Policymakers in the OECD countries still generally look upon the SDGs as a development policy issue. The task for high-income countries, one might assume, is simply to provide greater levels of offi cial development assistance (ODA), specifically, pushing efforts closer to the target of 0.7 percent of GDP, which few countries have managed so far. The truth is, however, that the SDGs will not just require rich countries to increase development funds for others; they will need fundamental policy changes in their own countries. If the MDGs were the telescope through which rich countries viewed the developing world, the SDGs are the mirror in which they see their own policies and performance reflected. In other words, every country is now a developing country when it comes to an economic and social model which is both sustainable and socially just.
This paper investigates the validity of purchasing power parity (PPP) for 25 OECD countries by using a panel unit-root methodology. The procedure used here is to examine stationarity of real exchange rate. Using ADF unit-root test on single time-series, it is found that real exchange rate of all OECD countries have unit root. This outcome, however, might be due to the generally low power of this test. The aim of this paper is to reconsider this issue by exploiting the extra information provided by the combination of the time-series and cross-sectional data and the subsequent power advantages of panel data unit-root tests. We apply the test advocated by Im et al. [Im, K.S., Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y., 1997. Testing for unit roots in heterogenous panels. University of Cambridge, Department of Applied Economics]. According to estimation results real exchange rate in OECD countries are stationary and support long-run purchasing power parity. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ...
Risk-factor burden was greatest in high-income countries with the mean INTERHEART score highest in these nations, intermediate in middle-income countries, and lowest in low-income countries (p < 0.001). In high-income countries, the INTERHEART score was higher in rural areas, compared to urban areas; in lower- and middle-income countries, the risk score was higher in urban areas, compared to rural areas. Conversely, the rates of major cardiovascular events (death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure) were lowest in high-income countries, intermediate in middle-income countries, and highest in low-income countries, with rates of 3.99, 5.38, and 6.43 events per 1,000 person-years, respectively (p < 0.001). ...
The National Accounts of OECD Countries, Main Aggregates covers expenditure-based GDP, output-based GDP, income-based GDP, GDP per capita, disposable income, saving and net lending, population and employment. It includes also comparative tables based on purchasing power parities (PPPs) and exchange rates. Data are shown for 34 OECD countries and the Euro area back to 2005. Country tables are expressed in national currency. Data are based on the System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA).. ...
Adam, A., Delis, M., Kammas, P., (2011). Public Sector efficiency: Leveling the playing field between OECD countries. Public Choice 146, 163- 183.. Alesina, A., Angeloni , I., Etro, F., (2005). International Unions, American Economic Review 95, 602-15.. Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S., Wacziarg, R., (2003). Fractionalization. Journal of Economic Growth 8, 155-194.. Alesina, A., La Ferrara, E., (2005). Preferences for redistribution in the land of opportunities. Journal of Public Economics 89, 897-931.. Afonso, A., St. Aubyn, M., (2005). Non-parametric approaches to education and health: Expenditure efficiency in OECD countries. Journal of Applied Economics 8, 227-246.. Afonso, A., Schuknecht, L., Tanzi, V., (2005). Public sector efficiency: An international comparison. Public Choice 123, 321-347.. Afonso, A., Schuknecht, L., Tanzi, V., (2006). Public sector efficiency: Evidence for new EU member states and emerging markets. ECB Working Paper no. 581.. Anderson, T.W., ...
The international research team found risk factors for cardiovascular disease was lowest in low income countries, intermediate in middle income countries and highest in high income countries. However, the incidence of serious cardiovascular disease such as heart attacks, strokes, heart failure and deaths followed the opposite pattern: highest in the low income countries, intermediate in middle income countries and lowest in high income countries. Hospitalizations for less severe cardiovascular diseases were highest in the high income countries.
ries and do not feed the local population. Furthermore, the production is largely owned by companies residing in rich countries. When agricultural production is largely exported, the poor countries end up as importers of food required by the local people. With regard to industrial production, much of it is done for export. Again, the companies are largely parts of multinational ones with headquarters in rich countries. The reasons for production in poor countries is first that the salaries are very low, but also that environmental standards required for production in rich countries need not be followed whereby production costs are minimized. This type of cutting cost is the greedy economic globalism, which the true sustainable globalism should do its utmost to fight against. The solution to decreasing wealth inequality is actually quite simple. All the products from poor areas are priced as if they were produced in rich countries, and the difference in the present and future price is given to ...
Downloadable! Prevalence of non-communicable diseases has increased in past decades in the OECD. These conditions have many risk factors, including poor quality diet, insufficient physical activity, and excess sedentarism. These behaviours are also at the root of overweight and obesity, which are themselves risk factors leading to non-communicable diseases. Using the most recent data available from individual-level national health surveys and health interviews, this paper paints a picture of the situation in terms of diet and physical activity in eleven OECD countries. Fruit and vegetable consumption remains low in all countries, as daily consumption of five fruit and vegetables per day rarely reaches 40%; diet quality can also be improved, although it is higher in some countries. Physical activity levels are more encouraging, with over 50% of the population reporting to reach the World Health Organization target in all countries, and excess sedentarism is high in two of the seven countries studied.
Downloadable! Recent discussions about rising inequality in industrialized countries have triggered calls for more government intervention and redistribution. Due to obvious behavioral effects caused by redistribution, it is however not clear whether redistributional policies are indeed able to combat inequality. This paper contributes to this relevant research question by using different contextual country-level data sources to study inequality trends in OECD countries since the 1980s. We first investigate the development of inequality over time before analyzing the question of whether governments can effectively reduce inequality. Different identification strategies, using fixed effects and instrumental variables models, provide some evidence that governments are capable of reducing income inequality despite countervailing behavioral adjustments. The effect is stronger for social expenditure policies than for progressive taxation, which seems to trigger more inequality increasing indirect behavioral
Land use has important consequences for the environment, public health, economic productivity, inequality and social segregation. Land use policies are often complex and require co-ordination across all levels of government as well as across policy sectors. Not surprisingly, land use decisions can be contentious and conflicts over land use are common across the OECD. This report argues that better land use governance requires the use of a broader set of public policies to influence land use. In particular, the incentives for particular land uses provided by fiscal instruments and tax policies need to be better aligned with land use objectives. The report furthermore analyses land use patterns across the OECD based on comprehensive land cover data. It shows that developed land is growing everywhere, but great variation exists between countries. Lastly, the report summarises insights from six in-depth case studies to show concrete examples of land use related challenges in OECD countries and the response
Background This study explores the relationship between BMI and national-wealth and the cross-level interaction effect of national-wealth and individual household-wealth using multilevel analysis. Methods Data from the World Health Survey conducted in 2002-2004, across 70 low-, middle- and high-income countries was used. Participants aged 18 years and over were selected using multistage, stratified cluster sampling. BMI was used as outcome variable. The potential determinants of individual-level BMI were participants sex, age, marital-status, education, occupation, household-wealth and location(rural/urban) at the individual-level. The country-level factors used were average national income (GNI-PPP) and income inequality (Gini-index). A two-level random-intercepts and fixed-slopes model structure with individuals nested within countries was fitted, treating BMI as a continuous outcome. Results The weighted mean BMI and standard-error of the 206,266 people from 70-countries was 23.90 (4.84). All
The correlation between a firms size and its productivity level varies considerably across OECD countries, suggesting that some countries are more successful at channelling resources to high productivity firms than others.
The present study is designed to compare the mortality and potential years of life lost of colorectal cancer between OECD countries and Korea before (1990-1999) and after (2000-2009) to provide data of more accurate strategy of public health policy and education about cancer treatment and prevention through examining differences of changes among the OECD countries. We statistically compared mortality and potential years of life lost from 32 OECD countries including Korea, except 2 nations with inadequate data, between before (1990-1999) and after the year 2000 (2000-2009) using OECD Health Data 2012 using the method of paired t-test. Male mortality of colorectal cancer was increased in 8 OECD countries including Korea and the female mortality was only increased in Chile and Korea. In particular, the increased rate of mortality was significantly high in Korean male and female. Moreover, increased rate of potential years of life lost for colorectal cancer was also significantly high in Korea: ...
Chapter 11 EQUITY IN THE USE OF PHYSICIAN VISITS IN OECD COUNTRIES: HAS EQUAL TREATMENT FOR EQUAL NEED BEEN ACHIEVED? by Eddy van Doorslaer *, Xander Koolman * and Frank Puffer ** Abstract This paper uses
Results The 12-month prevalence of reported exacerbations ranged from 1.9% in Guangzhou, China to 14.2% in Lexington, USA, it was higher in subjects with spirometrically defined COPD as compared to subjects without spirometric COPD (14.4% vs 4.2%, p,0.0001) and in low and middle income countries as compared to high income countries (7.9% vs 4.9%, p,0.0001). Exacerbations were associated with doctor diagnosed asthma, COPD stage 1+, chronic bronchitis, increase in MMRC dyspnoea score, current exposures to biomass and dusty jobs and history of TB (see Abstract P209 table 1). Similar trends for overall effect estimates were obtained for low and middle income countries and high income countries with and without biomass exposure information. The variation in reported exacerbations across sites is unlikely to be due to variation in the influence of different risk factors between sites except for COPD stages 1 and 2 (I2=44%, p=0.03), biomass exposure (I2=57%, p=0.01) and reported history of TB ...
In order to calculate when China will become a high income economy by international classification it should be noted that the World Bank uses a three year moving average of exchange rates in its estimations - this is done to avoid the distorting effect of any extremely sharp short term exchange rates movements (the method is known technically as Atlas methodology). It should be noted that using this criterion Chinas current per capita GNI in 2016 was $8,260 - fractionally higher than its 2016 per capita GDP of $8,123.. Evidently it is not possible to predict the exact precise three year moving average of the RMBs exchange rate against the dollar in five years time (anyone who could do that would be so rich they would make Bill Gates look like a mere pauper!). Therefore, a certain margin of error must be allowed for, but the fundamental statistics are clear. By 2022 the IMF projects Chinas per capita GDP will be $12,834. The IMFs is a conservative estimate as it actually assumes a ...
JAMA.: February 27, 2013. The United States spends more on health care than does any other country, but its health outcomes are generally worse than those of other wealthy nations. People in the United States experience higher rates of disease and injury and die earlier than people in other high-income countries. Although this health disadvantage has been increasing for decades, its scale is only now becoming more apparent.. A new report1 from the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine (NRC/IOM) documents that US males and females in almost all age groups-up to age 75 years-have shorter life expectancies than their counterparts in 16 other wealthy, developed nations: Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. The scope of the US health disadvantage is pervasive and involves more than life expectancy: the United States ranks at or near the bottom in both prevalence ...
This review provides a synthesis of literature concerning the acute treatment costs of trauma in high-income countries and the drivers of higher costs. Results showed the cost of acute treatment was a median of $22,448 across studies (IQR: $11,819-$33,701) and identified factors such as injury severity, surgical interventions, ICU and hospital LOS, were consistently associated with higher treatment costs. Across studies, we identified marked variability in reporting, methods of costing and actual costs and charges [15].. The broad inclusion criteria and time period used in this review resulted in a representative sample, although comparison and ranking of costs between studies was limited due to the variety of costing and statistical methods. The predominance of US data may not be generalisable to universal access health systems such as those in Australia and Canada. Although 90% of the worlds deaths from injuries occur in developing countries [51], there is limited external validity of our ...
Vaccination against Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is recommended for adolescent young women prior to sexual debut to reduce cervical cancer related mortality and morbidity. Understanding factors affecting decision-making of HPV vaccination of young women is important so that effective interventions can be developed which address barriers to uptake in population groups less likely to receive the HPV vaccine. We undertook a qualitative systematic review and evidence synthesis to examine decision-making relating to the HPV vaccination of young women in high-income countries. A comprehensive search of databases from inception to March 2012 was undertaken to identify eligible studies reporting the perspectives of key stakeholders including policy makers, professionals involved in programme, parents, and young women. Factors affecting uptake of the vaccine were examined at different levels of the socio-ecological model (policy, community, organisational, interpersonal and intrapersonal). Forty-one studies were
The United States spent approximately twice as much as other high-income countries on medical care, yet utilization rates in the United States were largely similar to those in other nations. Prices of labor and goods, including pharmaceuticals, and administrative costs appeared to be the major drive …
For research papers The BMJ has fully open peer review. This means that accepted research papers submitted from September 2014 onwards usually have their prepublication history posted alongside them on thebmj.com.. This prepublication history comprises all previous versions of the manuscript, the study protocol (submitting the protocol is mandatory for all clinical trials and encouraged for all other studies at The BMJ), the report from the manuscript committee meeting, the reviewers comments, and the authors responses to all the comments from reviewers and editors.. In rare instances we determine after careful consideration that we should not make certain portions of the prepublication record publicly available. For example, in cases of stigmatised illnesses we seek to protect the confidentiality of reviewers who have these illnesses. In other instances there may be legal or regulatory considerations that make it inadvisable or impermissible to make available certain parts of the ...
In many high-income countries, national and regional health authorities, along with individual healthcare institutions, are putting into place prevention, control, surveillance and reporting measures. Even if significantly reduced in the recent years, incidence of HAI remains high, particularly among at-risk populations. For example, approximately 25-30% of ICU patients in high-income countries experience at least one HAI episode1,2. In low- and middle- income countries, the challenges are further complicated by underdeveloped infrastructures and issues related to hygiene and sanitation. The WHO estimates that ICU-acquired infection is at least 2-3-fold higher than in high-income countries and that device-associated infection may be up to 13 times higher than in the US1.. HAIs include all types of infections including urinary-tract infections (most common in higher-income countries1,2), surgical site infections (most common in lower-income countries1), respiratory infections, gastro-intestinal ...
NEW ORLEANS, La - Low- and middle income countries have lower per-capita consumption of antibiotics than high income countries yet bear a larger burden of antimicrobial resistance, panelists said at IDWeek. While high-income countries are looking to develop innovative stewardship programs and new drugs to combat antimicrobial resistance, low- and middle-income countries often have limited capacity […]. ...
This report examines how countries perform in their ability to prevent, manage and treat cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes. The last 50 years have witnessed remarkable improvements in CVD outcomes. Since 1960, overall CVD mortality rates have fallen by over 60%, but these improvements are not evenly spread across OECD countries, and the rising prevalence of diabetes and obesity are threatening to offset gains. This report examines how OECD countries deliver the programmes and services related to CVD and diabetes. It considers how countries have used available health care resources to reduce the overall burden of CVD and diabetes, and it focuses on the variation in OECD health systems ability to convert health care inputs (such as expenditure) into health gains.
AIM: To study uptake of care at the antenatal and child health clinic (CHC), and maternal and child health up to 5 years after the birth, as reported by mothers with a non-Swedish speaking background (NSB). METHODS: A sample of 300 women with a NSB, 175 originated from a poor country and 125 originated from a rich country, were compared with a reference group of 2761 women with a Swedish speaking background. Four postal questionnaires were completed: during pregnancy, and 2 months, 1 year and 5 years after the birth. RESULTS: Mothers with a NSB from a poor country of origin did not differ from the reference group of mothers with a Swedish speaking background regarding number of clinic visits, but they had a lower attendance rate at antenatal and postnatal education classes. Depressive symptoms, parental stress and poor self-rated health were more common in these women, and they reported more psychological and behavioral problems in their 5-year olds. Women with a rich country origin did not ...
Population density , People per sq. km: Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. Land area is a countrys total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes ...
Information on the environment for those involved in developing, adopting, implementing and evaluating environmental policy, and also the general public
The number of children under five dying has declined substantially in the past 20 years and the rate of decline is speeding up, according to a report in The Lancet medical journal. Some developing countries are doing surprisingly well, but rates in the US and Britain are not good by developed world standards -- for reasons that are not clear.
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Its one of the oldest tricks in politics: Talk down expectations to the point that you can meet them.And it played out again in Berlin as 21 countries-including the United States-pledged nearly $9.5 billion to the Green Climate Fund, a UN body tasked with helping developing countries cope with climate change and transition to clean energy systems.The total-which will cover a four-year period before new pledges are made-included $3 billion from the United States, $1.5 billion from Japan, and around $1 billion each from the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. | By Oscar Reyes
Two-thirds of the worlds population under 50 have the highly infectious herpes virus that causes cold sores around the mouth, the World Health Organization said on Wednesday, in its first estimate of global prevalence of the disease.. More than 3.7 billion people under the age of 50 suffer from the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), usually after catching it in childhood, according to a the WHO study.. That is in addition to 417 million people in the 15-49 age range who have the other form of the disease, HSV-2, which causes genital herpes.. HSV-1 normally causes mouth ulcers rather than genital infection, but it is becoming an increasing cause of genital infection too, mainly in rich countries.. That is because improved hygiene in rich countries is lowering HSV-1 infection rates in childhood, leaving young people more at risk of catching it via oral sex when they become sexually active.. HSV-2 can increase the risk of catching and spreading HIV, the disease that causes AIDS. Little is known ...
But industry is impotent if it cant trade freely across national boundaries. This required action to sweep away old taxes and duties, especially tariffs against foreign goods. In 1846, Sir Robert Peel, fearing Chartist revolution, repealed the Corn Laws, allowing cheap food freely into Britain. Peel began the global trade explosion we still enjoy, which has rescued a billion-plus people from poverty.. The economic system has changed. For the first time in human history, says Spanish sociologist Manuel Castells, the human mind is a direct productive force. Computers, communication systems, and genetic programming are all amplifiers and extensions of the human mind. This is wonderful - it is ecological, it is creative, it gives power to individuals; it undermines centralised power and monolithic corporations, whether funded by the state or the stock market.. But post-industrial society can also widen the gap between the best-educated and richest third of the population and the bottom third, ...
LONDON - Politicians and public health leaders have publicly committed to equitably sharing any coronavirus vaccine that works, but the top global ini...
Globally, more children are still underweight rather than obese although the researchers think that will change by 2022 if trends continue.
One final point: Matthews skewers the claim by Globe and Mail author Michael Adams (whose firm conducted the study discussed in his article) and later commenters on both sides of the border who accepted Adams claim that this was a historical first. As he shows with U.S. and Canadian government data, Canadas median household net worth was significantly higher in 2004-5, before the crisis, than here in the U.S. Given the huge disparities between the United States and some of the other countries, it is likely that net worth per adult has been higher in a number of these countries for quite some time. These data reflect trends that have been developing for a long time, and are not purely driven by the economic crisis or by any single set of policies. But they make for sobering reading, and deserve more than the superficial analysis most of the U.S. press has given them so far. Bravo to Matthews for a great piece of analysis ...
articles, news, reports and publications on quality of healthcare, quality assurance, quality improvement, quality indicators, quality measures, health services research, patient safety, medical errors, hospital performance, health information technology and more from The New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, JAMA, BMJ, CMAJ, MJA, Medical Care, Health Affairs and other leading medical journals and from AHRQ, CMWF, CMS, RAND, NHS and other international health Agency. ...
Although the U.S. spends far more per person on medical care than any other nation, the results have been less than impressive. Relative to other developed nations, the U.S. consistently performs worse on a wide range of health measures, including infant mortality, premature deaths, life expectancy, and prevalence of heart disease, diabetes, and other chronic illnesses. Many health care experts have pointed to inefficiencies in our health care system as the cause for this paradox. Bradley and Taylor identify another culprit - too little attention to the social, environmental, and behavioral factors that impact health.. The book begins with a summary of the authors previous research comparing spending on health care and social services among OECD countries. This research found that when spending on health care is combined with spending on social services, the U.S only ranks in the middle of OECD countries. More importantly, the U.S. is an outlier when comparing the ratio of a nations social to ...
The Netherlands spends relatively more money on short-term admissions for mental and behaviourial disorders than other OECD countries. At hospitals (including GGZ institutions) expenditure on these disorders takes up nearly a quarter of the total ||link 1||, more than twice the amount spent in other OECD countries.
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Overweight and obesity are major risk factors for a number of chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer and while it was once an issue only in high income countries, overweight and obesity has now dramatically risen in low- and middle-income countries.Such countries are now facing a double burden of disease, for while they continue to deal with the problems of infectious disease and under-nutrition, they are also experiencing a rapid upsurge in chronic disease risk factors such as obesity and overweight, particularly in urban settings ...
There is currently very limited data and evidence on the impacts of COVID-19 on people with disabilities and pre-existing health conditions, with no disability-disaggregated data on mortality rates available in the public sphere. However, reports from the media, disability advocates and disabled peoples organisations (DPOs) point to several emerging impacts, including primary and secondary impacts including on health, education, food security and livelihoods. Most of the available data is from high income countries (HICs) though reports from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are likely to emerge. Evidence was gathered by a rapid desk based review. Gaps are identified. The section concerned with lessons drawn from similar epidemics draws heavily on lessons learned from the Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014-2016, and touches on lessons from the Zika outbreak in 2015-2016 and the SARS pandemic in the early 2000s.10 It also touches briefly on SARS, MERS and H1N1 (swine flu). Primary and ...
In high-income countries, we have nearly reached optimisation of present anticancer treatments, says Professor Kathy Pritchard-Jones.. New regulatory approval and research strategies are urgently needed to speed the development of new, effective, and safer treatments for children with cancer if we are to continue to improve the cure rate, reduce toxicity compared to existing treatments, and minimise side effects in later life, she continues.. Although more children and young people in high-income countries are surviving cancer than ever before, cancer remains the leading cause of death from disease in children aged 1 to 15 years. More than 5,000 children still lose their lives to cancer every year in these regions.. Increased participation in international, collaborative clinical trials has successfully raised survival from 30% to 80% over the last half century. But an increasingly complex and strict regulatory environment for clinical research and data sharing is limiting childrens access ...
The OECD estimates that 5% of working populations in high income countries are affected by severe mental health problems, with a further 15% affected by moderate mental health problems. Guidelines developed for employers to detect, prevent, and manage mental health problems in the workplace were reviewed for quality and completeness. The review authors indicate that although access to employee early assistance programs (EAPs) can be effective, intervention is only truly preventative when both individual and organisational factors are considered. Across the 20 guidelines assessed, the Canadian Standard scored highest for quality and comprehensiveness of content, followed by the Australian Heads-Up material from Beyond Blue ...
These findings, which were the results of review and analysis of all published studies of pediatric adherence to ART in low income countries, appear in the August 2008 issue of The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, and provide the first complete picture of ART adherence among individuals under age 18 in limited income countries, as defined by the World Bank.. While many have thought that people wont be able to take medicines as well as they need to due to limited resources in poor countries, our review of all studies on the topic strongly suggests that children in low income countries are able to maintain at least a comparable degree of ART adherence, if not better adherence, than children in high income countries, said Rachel Vreeman, M.D., M.S., first author of the study. Dr. Vreeman is assistant professor of pediatrics at IU School of Medicine and a Regenstrief Institute affiliated scientist. Healthcare systems need to carefully monitor how children with HIV take their medicines. This ...
Weve the latest report out trying to convince us that fossil fuel companies, those exploring for coal, oil and natural gas, are subsidised by some vast amount by the rich countries. More specifically that the G-20 countries cough up $88 billion a year to aid in the exploration for such [...]
GLOBAL - Assets in the pension funds of OECD countries reached $19.13trn at the end of 2010, up from $19.07trn at the end of 2007, a new OECD report shows.
Source: World Development Indicators and UN International Migration Report3. The graph shows pretty clearly that migrants tend to go to the economically wealthy countries. Heres where the politics kicks in. If you think that the wealthy countries. (a) have pulled themselves up by their own bootstraps. (b) suffer economically as a result of international in-migration. (c) have something called an indigenous population which is unproblematically identifiable and bears superior civic rights over migrants. then chances are youll not be keen on international migration. But if, like me, you think that the wealth of the rich countries is bought to a considerable extent through the poverty of the poorer ones, or that the crises of war, famine and militarized global resource extraction that impel migration are compounded by global power politics dominated by the rich countries, then the case for migration from poor to rich countries is harder to gainsay, regardless of its other implications. Perhaps ...
Source: World Development Indicators and UN International Migration Report3. The graph shows pretty clearly that migrants tend to go to the economically wealthy countries. Heres where the politics kicks in. If you think that the wealthy countries. (a) have pulled themselves up by their own bootstraps. (b) suffer economically as a result of international in-migration. (c) have something called an indigenous population which is unproblematically identifiable and bears superior civic rights over migrants. then chances are youll not be keen on international migration. But if, like me, you think that the wealth of the rich countries is bought to a considerable extent through the poverty of the poorer ones, or that the crises of war, famine and militarized global resource extraction that impel migration are compounded by global power politics dominated by the rich countries, then the case for migration from poor to rich countries is harder to gainsay, regardless of its other implications. Perhaps ...
Heart failure (HF) is a pathophysiologic condition and is a final common pathway of most forms of cardiovascular disease. Patients with HF experience poor quality of life, recurrent emergency hospitalizations and premature mortality.. Recent publications highlight the multiple challenges of dealing with an increasing burden of heart disease within an urban African community. The predominance of women and novel underlying causes contrast with the demographic of HF in high income countries. More than 50% of 5328 de novo cases of heart disease captured at a tertiary clinic in Soweto presented with some form of heart failure, mainly due to poorly treated hypertension, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, peripartum cardiomyopathy and HIV-related cardiomyopathy. The most prevalent form of heart disease was hypertensive heart failure (, 1100 cases).. Programs have been developed in high income countries that cost-effectively prevent progressive cardiac dysfunction in high risk individuals and apply ...
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The foreign-born population has generally a lower employment rate and a higher unemployment rate compared to the native-born population in the OECD countries. Today, 26 out of 34 OECD countries have a statutory minimum wage, while the minimum wage in the other countries is differentiated between the sectors and determined by the labour market parties. In the countries with a statutory minimum wage, there is a great variation between the minimum wage share of the median wage, which is believed to have an effect on employment and unemployment. The aim of this thesis is to study whether an increase of the quotient between the median wage and the minimum wage increases the foreign-born population employment and decreases the foreign-born unemployment. In order to control this effect in all OECD countries despite wage formation system, the wage dispersion measure 50/10-ratio is used since it measures the ratio of the median wage and the ten percent of the population with the lowest wages. This study ...
The Solow-Swan model augmented with human capital predicts that the income levels of poor countries will tend to catch up with or converge towards the income levels of rich countries if the poor countries have similar savings rates for both physical capital and human capital as a share of output, a process known as conditional convergence. However, savings rates vary widely across countries. In particular, since considerable financing constraints exist for investment in schooling, savings rates for human capital are likely to vary as a function of cultural and ideological characteristics in each country.[20] Since the 1950s, output/worker in rich and poor countries generally has not converged, but those poor countries that have greatly raised their savings rates have experienced the income convergence predicted by the Solow-Swan model. As an example, output/worker in Japan, a country which was once relatively poor, has converged to the level of the rich countries. Japan experienced high growth ...
Lack of state supported care services begets the informal caregiving by family members as the mainstay of care provided to the dependent older people in many Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs), including India. Little is known about the time spent on caregiving, its cost and the burden experienced by these informal caregivers. We aimed to estimate the costs of informal caregiving and to evaluate the nature as well as correlates of caregivers burden in a rural Indian community. We assessed 1000 people aged above 65 years, among whom 85 were dependent. We assessed their socioeconomic profiles, disability, health status and health expenditures. Their caregivers socio-demographic profiles, mental health, and the time spent on caregiving were assessed using standard instruments. Caregivers burden was evaluated using Zarit Burden Scale. We valued the annual informal caregiving costs using proxy good method. We employed appropriate non-parametric multivariate statistics to evaluate the correlates of
Cross-national comparisons allow us to track the performance of the U.S. health care system, highlight areas of strength and weakness, and identify factors that may impede or accelerate improvement. This analysis is the latest in a series of Commonwealth Fund cross-national comparisons that use health data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), as well as from other sources, to assess U.S. health care system spending, supply, utilization, and prices relative to other countries, as well as a limited set of health outcomes.1,2 Thirteen high-income countries are included: Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. On measures where data are widely available, the value for the median OECD country is also shown. Almost all data are for years prior to the major insurance provisions of the Affordable Care Act; most are for 2013.. Health care spending in the U.S. far ...
The best numbers on death worldwide come from the World Health Organization. They divide their data into low, medium and high income countries because the standard of living equates to better or worse access to health care. For that reason malaria appears in the low-income data but not middle or high-income nations. On the other side of the dark coin, Alzheimers related deaths appear only in the high-income countries. A comprehensive global comparison would run far beyond the scope of a single blog post. So I focused on the U.S. numbers ...
The following question crossed my mind recently: how many lives are lost from excess infant mortality?. I asked this question because I wondered if anti-abortion activists couldnt better spend their time saving the lives of children that died in their first year of life, rather than protesting at abortion clinics. Saving the life of a child who has been born seems like an easier political task, and will almost certainly be more effective.. We have a pretty good sense that this is theoretically possible because of the considerable variation in infant mortality that exists worldwide. Most poor countries have high infant mortality rates (IMR), and most rich countries have low infant mortality rates. There are a number of countries in Africa with IMR above 50 per 1000 live births (meaning 50 children die in their first year for every 1000 live births). There are rich countries with IMR below 5. The difference between these numbers-roughly 45 per 1000 births-tells us that preventing infant death ...
Economic environment. Expenditure on the publicly-funded health care system as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) is one of the lowest in the European Union (6.3% in 2017). It is likely that tensions will increase between the opportunities for health care financing (due to moderate GDP growth in Spain13) and trends in health spending, which is growing in all Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries at a faster rate than GDP.14 There are basically 2 ways to alleviate this tension: cost control or improved efficiency. Cost control has been the strategy applied in Spain, one of the OECD countries that has made the deepest cuts in health spending.15 While cost control is simple and immediate, the efficiency approach requires wisdom, planning, and involvement of professionals in the management of the system; this is the course of action championed and investigated by the SEC in this project.. Political environment. The instruments of cohesion of the SNS are ...
Adam, A., Delis, M., Kammas, P. 2011. Public sector efficiency: leveling the playing field between OECD countries. Public Choice, 146, 163-183. Afonso, A., Aubyn, M. S. 2004. Non-parametric Approaches to Education and Helth Expenditure Efficiency in OECD Countries. Journal of Applied Economics, 8, 227-246. Afonso, A., Schuknecht, L. Tanzi, V., 2003. Public sector efficiency: an international comparison, Frankfurt am Main, European Central Bank. Afonso, A., Schunknecht, L.,Tanzi, V. 2005. Public sector efficiency: An international comparison. Public Choice, 123, 321-347. Agasisti, T. 2014. The Efficiency of Public Spending on Education: an empirical comparison of EU countries. European Journal of Education, 49, 543-557. Al, S., Samarrai, S. 2002. Achieving Education for All: How Much Does Money Matter. IDS, Brighton, Working Paper, 175. Alesina, A., Di Tella, R., Macculloch, R. 2004. Inequality and happiness: are Europeans and Americans different? Journal of Public Economics, 88, 2009-2042. ...
This reliable source of yearly data covers a wide range of statistics on international trade of OECD countries and provides detailed data in value by commodity and by partner country. Each of the first four volumes of International Trade by Commodity Statistics contains the tables for seven countries, published in the order in which they become available. The fifth volume includes the OECD country groupings OECD Total and EU27-Extra. For each country, this publication shows detailed tables relating to the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), Revision 3, Sections and Divisions (one- and two- digit). Each table presents imports and exports of a given commodity with more than seventy partner countries or country groupings for the most recent five-year period available.. ...
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In the IEO2007 reference case, which does not include specific policies to limit greenhouse gas emissions, energy-related carbon dioxide emissions are projected to rise from 26.9 billion metric tons in 2004 to 33.9 billion metric tons in 2015 and 42.9 billion metric tons in 2030. From 2003 to 2004, carbon dioxide emissions from the non-OECD countries grew by almost 10 percent, while emissions in the OECD countries grew by less than 2 percent. The result of the large increase in non-OECD emissions was that 2004 marked the first time in history that emissions from the non-OECD exceeded those from the OECD countries. Further, because of the expectation that non-OECD countries will rely on fossil fuels to supply much of their future energy demand growth, carbon dioxide emissions from the non-OECD countries in 2030 are projected to exceed those from the OECD by 57 percent ...
This chapter examines the impact of the immigration of highly educated workers on employment, productivity, and capital accumulation in the recipient countries, to see whether the presumed positive impact of highly educated immigrants is actually confirmed by aggregate data analysis. The chapter identifies a robust and significant positive effect of the brain gain on employment and capital accumulation, on top of the effect produced by the total immigration rate. The chapter finds that the total inflow of immigrants does not crowd-out native employment, on the contrary, it stimulates investment even in the short term. Moreover, the share of highly educated immigrants adds a positive employment and capital accumulation effect. The chapter also analyses whether the effects of migration differ in bad and good economic times.
It is expected, based on the available literature, that technology will be the major determinant of health expenditure. Much of the existing literature on this topic, though, suffers from the use of econometric techniques-such as standard ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression-to analyse time-series data. This is now known to be problematic as, typically, health expenditure (HE) and GDP are cointegrated [27]. Modern time-series econometric techniques are able to overcome the possibly spurious results [76] that can be associated with regressing non-stationary cointegrated time-series. Given the statistical problems that beset the historical literature on this topic, it is interesting that research tends to confirm its long-standing and somewhat counter-intuitive result: technically (according to the standard economic definition), health care is a luxury. Specifically, spending in the health sector tends to rise at a faster rate than national income. Indeed the income elasticity of HE (i.e., ...
In United States, healthcare spending rate has outpaced the growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) for many years. The United States of America (U.S.) healthcare spending exhibited a growth rate of 4.6% to reach USD 3.6 trillion or USD 11,172 per person in 2018 as per data released from U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Further, sustained increase in U.S. healthcare spending in the past years is likely to continue in the years ahead. In middle income countries, average per capita spending on health care has grown to two-fold since 2000. In high income countries, governments have increased their health care budgets. Further, it is believed that global health care expenditure is expected to flourish at a CAGR of 5% between 2019-2023 ...
This paper analyzes the empirical determinants of household saving using data from 21 OECD countries for 1975-95. A particular focus is the influence of the tax and social security systems on household saving. The paper therefore extends the usual set of explanatory variables used to explain household saving behavior to include variables that capture the structure of the tax system and the financing and generosity of the social security and welfare system. These variables are found to have an important impact on household saving. Accordingly, by changing the design of these systems, governments may be able to influence saving.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) tracks and reports annually on more than 1,200 health system measures across 30 industrialized countries, ranging from population health status and nonmedical determinants of health to health care resources and utilization. Based on analysis of OECD health data from 2008, the United States continues to differ markedly from other countries on a number of health system measures. The U.S. has a comparatively low number of hospital beds and physicians per capita, and patients in the U.S. have fewer hospital and physician visits than those in most other countries. At the same time, spending per hospital visit is highest in the U.S., and American patients are among the most likely to receive procedures requiring complex technology. The nation now ranks in the bottom quartile in life expectancy among OECD countries and has seen the smallest improvement in this metric over the past 20 years.. ...
For decades, the leading causes of mortality have differed between low income countries and high income countries. Those who have worked their careers in health and development probably never thought they would see the day when maternal/child health and communicable diseases would not be the leading health burden in many low income countries.. The new actor is non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which are characterized by chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease), along with injury and mental health which are now responsible for half the health burden in South Asia. Thus, the challenge now is how best to juggle this double burden.. Currently, many compelling reasons are pushing countries toward starting to tackle NCDs. From both a social and political standpoint, South Asians are 6 years younger than those in the rest of the world at their first heart attack. This type of trend threatens a countrys ability to fully capitalize on the demographic ...
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital are joining forces to combat childhood cancers in developing countries, where children are four times more likely to die of the disease than in high-income countries due to a lack of affordable treatment and quality care options.. Under a new agreement signed today, the IAEA and the U.S. research hospital will work together to raise awareness of childhood cancers, mobilize resources to support Member States in the establishment of nuclear and radiation medicine services, increase training for professionals in the field of radiotherapy, and support research in paediatric radiation oncology and related areas.. With at least 300,000 new cases each year, paediatric cancer is a leading cause of death globally among children and adolescents according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In high-income countries, more than 80 per cent of children with such cancers are cured, but this figure is only 20 per cent in ...
The Hindu, November 20, 2013. On the day that the BASIC countries came together to take the high moral ground against non-delivery of commitments by the developed world, India took on the rich countries for trying to put a Trojan horse to break the differentiation between developed and developing countries in the Warsaw decisions. Inside negotiating rooms India demanded that the decisions countries would take in 2015 for the new agreement should not be prejudged at the Polish capital.. Suggesting that decisions to break the differentiation between developed and developing countries were against the basic principles of the convention, India along with several allies in the developing world, including China fought a pitched battle that lasted till midnight on two successive days.. The battles took place over a draft of the decisions that the Warsaw meeting is to adopt by consensus by Friday night. The draft did not use the language of differentiation between developed and developing world and ...
Researchers looked at 17 high income countries to evaluate trends in national mortality. In the UK there has been a drop of a few months in life expectancy for both men and women over the age of 65. Degenerative diseases were the main cause such as respiratory disease, circulatory disease, Alzheimers disease, nervous system disease…
There has been too little progress in ending poverty since President Johnson famously declared war on poverty in the United States in his January 8, 1964 State of the Union Message. Over one seventh of Americans still are poor. Recent poverty rates are among the highest since the declaration of a war on poverty. Women, children, Blacks, and Hispanics are still disproportionately poor. Without public benefits, many more would be poor. The U.S. has an exceptionally high relative poverty rate among high income countries at least in part because our public benefits do less to reduce poverty. Official poverty measurement does not capture the sizable gains in health care coverage for the poor since the 1960s, but health care coverage still falls far short of the universal coverage that is now standard in other high income ...
New research, published in The Lancet today ahead of World Prematurity Day on Saturday Nov. 17, has found that if the worlds 39 highest-income countries were to fully implement five interventions to prevent preterm births, ...
This article describes the design and commissioning of a micro-combustor for energy recovery from human faeces, which can operate both in updraft and downdraft modes. Energy recovery from faecal matter via thermochemical conversion has recently been identified as a feasible solution for sanitation problems in low income countries and locations of high income countries where access to sewage infrastructures is difficult or not possible. This technology can be applied to waterless toilets with the additional outcome of generating heat and power that can be used to pre-treat the faeces before their combustion and to ensure that the entire system is self-sustaining. The work presented here is framed within the Nano Membrane Toilet (NMT) project that is being carried out at Cranfield University, as part of the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. For this study, preliminary trials using simulant faeces pellets were first carried out to find out the optimum values ...
Relationships between SES and blood pressure with gender specific patterns consistent with our results (i.e. a protective effect of SES among women and a harmful effect among men) have been previously found in South Africa [5] and other middle-income countries [38-40]. These findings are in partial contrast with those in high income countries, where an inverse gradient SESblood pressure is commonly found in both genders, even though often stronger and more consistent across SES indicators in women than in men [2]. In our study, total mediated effects (i.e. the sum of the effects through all indirect pathways) were similar in direction and magnitude across genders, and therefore the observed discrepancies cannot be explained by gender differences in the distribution of the hypothesised mediators. It is conversely the presence - in women but not in men - of sizable unexplained protective effects outmatching the overall mediated effects (harmful in both genders) which makes the difference and ...
Three bioethicists have today published an argument in The Lancet, one of the worlds leading medical journals, in favour of a global kidney exchange (GKE) program that matches donors and recipients across low and middle-income countries with pairs in high income countries.
One in five children in high-income countries lives in relative income poverty, and an average of one in eight faces food insecurity, according to a new report released today by the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF).. The latest Report Card issued by the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre underscores that rich nations also face challenges meeting global commitments to children.. Report Card 14 is a wake-up-call that even in high-income countries progress does not benefit all children, said Sarah Cook, Director of UNICEF Innocenti.. ...
In the latest issue of Health Affairs, Mortality Under Age 50 Accounts For Much Of The Fact That US Life Expectancy Lags That Of Other High-Income Countries: Life expectancy at birth in the United States is among the lowest of all high-income countries. Most recent studies have concentrated on older ages, finding
The Stillbirth Foundation Australia, the Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra, Australia, and the Mater Foundation, Brisbane, Australia.
Authors: Andrea Parisi, John A Crump, Kathryn Glass, Benjamin P Howden, Luis Furuya-Kanamori, Samantha Vilkins, Darren J Gray, Martyn D Kirk
HIV and related materials, including patient information booklets, email bulletins, listings of HIV services, reference materials for professionals working in HIV, books, posters and illustrated leaflets
Tobacco smoking is the worlds leading cause of premature death and disability. Global targets to reduce premature deaths by 25% by 2025 will require a substantial increase in the number of smokers making a quit attempt, and a significant improvement in the success rates of those attempts in low, middle and high income countries. In many countries the only place where the majority of smokers can access support to quit is primary care. There is strong evidence of cost-effective interventions in primary care yet many opportunities to put these into practice are missed. This paper revises the approach proposed by the International Primary Care Respiratory Group published in 2008 in this journal to reflect important new evidence and the global variation in primary-care experience and knowledge of smoking cessation. Specific for primary care, that advocates for a holistic, bio-psycho-social approach to most problems, the starting point is to approach tobacco dependence as an eminently treatable condition. We
There has been much comment in the media over recent weeks about the cost of cancer in New Zealand. This has been driven by two recently published reports - a Ministry of Health report, The Price of Cancer, which has put the cost of diagnosing and treating cancer at over $500 million each year. This figure is likely to increase by 20% by 2021. An article also appeared in the Lancet journal Delivering affordable cancer care in high income countries, which puts the worldwide cost of cancer from disability and premature death at US$895 billion.. These reports have raised some key questions. What are the drivers and solutions to the cost of cancer in New Zealand and how are we going to deliver high quality and equitable care?. There is no getting around it - cancer is expensive to treat and blood cancer is in the top three of the most expensive cancers (behind breast cancer and colorectal cancer). Treatments for blood cancer are complex, and often long-term. Bone marrow transplants do not ...
There has been much comment in the media over recent weeks about the cost of cancer in New Zealand. This has been driven by two recently published reports - a Ministry of Health report, The Price of Cancer, which has put the cost of diagnosing and treating cancer at over $500 million each year. This figure is likely to increase by 20% by 2021. An article also appeared in the Lancet journal Delivering affordable cancer care in high income countries, which puts the worldwide cost of cancer from disability and premature death at US$895 billion.. These reports have raised some key questions. What are the drivers and solutions to the cost of cancer in New Zealand and how are we going to deliver high quality and equitable care?. There is no getting around it - cancer is expensive to treat and blood cancer is in the top three of the most expensive cancers (behind breast cancer and colorectal cancer). Treatments for blood cancer are complex, and often long-term. Bone marrow transplants do not ...
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed the clinical profile of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from an acute infection with a high mortality into a treatable, chronic disease. As a result, the clinical sequelae of HIV infection are changing as patients live longer. HIV-associated cardiomyopathy (HIVAC) is a stage IV, HIV-defining illness and remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected individuals despite ART. Causes and clinical manifestations of HIVAC depend on the degree of host immunosuppression. Myocarditis from direct HIV toxicity, opportunistic infections, and nutritional deficiencies are implicated in causing HIVAC when HIV viral replication is unchecked, whereas cardiac autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, and ART cardiotoxicity contribute to HIVAC in individuals with suppressed viral loads. The initiation of ART has dramatically changed the clinical manifestation of HIVAC in high income countries from one of severe, left ventricular systolic dysfunction to