Probable ATP Dependent RNA Helicase DDX58 (DEAD Box Protein 58 or RIG I Like Receptor 1 or Retinoic Acid Inducible Gene 1 Protein or DDX58 or EC 3.6.4.13) - Pipeline

Looking for online definition of Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 6 in the Medical Dictionary? Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 6 explanation free. What is Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 6? Meaning of Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 6 medical term. What does Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 6 mean?

DExD/H-box proteins are a diverse class of proteins that are implicated in RNA and RNP remodeling. They have sequence homology to DNA helicases and share conserved ATPase domains, suggesting that they use the energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis to mediate conformational rearrangements in RNAs. In the past, the action of DExD/H-box proteins has been characterized primarily on simple model substrates such as small RNA duplexes. It is not known how DExD/H-box proteins manipulate structured RNA, what determines target specificity and what molecular events follow their action. Here, using the well-characterized Tetrahymena group I intron ribozyme, I performed kinetic and thermodynamic studies to understand the mechanism of CYT-19 and related DExD/Hbox proteins. CYT-19 has been shown previously to facilitate the folding of several group I and group II introns. I demonstrated that CYT-19 acts as a chaperone, accelerating the re-folding of a long-lived misfolded species of the Tetrahymena group I ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - The nuclear DEAD box RNA helicase p68 interacts with the nucleolar protein fibrillarin and colocalizes specifically in nascent nucleoli during telophase. AU - Nicol, Samantha M.. AU - Causevic, Mirsada. AU - Prescott, Alan R.. AU - Fuller-Pace, Frances V.. PY - 2000/6/15. Y1 - 2000/6/15. N2 - The DEAD box protein, p68, is an established RNA-dependent ATPase and RNA helicase in vitro, but neither the physiological function of this protein nor the macromolecules with which it interacts are known. Using a yeast two- hybrid screen, we identified the nucleolar protein, fibrillarin, as a protein that interacts with p68. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that p68 and fibrillarin can form complexes in cellular extracts, and deletion analysis identified regions in each protein responsible for mediating the interaction. Immunofluorescence studies using confocal microscopy revealed that, in interphase cells, while fibrillarin is predominantly nucleolar, p68 shows a diffuse ...

We have previously demonstrated that the DEAD-box RNA helicase p68 is an important regulator of gene expression [1, 2], whilst other groups have shown that p68 interacts with and coactivates estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) [3, 4]. The main focus of our project is to investigate the molecular mechanism of ERα coactivation by p68 and to examine the potential consequences for breast cancer development.. We have established that the interaction of p68 and ERα requires the DNA binding domain of ERα and the C terminus of p68. Importantly, this region of p68 lies outside the conserved helicase core and was previously shown by us to be essential for transcriptional regulation by p68. Additionally, coactivation of ERα by p68 requires the ligand binding/AF2 region of ERα and is consistent with the model that p68 is recruited to ERα-responsive promoters in response to estrogen [4]. We have also shown that p72, a helicase that is very highly related to p68 and that had previously been suggested to act ...

The recessive nuclear vdl (for variegated and distorted leaf) mutant of tobacco was obtained by T-DNA insertion and characterized by variegated leaves and abnormal roots and flowers. Affected leaf tissues were white and distorted, lacked palisadic cells, and contained undifferentiated plastids. The variegation was due to phenotypic, rather than genetic, instability. Genomic and cDNA clones were obtained for both the mutant and wild-type VDL alleles. Three transcripts, resulting from alternate intron splicing or polyadenylation, were found for the wild type. The transcripts potentially encode a set of proteins (53, 19, and 15 kD) sharing the same N-terminal region that contains a chloroplast transit peptide capable of importing the green fluorescent protein into chloroplasts. The predicted 53-kD product belongs to the DEAD box RNA helicase family. In the homozygous vdl mutant, T-DNA insertion resulted in accumulation of the shortest transcript and the absence of the RNA helicase-encoding ...

Ribosome biogenesis is a highly complex process that requires several cofactors, including DExD/H-box RNA helicases (RHs). RHs are a family of ATPases that rearrange the secondary structures of RNA and thus remodel ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. DExD/H-box RHs are found in most organisms and play critical roles in a variety of RNA-involved cellular events. In human and yeast cells, many DExD/H box RHs participate in multiple steps of ribosome biogenesis and regulate cellular proliferation and stress responses. In plants, several DExD/H-box RHs have been demonstrated to be associated with plant development and abiotic and biotic stress tolerance through their functions in modulating pre-rRNA processing. In this review, we summarize the pleiotropic roles of DExD/H-box RHs in rRNA biogenesis and other biological functions. We also describe the overall function of the DExD/H-box RH family in ribosome biogenesis based on data from human and yeast.

Multifunctional ATP-dependent RNA helicase. The ATPase activity can be stimulated by various ribo- and deoxynucleic acids indicative for a relaxed substrate specificity. In vitro can unwind partially double-stranded DNA with a preference for 5-single-stranded DNA overhangs. Is involved in several steps of gene expression, such as transcription, mRNA maturation, mRNA export and translation. However, the exact mechanisms are not known and some functions may be specific for a subset of mRNAs. Involved in transcriptional regulation. Can enhance transcription from the CDKN1A/WAF1 promoter in a SP1-dependent manner. Found associated with the E-cadherin promoter and can down-regulate transcription from the promoter. Involved in regulation of translation initiation. Proposed to be involved in positive regulation of translation such as of cyclin E1/CCNE1 mRNA and specifically of mRNAs containing complex secondary structures in their 5UTRs; these functions seem to require RNA helicase activity. ...

p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.,/p> ,p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.,/p> ,p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).,/p> ,p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x,sup>64,/sup> + x,sup>4,/sup> + x,sup>3,/sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. ,/p> ,p class=publication>Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.,br /> ,strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums,/strong>,br /> ,a href=http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php>Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993),/a>),/p> Checksum:i ...

The role of ARF in regulating p53 is well established, but the mechanisms by which it exerts its p53-independent tumor suppressor function are yet to be fully characterized. Our group and others have recently shown the regulation of translation by ARF, but mechanistic details of its involvement are limited. Both mouse and human ARF interact with nucleolar proteins involved in ribosome biogenesis as well as ribosomal components themselves (1, 38). Furthermore, ectopic expression of human p14ARF decreases polyribosomes in a p53-independent manner (38). ARF has recently been linked to ribosome biogenesis through its regulation of TTF-1 (29) and its ability to inhibit ribosome export via its nucleolar interaction with NPM (15, 38). Here we have shown that ARF can control the protein composition of the nucleolus, the central organelle in ribosome biogenesis. Our observation that ARF can regulate DDX5 RNA helicase provides a mechanistic explanation for the inhibitory effects of ARF on 47S rRNA ...

RNA helicases are vital components of various pathways for post-transcriptional gene regulation. TgHoDI is a newly identified member of the DEAD-box RNA helicase family in Toxoplasma gondii. This study was aimed at characterizing the function of TgHoDI in post-transcriptional regulation during various stages of the parasite life cycle. Through immunofluorescence analyses, TgHoDI was found to colocalize with mRNA aggregates in cytoplasmic foci. Furthermore, colocalization studies of TgHoDI with PABPC3 identified these proteins as components of RNA aggregates known as stress granules. Cycloheximide and arsenite treatment of extracellular parasites revealed the presence of mechanisms involved in the determination of mRNA fate in Toxoplasma. Also, TgHoDI was found to functionally compliment the temperature sensitive phenotype in Δdhh1 yeast, validating its role in stress response. These findings confirm that TgHoDI is a vital component in the formation of stress granules and possibly involved in the

医学分子生物学 国家重点实验室 分子生物学 基础医学 重大疾病 北京协和医学院 中国医学科学院 基础医学研究所

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ATP-dependent RNA helicase p54, DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 6, DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide 6 (RNA helicase, 54kD), DEAD box protein 6, EC 3.6.4.13, EC 3.6.1, FLJ36338, HLR2DEAD box-6, Oncogene RCK, probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX6, ...

Introduction: The DEAD box RNA helicase DDX3X (DDX3) has been demonstrated to have a pro-oncogenic role in breast cancer. Thus, abrogating DDX3 activity was explored as a viable anti-cancer strategy using a small molecule inhibitor of DDX3, referred to as RK-33. RK-33 was found to inhibit non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), a DNA double strand break (DSB) repair mechanism. Therefore, we set out to determine the utility of RK-33 in breast cancers of BRCA1 mutation carriers, as they exhibit deficiencies in homologous recombination, an additional DSB repair mechanism. We hypothesized that BRCA1-deficient breast cancers would be more dependent on NHEJ to maintain genomic stability and thus inhibiting DDX3 activity by RK-33 would be an efficacious treatment strategy.. Methods: We evaluated DDX3 protein expression levels by immunohistochemistry in 102 BRCA1 and 29 BRCA2 germline mutation carriers and compared these to those of 345 sporadic breast cancer patients. In addition, DDX3 expression in two ...

Bacterial and viral RNA are potent stimulators of the innate immune system, leading to immune cell activation and type I IFN production (Takeuchi and Akira, 2010). Generally, RNA recognition takes place in the endosome or cytoplasm and is mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like helicases, respectively. In more detail, TLR3 recognizes double-stranded viral RNA and mRNA, whereas TLR7 and TLR8 sense viral or bacterial single-stranded RNA and short interfering RNA (siRNA; Blasius and Beutler, 2010). In contrast, cytoplasmic detection of viral and bacterial RNA is mediated by the RNA helicases RIG-I and MDA5 (melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5; Kato et al., 2006; Monroe et al., 2009).. Of note, RNA modifications in ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA (tRNA) such as 2′-O-methylation, base methylation (e.g., m5C, m6A, and m5U), and the occurrence of pseudouridine negatively modify the immunostimulatory potential of synthetic RNA (Karikó et al., ...

ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX39 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DDX39 gene. This gene encodes a member of the DEAD box protein family. These proteins are characterized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD) and are putative RNA helicases. They are implicated in a number of cellular processes involving alteration of RNA secondary structure, such as translation initiation, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and ribosome and spliceosome assembly. Based on their distribution patterns, some members of the DEAD box protein family are believed to be involved in embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, and cellular growth and division. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000123136 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000005481 - Ensembl, May 2017 Human PubMed Reference:. Mouse PubMed Reference:. Peelman LJ, Chardon P, Nunes M, Renard C, Geffrotin C, Vaiman M, Van Zeveren A, Coppieters W, van de Weghe A, Bouquet Y, et al. (Aug 1995). The BAT1 gene in the MHC encodes ...

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The study of fungal regulatory networks is essential to the understanding of how these pathogens respond to host environmental signals with effective virulence-associated traits. In this study, a virulence-associated DEAD-box RNA helicase-encoding gene (VAD1) was isolated from a mutant defective in the virulence factor laccase. A Deltavad1 mutant exhibited a profound reduction in virulence in a mouse model that was restored after reconstitution with WT VAD1. Loss of VAD1 resulted in upregulation of NOT1, a gene encoding a global repressor of transcription. NOT1 was found to act as an intermediary transcriptional repressor of laccase. Vad1 was located within macromolecular complexes that formed cytoplasmic granular bodies in mature cells and during infection of mouse brain. in addition, VAD1 was shown by in situ hybridization to be expressed in the brain of an AIDS patient coinfected with C. neoformans. To understand the role of VAD1 in virulence, a functional genomics approach was used to ...

RIG-1 antibody for detecting human probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX58. Validated on up to 12 cell lysates for western blotting. Try a trial size today.

K06269 PPP1C; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1 catalytic subunit [EC:3.1.3.16] K06269 PPP1C; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1 catalytic subunit [EC:3.1.3.16] K06269 PPP1C; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1 catalytic subunit [EC:3.1.3.16] K16833 PPP1R2; protein phosphatase inhibitor 2 K17550 PPP1R7; protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 7 K17553 PPP1R11; protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 11 K17560 URI1; unconventional prefoldin RPB5 interactor 1 K14806 DDX31; ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX31/DBP7 [EC:3.6.4.13] K13099 CD2BP2; CD2 antigen cytoplasmic tail-binding protein 2 K11498 CENPE; centromeric protein E K03238 EIF2S2; translation initiation factor 2 subunit 2 K03504 POLD3; DNA polymerase delta subunit 3 K11407 HDAC6; histone deacetylase 6 [EC:3.5.1.98] K01251 E3.3.1.1; adenosylhomocysteinase [EC:3.3.1.1] K11446 KDM5; [histone H3]-trimethyl-L-lysine4 demethylase [EC:1.14.11.67] K02932 RP-L5e; large subunit ribosomal protein L5e K02210 MCM7; DNA replication ...

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of non-protein-coding RNA molecules, which are involved in various biological processes, including chromatin modification, cell differentiation, pre-mRNA transcription and splicing, protein translation, etc. During the last decade, increasing evidence has suggested the involvement of lncRNAs in both immune and antiviral responses as positive or negative regulators. The immunity-associated lncRNAs modulate diverse and multilayered immune checkpoints, including activation or repression of innate immune signaling components, such as interleukin (IL)-8, IL-10, retinoic acid inducible gene I, toll-like receptors 1, 3, and 8, and interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 7, transcriptional regulation of various IFN-stimulated genes, and initiation of the cell apoptosis pathways ...

Innate immunity is characterized by production of type I interferon which is necessary for the stimulation of effective anti-viral host defense. Upon recognition of cytosol viral dsRNA species, RIG-I-Like Receptors (RLRs), as well as many co-regulators, are recruited to adaptor protein IPS-1 and trigger innate immune responses. FADD (Fas associated with death domain) and RIP1 (receptor-interacting protein 1), have been reported to be recruited to this IPS-1 complex during viral infection and essential for optimal RLR signaling. Here we reported a novel type I interferon inducible DExD/H family helicase DDX24, which was found and confirmed to specifically associate with FADD through yeast two hybrid system and co-immunoprecipitation. Overexpression of DDX24 negatively regulates dsRNA induced type I IFNs signaling, while knockdown of DDX24 by siRNA has the opposite effect. Moreover, Plaque assays of virus titer consistently demonstrate that DDX24 also negatively regulates the cellular antiviral response.

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Pertschy B., Schneider C., Gnadig M., Schafer T., Tollervey D., Hurt E.. Many RNA nucleases and helicases participate in ribosome biogenesis, but how they cooperate with each other is largely unknown. Here we report that in vivo cleavage of the yeast pre-rRNA at site D, the 3-end of the 18 S rRNA, requires functional interactions between PIN (PilT N terminus) domain protein Nob1 and the DEAH box RNA helicase Prp43. Nob1 showed specific cleavage on a D-site substrate analogue in vitro, which was abolished by mutations in the Nob1 PIN domain or the RNA substrate. Genetic analyses linked Nob1 to the late pre-40 S-associated factor Ltv1, the RNA helicase Prp43, and its cofactor Pfa1. In strains lacking Ltv1, mutation of Prp43 or Pfa1 led to a striking accumulation of 20 S pre-rRNA in the cytoplasm due to inhibition of site D cleavage. This phenotype was suppressed by increased dosage of wild-type Nob1 but not by Nob1 variants mutated in the catalytic site. In ltv1/pfa1 mutants the 20 S pre-rRNA was ...

Upon recognition of viral components by pattern recognition receptors, including TLRs and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)- like helicases, cells are activated to produce type I IFN and proinflammatory cytokines. These pathways are tightly regulated by host to prevent inappropriate cellular response, but viruses can down-regulate these pathways for their survival. Recently, identification of negative regulators for cytoplasmic RNA-mediated antiviral signaling, especially the RIG-I pathway, attract much attention. However, there is no report about negative regulation of RIG-I antiviral pathway by microRNAs (miRNA) to date. We found that vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection up-regulated miR-146a expression in mouse macrophages in TLR-myeloid differentiation factor 88-independent but RIG-I-NF-κB-dependent manner. In turn, miR-146a negatively regulated VSV-triggered type I IFN production, thus promoting VSV replication in macrophages. In addition to two known miR-146a targets, TRAF6 and ...

Sendai virus (SeV) is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae. It is an important model and vector virus, and a murine pathogen. Innate immunity is the first to act on infections. Invading viruses are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) belonging to innate immunity. Retinoic-acid inducible gene-1 (Rig-I) is one key cytosolic PRR and recognizes primarily short double-stranded RNA. Activation of the Rig-I pathway leads to the activation of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Activated IRF3 translocates from cytoplasm into the nucleus. There it regulates the production of interferons (IFNs) and other pro-inflammatory molecules aiming to eliminate the virus. In this study, the activation kinetics of the Rig-I pathway were studied in vitro in A549 cells infected with SeV Cantell strain. The central interest was the activation requirements of the Rig-I: whether innate immunity responses are activated when the virus ...

Not much is known about the way different proteins are produced and move around in living cells exposed to drugs. But a research team has now used a proteomics approach to study such processes in cancer cells exposed to the chemotherapy drug camptothecin (Science, DOI: 10.1126/science.1160165). Researchers could pursue the strategy to identify proteins associated with specific cell properties, such as enhanced drug resistance, and in their efforts to design more effective medications. Molecular cell biology graduate students Ariel A. Cohen, Naama Geva-Zatorsky, and Eran Eden of Weizmann Institute of Science, in Rehovot, Israel, and coworkers used time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to monitor the levels and locations of close to 1,000 different fluorescently tagged proteins in camptothecin-exposed human cancer cells. They found that levels of two proteins, the RNA helicase DDX5 and the replication factor RFC1, increase in cells that survive and decrease in those that die. They confirmed DDX5s ...

Recognition of invading viruses by the host is elicited by cellular sensors which trigger signaling cascades that lead to type I interferon (IFN) gene expression. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) has emerged as a key receptor for the detection of viral RNA in the cytosol, inducing IFN-mediated innate immune responses to limit viral replication through its interaction with MAVS (also called IPS-1, CARDIF, or VISA). Upon the recognition of viral RNA, the Lys-172 residue of RIG-I undergoes ubiquitination induced by tripartite motif protein 25 (TRIM25), an essential protein for antiviral signal transduction. Here we demonstrate that phosphorylation represents another regulatory mechanism for RIG-I-mediated antiviral activity. Using protein purification and mass spectrometry analysis, we identified three phosphorylation sites in the amino-terminal caspase recruitment domains (CARDs) of RIG-I. One of these residues, Thr-170, is located in close proximity to Lys-172, and we speculated that its ...

Interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 (IFIH1) protein is a member of a group of RNA helicases, characterized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD), known as DEAD box proteins. IFIH1 is also known as melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis autoantigen 140 kDa, helicase with 2 CARD domains (HLCD), helicard, murabutide down-regulated protein, RIG-I-like receptor 2 (RLR-2), CADM-140 autoantigen, RNA helicase-DEAD box protein 116 (RH116), DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide, and IDDM19. IFIH1/MDA5 plays a major role in sensing viral infection and in the activation of a cascade of antiviral and inflammatory responses. IFIH1 gene expression is upregulated in response to treatment with beta-interferon and a protein kinase C-activating compound, mezerein. Treatment with both these agents causes irreversible reprogramming of melanomas, while treatment with either agent alone only achieves reversible differentiation. Mutations in ...

Interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 (IFIH1) protein is a member of a group of RNA helicases, characterized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD), known as DEAD box proteins. IFIH1 is also known as melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis autoantigen 140 kDa, helicase with 2 CARD domains (HLCD), helicard, murabutide down-regulated protein, RIG-I-like receptor 2 (RLR-2), CADM-140 autoantigen, RNA helicase-DEAD box protein 116 (RH116), DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide, and IDDM19. IFIH1/MDA5 plays a major role in sensing viral infection and in the activation of a cascade of antiviral and inflammatory responses. IFIH1 gene expression is upregulated in response to treatment with beta-interferon and a protein kinase C-activating compound, mezerein. Treatment with both these agents causes irreversible reprogramming of melanomas, while treatment with either agent alone only achieves reversible differentiation. Mutations in ...

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RIG-I and MDA5 detect viral RNA in the cytoplasm and activate signaling cascades leading to the production of type-I interferons. RIG-I is activated through sequential binding of viral RNA and unanchored lysine-63 (K63) polyubiquitin chains, but how polyubiquitin activates RIG-I and whether MDA5 is …

Mammalian cells possess multiple sensors for recognition of invasion by a broad range of microbes. This recognition occurs through specific molecular signatures found across various pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are the major cellular pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs) responsible for this recognition. TLRs are transmembrane sensors, whereas other PRRs mainly localize in the cytoplasm for the activation of type I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Among these PRRs, RLRs are well known for their indispensable role in sensing the invasion of RNA viruses. This review summarizes recent advances in knowledge about viral recognition by RLRs and their signalling pathways, and introduces newly emerging RNA helicases involved in innate immune responses.. ...

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain. These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above. ...

Belle (Bel), the Drosophila homolog of the yeast DEAD-box RNA helicase DED1 and human DDX3, has been shown to be required for oogenesis and female fertility. This study reports a novel role of Bel in regulating the expression of transgenes. Abrogation of Bel by mutations or RNAi induces silencing of a variety of P-element-derived transgenes. This silencing effect depends on downregulation of their RNA levels. Genetic studies have revealed that the RNA helicase Spindle-E (Spn-E), a nuage RNA helicase that plays a crucial role in regulating RNA processing and PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) biogenesis in germline cells, is required for loss-of-bel-induced transgene silencing. Conversely, Bel abrogation alleviates the nuage-protein mislocalization phenotype in spn-E mutants, suggesting a competitive relationship between these two RNA helicases. Additionally, disruption of the chromatin remodeling factor Mod(mdg4) or the microRNA biogenesis enzyme Dicer-1 (Dcr-1) also alleviates the transgene-silencing ...

Translational control is primarily exerted at the initiation phase, a complex process mediated by a number of eucaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs), during which ribosomes are recruited to the 5′ end of an mRNA and positioned at a start codon (reviewed in Gingras et al, 1999b; Hershey and Merrick, 2000). The mRNA 5′ end is distinguished by the presence of a cap structure (m7GpppN, where m is a methyl group and N is any nucleotide), which is specifically bound by the cap‐binding protein eIF4E. eIF4E, via an interaction with the large scaffolding protein eIF4G, guides the translation machinery to the 5′ end of mRNA. eIF4E and eIF4G function as components of the dynamic, heterotrimeric eIF4F complex, along with the DEAD box RNA helicase eIF4A. Optimal ribosome binding is thought to require a region of single‐stranded mRNA (Gingras et al, 1999b). Thus, it has been proposed that one critical function of eIF4F is to melt cap‐proximal inhibitory secondary structure to provide a ...

The study of fungal regulatory networks is essential to the understanding of how these pathogens respond to host environmental signals with effective virulence-associated traits. In this study, a virulence-associated DEAD-box RNA helicase-encoding gene (VAD1) was isolated from a mutant defective in the virulence factor laccase. A Δvad1 mutant exhibited a profound reduction in virulence in a mouse model that was restored after reconstitution with WT VAD1. Loss of VAD1 resulted in upregulation of NOT1, a gene encoding a global repressor of transcription. NOT1 was found to act as an intermediary transcriptional repressor of laccase. Vad1 was located within macromolecular complexes that formed cytoplasmic granular bodies in mature cells and during infection of mouse brain. In addition, VAD1 was shown by in situ hybridization to be expressed in the brain of an AIDS patient coinfected with C. neoformans. To understand the role of VAD1 in virulence, a functional genomics approach was used to identify ...

Specific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting viral pathogens and generating innate immune responses. Non-self RNA appearing in a cell as a result of intracellular viral replication is recognized by a family of cytosolic RNA helicases termed RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs). The RLR proteins include RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 and are expressed in both immune and nonimmune cells. Upon recognition of viral nucleic acids, RLRs recruit specific intracellular adaptor proteins to initiate signaling pathways that lead to the synthesis of type I interferon and other inflammatory cytokines, which are important for eliminating viruses ...

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Paramyxovirus V protein interaction with the antiviral sensor LGP2 disrupts MDA5 signaling enhancement but is not relevant to LGP2- mediated RLR signaling inhibition. AU - Rodriguez, Kenny R.. AU - Horvath, Curt M.. PY - 2014/7. Y1 - 2014/7. N2 - The interferon antiviral system is a primary barrier to virus replication triggered upon recognition of nonself RNAs by the cytoplasmic sensors encoded by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), and laboratory of genetics and physiology gene 2 (LGP2). Paramyxovirus V proteins are interferon antagonists that can selectively interact with MDA5 and LGP2 through contact with a discrete helicase domain region. Interaction with MDA5, an activator of antiviral signaling, disrupts interferon gene expression and antiviral responses. LGP2 has more diverse reported roles as both a coactivator of MDA5 and a negative regulator of both RIG-I and MDA5. This functional dichotomy, along with the ...

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HMPVs and RSVs are major contributors to respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. In most infants, these viruses cause symptoms resembling those of the common cold. However, in infants born prematurely, children with chronic lung disease, or children with congenital heart disease, these viruses can result in a severe or even life-threatening disease. As many as 125,000 hospitalizations occur annually in children ,1 y old due to lower respiratory infection or bronchiolitis (46). Developing new therapeutics to prevent and treat these infections is therefore of considerable importance.. Limiting virus infection requires rapidly mounted defenses, which include in large part the release of type I IFN (IFN-α/β). IFN limits viral replication directly and enhances viral clearance by activating adaptive immunity. Understanding how viruses are sensed and how type I IFN is regulated may facilitate the rational design of novel antiviral therapeutics or better vaccine candidates useful ...

We show that the ISE1 gene encodes a mitochondria-localized DEAD-box RNA helicase. Absence of functional ISE1 leads to increased intercellular transport of large dextrans during Arabidopsis embryogenesis. In support of the role of ISE1 in PD-mediated intercellular transport, PD are altered in ise1 mutant embryos; specifically, ise1 mutants have more branched and twinned PD than wild-type embryos, suggesting that PD biogenesis may be up-regulated in ise1-1 mutants. Further, the ise1 phenotype can be recapitulated in mature leaf tissues by silencing the ISE1 gene; ISE1-silenced tissues exhibit increased intercellular movement of TMV P30-2XGFP. Thus, the pathway or process disrupted by the loss of ISE1 function affects transport via PD in mature and embryonic tissues. We show that ISE1 is localized to mitochondria and that the N terminus of ISE1 contains a mitochondria-targeting sequence. The disruption of mitochondrial function in ise1 mutants is supported by the failure of their mitochondria to ...

Serum interferon-α is a useful biomarker in patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibody-positive dermatomyositisSerum interferon-α is a useful biomarker in patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibody-positive dermatomyositis ...

RNA helicases represent a big family of protein implicated in lots of biological procedures including ribosome biogenesis, splicing, translation and mRNA degradation. be performed. Intro Helicases and translocases are categorized into 6 superfamilies (SF1CSF6) predicated on the set up of conserved series motifs, numerous providing essential features in nucleic acidity metabolic procedures [1]. Members from the SF2 family members contain RNA helicases implicated in transcription, RNA export, splicing, translation, ribosome biogenesis, miRNA digesting, and RNA decay [2]C[4]. Eukaryotic initiation element (eIF) 4A is among the archetypical founding users from the Deceased box helicase family members, the biggest subclass from the SF2 family members. eIF4A can be an abundant translation element that is present in free type (described herein as eIF4Af) or like a subunit from the heterotrimeric cover binding complicated, eIF4F (described herein as eIF4Ac) [5], [6]. It participates in the ribosome ...

The ribosome translates the genetic message encoded in mRNAs to synthesize proteins. Initiation of translation requires localization and recognition of the start codon at the P-site of the 40S small ribosomal subunit. On most eukaryotic mRNAs, the start codon is identified by a scanning mechanism, whereby a small subunit loaded with an initiator methionyl-tRNA binds to the 5 cap-proximal region of mRNAs, and goes through a base-by-base inspection of the 5 untranslated region (5 UTR) in the 5 to 3 direction for an AUG initiation codon. Scanning of 5 UTRs containing even weak secondary structures requires eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4A, a DEAD-box RNA helicase, as well as ancillary factors eIF4B and eIF4G. In higher eukaryotes, scanning of mRNAs containing stable secondary structures in the 5 UTR furthermore requires DHX29, another DEAH/RHA helicase. I participated in characterizing the synergistic activation of eIF4A by eIF4B and eIF4G and successfully purified DHX29 for structural ...

Upon infection with many different viruses, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) produce large amounts of type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta). To address why upon vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection pDC, but not conventional myeloid DC (mDC), are induced to produce IFN-alpha, pDC and mDC were differentiated from bone marrow cells (BM-DC). Upon VSV infection BM-pDC produced IFN-alpha, whereas BM-mDC did not. Notably, upon infection with VSV-M2, a VSV variant expressing a M51R mutant matrix (M) protein that showed a reduced sequestration of host cell metabolism, BM-pDC and BM-mDC mounted massive IFN-alpha responses. Both DC subsets showed comparable RNA levels of retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and were able to respond upon triggering with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) analogs. Moreover, upon VSV-M2 infection IFN-alpha production by both DC subsets was largely dependent on viral replication. Interestingly, upon virus infection BM-pDC,

RIG-I (retinoic acid inducible gene-I) is a key mediator of antiviral immunity, able to couple detection of infection by RNA and DNA viruses to the induction of interferons. In the present study, a RIG-I gene from grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (CiRIG-I) was isolated and characterized. The full-length cDNA of CiRIG-I was of 3198 bp and encoded a polypeptide of 947 amino acids with an estimated ...

Antiviral immunity is triggered by immunorecognition of viral nucleic acids. The cytosolic helicase RIG-I is a key sensor of viral infections and is activated by RNA containing a triphosphate at the 5 end. The exact structure of RNA activating RIG-I remains controversial. Here, we established a chemical approach for 5 triphosphate oligoribonucleotide synthesis and found that synthetic single-stranded 5 triphosphate oligoribonucleotides were unable to bind and activate RIG-I. Conversely, the addition of the synthetic complementary strand resulted in optimal binding and activation of RIG-I. Short double-strand conformation with base pairing of the nucleoside carrying the 5 triphosphate was required. RIG-I activation was impaired by a 3 overhang at the 5 triphosphate end. These results define the structure of RNA for full RIG-I activation and explain how RIG-I detects negative-strand RNA viruses that lack long double-stranded RNA but do contain blunt short double-stranded 5 triphosphate RNA in the

Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is an important pattern recognition receptor that detects viral RNA and triggers the production of type-I interferons through the downstream adaptor MAVS (also called IPS-1, CARDIF, or VISA). A series of structural studies have elaborated some of the mechanisms of dsRNA recognition and activation of RIG-I. Recent studies have proposed that K63-linked ubiquitination of, or unanchored K63-linked polyubiquitin binding to RIG-I positively regulates MAVS-mediated antiviral signaling. Conversely phosphorylation of RIG-I appears to play an inhibitory role in controlling RIG-I antiviral signal transduction. Here we performed a combined structural and biochemical study to further define the regulatory features of RIG-I signaling. ATP and dsRNA binding triggered dimerization of RIG-I with conformational rearrangements of the tandem CARD domains. Full length RIG-I appeared to form a complex with dsRNA in a 2:2 molar ratio. Compared with the previously reported crystal ...

In addition to Matrin3 and Raver1, we found a number of other interesting factors that bound to PTB RRM2 and were sensitive to the Y247Q mutation (Joshi et al, 2011), suggesting that their interactions might also be mediated by PRI motifs (Fig 1). These included splicing regulators, proteins involved in the co‐transcriptional‐dependent regulation of splicing and 3′ end processing factors. We did not identify a number of previously identified PTB interactors, including hnRNP‐L, PSF, hnRNPA1, hnRNPA2B1, hnRNPC and MRG15 (Patton et al, 1993; Hahm et al, 1998; Luco et al, 2010; King et al, 2014), although we did identify the helicase DDX3X (King et al, 2014). The lack of overlap could be because we focused on proteins that interact primarily via RRM2. Interesting novel PTB interactors with possible relevance for PTBs splicing regulatory activities include KIAA1967/DBC1/CCAR2 and its paralogue CCAR1, both of which bound strongly to PTB RRM2 in a manner that was sensitive to the PTB Y247Q ...

Helicases have been classified in 5 superfamilies (SF1-SF5). For the two largest groups, commonly referred to as SF1 and SF2, a total of seven characteristic motifs has been identified [ (PUBMED:2546125) ]. These two superfamilies encompass a large number of DNA and RNA helicases from archaea, eubacteria, eukaryotes and viruses. This entry represents the C-terminal domain found in proteins belonging to the helicase superfamilies 1 and 2. Included in this group is the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A), a member of the DEA(D/H)-box RNA helicase family. The structure of the carboxyl-terminal domain of eIF4A has been determined; it has a parallel alpha-beta topology that superimposes, with minor variations, on the structures and conserved motifs of the equivalent domain in other, distantly related helicases [ (PUBMED:11087862) ]. ...

Helicases have been classified in 5 superfamilies (SF1-SF5). For the two largest groups, commonly referred to as SF1 and SF2, a total of seven characteristic motifs has been identified [(PUBMED:2546125)]. These two superfamilies encompass a large number of DNA and RNA helicases from archaea, eubacteria, eukaryotes and viruses.. This entry represents the C-terminal domain found in proteins belonging to the helicase superfamilies 1 and 2. Included in this group is the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A), a member of the DEA(D/H)-box RNA helicase family. The structure of the carboxyl-terminal domain of eIF4A has been determined; it has a parallel alpha-beta topology that superimposes, with minor variations, on the structures and conserved motifs of the equivalent domain in other, distantly related helicases [(PUBMED:11087862)].. ...

To compare the catalytic features of SF1 and SF2 enzymes, we aligned the nucleotide-binding sites of HCV NS3h and three other helicases as ground-state ternary complexes. DENV (dengue virus) NS3h represents flavivirus-encoded SF2 DExH helicases (33), Vasa represents SF2 DEAD-box helicases (34), and UvrD represents SF1 helicases (17). Although the nucleotide-binding pockets of these helicases have similar architecture, notable differences are seen (Fig. S6). First, the AMP moieties are contacted by differing structural/motif elements. The orientations of the adenosine groups in HCV and DENV NS3h are similar, but almost orthogonal to those in Vasa and UvrD. It is also notable that the ribose group in HCV NS3h adopts a C3′-endo pucker, whereas those in the other three helicases are in C2′-endo. Another major difference involves the coordination of the nucleophilic water. In HCV NS3h, motif II E291 does not coordinate the nucleophilic water in the ground-state structure, whereas the ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Hierarchical maturation of innate immune defences in very preterm neonates. AU - Sharma, Ashish Arunkumar. AU - Jen, Roger. AU - Brant, Rollin. AU - Ladd, Mihoko. AU - Huang, Qing. AU - Skoll, Amanda. AU - Senger, Christof. AU - Turvey, Stuart E.. AU - Marr, Nico. AU - Lavoie, Pascal M.. PY - 2014. Y1 - 2014. N2 - Background: Preterm neonates are highly vulnerable to infection. Objectives: To investigate the developmental contribution of prematurity, chorioamnionitis and antenatal corticosteroids (ANS) on the maturation of neonatal microbial pathogen recognition responses. Methods: Using standardized protocols, we assayed multiple inflammatory cytokine responses (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-12/23p40) to three prototypic Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, i.e. TLR4 (lipopolysaccharide), TLR5 (flagellin) and TLR7/8 (R848), and to the non-TLR retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor agonist, in cord blood mononuclear cells from neonates born before 33 weeks of gestation ...

DEAD box proteins, characterized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD), are putative RNA helicases. They are implicated in a number of cellular processes involving alteration of RNA secondary structure such as translation initiation, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and ribosome and spliceosome assembly. Based on their distribution patterns, some members of this family are believed to be involved in embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, and cellular growth and division. This gene encodes a DEAD box protein, which is a homolog of VASA proteins in Drosophila and several other species. The gene is specifically expressed in the germ cell lineage in both sexes and functions in germ cell development. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene ...

Dicer is a 219-kDa protein that plays key roles in gene regulation, particularly as the ribonuclease III enzyme responsible for cleaving precursor miRNA substrates. Its enzymatic activity is highly regulated by protein factors, and this regulation can impact on the levels of miRNAs and modulate the behavior of a cell. To better understand the underlying mechanisms of regulation, detailed enzymatic and structural characterization of Dicer are needed. However, these types of studies generally require several milligrams of recombinant protein, and efficient preparation of such quantities of pure human Dicer remains a challenge. To prepare large quantities of human Dicer, we have optimized transfection in HEK293-6E cells grown in suspension and streamlined a purification procedure. Transfection conditions were first optimized to achieve expression levels between 10 and 18 mg of recombinant Dicer per liter of culture. A three-step purification protocol was then developed that yields 4-9 mg of purified Dicer

RefSeq Summary (NM_001164239): DEAD box proteins, characterized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD), are putative RNA helicases. They are implicated in a number of cellular processes involving alteration of RNA secondary structure such as translation initiation, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and ribosome and spliceosome assembly. Based on their distribution patterns, some members of this family are believed to be involved in embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, and cellular growth and division. This gene encodes a DEAD box protein, which is a functional homolog of fission yeast Prp8 protein involved in cell cycle progression. This gene is mapped to the MHC region on chromosome 6p21.3, a region where many malignant, genetic and autoimmune disease genes are linked. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2009 ...

SWISS-MODEL Repository entry for A1CYG5 (DBP5_NEOFI), ATP-dependent RNA helicase dbp5. Neosartorya fischeri (strain ATCC 1020 / DSM 3700 / CBS 54465 / FGSC A1164/ JCM 1740 / NRRL 181 / WB 181) (Aspergillus fischerianus)

It has quickly become clear that the RNA helicase RIG-I pathway plays an essential role in the sensing of incoming virus infection and directly relays regulatory signals to the host antiviral response. The adapter molecule providing a link between RIG-I sensing of incoming viral RNA and downstream activation events was recently elucidated; four independent groups used high-throughput screening and/or database search analyses to identify the new signaling component, which has alternatively been termed MAVS/IPS-1-1/VISA/Cardif (20, 29, 35, 40) and is termed K1271 in this study. The fact that MAVS/IPS-1-1/VISA/Cardif localizes to the mitochondrial membrane suggests linkage among recognition of viral infection, the development of innate immunity, and mitochondrial function (35). The IKK-related kinases TBK1 and IKKε are critical downstream components of the activation of the interferon antiviral response through their ability to phosphorylate the C-terminal domains of IRF-3 and IRF-7 (13, 28, 36). ...

The RIG-I-like receptors RIG-I, LGP2, and MDA5 initiate an antiviral response that includes production of type I interferons (IFNs). The nature of the RNAs that trigger MDA5 activation in infected cells remains unclear. Here, we purify and characterise LGP2/RNA complexes from cells infected with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), a picornavirus detected by MDA5 and LGP2 but not RIG-I. We show that those complexes contain RNA that is highly enriched for MDA5-stimulatory activity and for a specific sequence corresponding to the L region of the EMCV antisense RNA. Synthesis of this sequence by in vitro transcription is sufficient to generate an MDA5 stimulatory RNA. Conversely, genomic deletion of the L region in EMCV generates viruses that are less potent at stimulating MDA5-dependent IFN production. Thus, the L region antisense RNA of EMCV is a key determinant of innate immunity to the virus and represents an RNA that activates MDA5 in virally-infected cells. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01535

CP000675.RHLE Location/Qualifiers FT CDS complement(351367..352611) FT /codon_start=1 FT /transl_table=11 FT /gene=rhlE FT /locus_tag=LPC_0327 FT /product=ATP-dependent RNA helicase, DEAD box family FT /db_xref=EnsemblGenomes-Gn:LPC_0327 FT /db_xref=EnsemblGenomes-Tr:ABQ54322 FT /protein_id=ABQ54322.1 FT /translation=MSFKQLALIEPLNRAVSELGYTNPTSIQLKAIPLILNGHDLLGSA FT QTGTGKTASFVLPILQKASQQTQTSRNRVKVLILTPTRELAIQVHESIIQYGKYLTLRS FT AVIYGGVKSHNQIKQLDSGLEILVATPGRLLDLYQQGAVKFDEIDTLVLDEADRMLDMG FT FIHDIKKIIKLLPLKRQNLLFSATFTPEVRTLARNILNKAVEIDIAPRNTAVKTIKQTV FT YSVDRNHKLALLSHLLHKNNWGQTLVFSRTKHGANKLVKQLAESQIYSVAIHGNKSQAQ FT RTKALADFKSGKVQTLIATDIAARGIDIEKLACVVNFDLPHVPEDYVHRIGRTGRAGAS FT GLAVSLVSTEEIKLLLSIEKLINQKLERIKIKDFEFLHNFSDLVSAKIQKFAPPKAGYK FT GNISRKSRTAFNKSA MSFKQLALIE PLNRAVSELG YTNPTSIQLK AIPLILNGHD LLGSAQTGTG KTASFVLPIL 60 QKASQQTQTS RNRVKVLILT PTRELAIQVH ESIIQYGKYL TLRSAVIYGG VKSHNQIKQL 120 DSGLEILVAT PGRLLDLYQQ GAVKFDEIDT LVLDEADRML DMGFIHDIKK IIKLLPLKRQ 180 NLLFSATFTP EVRTLARNIL ...

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) is a DEAD-box protein that participates in translation initiation. As an ATP-dependent RNA helicase, it is thought to resolve secondary structure elements from the 5-untranslated region of mRNAs to enable ribosome scanning. The RNA-stimulated ATPa …

Purpose:Solid tumors that have grown two weeks or longer in mice and have diameters larger than 1 cm are histologically indistinguishable from autochthonous human cancers. When experimental tumors reach this clinically relevant size, they are usually refractory to most immunotherapies but may be destroyed by adoptive T cell transfer. However, TCR-transgenic T cells and/or tumor cells overexpressing antigens are frequently used in these experiments. Here we studied the requirements for destroying clinical size, unmanipulated 8101 tumors by adoptive cell therapy. Experimental Design:8101 arose in an old mouse after chronic exposure to UV light. A cancer line was established, which was never serially transplanted. The immunodominant CD8+ T cell-recognized antigen of this tumor is caused by a somatic tumor-specific mutation in the RNA helicase p68. 8101 tumors were treated with spleen cells from young naïve, or young and old immunized mice to ascertain the characteristics of immune cells that lead ...

DEAD box proteins, characterized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD), are putative RNA helicases. They are implicated in a number of…

Specific alterations of U1-C protein or U1 small nuclear RNA can eliminate the requirement of Prp28p, an essential DEAD-box splicing ...

Recent progress in pharmaceutical sciences has made it possible for us to live longer and longer. For example, antibiotics and vaccines have been developed that were successfully administered to patients with infectious diseases. A number of effective drugs for specific diseases could be purified from natural resources or created by chemical synthesis, and recent recombinant DNA technologies have brought about antibody-drugs. It seems increasingly possible that a treatment for every disease could be established in the near future. Nevertheless, prevention or remedies for inherited age-related diseases, including cancer, have not yet been completely established. However, recent progresses in human genetics and molecular biology revealed that premature aging is caused by mutations on DNA helicase encoding genes (Bernstein et al., 2010). These exciting findings have encouraged scientists to research mechanisms of the age-related diseases.DNA/RNA helicases are enzymes that unwind DNA/DNA, DNA/RNA and RNA

RIG-I and MDA5 are cytoplasmic sensors that recognize different species of viral RNAs, leads to activation of the transcription factors IRF3 and NF-κB, which collaborate to induce type I interferons. In this study, we identified REUL, a RING-finger protein, as a specific RIG-I-interacting protein. REUL was associated with RIG-I, but not MDA5, through its PRY and SPRY domains. Overexpression of REUL potently potentiated RIG-I-, but not MDA5-mediated downstream signalling and antiviral activity. In contrast, the RING domain deletion mutant of REUL suppressed Sendai virus (SV)-induced, but not cytoplasmic polyI:C-induced activation of IFN-β promoter. Knockdown of endogenous REUL by RNAi inhibited SV-triggered IFN-β expression, and also increased VSV replication. Full-length RIG-I, but not the CARD domain deletion mutant of RIG-I, underwent ubiquitination induced by REUL. The Lys 154, 164, and 172 residues of the RIG-I CARD domain were critical for efficient REUL-mediated ubiquitination, as well as the

Background Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase. Plays a role in ribosome biogenesis and TP53/p53 regulation through its interaction with NPM1 (PubMed23019224). Description DDX31 Polyclonal Antibody, Biotin Conjugated. Biotin....

The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex assemblies. As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.

Interleukin 24 (IL-24) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL24 gene. IL-24 is a cytokine belonging to the IL-10 family of cytokines that signals through two heterodimeric receptors: IL-20R1/IL-20R2 and IL-22R1/IL-20R2. This interleukin is also known as melanoma differentiation-associated 7 (mda-7) due to its discovery as a tumour suppressing protein. IL-24 appears to control in cell survival and proliferation by inducing rapid activation of particular transcription factors called STAT1 and STAT3. This cytokine is predominantly released by activated monocytes, macrophages and T helper 2 (Th2) cells[5] and acts on non-haematopoietic tissues such as skin, lung and reproductive tissues. IL-24 performs important roles in wound healing, arthritis, psoriasis and cancer.[6][7][8] Several studies have shown that cell death occurs in cancer cells/cell lines following exposure to IL-24.[9][10] The gene for IL-24 is located on chromosome 1 in humans.[11] ...

This study leaves a number of interesting questions still open. In particular, the precise mechanism by which NLRX1 inhibits MAVS-mediated signaling is not clear. The data of Moore et al. [13] suggest that MAVS and NLRX1 may interact constitutively, and that NLRX1 can inhibit the interaction between RIG-I and MAVS. While this suggests that NLRX1 interferes with the interaction between RIG-I and MAVS, it follows that this interference must be overcome to allow for proper interferon signaling. Perhaps activated RIG-I has a higher affinity for the CARD domain of MAVS than does NLRX1, thus titrating out the NLRX1-MAVS interaction and allowing interferon signaling. Alternatively, the LRR domain of NLRX1 might pick up danger signals generated by viral infection in a fashion similar to NALP3, thus releasing inhibition by making the NLRX1-MAVS interaction less favorable. Furthermore, as NLRX1 can inhibit interferon signaling induced by overexpressed MAVS in the absence of virus, the role of NLRX1 in ...

Blog on IFIH1 shrna product: The IFIH1 ifih1 (Catalog #MBS8277490) is a shRNA produced from E Coli and is intended for research purpos...

Complete information for DHX9 gene (Protein Coding), DExH-Box Helicase 9, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium