TY - JOUR. T1 - Regulation of backpropagating action potentials in mitral cell lateral dendrites by A-type potassium currents. AU - Christie, J. M.. AU - Westbrook, G. L.. PY - 2003/5/1. Y1 - 2003/5/1. N2 - Dendrodendritic synapses, distributed along mitral cell lateral dendrites, provide powerful and extensive inhibition in the olfactory bulb. Activation of inhibition depends on effective penetration of action potentials into dendrites. Although action potentials backpropagate with remarkable fidelity in apical dendrites, this issue is controversial for lateral dendrites. We used paired somatic and dendritic recordings to measure action potentials in proximal dendritic segments (0-200 μm from soma) and action potential-generated calcium transients to monitor activity in distal dendritic segments (200-600 μm from soma). Somatically elicited action potentials were attenuated in proximal lateral dendrites. The attenuation was not due to impaired access resistance in dendrites or to basal ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Homophilic Dscam Interactions Control Complex Dendrite Morphogenesis. AU - Hughes, Michael E.. AU - Bortnick, Rachel. AU - Tsubouchi, Asako. AU - Bäumer, Philipp. AU - Kondo, Masahiro. AU - Uemura, Tadashi. AU - Schmucker, Dietmar. PY - 2007/5/3. Y1 - 2007/5/3. N2 - Alternative splicing of the Drosophila gene Dscam results in up to 38,016 different receptor isoforms proposed to interact by isoform-specific homophilic binding. We report that Dscam controls cell-intrinsic aspects of dendrite guidance in all four classes of dendrite arborization (da) neurons. Loss of Dscam in single neurons causes a strong increase in self-crossing. Restriction of dendritic fields of neighboring class III neurons appeared intact in mutant neurons, suggesting that dendritic self-avoidance, but not heteroneuronal tiling, may depend on Dscam. Overexpression of the same Dscam isoforms in two da neurons with overlapping dendritic fields forced a spatial segregation of the two fields, supporting the ...

This function makes a list with oblique branches in addition to // the primary list in apical-tip-list.hoc // written by Yiota Poirazi, July 2001, [email protected] objref apical_tip_list_addendum apical_tip_list_addendum=new SectionList() // SISTER of apical_dendrite[3] is apical_dendrite[2] // SISTER of apical_dendrite[34] is apical_dendrite[33] // SISTER of apical_dendrite[37] is apical_dendrite[36] // SISTER of apical_dendrite[40] is apical_dendrite[39] // SISTER of apical_dendrite[45] is apical_dendrite[44] // SISTER of apical_dendrite[54] is apical_dendrite[53] // SISTER of apical_dendrite[68] is apical_dendrite[67] // SISTER of apical_dendrite[111] is apical_dendrite[110] // SISTER of apical_dendrite[115] is apical_dendrite[114] // SISTER of apical_dendrite[118] is apical_dendrite[117] apical_dendrite[2] apical_tip_list_addendum.append() // 1 degree 69.9821 microns from soma apical_dendrite[33] apical_tip_list_addendum.append() // 2 degrees 177.4831 (vertical distance) ...

Dendrites (from Greek δένδρον déndron, tree)(also dendron) are the branched projections of a neuron that act to propagate the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project. Electrical stimulation is transmitted onto dendrites by upstream neurons (usually their axons) via synapses which are located at various points throughout the dendritic tree. Dendrites play a critical role in integrating these synaptic inputs and in determining the extent to which action potentials are produced by the neuron.[1] Long outgrowths on immune system dendritic cells are also called dendrites. These are not to be confused with dendrites on a neuron. Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells in the mammalian immune system.[2] Their dendrites do not process electrical signals. Dendrites are one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being an axon. Axons can ...

A rich literature describes inhibitory innervation of pyramidal neurons in terms of the distinct inhibitory cell types that target the soma, axon initial segment, or dendritic arbor. Less attention has been devoted to how localization of inhibition to specific parts of the pyramidal dendritic arbor influences dendritic signal detection and integration. The effect of inhibitory inputs can vary based on their placement on dendritic spines versus shaft, their distance from the soma, and the branch order of the dendrite they inhabit. Inhibitory synapses are also structurally dynamic, and the implications of these dynamics depend on their dendritic location. Here we consider the heterogeneous roles of inhibitory synapses as defined by their strategic placement on the pyramidal cell dendritic arbor ...

APP and its catabolite, Aβ, play critical roles in the etiology of AD (Selkoe and Schenk, 2003). In addition to neuronal death, numerous changes in dendritic architecture have been observed, including decrease of dendrite length and branching and loss of spines in transgenic mice overexpressing APP and in brains of persons dying of AD (Einstein et al., 1994; Masliah et al., 2001). The dendritic atrophy correlates well with the decrease of neurotrophins, such as BDNF (Hu and Russek, 2008; Zuccato and Cattaneo, 2009). In the present study, we found a regulatory role of LLLT for neuroprotection and dendritic morphogenesis. We demonstrated the ability of LLLT to rescue Aβ-induced dendritic atrophy and neuronal death. In Aβ-treated neurons, LLLT attenuated the decrease of both BDNF mRNA and protein levels and p-CREB, a transcriptional regulator of BDNF. Additionally, dendrite growth was improved after LLLT treatment, characterized by upregulation of PSD-95 expression, Rac1 activity, and the ...

Although hippocampal neurons are well-distinguished by the morphological characteristics of their dendrites and their structural plasticity, the mechanisms involved in regulating their neurite initiation, dendrite growth, network formation and remodeling are still largely unknown, in part because the key molecules involved remain elusive. Identifying new dendrite-active cues could uncover unknown molecular mechanisms that would add significant understanding to the field and possibly lead to the development of novel neuroprotective therapy since these neurons are impaired in many neuropsychiatric disorders. In our previous studies, we deleted the gene coding CRMP3 in mice and identified the protein as a new endogenous signaling molecule that shapes diverse features of the hippocampal pyramidal dendrites without affecting axon morphology. We also found that CRMP3 protects dendrites against dystrophy induced by prion peptide PrP106-126. Here, we report that CRMP3 has a profound influence on neurite ...

This model simulates the effects of dendritic sodium spikes initiated in distal apical dendrites on the voltage and the calcium dynamics revealed by calcium imaging. It shows that dendritic sodium spike promotes large and transient calcium influxes via NMDA receptor and L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, which contribute to the induction of LTP at distal synapses ...

Genetic anomalies on the JNK pathway confer susceptibility to autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia and intellectual disability. The mechanism whereby a gain or loss of function in JNK signaling predisposes to these prevalent dendrite disorders, with associated motor dysfunction, remains unclear. Here we find that JNK1 regulates the dendritic field of L2/3 and L5 pyramidal neurons of the mouse motor cortex (M1), the main excitatory pathway controlling voluntary movement. In Jnk1-/- mice, basal dendrite branching of L5 pyramidal neurons is increased in M1, as is cell soma size, whereas in L2/3, dendritic arborization is decreased. We show that JNK1 phosphorylates rat HMW-MAP2 on T1619, T1622 and T1625 (Uniprot P15146) corresponding to mouse T1617, T1620, T1623, to create a binding motif, that is critical for MAP2 interaction with and stabilization of microtubules, and dendrite growth control. Targeted expression in M1 of GFP-HMW-MAP2 that is pseudo-phosphorylated on T1619, T1622 and T1625 increases

Pruning, referred to as selective removal of unnecessary neurites without cell death, occurs in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The Drosophila dorsal class IV dendritic arborization neuron (ddaC) can serve as an excellent model to study the mechanisms of dendrite pruning. To identify novel molecules orchestrating this developmental degeneration process, I performed an RNAi screen, from which a previously uncharacterized gene named pruning defect 1(prd1) was isolated. It binds to Adaptor Protein (AP)-2 complex and regulates dendrite pruning in a cell-autonomous manner. Consistently, AP-2 complex dependent endocytic degradation pathway is also important for dendrite pruning. Interestingly, Prd1 also complexes with a Kinesin-3 family member Immaculate connections (Imac), which plays a critical role in regulating dendrite pruning as well. With the help of Prd1, Imac transports AP-2 enriched Clathrin Coated Vesicles (CCVs) or endocytic vesicles from plasma membrane to early endosomes along ...

Although the concept of positional information was first applied to embryonic development (Wolpert, 1969), intracellular positional information governs morphogenesis of individual cells as well. For example, positioning the nucleus at the cell center and growth zones at the cell periphery depends on positional information from the microtubule cytoskeleton in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Bähler and Pringle, 1998; Castagnetti et al., 2007; Hagan and Yanagida, 1997). Several lines of evidence support the existence of distinct subcompartments in axons and dendrites, but the forms of intracellular positional information and the coordinate systems that guide the development of these subcompartments have not been extensively characterized. Results from our screen and other studies suggest that at least two types of positional information govern C4da dendrite patterning. First, terminal branch distribution along the proximal-distal axis depends on microtubule-based processes; perturbing microtubule-based ...

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Although inhibitory inputs were also shown to terminate on the somata of SBC, the poorly understood eponymous bushy dendrite of SBC could play a key role in modulation. Anatomical studies of other labs revealed unexplained complexity: additional auditory nerve synapses, inhibitory synapses of various identities and sources and even non-auditory excitatory inputs are all found on the dendrites. Additionally, anatomical indications of electrical coupling of SBC dendrites were found. Physiological knowledge about all these findings is scarce or non-existent. It is therefore one of the main goals of the Künzel-lab to analyze the SBCs dendritic inputs and better understand their role in SBC signal processing. The main feature of SBC now becomes an experimental advantage: their responses are precisely phase-locked and their output eventually has to suffice for the coding interaural phase differences. Thus we possess an experimentally well-defined functional read-out that will likely reveal even ...

Dendrite formation is one of the most pressing issues in current battery research. Lithium based batteries are prone to forming short-circuit causing dendrites, while magnesium based batteries are not. Recently it was proposed that the tendency towards dendrite growth is related to the height of the self-dif 2018 Energy and Environmental Science HOT Articles

Antibodies and reagents. Mouse anti-MAP2 (AP20; specific for high-molecular-weight MAP2) and mouse anti-β-tubulin (KMX-1) were obtained from Leinco Technologies (St. Louis, MO). Mouse anti-JNK1 (G151-333) was obtained from PharMingen (San Diego, CA), and mouse anti-striatin was obtained from Transduction Laboratories (Lexington, KY). Rabbit anti-P-JNK, mouse anti-P-ERK, and mouse anti-ERK1/2 were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA), and anti-phosphorylated threonine flanked by proline (phospho-TP) was a gift from M. Melnick (Cell Signaling Technology). Mouse anti-actin was a gift from B. Jockusch (Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany). Polyclonal anti-stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and anti-dephospho-MAP2 (972) were gifts from J. Kyriakis (Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA) and J. Avila (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain). Purified bovine high-molecular weight (HMW)-MAP2 was obtained from Cytoskeleton (Denver, ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Layer-specific high-frequency action potential spiking in the prefrontal cortex of awake rats. AU - Boudewijns, Z.S.R.M.. AU - Groen, M.R.. AU - Lodder, B.N.. AU - McMaster, M.T.. AU - Kaleogrades, L.. AU - de Haan, R.. AU - Narayanan, R.T.. AU - Meredith, R.M.. AU - Mansvelder, H.D.. AU - de Kock, C.P.J.. PY - 2013. Y1 - 2013. N2 - Cortical pyramidal neurons show irregular in vivo action potential (AP) spiking with high frequency bursts occurring on sparse background activity. Somatic APs can backpropagate from soma into basal and apical dendrites and locally generate dendritic calcium spikes. The critical AP frequency for generation of such dendritic calcium spikes can be very different depending on cell-type or brain area involved. Previously, it was shown in vitro that calcium electrogenesis can also be induced in L(ayer) 5 pyramidal neurons of prefrontal cortex (PFC). It remains an open question whether somatic burst spiking and the resulting dendritic calcium electrogenesis ...

Protein synthesis in neuronal dendrites underlies long-term memory formation in the brain. Local translation of reporter mRNAs has demonstrated translation in dendrites at focal points called translational hotspots. Various reports have shown that hundreds to thousands of mRNAs are localized to dendrites, yet the dynamics of translation of multiple dendritic mRNAs has remained elusive. Here, we show that the protein translational activities of two dendritically localized mRNAs are spatiotemporally complex but constrained by the translational hotspots in which they are colocalized. Cotransfection of glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2) and GluR4 mRNAs (engineered to encode different fluorescent proteins) into rat hippocampal neurons demonstrates a heterogeneous distribution of translational hotspots for the two mRNAs along dendrites. Stimulation with s-3,5-dihydroxy-phenylglycine modifies the translational dynamics of both of these RNAs in a complex saturable manner. These results suggest that the ...

Huang W., She L., Chang X.Y., Yang R.R., Wang L., Ji H.B., Jiao J.W., Poo M.M.. Adult-born granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the rodent hippocampus are important for memory formation and mood regulation, but the cellular mechanism underlying their polarized development, a process critical for their incorporation into functional circuits, remains unknown. We found that deletion of the serine-threonine protein kinase LKB1 or overexpression of dominant-negative LKB1 reduced the polarized initiation of the primary dendrite from the soma and disrupted its oriented growth toward the molecular layer. This abnormality correlated with the dispersion of Golgi apparatus that normally accumulated at the base and within the initial segment of the primary dendrite, and was mimicked by disrupting Golgi organization via altering the expression of Golgi structural proteins GM130 or GRASP65. Thus, besides its known function in axon formation in embryonic pyramidal neurons, LKB1 plays an additional role in ...

We study the influences of thin and general diameter passive dendrites on the dynamics of single neuronal oscillators. For sufficiently thin dendrites and general somatic dynamics, we elucidate the mechanisms by which dendrites modulate the firing frequency of neurons. We find that the average value of the somatic oscillators phase response curve indicates whether or not the dendrite will cause an increase or decrease in firing frequency. For general diameter dendrites and idealized somatic dynamics, we find that the neuron displays bistable behavior between periodic firing and quiescence. In this case, the dendritic properties cause the cell to behave like a neuronal switch. Furthermore, we identify the mechanism that causes this bistability to occur. This mechanism was previously only described in models that contain active dendritic conductances ...

What about later events in the development of dendrites such as the formation of synapses? Initial studies showed that the Drosophila latheo gene, which encodes the fly Orc3, is required for proper development and transmission at neuromuscular synapses (Pinto et al., 1999; Rohrbough et al., 1999), suggesting a role in synapse development. In the current study, Reichardt and colleagues found that RNAi-mediated knockdown of either Orc3 or Orc5 results in a profound loss of dendritic spines on mammalian hippocampal neurons. This loss of spines was not accompanied by a change in spine morphology or a failure to accumulate the postsynaptic density protein PSD-95, suggesting that ORC loss of function perturbs an early step of spine formation without affecting maturation. Such selectivity is unlike many actin-regulatory and postsynaptic density proteins, which typically influence both spine initiation and maturation (Terry-Lorenzo et al., 2005). Consistent with a role for the ORC in spine initiation, ...

We report the electrodeposition of novel zinc dendrites composed of self-assembled regular hexagonal zinc nanodisks shelled with ZnO layers. The Zn nanodisks range in diameter from about 100 nm to several hundreds of nanometers and are about 20-40 nm thick. The thickness of ZnO layer is about 3-4 nm. In the as-prepared condition, the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the dendrites are composed of a violet emission band at about 415 nm and a green emission band at about 550 nm at room temperature. The violet and green emissions are attributed to the radiative recombination of a delocalized electron close to the conduction band with a deeply trapped hole in the V Zn - and V O + centers, respectively. The PL of the dendrites can be tuned by heat treatment. With an increase in the heating temperature, the intensity of the green emission increases, while the intensity of the violet emission decreases ...

All the measurements on the brain sections were performed at the approximate level of bregma −2.18. For analysis of apical dendritic length of CA1 pyramidal neurons, the total area of EGFP labeled apical dendrites from the exit point of pyramidal cell layer to the distal end of apical dendrites were measured and normalized to the total area from the exit point of pyramidal cell layer to the pia surface (the boundary between CA1 and dentate gyrus). One normalized value of apical dendrite length was obtained from one brain and a total of 3-4 brains were measured for each group. For analysis of spine morphology, a total of about 2 mm dendrites from 3 brains for each group were examined. Spine density was calculated as the average number on a 20 µm length scale. For analysis of spine size, 100 largest spines from each section (one section from one brain) were identified and their head sizes were measured. 300 values of each group were pooled together for comparison between groups. For analysis of ...

The formation of dendritic arbors is necessary for the proper establishment of neuronal circuits. The Drosophila transcription factor Spineless has been shown to play an important role in the control of dendritic morphogenesis, although the pathways through which it functions are not completely understood. Here, we show genetic evidence that Spineless interacts with the actin/microtubule cross linking protein Shortstop to control the dendrite arbor development of the dendritic arborization (da) sensory neurons. In addition, we have discovered a novel function for spineless as we show that spineless mutant larvae exhibit an increased sensitivity to specific odorants in the absence of morphological defects of the chemosensory organs. These data show that spineless acts in multiple cell-specific contexts to control the diversification of sensory neuron morphology and function.

Scanning electron micrograph of dendrite. From the Greek dendron or tree, dendrites are bush like projections sprouting from a nerves center, or cell body. Dendrites bring information from outside sources such as other neurons or sensory cells to the neurons cell body. As the dendrites transmit information towards the cell body, a longer projection called the axon will carry information away from the cell body to other neurons. - Stock Image C001/5259

Precise pattering of dendrites as well as axons is essential for correct wiring and function of neural circuits. In addition, dendrites from certain mature neurons change their shape in response to changes in the environment. We combine fly/mice genetics, imaging, and biochemical approaches to investigate the interplay between genetic and epigenetic control of dendrite morphogenesis in vivo, and deduce the functional importance of these regulatory systems in disease etiology. In particular, we focus our researches on the genetic and molecular regulation of dendrite pattering and plasticity in the Drosophila sensory circuits. In this talk, I first present how intrinsic and extrinsic cues instruct Drosophila sensory neurons to establish their unique dendritic fields on the body wall. In the latter part, I present two novel mechanisms, dendrite pruning and reshaping, that critically regulate dendrite plasticity in metamorphosis.. ...

Precise pattering of dendrites as well as axons is essential for correct wiring and function of neural circuits. In addition, dendrites from certain mature neurons change their shape in response to changes in the environment. We combine fly/mice genetics, imaging, and biochemical approaches to investigate the interplay between genetic and epigenetic control of dendrite morphogenesis in vivo, and deduce the functional importance of these regulatory systems in disease etiology. In particular, we focus our researches on the genetic and molecular regulation of dendrite pattering and plasticity in the Drosophila sensory circuits. In this talk, I first present how intrinsic and extrinsic cues instruct Drosophila sensory neurons to establish their unique dendritic fields on the body wall. In the latter part, I present two novel mechanisms, dendrite pruning and reshaping, that critically regulate dendrite plasticity in metamorphosis.. ...

Many central nervous system (CNS) neurons have extensively pocampal pyramidal neurons, markedly reducing AP firing arborized dendrites on which they receive the majority of their when initiated from dendritic depolarization, but minimally synaptic contacts. Recent advances in electrophysiological tech- affecting APs initiated from somatic depolarization. This effect niques have shown that the apical dendrites of hippocampal on dendritic excitability was not due to action on Na+ chan- and neocortical pyramidal neurons have markedly different nels, but rather to an increase in Ih, a voltage-gated current electrical properties from those of their corresponding soma- present in high density in the dendrites. These results show ta, and these differing properties are due to non-uniform dis- that a drug can affect excitability and AP firing regionally with- tributions and kinetics of voltage-gated channels. For example, in a neuron, and provide evidence that Ih is centrally involved in hippocampal ...

Intracellular mRNA transport and local translation play a key role in neuronal physiology. Translationally repressed mRNAs are transported as a part of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles to distant dendritic sites, but the properties of different RNP particles and mechanisms of their repression and transport remain largely unknown. Here, we describe a new class of RNP-particles, the dendritic P-body-like structures (dlPbodies), which are present in the soma and dendrites of mammalian neurons and have both similarities and differences to P-bodies of non-neuronal cells. These structures stain positively for a number of P-body and microRNP components, a microRNA-repressed mRNA and some translational repressors. They appear more heterogeneous than P-bodies of HeLa cells, and they rarely contain the exonuclease Xrn1 but are positive for rRNA. These particles show motorized movements along dendrites and relocalize to distant sites in response to synaptic activation. Furthermore, Dcp1a is stably ...

unc-104bris larvae are characterized by impairments in the reliable apposition of AZs and PSDs as quantified by staining for Brp (Wagh et al. 2006) and glutamate receptors. Brp clusters calcium channels at AZs and stabilizes T-bars, which are electron-dense presynaptic structures that have been shown to facilitate synaptic release (Kittel et al. 2006). In wild-type larvae, primarily very young (,3 h), immature synapses are Brp negative (Rasse et al. 2005). Because Brp-negative synapses have a low vesicle release probability, the accumulation of Brp at nascent AZs is an important step during synapse maturation (Rasse et al. 2005; Kittel et al. 2006; Schmid et al. 2008). The high percentage of Brp-negative synapses in the unc-104bris mutant suggests that synapse maturation is impaired either by rate-limiting axonal transport of Brp, defective delivery of Brp to AZs, or the inability to stabilize synaptic Brp. Restoration of Brp abundance at NMJs in unc-104bris larvae ameliorates but does not ...

Kv4.2 is abundant in the dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus.[293]. Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 are expressed in membranes of somata, dendrites, and spines of pyramidal cells and GABAergic neurons. [319]. KChIP2 co-localizes with Kv4.2 in the dendrites of granule cells in the dentate gyrus (Fig. 3d-f), in the apical and basal dendrites of hippocampal and neocortical pyramidal cells, and in several subcortical structures including the striatum and thalamus [1195]. Immunocytochemical studies have shown that the subcellular distribution of neuronal rat Kv4.2 channels is restricted to the somatodendritic area, and the high abundance of Kv4.2 in the soma and dendrites led to the hypothesis that these channels may have an important influence on postsynaptic neuronal signal transduction [1686]. Immunohistochemical analysis shows that Kv4.2 has a somatodendritic distribution, and in adult hippocampus, Kv4.2 is expressed on distal dendrites and neuropils of CA1-3 neurons. The somatodendritic ...

Each neuron has a hair-like structure surrounding it - these are the dendrites. Dendrites are some tens of microns in length. The branch out into a tree-like form around the cell body. The dendrites are like electrical cables which serve to conduct incoming signals to the cell. The axon or nerve fiber is the outgoing connection for signals emitted by the neuron. It differs from the dendrites in its shape and by the properties of its external membrane. It is usually much longer than the dendrites, varying from a millimeter (one thousandth of a meter) to one meter. At its end it branches into smaller structures which communicate with other neurons. The branching of the dendrites, in contrast, takes place much closer to the cell body. Neurons are connected together at these extremities in a complex spatial arrangement. Typically a given neuron is connected to about ten thousand other neurons. The specific point of contact between the axon of one cell and a dendrite of another is called a synapse. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - RNA trafficking and local protein synthesis in dendrites. T2 - an overview.. AU - Martin, Kelsey C.. AU - Zukin, R. Suzanne. PY - 2006/7/5. Y1 - 2006/7/5. N2 - It is now widely accepted that mRNAs localize to dendrites and that translation of these mRNAs is regulated in response to neuronal activity. Recent studies have begun to reveal the underpinnings of these processes and to underscore the importance of local protein synthesis to synaptic remodeling and plasticity. When Steward and Levy (1982) first reported their observation of polyribosomes at the base of spines, the prevailing view was that all proteins were synthesized in the cell body and then transported to distal compartments of neurons. Steward and Levys discovery, however, raised the intriguing possibility that mRNAs could be transported to synapses and locally translated in response to synaptic stimulation. This provided an elegant mechanism for spatially restricting gene expression within the neuron, such that ...

The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4) is essential in muscle fibers for the establishment of the neuromuscular junction. Here, we show that LRP4 is also expressed by embryonic cortical and hippocampal neurons, and that downregulation of LRP4 in these neurons causes a reduction in density of synapses and number of primary dendrites. Accordingly, overexpression of LRP4 in cultured neurons had the opposite effect inducing more but shorter primary dendrites with an increased number of spines. Transsynaptic tracing mediated by rabies virus revealed a reduced number of neurons presynaptic to the cortical neurons in which LRP4 was knocked down. Moreover, neuron-specific knockdown of LRP4 by in utero electroporation of LRP4 miRNA in vivo also resulted in neurons with fewer primary dendrites and a lower density of spines in the developing cortex and hippocampus. Collectively, our results demonstrate an essential and novel role of neuronal LRP4 in dendritic development and ...

Down regulation of GGTβ decreases dendrite growth and branching of PCs. A) HEK293 cells were co-transfected with Myc-GGTα and HA-GGTβ, together with pSUPER-G

July 14th, 2017 , by April Gocha. New research from MIT shows that firmness isnt the most important parameter for developing a solid electrolyte that is effective against dendrite formation-instead, a defect-free surface, which doesnt provide a place for dendrites to form, is key to a better battery. ...

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Researchers have proposed that a malfunction during brain development when neurons are growing and forming connections with other nerve cells is an underlying cause of autism. In particular, there appears to be impairments in the growth of dendrites-branch-like protrusions the neurons use to form connections with other nerve cells.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Development of dendrite polarity in Drosophila neurons. AU - Hill, Sarah E.. AU - Parmar, Manpreet. AU - Gheres, Kyle W.. AU - Guignet, Michelle A.. AU - Huang, Yanmei. AU - Jackson, F. R.. AU - Rolls, Melissa M.. PY - 2012/10/30. Y1 - 2012/10/30. N2 - Background: Drosophila neurons have dendrites that contain minus-end-out microtubules. This microtubule arrangement is different from that of cultured mammalian neurons, which have mixed polarity microtubules in dendrites.Results: To determine whether Drosophila and mammalian dendrites have a common microtubule organization during development, we analyzed microtubule polarity in Drosophila dendritic arborization neuron dendrites at different stages of outgrowth from the cell body in vivo. As dendrites initially extended, they contained mixed polarity microtubules, like mammalian neurons developing in culture. Over a period of several days this mixed microtubule array gradually matured to a minus-end-out array. To determine whether ...

Activity of protein kinase C (PKC), and in particular the PKCgamma-isoform, has been shown to strongly affect and regulate Purkinje cell dendritic development, suggesting an important role for PKC in activity-dependent Purkinje cell maturation. In this study we have analyzed the role of two additional Ca(2+)-dependent PKC isoforms, PKCalpha and -beta, in Purkinje cell survival and dendritic morphology in slice cultures using mice deficient in the respective enzymes. Pharmacological PKC activation strongly reduced basal Purkinje cell dendritic growth in wild-type mice whereas PKC inhibition promoted branching. Purkinje cells from mice deficient in PKCbeta, which is expressed in two splice forms by granule but not Purkinje cells, did not yield measurable morphological differences compared to respective wild-type cells under either experimental condition. In contrast, Purkinje cell dendrites in cultures from PKCalpha-deficient mice were clearly protected from the negative effects on dendritic ...

TPLSM allowed high-resolution imaging of three-dimensional neuronal structure deep within brain slices (50 to 200 μm). For time-lapse observations, the tissue was placed into a perfusion chamber and superfused continuously (2 ml/min) with ACSF: 119 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 4 mM CaCl2, 4 mM MgCl2, 26.2 mM NaHCO3, 1 mM NaH2PO4, 11 mM glucose, and 100 μM picrotoxin; then gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 at 32° to 33°C. Data acquired at room temperature were indistinguishable but were not used in the analysis. Imaging was performed with a custom-built TPLSM microscope (17). The light source was a Ti:Sapphire laser (Mira, Coherent) running at a wavelength of 900 to 910 nm (repetition frequency, 76 MHz; pulse length, 100 fs). The average power delivered to the backfocal plane of the objective (63×, NA 0.9, Zeiss) varied depending on the imaging depth (range, 30 to 200 mW). Fluorescence was detected in whole-field detection mode with a photomultiplier tube (Hamamatsu, R3896). The transillumination light ...

TPLSM allowed high-resolution imaging of three-dimensional neuronal structure deep within brain slices (50 to 200 μm). For time-lapse observations, the tissue was placed into a perfusion chamber and superfused continuously (2 ml/min) with ACSF: 119 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 4 mM CaCl2, 4 mM MgCl2, 26.2 mM NaHCO3, 1 mM NaH2PO4, 11 mM glucose, and 100 μM picrotoxin; then gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 at 32° to 33°C. Data acquired at room temperature were indistinguishable but were not used in the analysis. Imaging was performed with a custom-built TPLSM microscope (17). The light source was a Ti:Sapphire laser (Mira, Coherent) running at a wavelength of 900 to 910 nm (repetition frequency, 76 MHz; pulse length, 100 fs). The average power delivered to the backfocal plane of the objective (63×, NA 0.9, Zeiss) varied depending on the imaging depth (range, 30 to 200 mW). Fluorescence was detected in whole-field detection mode with a photomultiplier tube (Hamamatsu, R3896). The transillumination light ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Activation of interneurons at the stratum oriens/alveus border suppresses excitatory transmission to apical dendrites in the CA1 area of the mouse hippocampus. AU - Yanovsky, Y.. AU - Sergeeva, O. A.. AU - Freund, T.. AU - Haas, H. L.. PY - 1997/1/6. Y1 - 1997/1/6. N2 - The consequences of activation or inactivation of interneurons at the CA1 stratum oriens/alveus border for signal transmission at the apical dendritic region of pyramidal cells were investigated in slices from mice submerged in a perfusion chamber. A characteristic subpopulation of interneurons with a horizontal dendritic tree in this region, which sends a GABAergic projection to the apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells is strongly excited by metabotropic glutamate receptor activation and receives GABAergic input from vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing interneurons. Pressure ejection of glutamate or the metabotropic agonist 1s,3r-aminocyclopentane dicarboxylic acid from micropipettes onto the stratum ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Dendritic spine morphogenesis and plasticity. AU - Lippman, Jocelyn. AU - Dunaevsky, Anna. PY - 2005/7. Y1 - 2005/7. N2 - Dendritic spines are small protrusions off the dendrite that receive excitatory synaptic input. Spines vary in size, likely correlating with the strength of the synapses they form. In the developing brain, spines show highly dynamic behavior thought to facilitate the formation of new synaptic contacts. Recent studies have illuminated the numerous molecules regulating spine development, many of which converge on the regulation of actin filaments. In addition, interactions with glial cells are emerging as important regulators of spine morphology. In many cases, spine morphogenesis, plasticity, and maintenance also depend on synaptic activity, as shown by recent studies demonstrating changes in spine dynamics and maintenance with altered sensory experience.. AB - Dendritic spines are small protrusions off the dendrite that receive excitatory synaptic input. ...

Objective: Motor neurons (MNs) die in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a clinically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease of unknown aetiology. In human or rodent studies, MN loss is preceded by increased excitability. As increased neuronal excitability correlates with structural changes in dendritic arbors and spines, we have examined longitudinal changes in dendritic structure in vulnerable neuron populations in a mouse model of familial ALS. Methods: We used a modified Golgi-Cox staining method to determine the progressive changes in dendritic structure of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, striatal medium spiny neurons, and resistant (trochlear, IV) or susceptible (hypoglossal, XII; lumbar) MNs from brainstem and spinal cord of mice over-expressing the human SOD1G93A (SOD1) mutation, in comparison to wild-type (WT) mice, at 4 postnatal (P) ages of 8-15, 28-35, 65-75 and 120 days. Results: In SOD1 mice, dendritic changes occur at pre-symptomatic ages in both XII and spinal cord lumbar MNs.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Basal forebrain neurons undergo somatal and dendritic remodeling during postnatal development. T2 - a single-section Golgi and choline acetyltransferase analysis. AU - Gould, Elizabeth. AU - Farris, Todd W.. AU - Butcher, Larry L.. N1 - Funding Information: This research was supported by USPHS Grant NS-10928 to L.L.B.. PY - 1989/4/1. Y1 - 1989/4/1. N2 - In an attempt to determine whether or not morphologic changes occur in the cholinergic basal forebrain during postnatal development, Golgi-impregnated and choline acetyltransferase-positive cells were examined in adult and postnatal day (P) 10, 14, 18, and 27 rats. Light microscopic analyses revealed progressive increases in cross-sectional cell body area, number of primary dendrites, number of dendritic branch points, and length of the longest dendrite that peaked at P18 and thereafter decreased to smaller adult values with the exception of dendritic length which monotonically increased until adulthood. These findings suggest ...

Looking for Dionysos Dendrites? Find out information about Dionysos Dendrites. in Greek religion and mythology, god of fertility and wine. Legends concerning him are profuse and contradictory. However, he was one of the most important... Explanation of Dionysos Dendrites

Rechargeable aprotic alkali metal (Li or Na)-O2 batteries are the subject of great interest because of their high theoretical specific energy. However, the growth of dendrites and cracks at the Li or Na anode, as well as their corrosive oxidation lead to poor cycling stability and safety issues. Understanding the mechanism and improving Li/Na-ion plating and stripping electrochemistry are therefore essential to realizing their technological potential. Here, we report how the use of a Li-Na alloy anode and an electrolyte additive realizes an aprotic bimetal Li-Na alloy-O2 battery with improved cycling stability. Electrochemical investigations show that stripping and plating of Li and Na and the robust and flexible passivation film formed in situ (by 1,3-dioxolane additive reacting with the Li-Na alloy) suppress dendrite and buffer alloy anode volume expansion and thus prevent cracking, avoiding electrolyte consumption and ensuring high electron transport efficiency and continued electrochemical reactions

Fast-spiking, parvalbumin-expressing basket cells (BCs) play a key role in feedforward and feedback inhibition in the hippocampus. However, the dendritic mechanisms underlying rapid interneuron recruitment have remained unclear. To quantitatively address this question, we developed detailed passive cable models of BCs in the dentate gyrus based on dual somatic or somatodendritic recordings and complete morphologic reconstructions. Both specific membrane capacitance and axial resistivity were comparable to those of pyramidal neurons, but the average somatodendritic specific membrane resistance (R(m)) was substantially lower in BCs. Furthermore, R(m) was markedly nonuniform, being lowest in soma and proximal dendrites, intermediate in distal dendrites, and highest in the axon. Thus, the somatodendritic gradient of R(m) was the reverse of that in pyramidal neurons. Further computational analysis revealed that these unique cable properties accelerate the time course of synaptic potentials at the ...

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Circuit Mechanisms of a Retinal Ganglion Cell with Stimulus-Dependent Response Latency and Activation Beyond Its Dendrites. AU - Mani, Adam. AU - Schwartz, Gregory William. PY - 2017/2/20. Y1 - 2017/2/20. N2 - Center-surround antagonism has been used as the canonical model to describe receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) for decades. We describe a newly identified RGC type in the mouse, called the ON delayed (OND) RGC, with receptive field properties that deviate from center-surround organization. Responding with an unusually long latency to light stimulation, OND RGCs respond earlier as the visual stimulus increases in size. Furthermore, OND RGCs are excited by light falling far beyond their dendrites. We unravel details of the circuit mechanisms behind these phenomena, revealing new roles for inhibition in controlling both temporal and spatial receptive field properties. The non-canonical receptive field properties of the OND RGC-integration of long temporal and ...

Neurons are all about specialized structures having specialized roles. Youve given a good justification for dendrites---an efficient way to fit lots of connections in a small space. A pyramidal neuron in cortex, for instance, will have tens of thousands of synapses. If you only had axosomatic connections, the soma would have to be enormous to fit all of them (and this would cause lots of other issues).. Dendritic structure also allows the cell more efficient electrical properties (see cable theory) and to process inputs independently. In fact, different parts of the dendrite are now thought of as independent computational compartments. For instance, the cell might want to selectively strengthen a single synapse or all the synapses on one dendritic branch. By physically isolating those synapses in small dendritic structures, it is easier to make those targeted changes without unwanted crosstalk on other synapses or cell activities. Whats more, incoming connections from different areas often ...

1st Paragraph: Many studies have shown that Pd-based nanocrystals (NCs) with multifarious nanoarchitectures from zero to three dimensions represent comparable or even higher catalytic activity for liquid fuel oxidation or oxygen reduction reaction and greater resistance to CO poisoning than that of Pt [1, 2]. Among them, hollow NCs (HNCs) have sparked tremendous research attention for their cost-saving feature [3]. Owing to its high utilization of noble metal, high surface-to-volume ratio, void interior and high porosity, Pd-based NCs with hollow features present great potential as efficient catalysts in fuel cell technologies [4]. Besides, a series of previous work has demonstrated that the rough dendritic architecture highly favour desirable high mass-activity of noble metal NCs [5]. It would be greatly advantageous to prepare dendritic NCs with hollow interior because of the expected utilization of noble metals and the high surface area-driven activity. For instance, Yusuke Yusuke Yamauchis ...

Dendritic spines, small actin-rich protrusions from dendritic shafts, are the primary locus of excitatory synapses on neurons. Changes in dendritic spine morphology play a key role in memory formation and learning (Kasai et al., 2003). The loss or malformation of spines is also linked to many neurological diseases, which indicates the importance of proper regulation of spine morphology (Calabrese et al., 2006). Spines come in a wide range of sizes and shapes, even within the same brain region and the same dendrite. Individual spines also change shape continuously. Developmental shape changes follow a progressive replacement of the thin, elongated, and highly motile filopodia-like structures by more stable dendritic spines, which reach morphological maturity with a distinct neck and head (Oray et al., 2006).. The actin cytoskeleton is central to numerous cellular processes involving membrane dynamics such as motility, morphogenesis, and endocytosis. During these processes, the barbed ends of ...

Developing chick NL neurons express both HVA and LVA-type Ca2+ channels in their dendrites. These currents were larger than those recorded from the avian cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (Koyano et al. 1996; Sivaramakrishnan and Laurent 1995), mammalian ventral cochlear nucleus (octopus cells: Bal and Oertel 2007), or neurons enzymatically isolated from the mammalian dorsal cochlear nucleus (Molitor and Manis 1999). Both current types could be activated rapidly by spikes. Given that these signals arose within milliseconds of the stimulus (and thus are not likely to arise from Ca2+ diffusion from distant sources) and were larger in more distal dendrites than proximal ones, it is likely that HVA and LVA channels are distributed even on the most distal processes of NL.. Because NL dendrites are relatively small, it is difficult to determine directly the amplitude of the voltage transient that activated Ca2+ channels. Recent studies indicate that spikes in NL of hatchling chicks are initiated in the ...

EH}} ==Overview== A pseudounipolar neuron (pseudo - false, uni - one) is a [[sensory neuron,sensory]] [[neuron]] in the [[peripheral nervous system]]. This neuron contains a long [[dendrite]] and a short [[axon]] that connects to the [[spinal cord]]. The dendrite and axon are sometimes called distal process and proximal process, respectively.,ref>http://neuro.vetmed.ufl.edu/neuro/neurocl.htm,/ref> ==The dendrite of a pseudounipolar neuron== By definition a pseudounipolar neuron has one dendrite and one axon. Just as for every neuron, the dendrite conducts [[nerve impulses]] toward the [[cell body]], and the axon conducts them away from the cell body. However, the dendrite of a pseudounipolar neuron is structurally and functionally an axon, except at its terminal part where it contacts a specialized [[sensory organ]].,ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mcb.figgrp.6110,/ref> When the sensory organ transduces information, it initiates an [[action potential]] ...

ICAM-5 was first described as a telencephalon-specific molecule (telencephalin) with high homology to the previously described ICAM-molecules (Gahmberg, 1997; Yoshihara and Mori, 1994). In the immune system, the receptor of ICAM-5 is the β2 integrin LFA-1 expressed on peripheral blood leukocytes and microglia (Tian et al., 1997; Mizuno et al., 1999; Tian et al., 2000a; Zhang et al., 2008; Ransohoff and Cardona, 2010). In the CNS, the roles of ICAM-5 in stimulating dendrite outgrowth, delaying spine maturation and increasing LTP have been extensively studied (Tian et al., 2000b; Nyman-Huttunen et al., 2006; Matsuno et al., 2006; Nakamura et al., 2001). Upon stimulation of NMDA receptors and MMP activation, ICAM-5 ectodomain cleavage is promoted, which induces spine maturation (Tian et al., 2007). Furthermore, the addictive drug methamphetamine stimulates ICAM-5 cleavage, and this cleavage was blocked with MMP inhibitors (Conant et al., 2010). These findings highlight important roles of ICAM-5 in ...

In a note to Science (Rall, 1957), it was pointed out that the rapid voltage transient recorded in response to an applied current step from a single cat spinal motoneuron, by means of the recently introduced glass micro-electrode, was being misinterpreted, because the cable properties of the dendrites had been neglected. By assuming this transient to be a single exponential, Eccles and others implicitly assumed that they were recording from a soma without dendrites. If , on the other hand, one assumes the dendrites to be dominant, one expects a significantly different transient function, that is much closer to those known to cable theory for non-myelinated axons. The actual problem is a soma with significant dendrites. Rall prepared a detailed analysis of this intermediate problem, and submitted it to the Journal of General Physiology, in 1958. A negative referee persuaded the editors to reject this MS. The fact that Eccles was this referee was obvious from the many marginal notes found on the ...

Scientists have used cryo-electron microscopy to capture the first atomic-level images of the crystalline dendrites that can grow in batteries.

But I dont understand why youd want to do this anyway. The whole point of having a dendrite is to introduce membrane that is not isopotential with the spike trigger zone. It has been a decade at least since it was demonstrated that somatic spikes do not suck all synaptic charge out of the dendrites of real cells or reset membrane potential to ek or resting level (sorry, I dont recall the authors but I think that was published in Science). And years before that it was known that backpropagating spikes spread decrementally into dendrites, often dying out over relatively short distances. So why reset the whole dendrite after a somatic spike ...

There have been few quantitative characterizations of the morphological, biophysical, and cable properties of neurons in the human neocortex. We employed feature-based statistical methods on a rare data set of 60 3D reconstructed pyramidal neurons from L2 and L3 in the human temporal cortex (HL2/L3 PCs) removed after brain surgery. Of these cells, 25 neurons were also characterized physiologically. Thirty-two morphological features were analyzed (e.g., dendritic surface area, 36 333 +/- 18 157 mu m(2); number of basal trees, 5.55 +/- 1.47; dendritic diameter, 0.76 +/- 0.28 mu m). Eighteen features showed a significant gradual increase with depth from the pia (e.g., dendritic length and soma radius). The other features showed weak or no correlation with depth (e.g., dendritic diameter). The basal dendritic terminals in HL2/L3 PCs are particularly elongated, enabling multiple nonlinear processing units in these dendrites. Unlike the morphological features, the active biophysical features (e.g., spike

The function of Ric-3, which is required for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expression in C. elegans, is unclear. Here we found that Ric-3 can promote or inhibit cell-surface delivery of alpha-bungarotoxin-binding nAChRs (BgtRs) composed of alpha7 subunits. At low levels, Ric-3 promoted BgtR assembly, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) release, and cell-surface delivery without trafficking from the ER. At high Ric-3 levels, Ric-3 suppressed BgtR surface delivery, but not its assembly, and BgtRs were retained in the ER or in Ric-3-containing aggregates. In PC12 cells, native BgtRs trafficked to the cell surface from the ER where low levels of endogenous Ric-3 were observed. In cultured neurons, native Ric-3 levels were higher than in PC12 cells, and Ric-3 and alpha7 subunits were found in somata and dendrites, but not axons, of inhibitory interneurons. Ric-3 trafficked with alpha7 subunits in rapidly moving vesicles to dendrites, where it was restricted to the ER subcompartment. We conclude ...

the sphingolipid mutations look like IQ boosters. The key datum is the effect of increased levels of the storage compounds. Glucosylceramide, the Gaucher storage compound, promotes axonal growth and branching (Schwartz et al., 1995). In vitro, decreased glucosylceramide results in stunted neurones with short axons while an increase over normal levels (caused by chemically inhibiting glucocerebrosidase) increases axon length and branching. There is a similar effect in Tay-Sachs (Walkley et al., 2000; Walkley, 2003): decreased levels of GM2 ganglioside inhibit dendrite growth, while an increase over normal levels causes a marked increase in dendritogenesis. This increased dendritogenesis also occurs in Niemann-Pick type A cells, and in animal models of Tay-Sachs and Niemann-Pick. (Cochran et al., 2006 ...

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A large number of predictions from passive electrotonic analyses [38-40] have revealed general principles of dendritic computation that were consequently also shown to be true in experiments [41, 42] or complex active computational models [43-45]. Using simplified branched morphological models and the resulting derived compartmental models, we showed that dendritic retraction in passive dendrites leads to a selective boost of bAPs specifically in the retracted dendritic region. This is in line with a previous study that proposed the number of branch points as a predictor of bAP efficacy [18] since reducing the number of dendritic branches decreases the number of branch points [46]. Because of its general applicability, we would like to claim that the principle that we describe in this manuscript will apply under a wide variety of biologically relevant settings in adult animals.. First, we have tested this in the case of the dentate gyrus granule cell. Retracting distal dendrites as a consequence ...

Dendritic spines are major sites of excitatory synapses in the brain and display rapid motility, which is believed to be important for synapse formation and plasticity. Spine morphology was previously shown to be regulated by the Rho GTPases Rac1 and RhoA. Here, we analyzed the roles of Rac1 and a d …