Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Inhibitor Drugs Industry Outlook 2021 The outbreak of covid-19 in the global market has made companies uncertain about their future scenario as the prolonged lock-down finds a serious economic slump. The latest survey on COVID-19 Outbreak-Global Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Inhibitor Drugs Market is conducted to provide hidden gems performance analysis. Essential growth factors and study of Basis points [BPS] have been discussed in the following report. Research Report explains a detailed overview of market dynamics, segmentation, product portfolio, business plans, and the latest development in the industry.. Staying on top of market trends & drivers is crucial for decision-makers to hold this emerging opportunity. The study provides information on market trends and development, drivers, capacities, technologies, and the changing investment structure of the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Inhibitor Drugs market. The development scope, feasibility study, Tumor Necrosis ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Effects of Mycobacterium avium complex-infection treatment on cytokine expression in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. T2 - Results of AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 853. AU - MacArthur, Rodger D.. AU - Lederman, Michael M.. AU - Benson, Constance A.. AU - Chernoff, Miriam C.. AU - MacGregor, Rob Roy. AU - Spritzler, John. AU - Mahon, Laura F.. AU - Yen-Lieberman, Belinda. AU - Purvis, Scott. PY - 2000/5/22. Y1 - 2000/5/22. N2 - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-infected persons with newly diagnosed Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) bacteremia were enrolled in an 8- week study to determine whether treatment of MAC infection is associated with decreases in plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels. Blood specimens were obtained for quantitative MAC cultures and to determine plasma levels of HIV RNA, TNF-α, and other proinflammatory cytokines. MAC levels decreased by 1.75 log at week 4 (P = .008) and by 2.48 log at week 8 (P = .001). Plasma TNF-α ...

ProblemMaternal immunopathology in pre-eclampsia is well studied; however, less is known regarding the immunological effects on the newborns. Increased inflammation and activation of immune cells at the fetal-maternal interface in pre-eclampsia could influence the neonatal immune compartment. Method of StudyMonocytes and natural killer (NK) cells from cord blood (CB) of children with pre-eclamptic or healthy mothers were analyzed by flow cytometry for surface markers and intracellular cytokines. In addition, serum cytokine profiles were investigated using ELISA or cytometric bead array. ResultsNeonates born to pre-eclamptic mothers had an inflammatory serum cytokine profile. While CB monocyte characteristics seemed unaffected, CB NK cells from pre-eclamptic pregnancies had higher NKp30, but borderline lower NKG2D expression. ConclusionIn utero inflammatory priming of neonatal innate immunity taking place in pre-eclamptic pregnancies might influence specific NK cell functions in newborns.. ...

Hamlet, S., Alfarsi, M., George, R. & Ivanovski, S., 2012, The effect of hydrophilic titanium surface modification on macrophage inflammatory cytokine gene expression, Clinical Oral Implants Research, 23(5), pp. 584-90. K Bokhari, MS Hameed, M Ajmal, RA Togoo Benign osteoblastoma involving maxilla: a case report and review of the literature Case reports in dentistry 2012 Haralur SB, Gana NS, Al-Dowah, et al. Quantitative evaluation on the ability of dental plaque adherence to commonly used provisional crowns. JIOH Sep-Dec2012,4(3).

TY - JOUR. T1 - Early increase in mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and their interactions in the mouse hippocampus after transient global ischemia. AU - Zhu, Yuyan. AU - Saito, Kuniaki. AU - Murakami, Yuki. AU - Asano, Masahide. AU - Iwakura, Yoichiro. AU - Seishima, Mitsuru. PY - 2006/1/30. Y1 - 2006/1/30. N2 - There is convincing evidence that cytokines are involved in the inflammatory response following cerebral ischemia, but the interactions among the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in the early stage of ischemic reperfusion are not yet completely understood. In this study, we examined the early mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ischemic hippocampus after 30 min of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and TNF-α, IL-1α/β or IL-6 gene knockout (KO) mice utilizing real-time polymerase chain reaction. The mRNA expressions of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and ...

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. TNF-alpha is mainly secreted by macrophages. TNF-alpha is involved in the regulat...

Thalidomide selectively inhibits the production of human monocyte tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) when these cells are triggered with lipopolysaccharide and other agonists in culture. 40% inhibition occurs at the clinically achievable dose of the drug of 1 micrograms/ml. In contrast, the amount of total protein and individual proteins labeled with [35S]methionine and expressed on SDS-PAGE are not influenced. The amounts of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-6, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor produced by monocytes remain unaltered. The selectivity of this drug may be useful in determining the role of TNF-alpha in vivo and modulating its toxic effects in a clinical setting. ...

In order to define whether CD4+ T cells from autoimmune and non-autoimmune thyroid tissue could be classified according to their mediator production, lymphokine production was studied in 63 thyroid-derived CD4+ T-cell clones from four patients with Graves disease, one with Hashimotos thyroiditis, and one with non-toxic goitre (9-12 clones per patient). The production of interleukin 2 (IL-2), gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), lymphotoxin (LT), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) was assessed at the mRNA level by slot-blot analysis in unstimulated clones as well as after activation with monoclonal anti-CD3 (OKT3) and IL-2. No lymphokine production was found in unstimulated clones, whereas 56% of the clones produced all six lymphokines simultaneously after stimulation. In the remaining 44% usually not more than one lymphokine was missing from the complete panel. Lymphokine mRNA concentrations varied between different clones and

A B Millar, R F Miller, N M Foley, G A W Rook, S J G Semple; Tumour Necrosis Factor (Tnf Alpha) Production by Peripheral Blood Monocytes and Alveolar Macrophages from Patients with Hiv-Related Lung Disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 1 January 1990; 78 (s22): 17P. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/cs078017P. Download citation file:. ...

Background and purpose: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been shown to inhibit cytokine generation from human lung macrophages. However, the EP receptor that mediates this beneficial anti-inflammatory effect of PGE2 has not been elucidated definitively. The aim of this study was to identify the EP receptor by which PGE2 inhibits cytokine generation from human lung macrophages. This was determined by using recently-developed EP receptor ligands. Experimental approach: The effects of PGE2 and EP-selective agonists on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) generation from macrophages were evaluated. The effects of EP2-selective (PF-04852946, PF-04418948) and EP4-selective (L-161,982, CJ-042794) antagonists on PGE2 responses were studied. The expression of EP receptor subtypes by human lung macrophages was determined by RT-PCR. Key results: PGE2 inhibited LPS-induced and Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced cytokine generation from human lung macrophages. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Multiplexed femtomolar quantitation of human cytokines in a fluoropolymer microcapillary film. AU - Castanheira, Ana P.. AU - Barbosa, Ana I.. AU - Edwards, Alexander D.. AU - Reis, Nuno M.. PY - 2015/8/21. Y1 - 2015/8/21. N2 - Sensitive quantitation of multiple cytokines can provide important diagnostic information during infection, inflammation and immunopathology. In this study sensitive immunoassay detection of human cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70 and TNFα is shown for singleplex and multiplex formats using a novel miniaturized ELISA platform. The platform uses a disposable plastic multi-syringe aspirator (MSA) integrating 8 disposable fluoropolymer microfluidic test strips, each containing an array of ten 200 μm mean i.d. microcapillaries coated with a set of monoclonal antibodies. Each MSA device thus performs 10 tests on 8 samples, delivering 80 measurements. Unprecedented levels of sensitivity were obtained with the novel fluoropolymer microfluidic material and simple ...

Transendothelial migration of myeloma cells is increased by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha via TNF receptor 2 and autocrine up-regulation of MCP-1 ...

We describe here a monoclonal antibody (H398) that immunoprecipitates a human 60-kD tumor necrosis factor (TNF) membrane receptor (p60) and competes with TNF binding to p60 but not to p85 TNF receptors. Despite partial inhibition of TNF binding capacity of cells coexpressing both TNF receptor molecules, H398 uniformly and completely inhibits very distinct TNF responses on a variety of cell lines. These data suggest a limited structural heterogeneity in those components actually contributing to TNF responsiveness and identify p60 as a common receptor molecule essential for TNF signal transduction. As H398 is a highly effective TNF antagonist in vitro, it might be useful as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of TNF-mediated acute toxicity. ...

Detect 36 human cytokines, chemokines, and acute phase proteins simultaneously with our Proteome Profiler Human Cytokine Array Kit.

Intravenous injection of Candida albicans into mice produced elevated serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels. We hypothesized that immunostimulants released in vivo from C. albicans during fungal sepsis might contribute to the elevated levels of TNF-alpha in serum. We tested this hypothesis in mice with C. albicans mannan (CAM). Increased serum TNF-alpha levels were observed following intravenous and intraperitoneal injections of CAM. Injection of CAM into mice resulted in increased serum TNF-alpha concentrations that reached 1,200 pg/ml of blood, compared with 2,400 microg/ml of blood following injection of 10 microg of endotoxin. The response to CAM was concentration dependent, requiring a minimum dose of 20 microg of CAM per g of body weight. Sera from mice were tested 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after intravenous injections with CAM. TNF-alpha concentrations were minimal 30 and 120 min after intravenous injection and maximal 60 and 90 min after CAM injection. The relative ...

THOUSAND OAKS, Calif. & COLLEGEVILLE, Pa., Jun 04, 2008 (BUSINESS WIRE) -- Amgen (NASDAQ: AMGN) and Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, a division of Wyeth (NYSE: WYE), issued a statement in response to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Early Communication regarding an ongoing safety review of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) blockers (marketed as Remicade, Enbrel, Humira and Cimzia) and the possible association between the use of these medicines and the development of lymphoma and other cancers in children and young adults. These individuals were treated with TNF blockers for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), Crohns disease or other diseases. AMGEN AND WYETH STATEMENT: Amgen and Wyeth are committed to the safety of patients and have consistently updated the product labeling for Enbrel(R) (etanercept) over the past decade. The companies maintain ongoing safety surveillance programs worldwide to analyze and evaluate safety reports, including reports of malignancies, from controlled and open-label clinical ...

The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. OX40 - Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. Detailed annotation on the structure, function, physiology, pharmacology and clinical relevance of drug targets.

The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. OX40 - Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. Detailed annotation on the structure, function, physiology, pharmacology and clinical relevance of drug targets.

BioTek Anwendungshinweise, 13-Jul-10, Multiplexing Magnetic Bead-based Human Cytokine Assays - Automated Magnetic Bead Washing Using the ELx405

Proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) have been detected in tumor specimens and primary cell cultures from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. IL-1α has been reported to play an important role in inducing the expression of cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and GM-CSF during inflammation. We examined whether these cytokines are expressed together in five primary and seven established UM-SCC cell lines, and we also examined the effects of IL-1α, IL-1 receptor antagonist or neutralizing antibody (Ab) upon expression of this repertoire of proinflammatory cytokines in established UM-SCC lines. Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and GM-CSF was detected by ELISA in both the primary and established UM-SCC lines. Constitutive expression of specific mRNAs for these cytokines was confirmed in the UM-SCC lines by reverse transcriptase-PCR and Northern blot analysis. Addition of recombinant IL ...

The principal mechanism by which bronchodilator β-adrenoceptor agonists act is to relax airways smooth muscle although they may also be anti-inflammatory. However, the extent of anti-inflammatory activity and the cell types affected by these agonists are uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether β-adrenoceptor agonists prevent pro-inflammatory cytokine generation from activated human lung macrophages. Macrophages were isolated and purified from human lung. The cells were pre-treated with both short-acting (isoprenaline, salbutamol, terbutaline) and long-acting (formoterol, salmeterol, indacaterol) β-agonists before activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce cytokine (TNFα, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10) generation. The experiments showed that short-acting β-agonists were poor inhibitors of cytokine generation. Of the long-acting β-agonists studied, formoterol was also a weak inhibitor of cytokine generation whereas only indacaterol and salmeterol showed moderate ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. AU - Slifka, Mark K.. AU - Whitton, J. Lindsay. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2000. Y1 - 2000. N2 - Cytokines are soluble proteins that are produced and secreted as part of the immune response to a variety of tissue insults including infection, cancer, and autoimmunity. Most cytokines are secreted by cells of the immune system, but some (for example, type I interferons) are released from nonimmunological cells such as fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Cytokines have pleiotropic effects, acting on many somatic cell types to modulate the hosts immune response. For the most part, cytokines exert their antimicrobial actions locally - they are secreted by cells in the area of infection, and their effects are restricted to neighboring cells. While many of their local effects benefit the host, cytokines are soluble molecules that may act systemically and are often responsible for ...

EPO EIA Human Cytokines 021-SDX021 Erythropoietin Anemia,EPO EIA Human Cytokines 021-SDX021 Erythropoietin Anemia,medicine,medical supply,medical supplies,medical product

Purpose: The biochemical mechanisms for retinal capillary cell death in diabetes are not clear. In the diabetic retina of humans and rodents, pro-inflammatory cytokines are upregulated. In this study, we have investigated the effect if pro-inflammatory cytokines on a small heat shock protein, Hsp27 in primary human retinal endothelial cells (HREC).. Methods: HREC were cultured in the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interferon -γ (IFN-γ, 50 and 100 units/ml), interleukin-1β (IL-1β, 10 and 20 ng/ml) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, 10 and 20 ng/ml) for 48 hrs and in the presence or absence of high glucose (25 mM, HG). The roles of the kynurenine pathway and NOS were determined by adding 20 μM 1-methyl tryptophan (MT) and 500 μM L-Nω-nitroarginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), respectively to the culture medium. The mRNA and protein levels of Hsp27 and heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1) were determined by PCR and Western blotting. Apoptosis was assessed by Hoechst ...

T lymphocytes execute and control immunological reactions with a repertoire of cytokines, cytotoxic substances, and other mediators. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells specifically recognizing and reacting towards a defined antigen provide important information to understand their function in various immunological situations. Antigen-specific T cells can be identified and characterized by analyzing their effector function, e.g., production of cytokines. The Rapid Cytokine Inspector (CD4/CD8 T Cell) Kit, human, has been developed for the fast and easy evaluation of cytokine expression in activated T cells by intracellular staining. The kit contains an antibody cocktail for the identification of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and the exclusion of monocytes and B cells as well as brefeldin A and reagents for the fixation and permeabilization of cells after T cell stimulation. The kit is optimized for use in combination with Rapid Cytokine Inspector Anti-Cytokine antibodies of

TY - JOUR. T1 - Signal integration via PKR. AU - Williams, B. R.. PY - 2001/7/3. Y1 - 2001/7/3. N2 - The vital role of interferons (IFNs) as mediators of innate immunity is well established. It has recently become apparent that one of the pivotal proteins in mediating the antiviral activity of IFNs, the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR), also functions as a signal transducer in the proinflammatory response to different agents. PKR is a member of a small family of kinases that are activated by extracellular stresses and that phosphorylate the alpha subunit of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. The activation of PKR during infection by viral dsRNA intermediates results in the inhibition of viral replication. PKR also mediates the activation of signal transduction pathways by proinflammatory stimuli, including bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin 1 (IL-1). PKR is a ...

We explored the function of endogenous type I IFNs (IFN-1) in the colon using the T cell adoptive transfer model of colitis. Colon mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) constitutively produced IFN-1 in a Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β-dependent manner. Transfer of CD4(+)CD45RB(hi) T cells from wild-type (WT) or IFN-α/β receptor subunit 1 knockout (IFNAR1(-/-)) mice into RAG(-/-) hosts resulted in similar onset and severity of colitis. In contrast, RAG(-/-) × IFNAR1(-/-) double knockout (DKO) mice developed accelerated severe colitis compared with RAG(-/-) hosts when transferred with WT CD4(+)CD45RB(hi) T cells. IFNAR signaling on host hematopoietic cells was required to delay colitis development. MPs isolated from the colon lamina propria of IFNAR1(-/-) mice produced less IL-10, IL-1R antagonist, and IL-27 compared with WT MPs. Accelerated colitis development in DKO mice was characterized by early T cell proliferation and accumulation of CD11b(+)CD103(-) dendritic cells in the mesenteric

Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may cause inflammatory responses, which can deteriorate the outcomes. Inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6,-8 and -10, can act as both the effector and the predictor for post-operative inflammatory responses. Plasma mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was found as a pro-inflammatory agent recently, which was released when cells were insulted. In the present study, we included 38 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) to analyze their perioperative plasma mtDNA and levels of inflammatory cytokines. Blood samples were collected before aortic cross-clamping (T1), at the end of CPB (T2), 6 h post-CPB (T3), 12 h post-CPB (T4), and 24 h post-CPB (T5). Rt-PCR and specific ELISA kits were used to quantify the plasma mtDNA and inflammatory cytokines, respectively. Bivariate correlations analysis was used to check the correlations between plasma mtDNA and inflammatory cytokines respectively. Results shown that

RIVERSIDE, Calif. - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestine that includes Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. It is commonly treated with one of several available biological drugs that block an inflammatory molecule called Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-alpha), but not everybody is helped by this treatment.. New research by a team of biomedical scientists at the University of California, Riverside, led by David Lo, M.D., Ph.D., now offers a valuable tip that could help make these drugs more effective.. TNF-alpha is a protein produced by the bodys cells. It signals other cells that then produce additional inflammatory factors. But Los lab discovered earlier this year that TNF-alpha also induces specialized immune surveillance cells, called M cells, which both promote inflammation and suppress it. In other words, TNF-alpha plays a role in the destruction and the healing of tissues - a double-edged sword.. M cells normally help the immune system ...

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were one of the first few cytokines to be discovered. The normative data for levels of cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in particular and all other cytokines in general have not yet been established well. The normal levels for each of the cytokines vary from one race to another. Therefore, all studies need to be done in cases and controls belonging to the same race or same populations. The kits for cytokine assays are expensive and running the assays is laborious and time consuming. It is recommended that the serum/plasma samples are run in duplicates and triplicates to avoid error. Immunology and the field of cytokines is an area which has many domains unexplored. As yet, it is not clearly understood by what mechanisms and pathways each of the cytokines alter the levels of other cytokines. Exercise or physical activity is an intervention which can be administered easily and levels of cytokines measured before and after intervention in same ...

Abstract BACKGROUND: Proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) play an important role in the blood-brain barrier breakdown present in several neurological diseases including multiple sclerosis and AIDS. However, the specific effects of these cytokines on central nervous system-derived endothelial cells (CNS-EC) is not fully understood. In this study the effects of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were tested on different permeability mechanisms of CNS-EC. METHODS: Central nervous system endothelial cells were isolated from human brain and retina and cultured in vitro in a transwell system. Fluid-phase endocytosis and transcytosis, absorptive-mediated endocytosis, and ammonia diffusion were measured with specific methods. Endothelial cells were studied with electron microscopy for the ultrastructural effects of cytokine stimulation. RESULTS: Fluid-phase endocytosis and transcytosis were significantly increased by TNF-alpha and IL-6. This effect was dose ...

The MAb11 monoclonal antibody specifically reacts with human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), a 157 amino acid non-glycosylated protein. TNF-alpha is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by various cells including adipocytes, activated

Objective: Despite decades of research on risk indicators of spontaneous preterm birth (PTB), reliable biomarkers are still not available to screen or diagnose high-risk pregnancies. Several biomarkers in maternal and fetal compartments have been mechanistically linked to PTB, but none of them are reliable predictors of pregnancy outcome. This systematic review was conducted to synthesize the knowledge on PTB biomarkers identified using multiplex analysis. Materials and methods: Three electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science) were searched for studies in any language reporting the use of multiplex assays for maternal biomarkers associated with PTB published from January 2005 to March 2014. Results: Retrieved citations (3631) were screened, and relevant studies (33) were selected for full-text reading. Ten studies were included in the review. Forty-two PTB-related proteins were reported, and RANTES and IL-10 (three studies) followed by MIP-1 beta, GM-CSF, Eotaxin, and TNF-RI (two ...

Objective: Despite decades of research on risk indicators of spontaneous preterm birth (PTB), reliable biomarkers are still not available to screen or diagnose high-risk pregnancies. Several biomarkers in maternal and fetal compartments have been mechanistically linked to PTB, but none of them are reliable predictors of pregnancy outcome. This systematic review was conducted to synthesize the knowledge on PTB biomarkers identified using multiplex analysis. Materials and methods: Three electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science) were searched for studies in any language reporting the use of multiplex assays for maternal biomarkers associated with PTB published from January 2005 to March 2014. Results: Retrieved citations (3631) were screened, and relevant studies (33) were selected for full-text reading. Ten studies were included in the review. Forty-two PTB-related proteins were reported, and RANTES and IL-10 (three studies) followed by MIP-1 beta, GM-CSF, Eotaxin, and TNF-RI (two ...

Analysis of cytokine mRNA and protein in rheumatoid arthritis tissue revealed that many proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF alpha, IL-1, IL-6, GM-CSF, and chemokines such as IL-8 are abundant in all patients regardless of therapy. This is compensated to some degree by the increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF beta and cytokine inhibitors such as IL-1ra and soluble TNF-R. However, this upregulation in homeostatic regulatory mechanisms is not sufficient as these are unable to neutralize all the TNF alpha and IL-1 produced. In rheumatoid joint cell cultures that spontaneously produce IL-1, TNF alpha was the major dominant regulator of IL-1. Subsequently, other proinflammatory cytokines were also inhibited if TNF alpha was neutralized, leading to the new concept that the proinflammatory cytokines were linked in a network with TNF alpha at its apex. This led to the hypothesis that TNF alpha was of major importance in rheumatoid arthritis and was a therapeutic target.

T lymphocytes execute and control immunological reactions with a repertoire of cytokines, cytotoxic substances, and other mediators. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of CD4+ T cells specifically recognizing and reacting towards a defined antigen provide important information to understand their function in various immunological situations. Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells can be identified and characterized by analyzing their effector function, e.g., production of cytokines and expression of CD154. The Rapid Cytokine Inspector (CD4 T Cell) Kit, human, has been developed for the fast and easy evaluation of cytokine expression in activated CD154+ CD4+ T cells by intracellular staining. The kit contains an antibody cocktail for the identification of CD154+ CD4+ T cells and the exclusion of monocytes and B cells as well as brefeldin A and reagents for the fixation and permeabilization of cells after T cell stimulation. The kit is optimized for use in combination with Rapid Cytokine Inspector Anti

To the Editor:. As testified to by the report of Dybdahl and colleagues,1 and the subsequent editorial by Pockley, 2 heat shock proteins (HSPs) are increasingly seen as important mediators in a number of cardiovascular disease states. The former work describes the release of HSP70 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) into the circulation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) as well as the liberation of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α from murine and human mononuclear cells by HSP70 signaling through CD14 and toll-like receptor-4. It is tempting to conclude that the first observation is as a direct consequence of the latter, as the authors speculate, but there are alternative possibilities.. Endotoxaemia is a salient feature of CPB (thought consequent on the translocation of endotoxin across gut mucosa) and has long been associated with pro-inflammatory cytokine liberation in this context.3 Therefore endotoxaemia alone could explain the increase in IL-6 found in patients undergoing CPB. Furthermore, ...

Can linseed oil be a natural alternative? This question can neither with still no answer will be, but must be regarded as differentiated by medication and type of rheumatism. So it is undoubtedly so that modern developments in the field of anti-inflammatory drugs have made the rheumatism therapy while maintaining the effectiveness of friendly. However, new risks can arise. So its only understandable, if people are looking for alternatives, which are on the one hand effective, should be on the other but also largely free of side effects. Patients with inflammatory or degenerative rheumatic diseases are often very high values of the so-called inflammatory markers. One of them is the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). The control and reduction of TNF-alpha is a target of treating rheumatism. This common anti-inflammatory pain relievers (NSAID) and in severe cases called DMARDs (Biologicals) be used. The latter can effectively inhibit TNF-alpha, and are a valuable support for those affected. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Multiplex analysis of enzyme kinetics and inhibition by droplet microfluidics using picoinjectors. AU - Sjostrom, Staffan L.. AU - Jönsson, Håkan. AU - Svahn, Helene Andersson. PY - 2013. Y1 - 2013. N2 - Enzyme kinetics and inhibition is important for a wide range of disciplines including pharmacology, medicine and industrial bioprocess technology. We present a novel microdroplet-based device for extensive characterization of the reaction kinetics of enzyme substrate inhibitor systems in a single experiment utilizing an integrated droplet picoinjector for bioanalysis. This device enables the scanning of multiple fluorescently-barcoded inhibitor concentrations and substrate conditions in a single, highly time-resolved experiment yielding the Michaelis constant (Km), the turnover number (kcat) and the enzyme inhibitor dissociation constants (ki, ki′). Using this device we determine Km and kcat for β-galactosidase and the fluorogenic substrate Resorufin β-d-galactopyranoside ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Salivary cytokines in healthy adolescent girls. T2 - Intercorrelations, stability, and associations with serum cytokines, age, and pubertal stage. AU - Riis, Jenna L.. AU - Out, Dorothee. AU - Dorn, Lorah D.. AU - Beal, Sarah J.. AU - Denson, Lee A.. AU - Pabst, Stephanie. AU - Jaedicke, Katrin. AU - Granger, Douglas A.. PY - 2014/5/1. Y1 - 2014/5/1. N2 - Theoretically, the measurement of cytokines in saliva may have utility for studies of brain, behavior, and immunity in youth. Cytokines in saliva and serum were analyzed across three annual assessments in healthy adolescent girls (N = 114, 11-17 years at enrollment). Samples were assayed for GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNFα, adiponectin, and cotinine. Results revealed: (1) cytokine levels, except IFNγ and IL-10, were detectable in saliva, and salivary levels, except IL-8 and IL-1β, were lower than serum levels; (2) salivary cytokine levels were lower in older girls and positively associated with ...

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is an immunosuppresor drug that has been used in the treatment of several types of inflammatory diseases. In some of them the inhibition of T-lymphocyte activation does not suitably account for the observed beneficial effect, suggesting that CsA could act on other types of cells. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of CsA on inflammatory cytokine secretion by U937 monocyte cells. Undifferentiated and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) differentiated U937 cells were incubated with different concentrations of CsA (200, 20 and 2 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of phorbol-myristateacetate (PMA). Interleukin-1g (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6 and IL-8 levels were measured in supernatants using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. At the highest concentration used (200 ng/mL) CsA decreased the basal and stimulated secretion of all the inflammatory cytokines studied in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells, with the only exception

Pro-inflammatory Cytokines IL-1 beta and TNT alpha, but Not IL-8, Cause Aberrant Lung Epithelial Wound Repair Via TGF-beta 1 Driven Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT ...

Cytokines also activate these immune cells, and stimulate them to produce more cytokines. This positive feedback loop will attract more T-cells and macrophages to join the fight. Usually, the body is able to keep the feedback loop in check so that a cytokine storm (which is energy-consuming and harms the body) doesnt occur.. Sometimes the body is unable to control the loop, for reasons we dont fully understand and we end up with a CS. Its speculated that a CS might be triggered when the immune system is attacked by a new and highly pathogenic invader. The cytokine storm results in systemic symptoms, such as liver dysfunction, acute renal failure, and shock. In the nervous system, it leads to brain injury through alteration of vessel wall permeability without vessel wall disruption. According to this hypothesis, ANE is an encephalopathy concomitant with systemic immune imbalance.. ...

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced caspase activation mediates endotoxin-related cardiac dysfunction. AU - Carlson, Deborah L.. AU - Willis, Monte. AU - White, D. Jean. AU - Norton, Jureta W.. AU - Giroir, Brett P.. PY - 2005/5/1. Y1 - 2005/5/1. N2 - Objective: Sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction is a serious clinical syndrome characterized by hypotension, decreased systemic vascular resistance, and elevated cardiac index. Although cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α have been shown to play a significant role early in this response, the downstream effects of TNF-α signaling on cardiac function, specifically its relationship to apoptosis, have not been fully elucidated. Design: Previous studies from our laboratory have identified endotoxin-induced apoptosis in cardiac cells in vitro. To further determine the role of lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis in vivo, mice were injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (4 mg/kg), and cardiac apoptosis was detected and ...

The pathogenesis of psoriasis is multifactorial, with genetic, environmental, and immunological factors contributing to the phenotype. The importance of T cells in the pathogenesis of psoriasis is supported by the response of patients to treatment with agents that affect T cell function, such as cyclosporine. Several cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-12, IL-17, and recently IL-23. Th17 cells are distinct from Th1 and Th2 cells in their differentiation and maintenance conditions, as well as in their effector cytokine expression profile. IL-23/Th17 signaling provides a link between the adaptive immune response and innate immunity, such as responses to bacterial infection and autoimmunity, including rheumatoid arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and psoriasis (7-11). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has recently approved an anti-IL12/23p40 Ab, named Stelara (ustekinumab), for treating moderate-to-severe ...

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, the immunologic model of which has been profoundly revised following recent advances in the understanding of its pathophysiology. In the current model, a crosstalk between keratinocytes, neutrophils, mast cells, T cells, and dendritic cells is thought to create inflammatory and pro-proliferative circuits mediated by chemokines and cytokines. Various triggers, including recently identified autoantigens, Toll-like receptor agonists, chemerin, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin may activate the pathogenic cascade resulting in enhanced production of pro-inflammatory and proliferation-inducing mediators such as interleukin (IL)-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-23, IL-22, interferon (IFN)-α, and IFN-γ by immune cells. Among these key cytokines lie therapeutic targets for currently approved antipsoriatic therapies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the immune-mediated mechanisms characterizing the current pathogenic model of

Danger signals activate Toll-like receptors (TLRs), thereby initiating inflammatory responses. Canonical TLR signalling, via Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor domain (TIR)-containing adaptors and proinflammatory transcription factors such as NF-κB, occurs in many cell types; however, additional mechanisms are required for specificity of inflammatory responses in innate immune cells. Here we show that SCIMP, an immune-restricted, transmembrane adaptor protein (TRAP), promotes selective proinflammatory cytokine responses by direct modulation of TLR4. SCIMP is a non-TIR-containing adaptor, binding directly to the TLR4-TIR domain in response to lipopolysaccharide. In macrophages, SCIMP is constitutively associated with the Lyn tyrosine kinase, is required for tyrosine phosphorylation of TLR4, and facilitates TLR-inducible production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12p40. Point mutations in SCIMP abrogating TLR4 binding also prevent SCIMP-mediated cytokine production. SCIMP is, therefore, an immune

TY - JOUR. T1 - Endogenous tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production and modification of pathological lesions in experimental Escherichia coli endotoxemia of piglets. AU - Nakajima, Yasuyuki. AU - Momotani, Eiichi. AU - Takahashi, Hideyuki. AU - Ishikawa, Yoshiharu. AU - Ito, Takashi. AU - Kanesaki, Makoto. AU - Madarame, Hiroo. PY - 1995/1/1. Y1 - 1995/1/1. N2 - We examined the kinetics of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in relation to LPS tolerance and endotoxemic lesions of piglets. The plasma of piglets demonstrated cytotoxicity to TNF-sensitive L929 cells between 0.5 and 4 h after inoculation with 200 μg kg -1 of LPS. This cytotoxicity was neutralized by anti-bovine TNF serum. These piglets had disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and meningoencephalitis. However, if piglets were first treated with three doses of 40 μg kg -1 of LPS, both TNF production and the occurrence of DIC were inhibited when 200 μg kg -1 of LPS was ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - A Static Magnetic Field Reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced Proinflammatory Cytokine Levels of Fibroblasts by Altering Membrane Fluidity. AU - Lin, Che-Tong. AU - Chen, Chi-An. AU - Chen, Yu-Fu. AU - Chen, Chun-Yang. AU - Lee, Sheng-Yang. AU - Huang, Haw-Ming. PY - 2007. Y1 - 2007. N2 - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the major substances that initiate an immune host response in microbial infections which results in cytotoxicity. In terms of the treatment of the immune response, much research on endotoxin tolerance that can reduce LPS-induced damages has been conducted. In this experiment, cultured fibroblasts were challenged with LPS in order to initiate an inflammatory reaction. Cell numbers and various proinflammatory cytokine levels were compared between a static magnetic field (SMF)-exposed group and an unexposed group. Our results showed that with LPS challenge, fibroblasts exposed to a 4000-G SMF demonstrated a higher cell density (8.28±0.14 10^4 cells/ml) when compared ...

Background: Recent studies suggest that acute sleep deprivation disrupts cellular immune responses by shifting T helper (Th) cell activity towards a Th2 cytokine profile. Since little is known about more long-term effects, we investigated how five days of sleep restriction would affect pro-inflammatory, chemotactic, Th1- and Th2 cytokine secretion. Methods: Nine healthy males participated in an experimental sleep protocol with two baseline sleep-wake cycles (sleep 23.00 - 07.00 h) followed by 5 days with restricted sleep (03.00 - 07.00 h). On the second baseline day and on the fifth day with restricted sleep, samples were drawn every third hour for determination of cytokines/chemokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL) -1 beta, IL-2, IL-4 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)) after in vitro stimulation of whole blood samples with the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Also leukocyte numbers, mononuclear cells and cortisol were analysed. Results: 5-days of sleep ...

Listeriosis in mice with the severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mutation is an established model in vivo and in vitro of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)-dependent macrophage activation by natural killer (NK) cells during the development of natural immunity. We demonstrate that IFN-gamma production from SCID splenocytes is stimulated by interleukin (IL) 12, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-2 but is inhibited by IL-10, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF are induced by heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes (hk-LM) from SCID splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages. IL-12 production is necessary for hk-LM to stimulate IFN-gamma production by SCID splenocytes since neutralization of IL-12 totally blocks IFN-gamma production in this system. TNF-alpha and IL-2 act synergistically with IL-12 to augment IFN-gamma production. Also, exogenous IL-2 increases the response of NK cells to hk-LM or to IL-12 and TNF-alpha. In contrast, IL-10 inhibits hk-LM-induced IFN-gamma production at two levels: (i) by ...

Distributions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and its soluble receptor forms, R55-BP and R75-BP, were analyzed in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe acute or chronic central nervous system infections. Tuberculous infections were associated with high ratios of R55-BP and R75-BP to TNF, 27.2 and 28.0, respectively, suggesting a small biologically active fraction of TNF. The opposite was found in subjects with acute bacterial meningitis. They had large fractions of biologically active TNF and thus low ratios of R55-BP and R75-BP to TNF, 3.7 and 4.0, respectively. It is hypothesized that chronic infectious diseases, such as tuberculous infections, may be associated with inadequate production of TNF and a concomitant relative increase of soluble TNF receptors, which may prolong the disease ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Time- and concentration-dependent effects of exogenous serotonin and inflammatory cytokines on mast cell function. AU - Gruba, Sarah M.. AU - Meyer, Audrey F.. AU - Manning, Benjamin M.. AU - Wang, Yiwen. AU - Thompson, John W.. AU - Dalluge, Joseph J.. AU - Haynes, Christy L.. PY - 2014/2/21. Y1 - 2014/2/21. N2 - Mast cells play a significant role in both the innate and adaptive immune response; however, the tissue-bound nature of mast cells presents an experimental roadblock to performing physiologically relevant mast cell experiments. In this work, a heterogeneous cell culture containing primary culture murine peritoneal mast cells (MPMCs) was studied to characterize the time-dependence of mast cell response to allergen stimulation and the time- and concentration-dependence of the ability of the heterogeneous MPMC culture to uptake and degranulate exogenous serotonin using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to an electrochemical detector. Additionally, ...

An imbalance in the production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines may play a role in the pathophysiology of perimenopausal depression. The aim of this study was to examine serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, in perimenopausal women suffering from depression. Furthermore, to assess whether serum cytokine levels are associated with the presence of hot flashes or the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). We also evaluated the possible association of hot flashes and perimenopausal depression. Serum samples from 65 perimenopausal women, 41 with depression and 24 without depression, were assessed for serum IL-6, TNFα and IL-10 by conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Depression was evaluated by the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D 17) and a psychiatric interview. The presence and severity of hot flashes were examined using the Menopause

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1 are known to initiate endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 transcription primarily by activating nuclear factor (NF)-B, which translocates to the nucleus. enhancement, because (test. RNA Isolation and Northern Hybridization. To measure VCAM-1 mRNA levels, HUVEC were preincubated with or without IFN- for 24 h, followed by TNF stimulation PR52B for 1 to 24 h. To measure VCAM-1 mRNA stability, HUVEC were preincubated with or without IFN- for 24 h, followed by a 4-h TNF pulse. Actinomycin D (2.5 g/ml; (Uppsala, Sweden) according to the manufacturers instructions. After separation of CYC116 endothelial RNA on 0.8% agarose gels containing 4 M urea, gels were dried. After prehybridization in ExpressHyb solution (films (electrophoresis documentation and analysis system 120) and normalized to their 28S RNA bands. Western Blots. Nuclear protein extracts were prepared as previously described (21), normalized according their protein ...

Clinical trial for Rheumatoid Arthritis , Safety Study Of Tofacitinib Versus Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Inhibitor In Subjects With Rheumatoid Arthritis

We hypothesized that ratios of pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokines can be associated with hepatic, cardiac, and renal function after a severe trauma and can be used as predictors for clinical outcome. Furthermore, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in combination with its principle binding protein (IGFBP-3) equilibrates proto anti-inflammatory cytokine ratios and improves homeostasis of severely burned pediatric patients. Seventeen severely burned children were given a continuous infusion of IGF-I/BP-3 for 5 days after wound excision and grafting; seven were given saline during the same time period to serve as controls. Patient demographics and mortality were determined. Five days after excision and grafting, cardiac function was determined and blood samples were taken for serum levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, creatinine, pre-albumin, cholinesterase, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF), and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ). There were no differences between IGF-I/BP

Objective: To assess the behavior of Beta-2 microglobulin and serum cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 as indicators of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) failure Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Eighty-nine HIV-1+ patients and 20 normal individuals were divided into 4 groups: G1- 15 HIV-1+ individuals, previously untreated or without HAART for at least six months and CD4+ , 350 cells/mm3; G2- 31 HIV-1+ individuals undergoing HAART without virological therapeutic failure (TF), G3- 43 HIV-1+ individuals undergoing HAART with TF, and GC- 20 normal individuals who served as controls for serum cytokines. Demographic, clinical and HAART data were reviewed, and Beta-2 microglobulin, serum cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10), HIV-1 genotyping, plasma viral load and CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes tests were performed.. Key words: Beta-2 microglobulin, serum cytokines, HIV-1, resistance, HAART, therapeutic failure, genotyping. ...

Previous studies in the laboratory have shown that the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The mechanisms involved in regulating monocyte/macrophage cytokine production are not yet fully understood, but are thought to involve both soluble factors and cell/cell contact with other cell types. We and others have previously demonstrated that T cells activated through the T cell receptor/CD3 complex induce monocyte TNF-alpha production by contact-mediated signals. In this report, we investigated further whether T cells activated by cytokines in the absence of T cell receptor stimulation also regulate monocyte cytokine production. T cells were activated in an antigen-independent manner using the cytokines interleukin (IL)-15 or IL-2 alone, or in combination with IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Subsequently, T cells were fixed and incubated with monocytes. Fixed, cytokine-stimulated T cells induced monocytes to secrete TNF-alpha

TY - JOUR. T1 - Murine thymic stromal lymphopoietin promotes the differentiation of regulatory T cells from thymic CD4+CD8-CD25- naïve cells in a dendritic cell-independent manner. AU - Lee, June Yong. AU - Lim, Yu Mi. AU - Park, Min Jung. AU - Min, So Youn. AU - Cho, Mi La. AU - Sung, Young Chul. AU - Park, Se Ho. AU - Kim, Ho Youn. AU - Cho, Young Gyu. PY - 2008/2. Y1 - 2008/2. N2 - Human thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) activates dendritic cells (DCs), which promote the proliferation and differentiation of CD4+ T cells. However, murine TSLP (mTSLP) can act directly on CD4+ T cells and bring about their differentiation. We studied the role of mTSLP in the generation of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells from thymocytes. mTSLP promoted the differentiation of CD4+ single-positive thymocytes into CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells. Although we cannot exclude an effect of TSLP mediated through DCs due to co-stimulatory effects, mTSLP appears to act directly on thymocytes. T-cell receptor and TSLP receptor signaling ...

A cytokine storm is an overreaction of the bodys immune system. It can be deadly. It consists of a positive feedback loop between cytokines and immune cells.[1] It is believed that cytokine storms were responsible for many of the deaths during the 1918 influenza pandemic, which killed a disproportionate number of young adults.[1] In this case, a healthy immune system may have been a liability rather than an asset. Preliminary research results from Hong Kong also suggest this as the probable reason for many deaths during the SARS epidemic in 2003.[2] Human deaths from the bird flu H5N1 usually involve cytokine storms as well.[3] ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Simultaneous detection and quantification of six equine cytokines in plasma using a fluorescent microsphere immunoassay (FMIA). AU - Hall, SA. AU - Stucke, D. AU - Morrone, B. AU - Lebelt, D. AU - Zanella, AJ. N1 - 1023306. PY - 2015. Y1 - 2015. N2 - Cytokines are cell signalling proteins that mediate a number of different physiological responses. They are also biomarkers for inflammatory conditions and potential diagnostic references for diseases. Until recently, simultaneous quantification of cytokine profiles had not been possible. Now however, fluorescent microsphere immunoassays (FMIA) are able to measure multiple cytokines in a single sample. The following pro-inflammatory and anti inflammatory cytokines were quantified in equine plasma and serum samples: Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, Interferon (IFN)-γ, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α.. AB - Cytokines are cell signalling proteins that mediate a number of different physiological responses. They are also biomarkers ...

Infections and immunological processes are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of Tourettes syndrome (TS). To determine possible common underlying immunological mechanisms, we focused on innate immunity and studied markers of inflammation, monocytes, and monocyte-derived cytokines. In a cross-sectional study, we used current methods to determine the number of monocytes and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in 46 children, adolescents, and adult patients suffering from TS and in 43 healthy controls matched for age and sex. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), soluble CD14 (sCD14), IL1-receptor antagonist (IL1-ra), and serum neopterin were detected by immunoassays. We found that CRP and neopterin levels and the number of monocytes were significantly higher in TS patients than in healthy controls. Serum concentrations of TNF-alpha, sIL1-ra, and sCD14 were significantly lower in TS patients. All measured values were within normal ranges and often close to detection limits.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Divergent effects of cocaine on cytokine production by lymphocytes and monocyte/macrophages. T2 - HIV-1 enhancement by cocaine within the blood-brain barrier. AU - Fiala, A. M.. AU - Gan, X. H.. AU - Newton, T.. AU - Chiappelli, F.. AU - Shapshak, P.. AU - Kermani, V.. AU - Kung, M. A.. AU - Diagne, A.. AU - Martinez, O.. AU - Way, D.. AU - Weinand, M.. AU - Witte, M.. AU - Graves, M.. PY - 1996/10/2. Y1 - 1996/10/2. N2 - Cocaine-related immunosuppression is assumed to have serious consequences, but its evaluation in drug-addicted subjects is lacking. In this study performed with materials from addicted subjects receiving intravenous cocaine and normal control subjects, acute cocaine effects on cytokine production in vivo and in mononuclear cells in vitro were determined. Acute intravenous cocaine administration resulted in (a) increased white blood cell and lymphocyte courts, (b) decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-10 serum levels; (c) depressed ...

Bio-Plex® Reader and Tools Bio-Plex® Instruments Bio-Plex instruments include the Bio-Plex 3D system, Bio-Plex 200 reader, and Bio-Plex Pro wash stations, as well as maintenance, calibration, and validation kits for the Bio-Plex 200 reader to assure system performance.. Bio-Plex® Multiplex Immunoassays Bio-Plex® Assay Finder Bio-Plex® Software Bio-Plex software makes running xMAP instruments and analyzing multiplex data simple. Get your results fast whether you evaluate individual instrument runs or combine data from multiple runs to understand your biological system.. Human Inflammation Assays Human MMP and TIMP Assays Assays for the detection and quantification of markers for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs).. Cytokine, Chemokine, and Growth Factor Assays Multiplex magnetic bead-based assays for quantifying cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in matrices. Cell Signaling Assays Magnetic assays for the detection of multiple ...

Bio-Plex® Reader and Tools Bio-Plex® Instruments Bio-Plex instruments include the Bio-Plex 3D system, Bio-Plex 200 reader, and Bio-Plex Pro wash stations, as well as maintenance, calibration, and validation kits for the Bio-Plex 200 reader to assure system performance.. Bio-Plex® Multiplex Immunoassays Bio-Plex® Assay Finder Bio-Plex® Software Bio-Plex software makes running xMAP instruments and analyzing multiplex data simple. Get your results fast whether you evaluate individual instrument runs or combine data from multiple runs to understand your biological system.. Human Inflammation Assays Human MMP and TIMP Assays Assays for the detection and quantification of markers for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs).. Cytokine, Chemokine, and Growth Factor Assays Multiplex magnetic bead-based assays for quantifying cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in matrices. Cell Signaling Assays Magnetic assays for the detection of multiple ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced antiviral transcription factor (STAT1 and NF-kB) complexes by antibody-dependent enhancement of macrophage infection by Ross River virus. AU - Mahalingam, Surendran. AU - Lidbury, Brett. PY - 2002. Y1 - 2002. N2 - Subneutralizing concentrations of antibody may enhance virus infection by bringing the virus-antibody complex into contact with the cell surface Fc receptors; this interaction facilitates entry of virus into the cell and is referred to as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection. Northern analysis of macrophage RNA demonstrated that ADE infection by the indigenous Australian alphavirus Ross River (RRV-ADE) ablated or diminished message for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), nitric-oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), and IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), as well as for IFN-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and IFN-beta; the transcription of a control gene was unaffected. Additionally, electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA) ...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorder. Since acetylcholine (ACh) is known to participate in the inflammatory response, we investigated the possible relationship between pro-inflammatory cytokines and acetylcholine levels in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) patients. Levels of ACh and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1-β and IL-17 were measured both in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sera of 22 RR-MS patients in the relapsing phase and in 17 control subjects affected by other non-neurological diseases (OND). We observed higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-17 in both CSF and serum of RR-MS patients compared to control subjects. Moreover, ACh levels were lower in CSF and serum of RR-MS patients compared to levels of control subjects. Although the relationship between high inflammatory cytokine levels and low ACh levels need to be further investigated in the future, our data suggest that IL-1β, and

Background: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin (IL)-7-like cytokine that triggers dendritic cell-mediated T helper (Th)2 inflammatory responses through a receptor consisting of a heterodimer of the IL-7 receptor alpha (IL-7Rα) chain and the TSLP receptor (TSLPR), which resembles the cytokine receptor common gamma chain. Dendritic cells activated by TSLP prime development of CD4 + T cells into Th2 cells contributing to the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. We hypothesized that allergen exposure induces expression of TSLP and results in recruitment of TSLPR bearing cells in the cutaneous allergen-induced late-phase reaction (LPR) in atopic subjects. Methods: Skin biopsies were obtained from atopic subjects ( n = 9) at various times after cutaneous allergen challenge. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used to determine TSLP mRNA expression and to measure infiltration of TSLPR + DC in skin LPR. RT-PCR and flow cytometry were employed to analyse TSLPR ...

The present study reports for the first time the relationship between urinary cytokines IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10, and S. haematobium infection and infection-associated urinary tract pathology in primary school children. Levels of urinary cytokine were lower than those of serum cytokines and there was no correlation between levels of urinary and serum IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 among the children. These findings concur with those of a previous study which demonstrated differences between urine and serum cytokine levels in children with bacterial infections of the urinary tract [22]. These findings suggest that there may be differences between systemic and local mucosal cytokine production or secretion during infections in the urinary tract.. A correlation between ex vivo cytokine secretion by antigen-stimulated peripheral blood cells and schistosome-related morbidity has previously been demonstrated both in studies on human schistosome infections and in S. mansoni-animal models where ...

Human Monocytes/Macrophage Inflammatory Cytokine Changes Following in vivo and in vitro Schistomam manoni Infection Mistire Wolde, 1, 2 Lisa C Laan, 3 Girmay Medhin, 1 Endalemaw Gadissa, 4 Nega Berhe, 1, 5 Aster Tsegaye 2 1Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 3Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; 4Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 5Oslo University Hospital-Ulleval, Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Oslo, NorwayCorrespondence: Mistire WoldeAklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEmail [email protected]: Epidemiological and animal studies indicate that helminth infections have positive effects due to their potential to protect against autoimmune diseases. Here, we

Human Monocytes/Macrophage Inflammatory Cytokine Changes Following in vivo and in vitro Schistomam manoni Infection Mistire Wolde, 1, 2 Lisa C Laan, 3 Girmay Medhin, 1 Endalemaw Gadissa, 4 Nega Berhe, 1, 5 Aster Tsegaye 2 1Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 3Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; 4Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 5Oslo University Hospital-Ulleval, Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Oslo, NorwayCorrespondence: Mistire WoldeAklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEmail [email protected]: Epidemiological and animal studies indicate that helminth infections have positive effects due to their potential to protect against autoimmune diseases. Here, we

Cytokines present in the renal graft may have originated from either the donor or the recipient. Mutations in cytokine polymorphism sequences may alter transcription factor sites, which could alter transcription itself and subsequent cytokine production. However, the exact role of cytokine gene polymorphisms in transplant outcome remains controversial, with some groups showing a correlation,1-3 but others not.4,5. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a proinflammatory cytokine. TNFα release has been correlated with the subsequent development of early graft failure. A G to A base change at position −308 of the TNFα promoter region has been described, resulting in two alleles TNF1 and TNF2.6 The TNF2 allele is in linkage disequilibrium with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype A1-B8-DR3. Wilson et al have provided evidence that the TNF2 allele is a much stronger transcriptional activator than the TNF1 allele.7 The molecular mechanism to explain this has not been elucidated; there ...

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dioscorins isolated from 2 yam species, Dioscorea alata (Da-dioscorins) and Dioscorea japonica (Dj-dioscorins), on mouse immune activities. Results from cytokine array indicated that Dj-dioscorins increased the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-3, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-13, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) in the spleen cells of BALB/c mice. In RAW264.7 macrophage, Da-dioscorins upregulated the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, RANTES, MCP-1, and GCSF genes to a greater extent than Dj-dioscorins did. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and RANTES gene expression was higher in spleen cells than in bone marrow and thymus cells in Da-dioscorin- or Dj-dioscorin-treated BALB/c and C57BL/6. Overall, our results suggest that dioscorins exert distinct immunomodulatory effects on mouse immune ...

What are the aims of this leaflet?. This leaflet has been written to help you understand more about Etanercept. It tells you what it is, how it works, how it is used to treat skin conditions, and where you can find out more about it.. What is etanercept and how does it work?. Etanercept is one of the first of a group of modern drugs called biologics or biologicals. Unlike ordinary drugs which can usually be made from chemicals in a test tube, biologics are complex molecules made by living cells. They are designed to mimic or change processes in the human body and are used to treat a range of diseases from cancer to arthritis.. Etanercept blocks the effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) so it is called an anti-TNF drug. TNF-alpha helps the body fight infection and cancer, but when over produced it can have harmful effects. Over-production of TNF occurs in several diseases including Crohns disease, psoriasis and inflammatory arthritis, so anti-TNF drugs have been as ...

Background: Severe sepsis is common and frequently fatal, and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause. Although severe sepsis is often attributed to uncontrolled and unbalanced inflammation, evidence from humans with infection syndromes across the breadth of disease is lacking. In this study we describe the systemic cytokine response to pneumonia and determine if specific patterns, including the balance of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers, are associated with severe sepsis and death. Methods: This is a cohort study of 1886 subjects hospitalized with CAP through the emergency departments in 28 US academic and community hospitals. We defined severe sepsis as CAP complicated by new-onset organ dysfunction, following international consensus conference criteria. We measured plasma tumor necrosis factor, IL-6 (interleukin 6), and IL-10 levels daily for the first week and weekly thereafter. Our main outcome measures were severe sepsis and 90-day mortality. Results: A total ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Nitric oxide modulates interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α synthesis, and disease regression by alveolar macrophages in pulmonary tuberculosis. AU - Wang, Chun Hua. AU - Kuo, Han Pin. PY - 2001/5/9. Y1 - 2001/5/9. N2 - Pretreatment with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors profoundly increases mortality, bacterial burden and pathological tissue damage in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nitric oxide (NO) production is enhanced in alveolar macrophages (AM) of tuberculosis (TB) patients. Interleukin (IL)-1β and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α released from AM are involved in the immune response to mycobacterial infection. The aim of the present study was to examine whether NO is implicated in IL-1β and TNF-α synthesis by AM and related to the resolution of disease activity in TB patients. Purified AM were retrieved by bronchoalveolar lavage from TB patients and normal subjects, and cultured in the presence or absence of a NO inhibitor, ...

Find Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) and Receptor research area related information and Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) and Receptor research products from R&D Systems. Learn more.

The data presented here provide new insight into the biology of regulatory T cells within the context of a human autoimmune disease. CD4+CD25high T cells isolated from patients with active RA, although still anergic, show compromised function as demonstrated by their inability to regulate proinflammatory cytokines released by effector T cells and monocytes. After Infliximab treatment, regulatory T cell-mediated suppression was restored to the level found in healthy individuals, whereas only a partial restoration was seen in regulatory T cells isolated from patients responding to methotrexate. Although it is well documented that Infliximab blocks both soluble and transmembrane TNFα, resulting in a strong inhibition of other proinflammatory cytokines, there is no unanimity about the effects of methotrexate on cytokine production in RA (21, 22). If proinflammatory cytokines are not efficiently suppressed in methotrexate-treated patients, this could have a deleterious effect on the function of ...

Abstract: : Purpose: To compare cytokine expression levels between cornea and trigeminal ganglion in herpetic keratitis, and to examine the relation between viral replication and cytokine expression. Methods: . Balb/c mouse (8 weeks old, female) corneas were scarified and infected with HSV-1 (CHR3 strain 1X106 pfu/ml, N=108). At 4, 8 and 12 days post-infection (PI), 10 types of cytokines (IL-1alpha, -1beta, -2, -4, -6, -10, -12, -18, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha) in the cornea and trigeminal ganglion were quantitated by ELISA. The results were superimposed on the clinical scores and virus titers for corneas and trigeminal ganglia. Results: In the cornea, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6) predominated, reaching maximum at 12 days PI, while in the trigeminal ganglion, Th1 type cytokines (IL-2, IFN-gamma and IL-12) were preeminent at 4-8 days PI and 12 days PI respectively. Th2 type cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) were below the detection limit of ELISA. Virus titer was maximum at 4 ...

Methods TSLP expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry in human SSc skin, primary lung fibrosis and mouse bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis, and by quantitative RT-PCR in mouse skin and cultured fibroblasts. The regulation of TSLP expression by specific toll-like receptors (TLR)-2, -3 and -4 agonists was analysed in human dermal fibroblast cultures. The role of TSLP in skin fibrosis and local cytokine expression was analysed in TSLP receptor (TSLPR)-deficient mice.. ...

TNF-alpha is a highly pleiotropic cytokine and plays an important role in regulating HIV-1 replication. It may compromise the integrity of the blood-brain-barrier and, thus, may contribute to the neurotoxicity of HIV-1-infection. Both intravenous drug abuse (IDU) and HIV infection can increase TNF-alpha activity, but little information is available on the effects of a combination of these factors on TNF-alpha. We investigated plasma TNF-alpha levels and mRNA in the peripheral monocytes of 166 men and women in three groups: HIV-1-positive IDUs, HIV-1-negative IDUs, and HIV-negative non-IDU control participants. HIV-1-positive IDUs had higher TNF-alpha levels than HIV-1-negative IDUs who, in turn, had higher levels than controls. TNF-alpha mRNA expression in peripheral monocytes was significantly increased in both HIV-1-positive and negative IDUs compared to controls. These findings show that the effects of HIV infection and intravenous drug use may be additive in increasing TNF-alpha levels. Given the

Abstract: ABSTRACT, ABSTRACT Background The tissue destruction in periodontal diseases appears to result from a complex interplay between the pathogenic bacteria and the hosts immune and inflammatory responses. Numerous cytokines that play key roles in the pathophysiology of periodontitis can be identified and measured in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). In the last 20 years, the Th1/Th2 paradigm... read more has represented a useful framework for the investigation of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Many studies have supported the hypothesis that the balance of the cytokines regulated by the Th1 or Th2 response would determine if an inflamed gingival lesion would remain stable or would progress. Our goals are to provide additional information on the profile of Th1/Th2 responses in periodontal disease, by comparing the levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in GCF, and to investigate the presence of novel cytokines, interleukin-33 (IL-33) and thymic stromal ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Successful treatment of acute heart failure in COVID-19-induced cytokine storm with tocilizumab. T2 - A case report. AU - Chitturi, Kalyan R.. AU - Thacker, Sameer. AU - Al-Saadi, Mukhtar A.. AU - Kassi, Mahwash. AU - Savarese, Gianluigi. AU - Ferrannini, Giulia. AU - Stolfo, Davide. AU - Fielder Camm, Christian. AU - Thomson, Ross. N1 - © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.. PY - 2020/10/1. Y1 - 2020/10/1. N2 - SARS-CoV-2 is known to induce a cytokine storm, a hyperinflammatory state driven by up-regulation of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and immunomodulatory chemokines that may result in acute heart failure. Case summary: A 65-year-old woman with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 developed shock with multiorgan system failure, including acute biventricular heart failure, 2 weeks after the initial onset of fever, cough, and shortness of breath. The patient experienced myocardial recovery within 48 h after administration of ...

The goal of this master thesis is to study changes in cellular immunity induced by simulated space conditions - in particular microgravity - on blood cell cultures taken from healthy male volunteers. The work will consist of evaluating the feasibility of the approach and optimizing the overall working protocol (e.g. sample handling, sample containers, antigen challenge and cytokine analysis). Cellular immune (dys)function will be monitored by means of the in vitro delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) test which includes stimulation of white blood cells with mitogens/antigens of bacterial, fungal and viral origin. The outcome of these tests will be assessed by determining the cytokine expression profile of the blood culture after up to 48h incubation with different stimuli. The following cytokines will be investigated: IL-2 (Th1, proinflammatory), IL-10 (Th2, anti-inflammatory), IFN-ã (Th1, pro-inflammatory) and TNF-á (Th1, pro-inflammatory) - mainly secreted by activated T lymphocytes - using ...

This article gives a comprehensive overview of cytokine and other inflammation associated protein levels in plasma, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Alzheimers disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We reviewed 118 research articles published between 1989 and 2013 to compare the reported levels of 66 cytokines and other proteins related to regulation and signaling in inflammation in the blood or CSF obtained from MCI and AD patients. Several cytokines are evidently regulated in (neuro-) inflammatory processes associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Others do not display changes in the blood or CSF during disease progression. However, many reports on cytokine levels in MCI or AD are controversial or inconclusive, particularly those which provide data on frequently investigated cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or interleukin-6 (IL-6). The levels of several cytokines are possible indicators of neuroinflammation in AD. Some of them might increase

TY - JOUR. T1 - Comparison of tumor necrosis factor-α effect on the expression of iNOS in macrophage and cardiac myocytes. AU - Sanders, D. Bradford. AU - Larson, Douglas F.. AU - Hunter, Kyler. AU - Gorman, Mark. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2001/1. Y1 - 2001/1. N2 - Proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), are elevated during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), heart failure, and inflammatory cardiac and systemic diseases. Elevated TNF-α has been linked to diminished cardiac function, decreased systemic vascular resistance, as well as renal and pulmonary dysfunction. It is understood that myocardial tissues can express TNF-α, which results in the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) leading to a significant decline in cardiac function and other direct effects. The hypothesis of this study was to determine if TNF-α would stimulate iNOS and its product nitric oxide (NO) similarly in immortalized macrophage ...

Even under conditions where the immune system cannot kill the cancer, the two cytokines interferon (IFN) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), may drive cancers into senescence. Thus, senescence induction causes a state, where ‚the cancer sleeps well controlled in his host. This was first shown in an islet cancer of the pancreas (1, 4).. The same two cytokines, IFN and TNF, can drive a large number of mouse and human cancer cells into senescence. Clinically, this has two major consequences: Immune-induced senescence (figure 1) is obviously a physiological mechanism that contributes to the natural cancer control in humans (1). On the other side, recent data from cancer immune therapy suggest that the therapy is primarily efficient under conditions where the immune therapy causes permanent growth arrest of the metastases (8, 9).. Two mediators that are long known in cancer and infection immunology turn into the focus: interferon (IFN) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Many clinicians and researchers ...

Maternal systemic inflammation is a feature of pre-eclampsia, a condition in pregnancy characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. Pre-eclampsia is caused by the placenta; many placental factors contribute to the syndromes progression, and proinflammatory cytokines have been identified previously as one such mediator. The interleukin (IL)-1 family of cytokines are key regulators of the inflammatory network, and two naturally occurring regulatory molecules for IL-1 family cytokines, IL-1RA and sST2, have been found previously to be elevated in maternal blood from women with pre-eclampsia. Here we investigate more recently identified IL-1 family cytokines and regulatory molecules, IL-1RAcP, IL-37, IL-18BP, IL-36α/β/γ/Ra and IL-38 in pre-eclampsia. Pregnant women have more circulating IL-18BP and IL-36Ra than non-pregnant women, and sIL-1RAcP is elevated from women with pre-eclampsia compared to normal pregnancies. The placenta expresses all the molecules, and IL-37 and IL-18BP are up-regulated

Immunosenescence results in reduced immune response to infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae as well as to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. The antibody response to the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) provides protection against S. pneumoniae infection. CPS immunoresponse is T cell independent and needs the macrophage-derived cytokines such as IL-12, IL-6 and IL-1β to elicit an antibody response. We showed a cytokine dysregulation, i.e. a decrease in IL-12, IL-6 and TNF-α but an increase in IL-10, in the aged (18-24 months old comparable to |65 years in human) compared to young adult mouse (8-12 weeks less than 65 years old) splenic macrophages (SM) or bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) activated via TLR4, TLR2 or TLR9 as well as heat killed Streptococcus pneumoniae (HKSP). There is also an age-associated defect in splenic B cells in the production of IgG3 upon stimulation with these ligands. A microarray analysis in SM followed by validation by both qt-RTPCR and western blots indicated that

To further understand the role of neuro-immunological interactions in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we studied the influence of sympathetic neurotransmitters on cytokine production of T cells in patients with RA. T cells were isolated from peripheral blood of RA patients or healthy donors (HDs), and stimulated via CD3 and CD28. Co-incubation was carried out with epinephrine or norepinephrine in concentrations ranging from 10-5 M to 10-11 M. Interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10 were determined in the culture supernatant with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, IFN-γ and IL-10 were evaluated with intracellular cytokine staining. Furthermore, basal and agonist-induced cAMP levels and catecholamine-induced apoptosis of T cells were measured. Catecholamines inhibited the synthesis of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 at a concentration of 10-5 M. In addition, IFN-γ release was suppressed by 10-7 M epinephrine. Lower catecholamine

TY - JOUR. T1 - Polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-α but not MDR1 influence response to medical therapy in pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease. AU - Cucchiara, Salvatore. AU - Latiano, Anna. AU - Palmieri, Orazio. AU - Canani, Roberto Berni. AU - DInca, Renata. AU - Guariso, Graziella. AU - Vieni, Giuseppe. AU - De Venuto, Domenica. AU - Riegler, Gabriele. AU - DeAngelis, Gian Luigi. AU - Guagnozzi, Danila. AU - Bascietto, Cinzia. AU - Miele, Erasmo. AU - Valvano, Maria Rosa. AU - Bossa, Fabrizio. AU - Annese, Vito. PY - 2007/2. Y1 - 2007/2. N2 - AIM: We investigated the contribution of variants of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and MDR1 genes in the predisposition and response to medical therapy in a large pediatric cohort of patients with Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, 200 patients with CD, 186 patients with UC, 434 parents (217 trios), and 347 healthy unrelated controls were investigated. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms ...

Abstract. In a previous study, we found that total body irradiation (TBI) was essential to induce acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic H-2-i

BACKGROUND: Concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines are raised in the small intestine of patients with coeliac disease after ingestion of gluten but there are equivalent data on interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) producing cells. These cytokines are known to exert important regulatory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine production from lymphocytes and macrophages. AIMS: To investigate whether there is a primary deficiency of IL-4 and IL-10 producing cells and their site of production in the small intestine of patients with coeliac disease in relation to the changes in inflammatory cell infiltrate. PATIENTS: Jejunal biopsy specimens from patients with coeliac disease (11 untreated, 10 treated) and nine disease controls were studied. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining of sections for IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines and the cell phenotypic markers CD3 (T lymphocytes) and CD45 (total inflammatory cell infiltrate) was carried out using monoclonal antibodies. Expression of IL-4 and ...

Serum cytokine and chemokine levels were examined in mice following 36 h of sleep deprivation, or after exposure to a known physical stressor (rotational stress). Significant changes in inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (IL-1beta, TNFalpha, IL-1ra, IL-6, and MIP-1beta, MCP-1) were observed following each manipulation, but qualitative and quantitative differences were seen. Interestingly, only physical stress was associated with measured increases in serum corticosterone levels, and with independent evidence (using in vitro immune allostimulation) for a generalized immunosuppression secondary to the experimental manipulation. Our data suggest that altered cytokine production following sleep perturbation occurs by a different mechanism from that (HPA axis) commonly attributed to stress per se.

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), formerly termed JE, is a member of the beta-chemokine (C-C chemokine) family and has been shown to be produced by a variety of cell types. Recently, mRNA of JE/MCP-1 was detected in astrocytes during the acute phase of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). In addition, supernatants collected from human cultured astrocytes have recently been found to be chemotactic for monocytes. However, chemokine production and function in glial cells has not been fully examined. Using a sandwich ELISA assay, we have now quantitated MCP-1 levels and assessed MCP-1 function on murine glial cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin (IL)-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha induced MCP-1 secretion by astrocytes, but not microglia. In addition, pretreatment with interferon (IFN)-gamma significantly augmented MCP-1 production by either LPS or the above cytokines. In contrast, LPS preferentially induced production of another beta-chemokine, macrophage ...

Cytokines have important roles in the control of bacterial and viral infections such as HIV-1. Interleukin 17 which is secreted by Th17 is one of these cytokines with a special role in controlling microbial infections. In the present study, adjuvant activity of Alum and Naloxone mixture has been studied on immune responses, especially IL-17 cytokine. Naloxone and Alum adjuvant are mixed with 10 µg of recombinant vaccine HIV-1-gag-pol-tat-env. Experimental groups, consisting of 36 inbred male Balb/c mice divided into six groups, were injected subcutaneouslyat days 0, 14 and 28 with total volume of 200 µl. 2 weeks after final injection, mouse spleens were removed in sterile conditions and used to prepare suspensions. Lymphocyte proliferation responses were evaluated with Brdu test and evaluation of cytokines IL-4, IL-17 and INF-γ were completed using ELISA kit, plus total antibody and antibody isotopes IgG1 and IgG2a using ELISA test. All results show that the mixture of Alum with Naloxone