol of host cells is critical for the initiation of immune responses to DNA viruses. Recognition of viral DNA activates nu...

Define Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus. Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus synonyms, Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus pronunciation, Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus translation, English dictionary definition of Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus. n. pl. mim·i·vi·rus·es Any of a genus of double-stranded DNA viruses that are the largest of all known viruses. n a very large virus containing DNA

During January 2010, a husband and wife returned from Laos to France with probable parasitic disease. Increased antibodies against an Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus virophage indicated seroconversion. While in Laos, they had eaten raw fish, a potential source of the virophage. This virophage, associated with giant viruses suspected to cause pneumonia, could be an emerging pathogen.

The vast sequence divergence among different virus groups has presented a great challenge to alignment-based analysis of virus phylogeny. Due to the problems caused by the uncertainty in alignment, existing tools for phylogenetic analysis based on multiple alignment could not be directly applied to the whole-genome comparison and phylogenomic studies of viruses. There has been a growing interest in alignment-free methods for phylogenetic analysis using complete genome data. Among the alignment-free methods, a dynamical language (DL) method proposed by our group has successfully been applied to the phylogenetic analysis of bacteria and chloroplast genomes. In this paper, the DL method is used to analyze the whole-proteome phylogeny of 124 large dsDNA viruses and 30 parvoviruses, two data sets with large difference in genome size. The trees from our analyses are in good agreement to the latest classification of large dsDNA viruses and parvoviruses by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses

TY - JOUR. T1 - Hijacking of host calreticulin is required for the white spot syndrome virus replication cycle. AU - Watthanasurorot, Apiruck. AU - Guo, Enen. AU - Tharntada, Sirinit. AU - Lo, Chu Fang. AU - Söderhäll, Kenneth. AU - Söderhäll, Irene. PY - 2014/7. Y1 - 2014/7. N2 - We have previously shown that multifunctional calreticulin (CRT), which resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is involved in ER-associated protein processing, responds to infection with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) by increasing mRNA and protein expression and by forming a complex with gC1qR and thereby delaying apoptosis. Here, we show that CRT can directly interact with WSSV structural proteins, including VP15 and VP28, during an early stage of virus infection. The binding of VP28 with CRT does not promote WSSV entry, and CRT-VP15 interaction was detected in the viral genome in virally infected host cells and thus may have an effect on WSSV replication. Moreover, CRT was detected in the viral envelope ...

This movement control order is being made to assist in the management and control of white spot syndrome virus, the causative agent of white spot disease...

Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APMV) is the first member of a new family of nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses called the Mimiviridae. Another giant virus, named mamavirus, was discovered in 2008 and is considered another APMV strain. Moreover, nosocomially acquired pneumonias account for 10 to 15% of all hospital-acquired infections, and pneumonia is actually the leading cause of nosocomial infection in intensive care units (ICU), where ventilator-associated pneumonias (VAP) are the most frequently observed hospital-acquired infections and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Mimivirus was one of the agents investigated by serological testing, among other conventional pneumonia agents. Among pneumonia patients with amoeba-associated pathogens, more had seroconversion to mimivirus (5 cases) than to any other pathogen. In addition, mimivirus was second among the four most frequently encountered agents of pneumonia diagnosed with high levels of evidence (3.8%), behind Pseudomonas

Mimivirus. Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APMV) particles. APMV is commonly known as the mimivirus. This virus consists of outer hairs, or fibrils (spikes), and a protein capsid (dark grey) enclosing a core (black) of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the virus genetic material. APMVs classification as a pathogen is tentative, but it is now thought that it may cause viral pneumonia. Magnification: x9,300 when printed 10 centimetres wide. - Stock Image C001/4438

Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APM), a virus of free-living amebae, has reportedly caused human respiratory disease. Using 2 newly developed real-time PCR assays, we screened 496 respiratory specimens from 9 pneumonia-patient populations for APM. This virus was not detected in any specimen, which suggests it is not a common respiratory pathogen ...

Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APM), a virus of free-living amebae, has reportedly caused human respiratory disease. Using 2 newly developed real-time PCR assays, we screened 496 respiratory specimens from 9 pneumonia-patient populations for APM. This virus was not detected in any specimen, which suggests it is not a common respiratory pathogen.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Correction to. T2 - Smacoviridae: a new family of animal-associated single-stranded DNA viruses (Archives of Virology, (2018), 163, 7, (2005-2015), 10.1007/s00705-018-3820-z). AU - Varsani, Arvind. AU - Krupovic, Mart. PY - 2018/1/1. Y1 - 2018/1/1. N2 - Unfortunately Fig. 6 in Archives of Virology (2018) 163:2005-2015 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3820-z is duplicated (Fig. 4). This is corrected in this erratum.. AB - Unfortunately Fig. 6 in Archives of Virology (2018) 163:2005-2015 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3820-z is duplicated (Fig. 4). This is corrected in this erratum.. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85050914750&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85050914750&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1007/s00705-018-3960-1. DO - 10.1007/s00705-018-3960-1. M3 - Article. C2 - 30054745. AN - SCOPUS:85050914750. JO - Archives of Virology. JF - Archives of Virology. SN - 0304-8608. ER - ...

The sexually transmitted insect virus Helicoverpa zea nudivirus 2 (HzNV-2) was determined to have a circular double-stranded DNA genome of 231,621 bp coding for an estimated 113 open reading frames (ORFs). HzNV-2 is most closely related to the nudiviruses, a sister group of the insect baculoviruses. Several putative ORFs that share homology with the baculovirus core genes were identified in the viral genome. However, HzNV-2 lacks several key genetic features of baculoviruses including the late transcriptional regulation factor, LEF-1 and the palindromic hrs, which serve as origins of replication. The HzNV-2 genome was found to code for three ORFs that had significant sequence homology to cellular genes which are not generally found in viral genomes. These included a presumed juvenile hormone esterase gene, a gene coding for a putative zinc-dependent matrix metalloprotease, and a major facilitator superfamily protein gene; all of which are believed to play a role in the cellular proliferation and the

Caspar and Klug (50) had predicted that, for each of the covalently identical subunits that compose the surface of a virus to have identical environments, it would require that the subunits are organized into an hexagonal array. An icosahedron is formed by substituting a pentagon of subunits for a hexagon of subunits at regular positions. This would then allow each subunit to have at least a quasi-equivalent environment. The total size of the assembly is determined by where the pentamers replace hexamers. This prediction has been found to be true in a large variety of viruses with T numbers varying from 1 for the smallest viruses such a parvoviruses (51) and the ΦX174 bacteriophage (52) to very large dsDNA viruses with T numbers of 169 [PBCV-1 (53⇓-55)] and 972 ≤ T ≤ 1,200 [Mimivirus (56)]. Here we have determined the structure of a virus with a T=13 lattice, which makes it possible to examine how the assembly process has introduced pentamers at specific positions in the hexagonal ...

Virus-infected plants accumulate abundant, 21-24 nucleotide viral siRNAs which are generated by the evolutionary conserved RNA interference (RNAi) machinery that regulates gene expression and defends against invasive nucleic acids. Here we show that, similar to RNA viruses, the entire genome sequences of DNA viruses are densely covered with siRNAs in both sense and antisense orientations. This implies pervasive transcription of both coding and non-coding viral DNA in the nucleus, which generates double-stranded RNA precursors of viral siRNAs. Consistent with our finding and hypothesis, we demonstrate that the complete genomes of DNA viruses from Caulimoviridae and Geminiviridae families can be reconstructed by deep sequencing and de novo assembly of viral siRNAs using bioinformatics tools. Furthermore, we prove that this siRNA omics approach can be used for reliable identification of the consensus master genome and its microvariants in viral quasispecies. Finally, we utilized this approach to

The cosmopolitan coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi is a unicellular eukaryotic alga that forms vast blooms in the oceans impacting large biogeochemical cycles. These blooms are often terminated due to infection by the large dsDNA virus, E. huxleyi virus (EhV). It was recently established that EhV-induced modulation of E. huxleyi metabolism is a key factor for optimal viral infection cycle. Despite the huge ecological importance of this host-virus interaction, the ability to assess its spatial and temporal dynamics and its possible impact on nutrient fluxes is limited by current approaches that focus on quantification of viral abundance and biodiversity ...

Since the discovery of giant viruses infecting amoebae in 2003, many dogmas of virology have been revised and the search for these viruses has been intensified. Over the last few years, several new groups of these viruses have been discovered in various types of samples and environments.In this work, we describe the isolation of 68 giant viruses of amoeba obtained from environmental samples from Brazil and Antarctica. Isolated viruses were identified by hemacolor staining, PCR assays and electron microscopy (scanning and/or transmission). A total of 64 viruses belonging to the Mimiviridae family were isolated (26 from lineage A, 13 from lineage B, 2 from lineage C and 23 from unidentified lineages) from different types of samples, including marine water from Antarctica, thus being the first mimiviruses isolated in this extreme environment to date. Furthermore, a marseillevirus was isolated from sewage samples along with two pandoraviruses and a cedratvirus (the third to be isolated in the world so far).

Viruses have a ubiquitous presence in the world. Their population is estimated to be 1031, 10 times greater than the nonillion (1030) of microbes on the planet -- a figure that surpasses the number of stars in the Milky Way. Giant viruses are characterized by disproportionately large genomes and virions that house the viruses genetic material. They can encode several genes potentially involved in protein biosynthesis, a unique feature which has led to diverging hypotheses about the origins of these viruses. But after discovering a novel group of giant viruses with a more complete set of translation machinery genes than any other virus known to date, scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI), a DOE Office of Science User Facility, believe that this group (dubbed Klosneuviruses) significantly increases our understanding of viral evolution ...

If nucleic acid recognition is the only way for most cells to induce the production of type I IFNs in response to infection with RNA viruses, does a similar principle apply to recognition of DNA viruses? Until recently, dsRNA was thought to be the main signature of viral replication inside cells, produced by replicating RNA viruses and bidirectional transcription of DNA viruses. However, the finding that IPS-1-deficient cells mount a normal antiviral response to transfection with DNA, and to infection with L. monocytogenes or a poxvirus (17, 18), indicates that cytosolic dsRNA is not the only trigger of the type I IFN response. This raises the question of why two signaling pathways are needed to link nucleic acid detection to the antiviral response. The simplest explanation is that RNA and DNA viruses activate different cell-intrinsic effector responses that are tailored to combating the particular type of virus. Importantly, neither type I IFNs nor generic IFN-inducible genes account for the ...

Numerous novel episomal DNA-sequences related to single-stranded circular DNA viruses have been isolated from milk, bovine sera as well as from different human pathological biopsies (Funk et al.; Gunst et al.; Lamberto et al.; Whitley et al.; all Genome Announc. (2014) 2(4); Falida et al.; Genome Announc. (2017) 5(17)). The high degree of homology between isolates from milk, bovine sera and human tissue or serum points at the consumption of bovine meat or dairy products as potential route of transmission. The global epidemiology of some common cancers (e.g. colon and breast cancer) could suggest a zoonotic origin of these conditions (zur Hausen and de Villiers, 2015; zur Hausen, Bund and de Villiers, 2017 ...

Question - White spots in genital area. Is this fungal infection or something serious?. Ask a Doctor about diagnosis, treatment and medication for White spots, Ask a Dermatologist

Viruses. Viruses and bacteria are too small to be seen without the aid of microscopes. As disease agents, their effects on mankind are well known. Both are ubiquitous and adaptable.. The Bridge Between Living and Non-Living. Someone once suggested that if people were the size of viruses, the entire population of the U.S. would fit on the end of two pencil erasers. There would be room left over for future generations. Extremely small, simple in structure, and widely distributed, viruses exist in a realm all their own. Viruses do not qualify as cells yet affect cells and so exist as if on a bridge between the living and nonliving.. Structure and Classification of Viruses. Viruses differ from cellular organisms in many ways. A virus contains only a single type of nucleic acid. This DNA or RNA may be single or double-stranded. The core of nucleic acid is covered by a protein coat called a capsid. Some of the proteins in the capsid are enzymes. A complete virus particle is called a virion. Some ...

Adenoviruses are relatively simple, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect humans and other vertebrates. The virus particle consists of a simple icosahedral shell, or capsid, containing a single linear dsDNA molecule of approximately 36,000 base pairs. A terminal protein protects each end ...

Tomaru, Y., Toyoda, K., Suzuki, H., Nagumo, T., Kimura, K., Takao, Y. 2013 New single-stranded DNA virus with a unique genomic structure that infects marine diatom Chaetoceros setoensis. Sci Rep, 3, 3337 (article ID ...

Tomaru, Y., Toyoda, K., Kimura, K., Takao, Y., Sakurada, K., Nakayama, N., Nagasaki, K. 2013 Isolation and characterization of a single-stranded DNA virus infecting the marine planktonic diatom Chaetoceros sp. (SS08-C03). Phycol. Res., 61, 27-36 ...

According to Reference.com, cellular organisms that do not have a distinct nucleus, such as bacteria, are called prokaryotes. They are distinct from the eukaryotes, which are the cellular organisms...

Two newly discovered giant viruses are bigger than many bacteria and carry massive and largely unique genomes that hint at new branches of life.

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AMSBIO offers a collection of adenovirus clones with more than 20 different destination vectors available for fluorescent and affinity tags.

Recently discovered TT ? virus is at present an object of intensive investigation. This paper reviews so far obtained controvertial results dealing mainly with frequency of TTV occurence and its potential significance in the development of liver disorders. On the basis of obtained results reported by many autors there is still lack of hard evidence showing significant role of TTV in the pathogenesis in liver diseases ...

Those white spots on your legs and thighs can be due to a number of things. Read on to find out the 3 most likely skin conditions responsible for those spots and what you can do to remove them.

For the past two years, I have a |b|lot of white spots on both my hands and leg|/b|. Wherever I sustain an injury, that part also becomes white. I consulted some skin specialist whos said that there is no reason for this. But they gave some cream to apply and multivitamin tablets. I am 31 years old. No bad habits. Married. I am scared that my entire skin may become white (Leucoderma). Is there any way to stop the spreading? Please let me know. Awaiting your reply.

Having white spots or patches in your throat can be disconcerting, especially if you are experiencing other symptoms. White areas located in a throat can...

Hi my son has white spot (hankercheif ) rash on his chest and neck When hot it get worse any cure for it Reply Follow This Thread Stop Following This Thread Flag this Discussion ...

A battle is brewing between two research groups over whether a CRISPR-like, DNA based defense system in mimivirus that confers resistance to virophage.

Viruses replicate asexually. They are single purpose DNA whose only activity is to replicate. They thrive in living bodies. But they are not burdened by the overhead or the slow cycle time of generations necessitated by living bodies. They can iterate a gezillion times in the cycle time that it takes a living bodies to iterate. The cycle time of random mutation, differentiation and selective destruction is very short. The AID virus is just the most recent example of a DNA virus that thrives by being able to take advantage of these short cycle times to change faster than humans can design ways to stop it ...

Viruses of Fungi and Simple Eukaryotes focuses on the developments in and experimental approaches to the study of fungi and simple eukaryotic viruses. Emphasizi

Unlike most viruses circulating today, these ancient specimens dating from the last Ice Age are not only bigger, but far more complex genetically.

Click on a taxon to see the following taxons, if there are any.. By placing the mouse over a node a tooltip will appear. This tootip contains the taxonomic path from Cellular organisms to the node and, in the case of a species, the number of peroxidases in the orthogroup, the total number of peroxidases for that species in the orthogroups class and where possible the names of those peroxidases. The common ancestor for the orthogroup is written in bold in the tooltip. Return to orthogroup ...

Click on a taxon to see the following taxons, if there are any.. By placing the mouse over a node a tooltip will appear. This tootip contains the taxonomic path from Cellular organisms to the node and, in the case of a species, the number of peroxidases in the orthogroup, the total number of peroxidases for that species in the orthogroups class and where possible the names of those peroxidases. The common ancestor for the orthogroup is written in bold in the tooltip. Return to orthogroup ...