This cGMP effect on DRG axon branching is specific, because 8-bromoadenosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP), an equivalent analog to activate the cAMP pathway, did not elicit the same effect (Fig. 1G-I). Neither the distribution nor the average number of branching points changed significantly in the 8-Br-cAMP-treated culture compared with the untreated one (Fig. 1N,P). Furthermore, YC-1, a small molecule that activates the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) to produce cGMP (Galle et al., 1999), induced branch formation in a dose dependent manner, reaching a similar level as in the 8-Br-cGMP-treated culture (Fig. 1J-L,O,P). Conversely, Zaprinast, an inhibitor that prevents cGMP degradation by phosphodiesterase-5 (Dundore et al., 1993), also induced branching (data not shown).. We further examined several parameters to determine if the in vitro effect reflects the role of cGMP signaling in axon growth or branching. First, neurons from the control cultures had a total length (Lt) of 254 ± ...

MacPherson, M., Broderick, K., Graham, S., Day, J., Houslay, M., Dow, J. and Davies, S. (2004) The dg2 (for) gene confers a renal phenotype in Drosophila by modulation of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase. Journal of Experimental Biology, 207, pp. 2769-2776. (doi:10.1242/jeb.01086) ...

In this article, we show that NO not only induces a rapid cGMP response in platelets and in aortic strips but also serves to alter the responsiveness of the cGMP cascade. In both models, the NO-induced cGMP response is biphasic and characterized by a very fast increase in cGMP, which amounts to a calculated peak concentration of ∼60 μM in platelets (see below). Subsequently, the concentration of cGMP declines rapidly, and it can be assumed that PDE activity has outcompeted cGMP synthesis. Thus, the biphasic cGMP accumulation profiles are indicative of a complex, thus far poorly understood interplay of cGMP-forming and -degrading activities.. The rapid desensitizing effect of NO is demonstrated by preincubating platelets or aortic strips, which reveals that the extent of the cGMP response is inversely related to the amount of NO present during the preincubation (Figs. 2 and 3 B). At high NO concentrations, the cGMP system becomes desensitized almost completely, whereas at low tissue ...

Cenforce (Sildenafil Citrate) falls under the class of medication known as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. It shows it action by preventing the functioning of a PDE-5 enzyme of cGMP degradation in corpus cavernosum. In a sensually stimulated man, nitric oxide release occurs augmenting the level of cGMP. The enrich amount of cGMP causes vasodilation and relaxation […]. ...

EHNA is a selective inhibitor of the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE2) (IC₅₀s = 0.8 and 2 μM from human and porcine myocardium, respectively, 3.5 μM in rat hepatocyte, and 5.5 μM in human platelet).

Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies. ...

Intra-Cellular Therapies is developing ITI 214, a phosphodiesterase type I (PDE1) inhibitor, as an orally administered treatment for cognitive impairment

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Long-acting phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, tadalafil, induces sustained cardioprotection against lethal ischemic injury. AU - Ahmad, Nauman. AU - Wang, Yigang. AU - Ali, Ailia K.. AU - Ashraf, Muhammad. PY - 2009/7/1. Y1 - 2009/7/1. N2 - The ability of pharmacological preconditioning mimetics to confer long-lasting and sustained cardioprotection may be a logical criterion to develop a drug that can be used clinically for cardioprotection. We propose here that the use of long-acting phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, tadalafil, may confer sustained cardioprotection against ischemia. Tadalafil (5 mg/kg) was administered orally to male C57B/6J mice (n = 6 in each treatment subgroup at each time point studied). Hearts were isolated and subjected to 40 min of ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion on Langendorffs apparatus at 1, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 108 h after tadalafil administration. In 1- to 48-h subgroups, tadalafil was given once at 0 h only. In 60- and 72-h subgroups, tadalafil ...

A phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5 inhibitor) is a drug used to block the degradative action of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) on cyclic GMP in the smooth muscle cells lining the blood vessels supplying the corpus cavernosum of the penis. These drugs are used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and were the first effective oral treatment available for the condition. Because PDE5 is also present in the arterial wall smooth muscle within the lungs, PDE5 inhibitors have also been explored for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, a disease in which blood vessels in the lungs become overloaded with fluid, usually as a result of failure of the right ventricle of the heart. PDE5 inhibitors such as sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), and vardenafil (Levitra) are clinically indicated for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Sildenafil and tadalafil are also indicated for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Sildenafil, the prototypical PDE5 inhibitor, was ...

Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and more recently for pulmonary arterial hypertension (World Health Organization functional class I). PDE5 inhibitors can induce vasodilation; in addition, through a complex pathway involving nitric oxide, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and protein kinase G, it can reduce apoptosis and suppress cell proliferation. The presence of PDE5 inhibitors in various tissues and systemic vasculature make them potential targets in a variety of cardiovascular diseases.

Methods and Results-Relative to mice fed a low-fat diet, an HF diet markedly reduced phospho-eNOS and phospho-vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (phospho-VASP), markers of vascular NO signaling. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines was increased in adipose tissue of eNOS−/− mice. Conversely, enhancement of signaling downstream of NO by phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition using sildenafil attenuated HF-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression and the recruitment of macrophages into adipose tissue. Finally, we implicate a role for VASP, a downstream mediator of NO-cGMP signaling in mediating eNOS-induced antiinflammatory effects because VASP−/− mice recapitulated the proinflammatory phenotype displayed by eNOS−/− mice.. ...

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RATIONALE: cAMP and cGMP are intracellular second messengers involved in heart pathophysiology. cGMP can potentially affect cAMP signals via cGMP-regulated phosphodiesterases (PDEs). OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of cGMP signals on the local cAMP response to catecholamines in specific subcellular compartments. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used real-time FRET imaging of living rat ventriculocytes expressing targeted cAMP and cGMP biosensors to detect cyclic nucleotides levels in specific locales. We found that the compartmentalized, but not the global, cAMP response to isoproterenol is profoundly affected by cGMP signals. The effect of cGMP is to increase cAMP levels in the compartment where the protein kinase (PK)A-RI isoforms reside but to decrease cAMP in the compartment where the PKA-RII isoforms reside. These opposing effects are determined by the cGMP-regulated PDEs, namely PDE2 and PDE3, with the local activity of these PDEs being critically important. The cGMP-mediated modulation of cAMP also affects

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Background: Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors reduce infarct size and protect against early LV dysfunction after myocardial infarction (MI) in mice. The effect of sustained administration of PDE5-inhibitors on long-term survival and development of heart failure after MI has not been studied.. Methods: Ten weeks after MI, induced by permanent LAD ligation, mice (n=53) were randomized to receive the PDE5-specific inhibitor sildenafil, (SIL 100 mg/kg/day via drinking water) or placebo. After 1 year, LV function and remodeling were measured using cine-MRI (9.4T Bruker) and invasive pressure-volume (P-V) catheterization. Heart weight normalized to tibia length (HW/TL) and cardiomyocyte (CM) width in the MI border zone were measured. In addition, we investigated the effect of SIL on LV remodeling in mice with overexpression of PDE5 in cardiac myocytes (PDE5TG, n=53).. Results: Survival at 1y was 34% in placebo but markedly greater following SIL (50%). SIL attenuated global LV dysfunction measured ...

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In PDE10 the allosteric activator is cAMP whereas in all other mammalian PDEs of this sub-family cGMP serves as an activator. Mutational studies indicated that the PDE 10 GAF tandem domain signals via its GAF-B region like PDE2 whereas the GAF tandem of PDE5 signals via its GAF-A region. We generated hybrid chimeras between the GAF tandems of PDE 5, binding cGMP, and PDE 10, binding cAMP, in order to investigate whether we would obtain a GAF tandem capable of signalling by cGMP via GAF A and by cAMP via GAF B. This was not unequivocally accomplished. However, we demonstrate that the mode of signalling appears to be strongly affected by the source of the α-helix which connects the GAF-A and GAF-B regions. A hybrid construct comprised of the N-terminal and GAF-A from PDE5 and the linker and GAF-B from PDE10 could be stimulated by cAMP and, to a lesser extent, by cGMP. However, a similar construct in which the linker between GAF-A (from PDE5) and B (from PDE10) was from the PDE 5 was unresponsive ...

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Architecture of the PDE5-Vardenafil Structure. The enzyme of the PDE5A1 catalytic domain used in these studies was fully active and exhibited kinetic properties (kcat, Km) similar to those for the full-length PDE5A1 (Wang et al., 2006). The structure of the PDE5A1 catalytic domain (residues 535-860) in complex with vardenafil consists of 15 α-helices (Fig. 2). Most of the residues in the PDE5A1-vardenafil cocrystal had solid electron density and were traced without ambiguity. Residues 660 to 672 and 792 to 806, which are parts of the H- and M-loops, lacked electron density and were disordered. The superimposition of PDE5A1-vardenafil over other previously determined PDE5A1 structures (Huai et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2006) yielded root-mean-square deviations of 0.49, 0.54, 0.51, and 0.47 Å, respectively for Cα atoms of 270 comparable residues (536-657, 686-787, and 813-859) of the unliganded PDE5A1 and its complexes with IBMX, icarisid II, and sildenafil, indicating the overall similarity ...

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PDE5 je enzim koji vezuje cGMP i razlaže ga. Inhibitori ovog enzima: sildenafil, vardenafil i tadalafil se vezuju za PDE5 katalitičko mesto. Iz kinetičkih merenja vezivanja inhibitora i inhibicije katalize proizilazi da postoje dva PDE5 konformera. To potvrđuju rezultati elektroforeze u gelu. Smatra se da postoji izduženi i kompaktni konformer. PDE5 aktivnost je modulisana brzim reverzibilnim redoks prekidačom. Promena redukcionog stanja enzima, ili izolovanog regulatornog domena, je povezana sa konformacionom promenom sličnom promeni koja je izazvana fosforilacijom. PDE5 je izražen u ljudskim ćelijama debelog creva i u intestinalnom tkivu. Njegova aktivnost je regulisana intracelularnim cGMP nivoima. Smatra se da do toga dolazi putem cGMP vezivanja za GAF domene PDE5 N-terminusa, što dovodi do alosterne aktivacije enzima. ...

Author:Indrajeet Sharma, Purshottam K. Kaundal, Malay Sarkar, Tulika Jha, Prakash C. Negi, Ashok K. Sahai, Sanjeev Asotra. Keywords:Cardiopulmonary haemodynamics, Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, Pulmonary hypertension, Tadalafil.. Type:Original Article. Full PDF Abstract ...

Author:Indrajeet Sharma, Purshottam K. Kaundal, Malay Sarkar, Tulika Jha, Prakash C. Negi, Ashok K. Sahai, Sanjeev Asotra. Keywords:Cardiopulmonary haemodynamics, Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, Pulmonary hypertension, Tadalafil.. Type:Original Article. Full PDF Abstract ...

Avanafil prevents phosphodiesterase-5 from destroying cGMP so that cGMP stays around longer. Avanafil was approved by the FDA in April 2012.

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