KAFILZADEH, F.; HEIDARY, N. and BAHRAMINEJAD, S.. Variety effect on composition, kinetics of fermentation and in vitro digestibility of oat (Avena sativa L.) straw and its neutral detergent fibre. S. Afr. j. anim. sci. [online]. 2012, vol.42, n.4, pp.406-415. ISSN 2221-4062.. Yield, chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and kinetics of fermentation of straw from 18 varieties of oats (Avena sativa L.) were studied. All the straw varieties were grown in three replicates under the same agronomic conditions. Significance differences were observed in the yield of straw (4.4 to 7.5 ton dry matter (DM)/ha) from different varieties. The proportion of seed/straw from these varieties varied from 0.28 to 1.02. Crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) content varied from 24.2 to 48.1, 626 to 708, 437 to 533 and 52.0 to 92.4 g/kg DM, respectively in the straws. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) differed among varieties ...

Allowable limits for cereal ergot alkaloids in livestock feeds are being re-examined, and the objective of this study was to compare nutrient digestibility, growth performance and carcass characteristics of ram lambs fed a range of alkaloid concentrations, including the maximum currently allowed in Canada (2 to 3 ppm). Four pelleted diets were fed: control, with no added alkaloids; 930; 1402; and 2447 ppb alkaloids based on total R and S epimers. Eight ram lambs (30.0 ± 3.1 kg) were used to examine the impacts of dietary treatments on nutrient digestibility and alkaloid recovery from feces. Concentrations of dietary alkaloids evaluated did not affect nutrient digestibility or N metabolism. Excepting ergocornine and ergocryptine, recovery of alkaloids in feces varied among periods, suggesting that individual lambs may differ in their ability to metabolize ergocristine, ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine and their S epimers. In a second experiment, ram lambs (n = 47, 30 ± 8 kg) were randomly assigned to

Abstract: This study was aimed to analyze neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) and acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) contents of various commonly used forage and concentrate feedstuffs in Indonesia. A number of forages and concentrates, i.e. gliricidia, trichantera, indigofera, calliandra, papaya leaves, cassava leaves, leucaena, rapeseed meal, corn gluten feed, soybean meal, copra meal, palm kernel meal, fish and bone meal and wheat bran were subjected to proximate analysis, cell wall nitrogen determination and in vitro rumen fermentation evaluation. Chemical composition analysis was done in duplicate. The in vitro incubation was conducted in 14 treatments and 3 replicates by following a randomized complete block design. Variables measured after the incubation were total volatile fatty acid (VFA), ammonia, dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and crude protein digestibility (CPD). Results revealed that among the forages, cassava leaf had ...

Effect of fenugreek seeds supplementation on growth performance, digestion coefficient, rumen fermentation and some blood metabolites of Awassi lambs

Digestive physiology is one of the bottlenecks of octopus aquaculture. Although there are successful experimentally formulated feeds, knowledge of the digestive physiology of cephalopods is fragmented, and focused mainly on O. vulgaris. Considering that the digestive physiology could vary in tropical and sub-tropical species through temperature modulations of the digestive dynamics and nutritional requirements of different organisms, the present review was focused on the digestive physiology timing of O. maya and O. mimus, two promising aquaculture species living in tropical (22 - 30°C) and sub-tropical (15 - 24°C) ecosystems, respectively. We provide a detailed description of how soluble and complex nutrients are digested, absorbed and assimilated in these species, describing the digestive process and providing insight into how the environment can modulate the digestion and final use of nutrients for these and presumably other octopus species. To date, research on these octopus species has

Effects of forage family (legume vs. grass) on apparent ruminal synthesis (ARS) and postruminal supply of B vitamins were evaluated in 2 experiments. Diets containing either alfalfa (AL) or orchardgrass (OG) silages as the sole forage were offered to ruminally and duodenally cannulated lactating Holstein cows in crossover design experiments. Experiment 1 compared diets containing AL and OG [∼23% forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ∼27% total NDF] offered to 8 cows in two 15-d treatment periods. Experiment 2 compared diets containing AL and OG (∼25% forage NDF and ∼30% total NDF) offered to 13 cows in two 18-d treatment periods. Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folates, and vitamin B12 were analyzed in feeds and duodenal digesta. Apparent ruminal synthesis was calculated as the duodenal flow of each vitamin minus its intake. Forage family affected B vitamin intakes, duodenal flow, and ARS. In both experiments, AL diets increased vitamin B6 and decreased folate intakes. In ...

22A A COMPARISON OF ILEAL DIGESTIBILITY USING CANNULATION AND DISSECTION TECHNIQUES R.J. VAN BARNEVELD*, E.S. BATTERHAM*, and B.W. NORTON** Ileal digestibility is widely used in diet formulation for pigs, and is normally determined using T-piece or re-entrant cannulas. Ileal cannulation allows multiple sampling from a single animal and causes little disturbance to the digestive tract. Leakage around the cannula is prevalent, however, and the studies are consequently highly labour intensive. An alternative is the intact ileal dissection technique involving removal of the terminal ileum and the collection of its contents. During an investigation into the ileal digestibility of lysine in heat-treated field peas, results were compared from ileal cannulation and dissection techniques respectively (Table 1). Four male pigs (40-45 kg) fitted with T-piece cannulas were utilised in the cannulation study. All pigs were fed 4 diets (4x4 Latin square) for a period of 7 days prior to a continuous 2 day ...

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of grass species on chemical composition and quality parameters of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of grass silages. The potentially degradable fraction of NDF (b), rate of NDF degradation (c), effective degradability of NDF (EDndf) and indigestible NDF (INDF) were evaluated as quality parameters of NDF. The data were used for testing of prediction options of EDndf and INDF. The highest crude protein (CP) content (PO.05) was detected for fescue grass. Rye grass had the lowest content of NDF and acid detergent lignin (ADL). The highest values for parameter b, c, EDndf and therewithal the lowest INDF were found for rye grass. The ADL was the best single predictor using set of all tested silages (Revalues of 0.433 (EDndf) and 0.636 (INDF)). Using two predictors, the accuracy level increased. The combination of CP and ADL gave R2-values 0.597 and 0.808 for EDndf and INDF, respectively. However, better prediction equations were obtained using data for ...

In a 4 X 4 Latin square experiment, 4 male Friesian cattle with rumen and duodenal cannulae were given a basal diet of grass silage 700, barley 240 and rapeseed meal 60 g/kg total DM at the rate of 5.3 kg DM/day (diet C) or supplemented with sucrose 1.0 kg/day given twice daily (diet S), twice daily with sodium bicarbonate 0.25 kg/day (diet B) or as a continuous intraruminal infusion (diet I). Pool sizes of rumen digesta and its components, and digestion kinetics of cell wall carbohydrates, were derived from rumen evacuation. The potential digestibility of rumen digesta and faeces was estimated by incubating the samples for 240 h in nylon bags in the rumen. The main effect of sucrose supplements was to increase rumen pool size of DM and fibre constituents. The greater rumen pool size of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) with sucrose diets consisted mainly of digestible NDF and ADF. Inclusion of sodium bicarbonate in the diet almost completely eliminated the effect of ...

Recent studies have furthered the understanding of the mechanisms of starch digestion, but be careful when extrapolating these research results to real world feeding situations. Some of these studies investigated starch digestibility using extremes in vitreousness, ranging from 3% to 66% or from 25 to 66%. High yielding commercial hybrids have a much narrower range in vitreousness (typically 55% to 65%). Studies with hybrids containing more typical ranges in vitreousness (55%, 61%, 63% and 65%) show no significant impact in ruminal starch disappearance even when fed as dry rolled corn.. Finally, most studies ignored looking at starch digestion and only focused on the rumen when the small intestines are also capable of starch digestion, and with less gaseous losses than occur in the rumen. It is possible to evaluate total tract starch digestion by analyzing fecal starch. If fecal starch content of lactating cows is less than 4-5%, excellent starch digestion occurred in the animal in the small ...

The effects of live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain CNCM I-4407; Actisaf Sc 47; Phileo Lesaffre Animal Care, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France) administration on nutrient digestibility and fecal micro-flora in dogs were investigated. The study included 24 young beagle dogs. They were allocated in control and live yeast (LY) groups (6 males and 6 females in each). During the Adaptation (d 1 to 28) and Trial (d 29 to 70) periods, the dogs received a standard dry pelleted diet. In the Trial period, the LY dogs were given capsuled Actisaf Sc 47 at 1 g/kg live weight with Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 2.9 x 10(8) cfu/g. The control dogs received empty capsules. Live weight and feed consumption were recorded. Blood samples for complete blood count (CBC) and serum biochemistry (urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase) and fecal samples for pH, microbiology, DM, lactic acid, and ammonia and digestibility evaluation were collected during the Trial period from each dog. The LY ...

In vitro digestibility methods require a microbial inoculum source. In hindgut fermenters like equids, cannulation of the cecum is a high-risk procedure and can be avoided by using feces as a microbial inoculum source. The hindgut microbial population can change with an alteration of concentrate and forage ratios in equids. This studys purpose was to determine if forage type fed to horses providing fecal inoculum alters subsequent in vitro digestibility estimates. Four mature mares were arranged in a 2 × 2 crossover design and used in a 4-wk study using two species of hay fed ad libitum: alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). Each of two periods consisted of 7 d during which the mares were adapted to their respective diets, followed by feeding the experimental forage diet for 7 d. On d 14 of each period, feces were collected via rectal grab from each mare. Fecal samples (200 g) were blended with 400 mL of buffer solution under anaerobic conditions, filtered to ...

Several analytical methods have been developed to measure the lignin content corresponding to different plant species and different regions. The sulphuric acid method is commonly used for objective determinations of lignin content using near-infrared spectroscopy. Lignin is a complex polymer of lignin units. The types and ratios of lignin units vary among taxonomic classes of plants. To compare the lignin content as determined by different methods of chemical analysis, fallen leaves of different species were analysed using both the acid detergent and acetyl bromide procedures. Near-infrared reflectance spectra were obtained for each sample of dried ground leaves, and stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were performed to compare the amounts of lignin determined using acid detergent and acetyl bromide. In monocotyledonous herbaceous plants, the lignin content determined by acetyl bromide was more than twice that determined by acid detergent. Despite the difference in the values, ...

The objective of this research was to evaluate the chemical and functional properties of hard-to-cook (HTC) bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) protein concentrate to determine their potential practical applications. The respective protein concentrate was obtained from the flour using isoelectric precipitation and the protein content was 73.03%. Proximate composition and in vitro digestibility were measured to evaluate the chemical properties, and nitrogen solubility, emulsifying capacity, emulsion stability, foaming capacity, foam stability and viscosity were measured to evaluate its functional properties. The proximate composition of the HTC bean (P. vulgaris) flour and protein concentrate registered values of moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber and NFE of 8.92, 4.52, 21.71%, 4.41%, 4.11% and 65.25% for flour and of 2.68%, 2.54%, 73.03%, 2.77%, 1.31% and 20.35% for protein concentrate. The in vitro digestibility was of 76.7%. The hard-to-cook bean protein concentrate exhibited good functional properties

Methods:. dietary treatments consisted of corn substitution with crude glycerin (0, 4, 8, and 12% on a dry matter basis). In vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and organic matter were calculated as the difference between the amount of incubated and undigested substrate. Cumulative gas pressure was measured in vitro using automatic equipment. Gas production kinetics was analyzed using a dual-pool logistic model. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Results of an international phosphorus digestibility ring test with broiler chickens. AU - Rodehutscord, M.. AU - Adeola, O.. AU - Angel, R.. AU - Bikker, P.. AU - Delezie, E.. AU - Dozier, W.A.. AU - Umar Faruk, M.. AU - Francesch, M.. AU - Kwakernaak, C.. AU - Narcy, A.. AU - Nyachoti, C.M.. AU - Olukosi, Oluyinka A.. AU - Preynat, A.. AU - Renouf, B.. AU - Saiz Del Barrio, A.. AU - Schedle, K.. AU - Siegert, W.. AU - Steenfeldt, S.. AU - Van Krimpen, M.M.. AU - Waititu, S.M.. AU - Witzig, Maren. PY - 2017/6/1. Y1 - 2017/6/1. N2 - The objective of this ring test was to investigate the prececal phosphorus (P) digestibility of soybean meal (SBM) in broiler chickens using the trial protocol proposed by the Worlds Poultry Science Association. It was hypothesized that prececal P digestibility of SBM determined in the collaborating stations is similar. Three diets with different inclusion levels of SBM were mixed in a feed mill specialized in experimental diets and transported to 17 ...

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Tenebrio molitor (TM) oil as a total replacement for palm oil and poultry fat in broiler chicken diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, pancreatic enzyme activity, selected blood parameters and the lipid fatty acid compositions of liver and breast muscle tissues. A total of 72 seven-day-old female Ross 308 broiler chickens were used. The birds were randomly distributed into three groups with 12 replicates each, using two birds per replicate for 30 days in metabolic cages. The basal diet was supplemented with 5% palm oil, poultry fat or TM oil. There was no effect (p > 0.05) caused by the dietary oil replacement on the birds’ performance and apparent nutrient digestibility. Liver size (p = 0.033), the concentration of hepatic triglycerides (p = 0.049) and total cholesterol (p = 0.048) were reduced by TM oil supplementation. Furthermore, TM oil supplementation increased n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (p = 0.006; p < 0.001, respectively

The effect of glycerol on nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs - Volume 1 Issue 1 - M E E McCann, E Magowan, K J McCracken, V E Beattie, F J Gordon, M D Scott, A Thompson, R Bradford

New research shows that Venus flytraps, usually considered a passive predator of small insects, can keep count in order to maximize its digestive efficiency.

Background: Cooking may impair meat protein digestibility. When undigested proteins are fermented by the colon microbiota, they can generate compounds that potentially are harmful to the mucosa. Objectives: This study addressed the effects of typical cooking processes and the amount of bovine meat intake on the quantity of undigested proteins entering the colon, as well as their effects on the intestinal mucosa. Methods: Male Wistar rats (n = 88) aged 8 wk were fed 11 different diets containing protein as 20% of energy. In 10 diets, bovine meat proteins represented 5% [low-meat diet (LMD)] or 15% [high-meat diet (HMD)] of energy, with the rest as total milk proteins. Meat was raw or cooked according to 4 processes (boiled, barbecued, grilled, or roasted). A meat-free diet contained only milk proteins. After 3 wk, rats ingested a 15N-labeled meat meal and were killed 6 h later after receiving a 13C-valine injection. Meat protein digestibility was determined from 15N enrichments in intestinal

Alfalfa is a high quality forage and also provides a nitrogen (N) benefit to following nonlegume crops. This study examined growth habit and harvest schedule effects on in vitro digestibility of forage; yield and N accumulation of forage, stubble, crowns, and roots; and structural polysaccharide composition and in vitro digestibility of leaves and stems;Six cultivars varying in growth habit were harvested each time they reached the bud, first-flower, mid-flower, or early-pod stage of development. With winter-dormant cultivars, greatest 2-year forage, root, crown, and in vitro digestible dry matter yields were obtained by using the mid-flower cutting schedule. Greatest 2-year N yields of forage, crowns, and roots were also obtained under the mid-flower management. Differences among cultivars for these traits were also observed;Nonwinter-dormant alfalfa, treated as an annual crop, approached the root, crown, and stubble N yields of 2-year-old winter-dormant cultivars. Seasonal forage yields were about

Digestibility data were determined in 2 replications of a 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 factorial arranged experiment to: (1) determine the effects of forage type (grass vs alfalfa), forage maturity (late vegetative vs midbloom vs fullbloom), diet ingredients (forage only vs 50:50 forage plus corn), and diet texture (coarsely chopped vs pelleted) on the digestibility of diet chemical constituents by sheep; (2) develop equations to estimate digestible energy of sheep diets from nutrient content of the diet; and (3) compare popular chemical methods used to partition feed dry matter into fibrous and soluble components. Diets were fed to growing wether lambs. Crude protein (CP) and available carbohydrates (AC) of diets were nearly 100% digestible (true digestibility) regardless of diet source. However, the apparent digestibility of CP and AC varied significantly with concentration of these components in the diet. Apparent digestibility of cellulose (CL) was significantly different between grass and alfalfa, early and late

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to study the oral performance of furosemide in neonates and young infants using a newly developed in vitro model simulating digestion and drug solubilization in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the human neonate and young infant population (age 0-2months).. METHODS: The utilized in vitro model was designed to mimic the digestion and drug solubilization processes occurring in the stomach, and the small intestine of the neonate and young infant population, using physiologically relevant media, volumes and digestive enzymes. Overall the experimental model setup was based on the dynamic in vitro lipolysis model previously described by Fernandez et al. (2009). The amount of furosemide solubilized in the aqueous phase during a digestion study was used as an estimate for the amount of drug available for absorption in vivo. By varying different factors in the model setup, e.g. presence of food (food-effect), effect of digestion (tested with and without ...

When conducting digestibility experiments with fish many researchers encounter problems that result in erroneous digestibility coefficients. Erroneous digestibility coefficients result from variability in the raw data which is amplified by the formulae used to calculate them. Variation can stem from natural differences in the digestibility of the same diet between individuals or groups of fish. It can also creep insidiously into studies due to poor preparation and mixing of ingredients or problems with the collection of faecal material or the veracity of analytical results. Therefore, it is fairly common to expect variability in data collected from digestibility trials with fish. But what can be done about it? In this paper, we present an experiment with yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) that was done to determine whether the digestibility of extruded wheat (EW) was affected by its inclusion rate (10, 20, 30 or 40% diet(-1)). The experiment, based on the indicator-ratio method, was conducted ...

Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Nutrient Digestibility and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Broilers Fed Low-protein Diets Supplemented with Various Ratios of Threonine to Lysine - Ratio of Threonine to Lysine;Broilers;Low-protein Diets;

TY - JOUR. T1 - A mechanistic model of small intestinal starch digestion and glucose uptake in the cow. AU - Mills, J.A.N.. AU - France, J.. AU - Ellis, J.L.. AU - Crompton, L.A.. AU - Bannink, A.. AU - Hanigan, M.D.. AU - Dijkstra, Jan. PY - 2017. Y1 - 2017. N2 - The high contribution of postruminal starch digestion (up to 50%) to total-tract starch digestion on energy-dense, starch-rich diets demands that limitations to small intestinal starch digestion be identified. A mechanistic model of the small intestine was described and evaluated with regard to its ability to simulate observations from abomasal carbohydrate infusions in the dairy cow. The 7 state variables represent starch, oligosaccharide, glucose, and pancreatic amylase in the intestinal lumen, oligosaccharide and glucose in the unstirred water layer at the intestinal wall, and intracellular glucose of the enterocyte. Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch was modeled as a 2-stage process involving the activity of pancreatic amylase in the ...

Researchers of Hunan Normal University in China studied the digestibility of amino acids in the housefly and black soldier fly prepupea meal fed to pigs.

True Digestibility of Phosphorus in Different Resources of Feed Ingredients in Growing Pigs - True Digestible Phosphorus;Growing Pigs;Growth Performance;Biochemical Indices;Calcium;

A metabolism study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing a fibrolytic enzyme (Enspira™) on total tract digestion of a finishing diet. In situ NDF digestibilities of the corn bran, HMC, corn residue, and corn silage were not different between the treatments. Rate of digestion of the corn residue and corn silage was lower for the enzyme treatment compared to the control. Averageruminal pH was not significantly different between the two treatments. Correspondingly, there was no difference in VFA profile. There were no differences in DM, OM, NDF, ADF, or hemicellulose digestibilities between the control and enzyme treatment.

Tytuł projektu: Rozbudowa i przekształcenie bibliograficznej bazy danych AGRO w bazę bibliograficzno-abstraktową z wykorzystaniem oprogramowania YADDA. Nr umowy: POIG 02.03.02-00-031/09 (okres realizacji 2009-2013 ...

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This study aims to analyze the antioxidant benefits from persimmon leaf tea, fruit and fibres taking into account their changes… Expand ...

In the present study, we used a polyphasic approach to study the effects of four purified NSP fractions of low and high viscosity and fermentability on the taxonomic composition of the ileal and fecal microbiota and, at a metabolic level, on butyrate-producing bacteria and E. coli virulence factors, using TRFLP and qPCR. Because purified NSP fractions may affect the bacterial community structure in a different way when added to a cereal-based diet due to the NSP in the grain matrix (36), a semipurified diet was employed in the present experiment.. The NSP fractions differently affected the small intestinal digestion and markedly changed the availability of fermentable substrate in the large intestine. However, there was no evidence that the shared functional properties affected digestive processes and endogenous nitrogen losses (44) consistently among the NSP fractions, suggesting that the specific chemical structures of the NSP are as relevant as shared rheological properties (8, 48). ...

The values for true intestinal digestibility (TId) of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) were calculated when possible using the results obtained by the technique of mobile nylon bags in the intestine (UMR INRA-ENSAR). In order to increase the diversity of the feed materials, these data were completed by measurements performed using a similar methodology by around 15 other laboratories renowned for their reliability. To be included, each laboratory had to have tested at least 10 feed materials.. The 388 values collected (corresponding to 72 feed materials) were analysed by analysis of variance to obtain TId values corrected for laboratory bias. This also enabled the quantification of the effects of some technological treatments.. The quantities of RUP undigested in the intestine (RUPUI) were estimated by the nylon bag technique (RUPUI = RUP x (1 - Tid / 100)). We verified that this fraction corresponded with the true undigestible RUP by establishing a relationship between the quantities of crude ...

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Using response surface methodology (RSM), the non-linear effects of soaking time (0-8 h) and blanching time (5-35 min) at NaHCO 3 concentrations up to 0.5% were determined on the relative in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD%) of soybean cotyledons. The applied non-linear mathematical model...

Dry matter digestibility estimated by an in vitro method using pepsin, such as the one developed by Tilley and Terry (1963), which involves rumen liquor and pepsin ...

To evaluate the effects of pruning at different data on the parameters of the root, a randomized complete block experiment involving the IAC-14 cassava variety was conducted between years 2008/2010, at UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil. Plants were pruned monthly from the 7th to the 15th month after planted. The chemical analyses were performed at the time of harvest, that is, 22 months after planting (MAP). Production and yield plus the starch, crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total digestible nutrients (TDN), nitrogen-free extract percentage (NFE) and total sugars (TS) contents of the root were analyzed. Pruning shoots of IAC-14 variety before the physiological rest affects positively yield and the percentage of root, and do not affect the root starch content ...

The results of this study are consistent with our prediction that village weavers have a preference for hexose over sucrose sugar when offered solutions as dilute as those found in plants adapted for pollination by these birds (Fig. 1). A preference for hexose sugars is consistent with most of the previous studies on occasional nectarivores, except that tests on most of these species were conducted with high or intermediate concentration solutions, and most did not use equicaloric solutions (Martínez del Rio et al., 1989; Malcarney et al., 1994; Franke et al., 1997; Lane, 1997). At high concentrations (20% and 25% SE) village weavers showed no sugar preference (Fig. 1). At 15% [which is at the lower end of the range for nectar concentration in specialist-pollinated flowers (Johnson and Nicolson, 2008), and at low concentrations of 5% and 10% [typical of plants pollinated by generalist avian nectarivores (Johnson and Nicolson, 2008)], village weavers preferred hexose nectar solutions (Fig. 1). ...

ADS - ACID DETERGENT SOLUTION - Weigh 400 g Hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide in a 2 L beaker under the hood. (This material is harmful if inhaled or absorbed through the skin so a respirator and gloves should be worn while making this solution.) Add deionized water to this beaker and stir until mixture can be poured. Transfer this solution to a 4 L beaker. Bring the volume up to about 3 L with water and stir thoroughly with a long stirring rod. Very slowly add 556 mL conc. H2S04 to the solution and continue to stir vigorously with the stirring rod. (If the acid is poured in too quickly without stirring, the solution may turn brown. If this happens add a little more water and continue to stir.) At this point there may still be some undissolved material, so place the beaker on a heater/stirrer and stir with heat until the material is dissolved. Transfer this solution to a 20 L carboy and dilute to 20 L with deionized H20. This may be purchased as a concentrate or straight solution ...

In horses, the quantity of faeces and the faecal concentrations of plant and synthetic alkanes are inconsistent throughout the day. The estimation of feed intake and digestibility can additionally be limited by irregular and incomplete faecal recovery of alkanes that are used as dietary markers. The correction of alkane concentrations minimizes the bias of estimates, but requires the determination of faeces quantity by total collection. However, in consideration of the dynamics of alkane concentrations in faeces, sampling at selected timeframes throughout a day may be useful in avoiding such correction. Five adult horses were fed a hay-based diet offered three times a day in equal amounts. Horses received a bolus with similar quantities of n-octacosane (C28), n-dotriacontane (C32) and n-hexatriacontane (C36) synthetic alkanes twice a day. Total faeces were quantified over 3 consecutive days. Dry matter intake (DMI), output (DMO) and digestibility (DMD) were determined from the total collection ...

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Sorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor) is safe for consumption by individuals afflicted with celiac disease, and its proteins can be used as a supplement in gluten-free foods. However, utilization of sorghum in human foods is limited by the poor digestibility and lack of functionality of its proteins, which result from their entrapment in protein bodies, tight association with starch, and high degree of cross-linking induced by cooking. The first part of this study presents an extensive review of current methods for concentration and isolation of sorghum proteins, which are laboratory-scale techniques used for protein characterization and have no potential for commercial scale-up. Furthermore, these methods typically use non-food grade reagents and do not improve protein digestibility and functionality. In the second part, a novel extrusion-enzyme liquefaction (EEL) process was used to produce sorghum protein concentrates to overcome the aforementioned limitations. EEL involves extrusion pre-treatment ...

Swine nutritionists using low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) may have to formulate diets based on lower values for amino acid digestibility than conventional DDGS.

... Majority of our food can be categorized as carbohydrates, lipids (fats), or proteins. These groups are polymers which can be broken ...

Thyrocare 25-OH VITAMIN D (TOTAL) in Kolkata is health checkup package includes 1 Tests. Home sample collection and Online reports available. 25-OH VITAMIN D (TOTAL) in Kolkata covers 1 parameters-

Study Nutrient Digestion 2 flashcards from Emilia Sykes's University of Aberdeen class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. ✓ Learn faster with spaced repetition.

The parity vectors of two Latin squares of the same side n provide a necessary condition for the two squares to be biembeddable in an orientable surface. We investigate constraints on the parity vector of a Latin square resulting from structural properties of the square, and show how the parity vector of a direct product may be obtained from the parity vectors of the constituent factors. Parity vectors for Cayley tables of all Abelian groups, some non-Abelian groups, Steiner quasigroups and Steiner loops are determined. Finally, we give a lower bound on the number of main classes of Latin squares of side n that admit no self-embeddings.. ...

The digestibility of a nonpurified transgenic membrane protein was determined in pepsin, as part of the food safety evaluation of its resistance to digestion and allergenic potential.

FAVERO, André et al. Influence of feed form and corn particle size on nutrient digestibility and energy utilization by young turkeys. R. Bras. Zootec. [online]. 2012, vol.41, n.1, pp.86-90. ISSN 1806-9290. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012000100013.. A digestibility trial with 16 to 21-day-old turkeys was conducted to study the effects of feed form and corn particle size on the coefficient of total intestinal tract apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), ether extract (EE), aparent metabolizable energy (AME) and aparent metabolizable energy corrected by nitrogen balance (AMEn). A completely randomized experimental design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement - two feed forms (crumble and micropellet) and three average particle sizes of the corn (380, 606, 806 µm) - was applied. Three hundred and sixty 1-d-old B.U.T 9 male turkey poults were distributed into 36 cages, 6 replications of 10 birds, each one per treatment. Overall care of birds complied with welfare directive from ...

Digestibility. In vitro digestibility of the organic matter in crambe hulls and meal using rumen fluid varied considerably (Steg et al. 1994). Hulls and whole seed meal were poorly digested at 44.5 and 57.3%, respectively, whereas dehulled seed meal was much more digestible at 85.0%. In situ ruminal organic matter digestibilities for dehulled crambe meal, crambe hulls, rapeseed meal, and soybean meal were 96%, 43%, 85%, and 95%, respectively (Liu 1994; Liu et al. 1994a). Total tract organic matter digestibility for crambe meal and rapeseed meal was reported at 98% and 92%, respectively. Crambe meal organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber degraded more rapidly in the rumen than soybean meal (Liu 1994; Liu et al. 1994a). However, heat treatment or toasting of crambe meal could substantially decrease rumen degradability. Finally, rate of in situ protein disappearance in the rumen was not different for reciprocal amounts of crambe meal and soybean meal fed as protein supplements ...

A metabolism experiment was conducted to evaluate rumen pH, digestibility, and in situ nutrient disappearance in steers fed either a diet containing 95% corn silage or diets containing 15 or 45% corn silage and 20 or 40% modified distillers grain with solubles (MDGS). Steers fed 45% compared to 15% corn silage had increased ruminal pH, DMI, NDF intake, and NDF digestibility. Decreased DM and OM digestibility were observed in diets containing 40% MDGS compared to 20%. Disappearance of corn bran NDF was increased in diets containing 45% corn silage. These results imply enhanced fiber digestibility as diets increased in corn silage.

Ruminal microbes are vital to the conversion of lignocellulose-rich plant materials into nutrients for ruminants. Although protozoa play a key role in linking ruminal microbial networks, the contribution of protozoa to rumen fermentation remains controversial; therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively summarize the temporal dynamics of methanogenesis, ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles and dietary fiber digestibility in ruminants following the elimination of protozoa (also termed defaunation). A total of 49 studies from 22 publications were evaluated. The results revealed that defaunation reduced methane production and shifted ruminal VFA profiles to consist of more propionate and less acetate and butyrate, but with a reduced total VFA concentration and decreased dietary fiber digestibility. However, these effects were diminished linearly, at different rates, with time during the first few weeks after defaunation, and eventually reached relative stability. The acetate to

Polyphenols are chemically and biologically active compounds. Grape seed extracts (GSEs) have been widely used as a human food supplement for health promotion and disease prevention. However, there is little information regarding its application in animal feeds. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of inclusion of GSE at 0.025, 0.25, 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg in a wheat soya bean control diet on growth performance, protein and amino acid (AA) digestibility and plasma lipid and mineral concentrations in broiler chickens at 21 days of age. Performance was not affected by dietary treatment except in the case of birds fed the diet with the highest GSE concentration, which showed a worsening of weight gain and feed conversion. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of protein was significantly reduced in the birds fed the highest concentration of GSE, which also had a reduction on the AID of arginine, histidine, phenylalanine, cystine, glutamic acid and proline compared with those fed control ...

EN] From weaning (34 d of age) until slaughter (76 d), 216 hybrid rabbits were divided into six experimental groups and fed ad libitum six iso-protein (CP: 15.9% as-fed), iso-starch (9.1%) and iso-ADF (21.4%) diets formulated in a bi-factorial arrangement, with three soluble fibre levels (LS: 5.8% vs. MS: 7.4% vs. HS: 8.5%) and two protein sources (Soy: soybean meal vs. Sun: sunflower meal). The increase in dietary soluble fibre level linearly increased (PL,0.001) in vivo digestibility of dry matter (from 55.4 to 61.3%), gross energy and fibre fractions (from 14.8 to 25.7% for acid detergent fibre; from 40.3 to 49.2% for insoluble hemicelluloses; from 85.0 to 93.9% for soluble fibre). Replacing soybean with sunflower meal tended to decrease crude protein digestibility (73.1 vs. 72.6%, P=0.058) and reduced acid detergent fibre digestibility (22.0 vs. 18.4%, P,0.001), while improving ether extract digestibility (69.3 vs. 70.8, P,0.001). The nutritive values of the experimental diets increased with ...

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of different dietary ratios of whole-crop corn silage and alfalfa hay on nitrogen (N) digestion, duodenal flow and metabolism across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) of growing beef steers, and to elucidate their relationships. Four steers (2367 kg BW) fitted with duodenal cannulae and chronic indwelling catheters into the portal and mesenteric veins and abdominal aorta were used in a 44 Latin square design. Animals were fed (at 12-h intervals) the 4 diets consisting of whole-crop corn silage (C) and alfalfa hay (A) in 80:20 (C8A2), 60:40 (C6A4), 40:60 (C4A6) and 20:80 (C2A8) ratios of which dietary crude protein (CP) was 10.5, 12.0, 13.5 and 15.0% of dry matter (DM), respectively. Feeding level was restricted to 95% of ad libitum intake to measure N digestion, blood flow and net flux of N across the PDV. Digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber and digestible energy intake linearly increased as the ratio of alfalfa ...

Determination of the endogenous loss of fat (ELF) is used to adjust for the estimation of true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of fat in diets and ingredients. Any factor which affected ELF may further affect the digestibility of fat, including sources and concentrations of fat and fiber in the diet. There are some reports of determining the ELF using regression methods based on different levels of fat intake, while reports on effects of dietary fiber content and different fiber-rich ingredients in pig diets on ELF are very limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary fiber content and different fiber-rich ingredients on endogenous losses of fat and fatty acids at the end of ileum and throughout the entire intestinal tract in growing pigs. In Exp. 1, the effect of fiber content on endogenous loss of fat was determined using six growing pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire; 27.6 ± 2.4 kg), fitted with a T-cannula at the end of ileum. The experimental design

Five ruminally cannulated steers (464 ± 26 kg BW) consuming low-quality forage (5% CP; 78% NDF; DM basis) were used in an incomplete 5 × 4 Latin square with four 18-d periods to determine the influence of supplemental N source and supplementation frequency (SF) on ruminal fermentation dynamics. Treatments (TRT), arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with a negative control (CON), consisted of no supplemental CP and daily (D) or every-other-day (2D) provision of supplements in which SBM or urea was the primary source of supplemental CP. Urea supplements were provided to meet 100% of the degradable intake protein requirement while SBM supplements were provided on an isonitrogenous basis. The D TRT were provided CP at 0.04% of BW/day while 2D TRT were provided CP at 0.08% of BW every-other-day. Therefore, all supplemented TRT received an equal quantity of supplemental CP over a 2-d period. Ruminal indigestible ADF (IADF) passage rate and NH3-N increased (P , 0.04) with supplemental CP on the day all ...

Consumers are becoming more aware of how to nutritionally provide for their pets which is leading to the demand for new pet foods such as the use of less processed diets and sustainable protein sources. Pet foods may be formulated with decreased starch to meet consumer demands for less processed diets. Fats and oils may be added to low starch diets to meet energy requirements, but little is known about its effects on canine health. The study objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding healthy adult dogs low carbohydrate, high-fat diets on apparent total tract digestibility, fecal characteristics, and overall health status. Eight adult Beagles were enrolled in a replicated 4x4 Latin Square design feeding trial. Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary fat level treatments (T) within each period: 32% (T1), 37% (T2), 42% (T3), and 47% (T4) fat on a dry matter basis. Fat levels were adjusted with inclusion of canola oil added to a commercial diet. Each dog was fed to exceed their energy

The article presents a report on the import and export market for cane molasses in Asia in 2009. It mentions that the region ranks second in exporting cane molasses, valuing at 134,774 dollars. It adds that Asia ranks third in importing cane molasses, valuing at 140,094 dollars. Several charts are also presented which summarizes the regional export supplies of cane molasses and the exporters markets for imported cane molasses in the region ...

Particle size alterations during neutral detergent fiber (NDF) determination and in situ rumen incubation were analyzed by dry sieving and image analysis to evaluate the in situ procedure for estimation of NDF degradation parameters and indigestible NDF concentration in terms of particle size. Early-cut and late-cut grass silages, corn silage, alfalfa silage, rapeseed meal, and dried distillers grains were examined. Treatments were (1) drying and grinding of forage samples and grinding of concentrates; (2) neutral detergent-soluble (NDS) extraction; (3) machine washing and NDS extraction; (4) 24-h rumen incubation, machine washing, and NDS extraction; and (5) 288-h rumen incubation, machine washing, and NDS extraction. Degradation profiles for potentially degradable NDF were determined and image analysis was used to estimate particle size profiles and thereby the risk for particle loss. Particle dimensions changed during NDF determination and in situ rumen incubation and variations depended on ...

Replacing dietary starch with sugar has been reported to improve production in dairy cows. Two sets of 24 Holstein cows averaging 41 kg/d of milk were fed a covariate diet, blocked by days in milk, and randomly assigned in 2 phases to 4 groups of 6 cows each. Cows were fed experimental diets containing [dry matter (DM) basis]: 39% alfalfa silage, 21% corn silage, 21% rolled high-moisture shelled corn, 9% soybean meal, 2% fat, 1% vitamin-mineral supplement, 7.5% supplemental nonstructural carbohydrate, 16.7% crude protein, and 30% neutral detergent fiber. Nonstructural carbohydrates added to the 4 diets were 1) 7.5% corn starch, 0% sucrose; 2) 5.0% starch, 2.5% sucrose; 3) 2.5% starch, 5.0% sucrose; or 4) 0% starch, 7.5% sucrose. Cows were fed the experimental diets for 8 wk. There were linear increases in DM intake and milk fat content and yield, and linear decreases in ruminal concentrations of ammonia and branched-chain volatile fatty acids, and urinary excretion of urea-N and total N, and ...

Looking for online definition of dry matter intake in the Medical Dictionary? dry matter intake explanation free. What is dry matter intake? Meaning of dry matter intake medical term. What does dry matter intake mean?

An accurate assessment of forage quality is required to allow prediction of animal performance. One of the most commonly used methods of forage evaluation is to measure lignin content, with more heavily lignified materials being considered less digestible. Two measures of lignin, acid detergent lignin (ADL) and acetyl bromide lignin (ABL), were assessed with regard to their ability to predict forage digestibility. Big bluestem forage samples were collected from three ungrazed, annually burned pastures at 38, 58, and 97 days postburn. These times were selected to represent a broad range of forage quality. Cell wall material was treated chemically by: 1) partial delignification (chlorite), 2) isolation o f - cellulose, or 3) NaOH extraction. Control and treated cell-w all material was analyzed for ABL and ADL and 24 and 72 hr in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD). ABL increased with advancing maturity for intact fibers, whereas ADL was highest in the most mature forage but lowest for the ...

Starches from different botanical origin (sago, rice, wheat, corn, sweet potato, arrowroot, and potato as well as sweet potato meal, cassava pulp, and tapioca) with varying total starch (TS) and amylose content were assessed for hydrolysis in vitro by gastric enzymes and their starch fractions were characterized as rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), and resistant starch (RS). The relationship between starch hydrolysis (SH) and organic matter digestibility, as well as total variability among TS, amylose content, RDS, SDS, and RS fractions of these test starches were also studied. SH varied significantly ranging from 9.8% in potato starch to 85.5% in sago starch with organic matter digestibility (OMD) of 22.36 and 95.04%, respectively. Significantly positive relationships were also recorded between SH and OMD, SDS, RDS and a significantly negative relationship with RS. Prediction equations were proposed to estimate SH from OMD and TS, and the correlation between ...

Three ethanol extracts, chamomile (CHA), clove (CLO) and tarragon (TAR), were tested at five doses (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µL/L) to determine their effects on in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), metabolizable energy (ME), net energy of lactation (NEL), short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), microbial mass (MM) and rumen fermentation kinetics of a 40:60 forage: concentrate diet using in vitro gas production. These three extracts had significant effects on gas production kinetics. CHA (at 500 µL/L dose) and CLO (at 1000 µL/L dose) decreased (P|0.05) potential gas production. The initial gas production rate constants (c) was increased (P|0.05). However, CHA, CLO and TAR ethanol decreased (P|0.05) later gas production rate constants (d). Lag time (h) was decreased (P|0.05) due to addition of CHA and TAR ethanol (at 750 µL/L dose), and CLO (at 500 and 1000 µL/L doses). TAR and CLO ethanol did not affect fermentation rate (h-1), but CHA at 1000 µL/L increased it. The TAR and CLO ethanol did not

Trivalent oxides of yttrium and rare earth metals were evaluated as inert markers in apparent digestibility studies with salmonids in four experiments. Tn Experiment 1, 100 mg kg(-1) of each of 15 oxides (Dy2O3, Er2O3, Eu2O3, Gd2O3, Ho2O3, La2O3, Lu2O3, Nd2O3, Pr2O3, Sc2O3, Sm2O3, Tb(III and IV) oxide, Tm2O3, Y2O3 and Yb2O3) were included in a feed fed to rainbow trout. The ratio between each marker and Yb2O3 in stripped faeces was used as an indicator of recovery, Only Er2O3, Ho2O3 and Tm2O3 had lower recoveries than the other markers. Experiment 2 compared the excretion rates of Cr2O3 and of the selected alternative markers (La2O3, Y2O3 and Yb2O3). A feed with 7.5 g kg(-1) of Cr2O3 and 750 mg kg(-1) of each of the other markers was fed to Atlantic salmon for a period of 1 week. Thereafter, the fish were fed with a marker-free feed, and gastro-intestinal evacuation was evaluated by comparing the marker ratios in the feed and in the faeces sieved from the outlet water of the tanks. The results ...

The superior milk production efficiency of Jersey (JE) and Jersey × Holstein-Friesian (JE × HF) cows compared with Holstein-Friesian (HF) has been widely published. The biological differences among dairy cow genotypes, which could contribute to the milk production efficiency differences, have not been as widely studied however. A series of component studies were conducted using cows sourced from a longer-term genotype comparison study (JE, JE × HF, and HF). The objectives were to (1) determine if differences exist among genotypes regarding gastrointestinal tract (GIT) weight, (2) assess and quantify whether the genotypes tested differ in their ability to digest perennial ryegrass, and (3) examine the relative abundance of specific rumen microbial populations potentially relating to feed digestibility. Over 3 yr, the GIT weight was obtained from 33 HF, 35 JE, and 27 JE × HF nonlactating cows postslaughter. During the dry period the cows were offered a perennial ryegrass silage diet at ...

RAW Cane Molasses is a soluble plant supplement that is used for horticultural purposes. RAW Cane Molasses is a fully water soluble powder which is highly concentrated. RAW Cane Molasses gives you all the benefits of liquid molasses without all the mess. A 2 oz package of RAW Cane Molasses makes up to 200 gallons, an 8 oz package makes up to 800 gallons and a 2 lb package makes up to 3200 gallons. RAW = soluble. ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the alkaline hydrolysis of chemical composition of sugarcane bagasse from urban centers. The experimental design was completely randomized design in split plots (5×4), composed of five application levels (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4%) and four NaOH exposure periods (24, 48, 72 and 96 h) in four replicates. Dry matter, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and lignin were analyzed. The application of 4% of NaOH promoted reduction of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) in treatments with application of 3 and 4% of NaOH; the treatment promoted a higher reduction in hemicellulose content. There was linear effect of the level of NaOH on dry matter, ash, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose, however, lignin and cellulose content presented quadratic effect. Alkaline hydrolysis with NaOH provided improvements in the chemical composition of the sugarcane bagasse, which allows it to be

Soybean meal is the most common source of protein in swine diets in the United States. However, conventional soybean meal contains antinutritional factors such as antigenic proteins, oligosaccharides, lectins and trypsin inhibitors that limit its use in diets fed to weanling pigs.. Methods of processing soybean meal to remove antinutritional factors have been developed. These include enzyme treatment, fermentation, and the removal of soluble carbohydrates.. Like soybean meal, rapeseed products are usually not fed to weanling pigs due to the presence of glucosinolates and relatively high concentrations of fibre in these products.. Previous research has shown that fermentation of soybean meal can reduce antinutritional factors and fiber concentrations. It is possible that fermentation can make double-zero (00)-rapeseed meals and 00-rapeseed expellers suitable for feeding to weanling pigs, but no research has been conducted to confirm this hypothesis.. An experiment was conducted to determine the ...

Hemicellulose consists primarily of pentose sugars, joined together in a polysaccharide chain with D-xylose as the most abundant component. Ileal digestibility and urinary excretion of D-xylose and associated effects of this pentose sugar on ileal and faecal digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE) and nitrogen were studied in pigs. Castrated pigs were prepared with a post-valvular T-caecum cannula to measure ileal digestibility. Faecal digestibility was measured in non-cannulated pigs. D-xylose was given at dietary inclusion levels of 100 and 200 g/kg, and the control sugar, D-glucose, at a rate of 200 g/kg diet. Ileal digestibility of D-xylose as well as that of D-glucose was found to be close to 100%. The presence of D-xylose in the diet decreased ileal digesta pH and increased ileal flow of volatile fatty acids, suggesting the occurrence of microbial degradation of D-xylose in the pig small intestine. In pigs fed on the 100 g D-xylose/kg diet, 44.5% of the ...

Oat (Avena sativa L.) traditionally has been a major crop for feed and forage in Turkey. Theobjective of this research was to study hay yield and quality of oat genotypes harvested at thelate milk stage. One hundred oat varieties of worldwide origin were compared in fieldexperiments in Samsun (northern Turkey) over two growing seasons (2007-2008 and 2008-2009).Significant differences between the tested oat varieties were observed for the plant height, hayyield, crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), totaldigestible nutrients (TDN), relative feed value (RFV) and macro minerals (Ca, K, P and Mg).Plant height varied from 76.2 to 141.2 cm, hay yield from 6.03 to 11.83 t ha-1, crude proteinfrom 58.8 to 136.4 g kg-1 dry matter (DM), acid detergent fibre from 333.2 to 424.8 g kg-1 DMand neutral detergent fibre from 522.5 to 652.4 g kg-1 DM. The TDN ranged from 465.1 to583.3 g kg-1 and relative feed value from 80.9 to 112%. Cluster analysis grouped the 100genotypes within

Apparent protein and energy digestibility of common and alternative feed ingredients by Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua (Linnaeus, 1758)

Free Online Library: Models Based on the Mitscherlich Equation for Describing Typical and Atypical Gas Production Profiles Obtained from In Vitro Digestibility Studies Using Equine Faecal Inoculum.(Report) by Animals (Basel); Biological sciences Animal feeding and feeds Evaluation Production data Production processes Waste management Feces Analysis Physiological aspects Fermentation Gas industry Horses Food and nutrition Manure gases Rumen Rumination Rumination (Digestion)

The effect of the inclusion of spineless cactus [0, 14.7, 29.4, 44.1, and 58.8% of Dry Matter (DM)] basis in replacement of Tifton hay on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, feeding behavior, and nitrogen compounds balance were evaluated. Five crossbred steers, rumen fistulated, with average body weight of 380±5.3 kg were assigned to a 5×5 Latin square design. The time spent with rumination activity linearly decreased (P| 0.05) with the inclusion of spineless cactus; and the feeding time showed a quadratic effect (P| 0.05), with a minimum time of 195 min d-1 estimated with 35.7% of spineless cactus inclusion. The nutrient intake showed a quadratic effect (P| 0.05), with a maximum intake of DM (8.9 kg d-1), Crude Protein (CP; 1.4 kg d-1), and Digestible Organic Matter (DOM; 5.8 kg d-1) estimated with 33.9, 29.9, and 41.8% of spineless cactus inclusion, respectively. Except (P| 0.05) to Neutral Detergent Fiber corrected to ash and protein (apNDF), the total digestibility of DM linearly increased

Xylan removal by bacterial pretreatments has been confirmed to increase the digestibility of biomass. Here, an effective xylan removal technique has been developed to enhance the digestibility of wheat straw and simultaneously produce bioflocculants by a cellulase-free xylanase-secreting strain, Pseudomonas boreopolis G22. The results indicated that P. boreopolis G22 is an alkaliphilic strain which can secrete abundant amounts of xylanase. This xylanase had activity levels of 2.67-1.75 U mL−1 after an incubation period of 5-25 days. The xylanase showed peak activity levels at pH 8.6, and retained more than 85% relative activity in the pH range of 7.2-9.8. After 15 days of cultivation, the hemicellulose contents of the wheat straw were significantly decreased by 32.5%, while its cellulose contents were increased by 27.3%, compared to that of the control. The maximum reducing sugars released from the 15-day-pretreated wheat straw were 1.8-fold higher than that of the untreated wheat straw, under optimal

This book brings together edited and revised papers presented at the 8th Symposium on Digestive Physiology of Pigs held in Uppsala in June, 2000. It contains more than 100 papers from leading scientists from around the world in this subject area.Among other features it contributes to the development of the the science relating to the effects of nutrition on gut physiology. It also creates a platform for future research, that will increase knowledge of how to optimize the nutrition of the pig and to help prevent diet-related gastrointestinal conditions.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Aminoazo dye-protein-adduct enhances inhibitory effect on digestibility and damages to Gastro-Duodenal-Hepatic axis. AU - Lin, Li Yun. AU - Peng, Chiung Chi. AU - Chen, Yeh. AU - Huang, Boa Chan. AU - Chang, Chun Chao. AU - Peng, Robert Y.. PY - 2017/4/1. Y1 - 2017/4/1. N2 - 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB, methyl yellow, or butter yellow), a human carcinogen, has been banned for use in foods since 1988. In 2014, DAB adulteration in Tofu occurred in Taiwan. We hypothesize that DAB can form [DAB·SBP]adduct adductwith soybean protein (SBP) which could damage Gastro-Duodenal-Hepatic axis. Sprague-Dawley rats gavage fed [DAB·SBP]adduct adductrevealed severely reduced body weight and damaged duodenum, liver, hepatic mitochondria, and spleen. Hepatic levels of glutathione and ATP were severely reduced. Serum GOT and GPT were substantially elevated. Analysis by the adsorption isotherm clearly revealed DAB formed very stable [DAB·SBP]adduct adductat 1:1 molar ration (Phase A). The ...

The use of raw meat diets for pets continues to increase in popularity. Owners may choose to feed either homemade or commercially available raw meat-based diets. Raw meat-based diets often are fed because they do not contain preservatives, are highly digestible, and may improve stool quality or skin/coat quality, with many of these claims being substantiated by peer-reviewed research reports. Despite their potential benefits, raw diets also pose many potential risks. Raw meat-based diets have been shown to increase pathogen exposure, contain nutritional imbalances if not carefully formulated and monitored, and may be inconvenient for the pet owner to store or feed. Despite the proposed advantages and risks of feeding raw diets, little research has been performed to test their nutritional adequacy and safety. Due to the growing trend of pet owners choosing to feed raw meat-based diets, research on the nutrient composition and palatability of such diets, and testing their effects on stool ...

Tank Size - l Fish Kept - Cyrtocara Moorii blue dolphin Labidochromis Caeruleus Aulonocara strawberry peacock Pseudotropheus Blue Cobalt Pseudotropheus Zebra Aulonocara Peacock Aulonocara Blotch Nimbochromis Venustus Giraffe Marylandia Lombardoi Filtration - BioFlow Filter M Lighting - Juwel HiLite T5 …. Your browser is out of date. Plus de conversations que sur nimporte quel autre site de rencontres. The new official Fish site: Two bioscience students at Swansea University won prizes last month, following the launch of a new award. Technological innovations Optoscale weighs up significance of Innovation Award 02 Aug Rocky Malawi tank fish site plenty of open swimming space. Pseudotropheus Elongatus Chewere Metriaclima sp. DENMARK - Scientists from Aarhus University and the industry have joined forces to improve feed for commercial fish farming in order to eintracht frankfurt sc freiburg protein digestibility. From front man with Marillion to solo artist and author. Shock and awe 04 Aug The ...

Our data demonstrate that the rate of absorption of a high biological value dietary nitrogen source affects postprandial leucine deposition independently of amino acid composition. In the first pair of studies, free amino acids and native casein were taken as paradigms for the fast and slow proteins, respectively. The rate of absorption of the AA meal was assessed by adding free [2H3]leucine into the meal and measuring its appearance into the plasma. We confirmed that a free amino acid mixture is rapidly absorbed by the gut, as previously shown (37). Assessment of the digestion rate of casein raised a more difficult problem. Adding an oral free tracer to the CAS meal would have been useless, because we had previously demonstrated that only an intrinsically labeled dietary protein is appropriate for such a purpose (8). Unfortunately, [2H3]leucine-labeled casein was not available. Using [13C]leucine-labeled casein was not adequate either. Because a reliable measurement of leucine oxidation was ...

3 Typical levels are higher; 36% is the minimum allowable level based on trading rules.. Like many vegetable protein coproducts, canola meal contains a considerable amount of fibre, which dilutes the energy in the meal. The net energy value of canola meal, as with many ingredients varies somewhat on an as-fed basis because the moisture and fat content of the meal can vary. Recent research showed that the following equation provided a good means of calculating net energy (Woyengo et al., 2016):. NE = 0.700 × DE + 1.61 × EE + 0.48 × starch − 0.91 × CP − 0.87 × ADF, where NE = net energy, DE = digestible energy, EE= ether extract, CP = crude protein and ADF= acid detergent fiber.. When this equation is applied, the average net energy value for solvent extracted canola meal is 2,049 kcal/kg or 930kcal/lb.. Expeller-pressed canola meal typically has a net energy value of 2,500 kcal/kg, which is equal to 1,136 kcal/lb. (Woyengo, et al. 2009). These values have been confirmed in recent ...

SBC) and E (7.5% untreated SBC). Total DMI rose (P , 0.05) with Aspergillus treated diets (B and D) than the untreated diets (C and E). The trend was similar for the rest of the variables (CPI and EEI) except for the crude fibre intake which did not show a specific trend. Dry matter digestibility for the control diet (A) was the lowest than any of the other diets while the highest dry matter digestibility was recorded ...

Synchronization of rumen available protein and energy is one of the conceptual methods to increase the efficiency of utilization of nutrients by the ruminants The concept of synchronization energy and protein was first by Jhonson, Implying that maximum microbial protein synthesis could be achieved by matching the rate of Organic Matter and protein degradation. Synchronization of rumen available protein and energy is one of the conceptual methods to increase the efficiency of utilization of nutrients by the ruminants. Feed protein are degraded by microorganism in the rumen via amino acids into ammonia and branched chain fatty acids. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) from feed and urea recycled from saliva and from the blood across the rumen wall also contribute to the ammonia pool. Microbial protein synthesis is important for ruminant. Current concepts of ruminant nutrition focus on maximizing ruminal microbial protein production. Animal agricultural production systems are major sources of nonpoint pollution

Starches are transformed into many commercial products by hydrolysis using acids or enzymes as catalysts. Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which water is used to break long polysaccharide chains into smaller chains or into simple carbohydrates. The resulting products are assigned a Dextrose Equivalent (DE) value which is related to the degree of hydrolysis. A DE value of 100 corresponds to completely hydrolyzed starch, which is pure glucose (dextrose). Dextrins are a group of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates produced by the hydrolysis of starch. Dextrins are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by 1α→4 or 1α→6 glycosidic bonds. Maltodextrin is partially hydrolyzed starch that is not sweet and has a DE value less than 20. Syrups, such as corn syrup made from corn starch, have DE values from 20 to 91. Commercial dextrose has DE values from 92 to 99. Corn syrup solids, which may be labeled as soluble corn fiber or resistant maltodextrin, are mildly sweet semi-crystalline or ...

The impacts of molecular weight (MW), viscosity, and solubility of β-glucan on the rate of in vitro starch digestion and estimated glycemic index (GI) were evaluated. Extracted oat starch and β-glucan suspensions with high, medium, and low-MW were

Forage dry matter can be divided by means of the detergent system into a readily available soluble fraction and a fibrous residue of limited availability (Van Soest, 1982). The nutritive value of the fibrous fraction is determined by the degree of lignification, while that of the soluble non-fibrous portion is completely available to digestion. Utilisation of starches and other non-fibrous carbohydrates is limited only by the extent to which they escape the digestive process by passing rapidly through the digestive tract (Van Soest, 1982). The value of chemical analysis for evaluating forages has been called into question (Preston and Leng, 1987; Ørskov, 1987) on the basis that composition does not predict nutritive value, and that such analyses are too expensive relative to the amount of information provided. The critics would replace chemical analyses with nylon-bag degradability tests, and perhaps an analysis for nitrogen by Kjeldahl. They also charge that the originators of new chemical ...

An experiment was conducted to quantify the timing and magnitude of the effects of coccidiosis vaccination on the growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients and energy, intestinal morphology, and plasma carotenoids and nitric oxide in broilers. Treatment groups consisted of …

Carbohydrates are nutrients that provide your body with energy. But before carbohydrates can fuel your morning run, they must be broken down into their basic units, called monosaccharides, and absorbed from your digestive tract into your bloodstream.

US - Research from the University of Illinois is helping to determine the quality of protein in wheat middlings and red dog, two co-products of the wheat milling process that can be included in diets fed to pigs and other livestock.

Seven newly bred and three established varieties of mung bean were analysed for proximate composition, minerals, anti-nutrients and in vitro mineral accessibility. They contained 18-23 g protein, 4.0-5.6 g crude fibre and 2.5-4.1 g ash per 100 g dry sample. Iron, zinc, calcium, sodium and potassium ranged from 3.4 to 4.6, 1.2 to 2.3, 79 to 115, 8.1 to 13.5 and 362 to 415 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively. Phytic acid and polyphenols averaged 769 and 325 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively. Varieties differed significantly in terms of nutrient and anti-nutrient contents. Phytic acid and polyphenols were negatively correlated with in vitro mineral accessibility and nutrient digestibility. Protein and starch digestibility ranged from 53 to 67 g/100 g dry weight and 20 to 29 mg maltose released/g dry weight, respectively. Average molar ratios of phytic acid to iron and zinc were 16.8 and 52.7, respectively. Differences in in vitro iron and zinc accessibility could not be explained by phytic acid to ...

The endogenous N in ileal digesta of pigs was estimated in two experimental variants. In variant 1 the crud protein content of a wheat-maize-fish meal diet was 18% and the crude fibre content was 1.9% (diet 1) and 2.7% resp. (diet 2). In variant 2 the crude protein content was 12.5% (wheat-maize-diet) and the crude fibre content was 4.1% (diet 3) and 5.5% resp. (diet 4). The higher crude fibre content of the diets 2-4 was provided by means of a supplementation with partially hydroyzed straw meal plus pectin (2:1 w/w). Four miniature pigs with an average initial body weight of 29 kg, were fitted with a ileocaecal re-entrant cannula and received each one of the four different diets. 15NH4Cl, added to the diets, was given for 5 days (150 mg 15N-excess/kg0.75 BW*d) to label the animals with 15N. Ileal digesta, urine and faeces were collected over 24 hours on 8th, 10th and 12th day after the first intake of 15N. The 15N-excess of urine N was used as the comparative measure of 15N-excess of endogenous protein

Diets for fish are changing in this sense that less fish meal is used, being replaced by vegetal protein sources. Contrary to fish meal vegetal protein contains only low levels of phosphorus, therefore, fish diets nowadays have to be supplemented with inorganic feed phosphates.

Biology Assignment Help, Byproducts of low digestibility high in nitrogen, Byproducts of the food industry, such as coffee residues, fruit pulp and cocoa meal are of low energy value, but are relatively high in nitrogen. In additional, animal excreta tend to have an excess of nitrogen in relation to available energy. C