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Cytochrome c peroxidase was isolated from Paracoccus denitrificans and purified to homogeneity in three steps prior to crystallization. Two different diffraction-quality crystal forms were obtained by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method using a number of screening conditions. The best (needle-shaped) crystal form is suitable for structural studies and was grown from solutions containing 20% PEG 8000, 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5 and 0.2 M MgCl(2). Crystals grew to a maximum length of approximately 0.7 mm and belong to the primitive monoclinic space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 78.3, b = 51.0, c = 167.2 A, beta = 97.9 degrees. After a dehydration step and extensive optimization of the cryocooling conditions, a complete data set was collected to 2.2 A from a native crystal of the fully oxidized form of the enzyme using synchrotron radiation.

The quality of a crystallization process greatly influences the quality of the final product. Our new white paper introduces you to the fundamentals of crystallization and provides guidance for the design of a high quality crystallization process.

Cable bacteria of the family Desulfobulbaceae form centimeter-long filaments comprising thousands of cells. They occur worldwide in the surface of aquatic sediments, where they connect sulfide oxidation with oxygen or nitrate reduction via long-distance electron transport. In the absence of pure cultures, we used single-filament genomics and metagenomics to retrieve draft genomes of 3 marine Candidatus Electrothrix and 1 freshwater Ca. Electronema species. These genomes contain ,50% unknown genes but still share their core genomic makeup with sulfate-reducing and sulfur-disproportionating Desulfobulbaceae, with few core genes lost and 212 unique genes (from 197 gene families) conserved among cable bacteria. Last common ancestor analysis indicates gene divergence and lateral gene transfer as equally important origins of these unique genes. With support from metaproteomics of a Ca. Electronema enrichment, the genomes suggest that cable bacteria oxidize sulfide by reversing the canonical sulfate ...

Purification, circular dichroism analysis, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the F plasmid CcdB killer protein ...

The transformation from a fluid to a crystal can be complicated and involve one or more precursors. Such multistep crystallization pathways occur in many chemical and physical systems, and the driving force for the appearance of the precursors has been explained by unique characteristics of the interactions among the systems building blocks. We investigated multistep crystallization pathways in hard particles, where interaction is dictated solely by building-block shape and thus entropy. We categorized multistep crystallization pathways based on the dimension of the prenucleation motifs, and discuss possible comparisons to other crystallization processes.. ...

My research into crystallization processes in magma chambers has involved investigation of both natural and artificial magmatic systems. Artifical magmas, such as those produced by In-Situ Vitrification allow a unique window into the crystallization processes of magma, as does investigation of crystals forming in the active lava lake of Mount Erebus, Antarctica REFERENCES:. DUNBAR, N.W., CASHMAN, K.V., AND DUPRE, R., 1994. Crystallization processes of anorthoclase phenocrysts in the Mt. Erebus magmatic system: Evidence from crystal composition, crystal size distributions and volatile contents of melt inclusions. In: Volcanological Studies of Mount Erebus. Antarctic Research Series, 66, 129-146. ABSTRACT. DUNBAR, N.W., JACOBS, G.K. AND NANEY, M.T., 1995. Crystallization processes in an artificial magma: variations in crystal shape, growth rate and composition with melt cooling history. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 120, 412-425. ABSTRACT. JACOBS, G.K., DUNBAR, N.W., NANEY, M.T., and WILLIAMS, R.T., ...

Anni presents a wealth of insight and information on the Crystallization Process and how it can potentially impact us on the journey to becoming fully fledged Crystal Humans. There is also real magic and crystal energy at work through the pages of The Crystal Human and the Crystallization Part I and The Crystal Human and the Crystallization Part II. Reviewing these two books triggered my own crystallisation journey, and fortunately the relevant guidance was to hand as I worked my way through the books.. June McGuire - Management Consultant and Holistic Therapist. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Molecular dynamics study on external field induced crystallization of amorphous argon structure. AU - Park, Seungho. AU - Cho, Sung San. AU - Lee, Joon Sik. AU - Choi, Young Ki. AU - Kwon, Ohmyoung. PY - 2004/11. Y1 - 2004/11. N2 - A molecular dynamics study has been conducted on an external-force-field- induced isothermal crystallization process of amorphous structures as a new low-temperature athermal crystallization process. An external cyclic-force field with a dc bias is imposed on molecules selected randomly in an amorphous-phase of argon. Multiple peaks smoothed out in the radial distribution functions for amorphous states appear very clearly during the crystallization process that cannot be achieved otherwise. When the amorphous material is locally exposed to an external force field, crystallization starts and propagates from the interfacial region and crystallization growth rates can be estimated.. AB - A molecular dynamics study has been conducted on an ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Crystallization Behavior of Some Melt Spun Nd-Fe-B Alloys. AU - Clavaguera-Mora, M. T.. AU - Baró, M. D.. AU - Clavaguera, N.. AU - Suriñach, S.. PY - 1990/1/1. Y1 - 1990/1/1. N2 - The kinetics of crystallization of four amorphous (or partially amorphous) melt spun Nd-Fe-B alloys induced by thermal treatment is studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. In the range of temperatures explored experimentally, the crystallization process is thermally activated and generally proceeds in various stages. The Curie temperature and the crystallization behavior have been measured. The apparent activation energy of crystallization of most of the crystallization stages has been determined for each melt spun alloy. The explicit form of the kinetic equation that best describes the first stage of crystallization has been found. It follows in general the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Erofeev model, but clear deviations to that model occur for one alloy. ...

The study of proteins involved in de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides is central in the development of antibiotics and anticancer drugs. In view of this, a protein from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3 was isolated, purified and crystallized using the microbatch method. Its primary structure was found to be similar to that of SAICAR synthetase, which catalyses the seventh step of de novo purine biosynthesis. A diffraction-quality crystal was obtained using Hampton Research Crystal Screen II condition No. 34, consisting of 0.05 M cadmium sulfate hydrate, 0.1 M HEPES buffer pH 7.5 and 1.0 M sodium acetate trihydrate, with 40%(v/v) 1,4-butanediol as an additive. The crystal belonged to space group P3(1), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 95.62, c = 149.13 angstrom. Assuming the presence of a hexamer in the asymmetric unit resulted in a Matthews coefficient (V-M) of 2.3 angstrom(3) Da(-1), corresponding to a solvent content of about 46%. A detailed study of this protein will ...

Adherent and pin-hole free amorphous Sb2Te3 thin films have been obtained by vacuum evaporation at substrate temperatures ≤25 °C. The films have been crystallized by thermal and laser annealing, and the crystallization processes monitored as a function of annealing temperature and laser scan speed. A comparative study of topography reveals disk-shaped crystallized areas in thermal crystallization and dendrite growth in the laser induced process. The crystallized films in both cases contain a single Sb2Te3 phase. Activation energy of 2 eV for crystallization, determined using differential scanning calorimetery indicates good room temperature stability of the amorphous states ...

Journal Article: Preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of CfaA, a molecular chaperone essential for the assembly of CFA/I fimbriae of human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ...

Pengju Pan, Jianna Bao, Xiaohua Chang, Ruoxing Chang, Guorong Shan, Yongzhong Bao. State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China.. Supramolecular polymers (SMPs) have different crystallization behavior from conventional polymers. Crystallization of SMPs occurs in a confined and dynamic manner. Because of the reversible and stimuli-responsive natures of non-covalent bonds in SMPs, crystalline structure and crystallization kinetics of SMPs depend strongly on crystallization conditions (e.g., crystallization temperature, Tc). This offers a feasible way to tune the physical properties and functions of SMPs in processing. We first selected the 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidione (UPy)-bonded poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) as a model SMP and investigated the crystallization kinetics, polymorphic crystalline structure, and phase transition of supramolecular PLLAs (SM-PLLAs). Crystallization rate and ...

The laboratory of Chemistry of Biological Processes is equipped with state of the art devices for the crystallization of biological macromolecules. The laboratory houses a Mosquito® Crystal (TTPLabtech) that allows the automated screening of crystallization conditions using low sample volumes and zero cross-contaminations. The robot allows the setup of sitting and hanging drop vapor diffusion trials and can perform microbatch under oil if desired. Our laboratory also owns a 5-head Dragonfly® (TTPLabtech) as a companion for the Mosquito®, which allows the setup of crystallizations screens for crystal optimization. To check the crystallization experiments, two stereomicroscopes are available including a LEICA M205C equipped with a camera IC80 HD. ...

The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry for the nylon 6/graphene composites prepared by in situ polymerization. The Avrami theory modified by Jeziorny, Ozawa equation, and Mo equation was used to describe the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics. The analysis based on the Avrami theory modified by Jeziorny shows that, at lower cooling rates (at 5, 10, and 20 K/min), the nylon 6/graphene composites have lower crystallization rate than pure nylon 6. However, at higher cooling rates (at 40 K/min), the nylon 6/graphene composites have higher crystallization rate than pure nylon 6. The values of Avrami exponent m and the cooling crystallization function F(T) from Ozawa plots indicate that the mode of the nucleation and growth at initial stage of the nonisothermal crystallization may be as follows: two-dimensional (2D), then one-dimensional (1D) for all samples at 5-10 °C/min; three-dimensional (3D) or complicated than 3D, then 2D and 1D at ...

Title: Crystallization and Preliminary Diffraction Studies of Nudix Hydrolase YmfB from Escherichia coli K-1. VOLUME: 16 ISSUE: 1. Author(s):Myoung-Ki Hong, Jin-Kwang Kim, Yeh-Jin Ahn and Lin-Woo Kang. Affiliation:Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.. Keywords:Nudix hydrolase, YmfB, nucleoside triphosphatase, crystallization. Abstract: Nudix hydrolases are a family of proteins that contains the Nudix signature of the characteristic amino-acid sequence Gx5Ex5[UA]xREx2EExGU, where x represents any amino acid and U usually a bulky hydrophobic amino acid, such as Leu, Val, or Ile. They ubiquitously exist in more than 200 species. YmfB, a novel Nudix hydrolase found in Escherichia coli, is a nonspecific nucleoside tri- and di-phosphatase, which atypically releases inorganic orthophosphate from triphosphates instead of pyrophosphate. In this study, YmfB was cloned, overexpressed, and crystallized. Two different crystals, one belonging to an ...

20Li(2)O-80TeMO(2) glasses were heat annealed at different temperatures between T-g and T-x and studied by using XRD, FTIR spectroscopy and DSC techniques to understand the crystallization kinetics in this glass matrix. The infrared band structure of this glass is similar to what was observed in glassy TeO2. XRD results reveal the presence of three distinct crystalline gamma-TeO2, alpha-TeO2 and Li2Te2O5 phases during the crystallization process. This is a first report of gamma-TeO2 phase crystallization in this glass matrix. DSC results confinn the crystallization of three distinct structures in the glass. In summary, our results suggest a crystallization hierarchy on this glass matrix since the gamma-TeO2 and alpha-TeO2 phases crystallization occurs before the Li2Te2O5 phase crystallization. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.. ...

Vol 70: Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of Rv3705c from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.

The Czochralski (CZ) crystallization process is used to produce monocrystalline silicon. Monocrystalline silicon is used in solar cell wafers and in computers and electronics. The CZ process is a batch process, where multicrystalline silicon is melted in a crucible and later solidi es on a monocrystalline seed crystal. The crucible is heated using a heating element where the power is manipulated using a triode for alternating current (TRIAC). As the electric resistance of the heating element increases by increased temperature, there are signi cant dynamics from the TRIAC input signal (control system output) to the actual (measured) heating element power. The present paper focuses on empirical modeling of these dynamics. The modeling is based on a dataset logged from a real-life CZ process. Initially the dataset is preprocessed by detrending and handling outliers. Next, linear ARX, ARMAX, and output error (OE) models are identi ed. As the linear models do not fully explain the process behavior, ...

If you have a question about this talk, please contact Duncan Johnstone.. The lecture will highlight three experimental strategies that we have developed for exploring crystallization pathways and structural properties of solids: (i) in-situ solid-state NMR techniques for understanding the time-evolution of crystallization processes, (ii) the study of X-ray birefringence for spatially resolved mapping of the distribution of molecular orientations in materials, and (iii) structure determination of organic materials when single crystals cannot be prepared.. Our in-situ solid-state NMR technique [1-3] for studying crystallization pathways exploits the ability of NMR to selectively detect the solid phase in heterogeneous solid/liquid systems of the type that exist during crystallization from solution. We have shown that this technique can establish the sequence of solid phases formed during crystallization processes [1] and can be exploited in the discovery of new polymorphs [2]. Our most recent ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of an Escherichia coli purine repressor-hypoxanthine-DNA complex. AU - Schumacher, Maria A.. AU - Choi, Kang Yell. AU - Zalkin, Howard. AU - Brennan, Richard G.. PY - 1994/9/22. Y1 - 1994/9/22. N2 - The purine repressor (PurR) is a DNA-binding protein, which together with a purine corepressor serves to regulate de novo purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. PurR belongs to the structurally homologous lac repressor family of transcription regulators. A PurR-hypoxanthine-DNA complex has been crystallized, with DNA encompassing the high affinity purF operator site and which is 16 base-pairs long with 5-deoxynucleoside overhangs on each complementary strand. The crystals diffract to better than 2.6 AÅ and take the orthorhombic space group C2221, with unit cell dimensions a = 175.9 AÅ, b = 94.8 AÅ and c = 81.8 AÅ. The structure determination of this PurR-hypoxanthine-DNA complex will provide the first high resolution ...

View Notes - GEOL101 - Slideshow 101.10 Magma from GEOL 101 at Central Washington University. Magma Magma Melting Crystallization Processes that impact composition Magma Creation of

Crystallization processes are used across the chemical, petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries. In the chemical industry, the potash and caustic...

An initial tranche of results from day-to-day use of a robotic system for setting up 100 nl-scale vapour-diffusion sitting-drop protein crystallizations has been surveyed. The database of over 50 unrelated samples represents a snapshot of projects currently at the stage of crystallization trials in Oxford research groups and as such encompasses a broad range of proteins. The results indicate that the nanolitre-scale methodology consistently identifies more crystallization conditions than traditional hand-pipetting-style methods; however, in a number of cases successful scale-up is then problematic. Crystals grown in the initial 100 nl-scale drops have in the majority of cases allowed useful characterization of X-ray diffraction, either in-house or at synchrotron beamlines. For a significant number of projects, full X-ray diffraction data sets have been collected to 3 Šresolution or better (either in-house or at the synchrotron) from crystals grown at the 100 nl scale. To date, five structures ...

The protozoan parasites of the Apicomplexa phylum are devastating global pathogens. Their success is largely due to phylum-specific proteins found in specialized organelles and cellular structures. The inner membrane complex (IMC) is a unique apicomplexan structure that is essential for motility, invasion and replication. The IMC subcompartment proteins (ISP) have recently been identified in Toxoplasma gondii and shown to be critical for replication, although their specific mechanisms are unknown. Structural characterization of TgISP1 was pursued in order to identify the fold adopted by the ISPs and to generate detailed insight into how this family of proteins functions during replication. An N-terminally truncated form of TgISP1 was purified from Escherichia coli, crystallized and subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis. Two crystal forms of TgISP1 belonging to space groups P4(1)32 or P4(3)32 and P2(1)2(1)2(1) diffracted to 2.05 and 2.1 Å resolution, respectively ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Crystallization kinetics of sol-gel-derived (1-x)SrBi2Ta2O9-xBi3 TiTaO9 ferroelectric thin films. AU - Kwak, Woo Chul. AU - Sung, Yun Mo. PY - 2002/6. Y1 - 2002/6. N2 - The crystallization kinetics of Sr0.7Bi2.3Ta2O9 (SBT) and 0.7SrBi2Ta2O9-0.3Bi3 TiTaO9 (SBT-BTT) thin films formed by the sol-gel and spin coating techniques were studied. Phase formation and crystal growth are greatly affected by the film composition and crystallization temperature. Isothermal kinetic analysis was performed on the x-ray diffraction results of the thin films heated in the range of 730 to 760 °C at 10 °C intervals. Activation energy and Avrami exponent values were determined for the fluorite-to-Aurivillus phase transformation. A reduction of approximately 51 kJ/mol in activation energy was observed for the SBT-BTT thin films, and an Avrami exponent value of approximately 1.0 was obtained for both the SBT and SBT-BTT. A comparison is made, and the possible crystallization mechanism is ...

The work presented in this thesis represents the study of the polymorphism exhibited by several molecular, organic solid-state systems. In-situ techniques are used to explore aspects of the polymorphism and crystallization behaviour displayed by these systems. The crystal structures of new polymorphs and other solid phases are determined directly from powder X-ray diffraction data. Chapter 1 provides background information on the phenomenon of polymorphism and the importance of its study. In addition, the range of in-situ techniques that have been used to study crystallization and solid-state systems is described. Chapter 2 gives details on the experimental techniques used in the work presented in this thesis. These include powder X-ray diffraction (including the methodology behind structure determination from powder X-ray diffraction data), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal analysis techniques and dynamic vapour sorption. ...

A metal induced crystallization process is provided which employs an amorphous silicon film precursor deposited by physical vapor deposition, wherein the precursor film does not readily undergo crystallization by partial solid phase crystallization. Using this physical vapor deposition amorphous silicon precursor film, the amorphous silicon film is transformed to polysilicon by metal induced crystallization wherein the crystalline growth occurs fastest at regions that have been augmented with a metal catalyst and proceeds extremely slowly, practically zero, at regions which bear no metal catalyst. Accordingly, by use of the physical vapor deposition amorphous silicon precursor film in the process of the present invention, the metal induced crystallization process may take place at higher annealing temperatures and shorter annealing times without solid phase crystallization taking place. The process has a faster throughput than previous metal induced crystallization processes, results in a polysilicon

Crystallization from lipidic mesophase matrices is a promising route to diffraction-quality crystals and structures of membrane proteins. The microfluidic approach reported here eliminates two bottlenecks of the standard mesophase-based crystallization protocols: (i) manual preparation of viscous mesophases and (ii) manual harvesting of often small and fragile protein crystals. In the approach reported here, protein-loaded mesophases are formulated in an X-ray transparent microfluidic chip using only 60 nL of the protein solution per crystallization trial. The X-ray transparency of the chip enables diffraction data collection from multiple crystals residing in microfluidic wells, eliminating the normally required manual harvesting and mounting of individual crystals. In addition, we validated our approach by on-chip crystallization of photosynthetic reaction center, a membrane protein from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, followed by solving its structure to a resolution of 2.5 Å using X-ray ...

Author: Zhao, G. et al.; Genre: Journal Article; Published in Print: 2010; Keywords: Two-dimensional crystallization; Membrane protein; Eukaryotic; Structure; Electron crystallography; Cryo-EM; Title: Two-dimensional crystallization conditions of human leukotriene C4 synthase requiring adjustment of a particularly large combination of specific parameters

Glutathione synthetases catalyze the ATP-dependent synthesis of glutathione from L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteine and glycine. Although these enzymes have been sequenced and characterized from a variety of biological sources, their exact catalytic mechanism is not fully understood and nothing is known about their adaptation at extremophilic environments. Glutathione synthetase from the Antarctic eubacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis (PhGshB) has been expressed, purified and successfully crystallized. An overall improvement of the crystal quality has been obtained by adapting the crystal growth conditions found with vapor diffusion experiments to the without-oil microbatch method. The best crystals of PhGshB diffract to 2.34 Å resolution and belong to space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 83.28 Å, b = 119.88 Å, c = 159.82 Å. Refinement of the model, obtained using phases derived from the structure of the same enzyme from Escherichia coli by molecular replacement, is in progress. The

Large crystals of the Escherichia coli F plasmid CcdB killer protein were grown from solutions containing 32% ammonium sulphate. The crystals belong to space group P4(2)2(1)2 with a = b = 104.52 A and c = 88.45 A or P2(1)2(1)2(1) with a = 77.62 A, b = 93.28 A and c = 141.44 A. Both crystal forms diffract to 2.6 A resolution. Structure determination by multiple isomorphous replacement is under way.. ...

Direct tabletting technique has been widely used successfully for various drugs. But it strongly depends upon the quality of the crystals used. Crystals could be generated employing any of the available techniques like sublimation, solvent evaporation, vapor diffusion, thermal treatment and crystallization from melt precipitation by change in pH, growth in presence of additives or the grinding. Thus the novel agglomeration technique that transforms crystals themselves directly into a compacted spherical form during crystallization process has been desired. The use of spherical crystallization as a technique appears to be efficient alternative for obtaining suitable particles for direct compression. Spherical crystallization is a particle design technique, by which crystallization and agglomeration can be carried out simultaneously in one step and which has been successfully utilized for improvement of flowability and compactability of crystalline drugs.

Given by Dr Fabric Gorrec, LMB, Cambridge, UK. Advances in macromolecular X-ray crystallography depends upon solving structures from samples containing purified and concentrated protein, DNA, RNA, and their complexes. Novel samples are however increasingly challenging to produce and crystallize hence innovations which enhance the process of structure determination are urgently required, especially to increase the yield of quality diffraction crystals.. Experienced researchers from related fields, students and non-experts alike will find this webinar essential as it provides both theoretical and experimental evidence-based aspects of macromolecular X-ray crystallography. Delegates will leave with a better understanding about the underlying reasons why it is necessary to formulate novel crystallization screens with relatively complex conditions, such as the ones found in the MORPHEUS screens.. ...

PLA (Poly Lactic Acid) is a bio-sourced and biodegradable polymer. It represents an alternative for polymers issued from petrochemical synthesis. Unfortunately, the crystallization kinetics of PLA is very slow and limits the possibility to extend its application in several industrials domains. The enhancement of the PLA crystallization kinetic can be obtained by addition of nucleating agents of by ordering the molecular chains during flow, as in processing conditions. During processing of thermoplastic polymer experiences several thermomechanical conditions influencing drastically its final properties and mechanical behavior. During injection molding process, macromolecules are oriented and ordered due to the shear and elongation imposed by the melt flow in the mold during the filling step. As a consequence, supplementary nucleation is created in the polymer, leading to the acceleration of the crystallization kinetics. In this work, we propose to analyze and to quantify the role of the flow, the ...

The main objective of this work is to propose a mechanism for the transfer of impurities into the sucrose crystal. To this end the transfer of impurities into the sucrose crystal was investigated, under crystallisation conditions similar to those found industrially. Most of the impurities, namely, colour bodies, potassium, calcium and starch, were selected on the basis of their industrial importance, but some exotic species, namely lithium and nickel, were chosen to represent other mono- and di-valent ions respectively, and dyes, such as methylene blue, which have been used in work with single crystal sucrose crystallisation, were included to make the results more general. A parameter to measure the rate at which impurities are transferred into the sucrose crystal was proposed. Experiments, carried out in a pilot plant evaporative crystalliser, were performed to establish the effect of selected factors on both the concentrations of impurities found in the sucrose crystal, and on the rate at ...

Javier Navarro, Ehud M. Landau, Karim Fahmy. Biolpoymers 67, 2002, pp 167-177.. Abstract: The primary step in cellular signaling by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is the interaction of the agonist-activated transmembrane receptor with an intracellular G-protein. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms requires the structural determination of receptor G-protein complexes that are not yet achieved. The crystal structure of the bovine photoreceptor rhodopsin, a prototypical GPCR, was solved recently and the structures of different states of engineered G-proteins were reported. Posttranslational hydrophobic modifications of G-proteins are in most cases removed for crystallization but play functional roles for interactions among G-protein subunits with receptors, as well as membranes. Bovine rhodopsin is reconstituted into lipidic cubic phases to assess their potential for crystallization of receptor G-protein complexes under conditions that may preserve the structural and functional ...

The facility provides low volume crystallisation services and screen making. Our customers can also order custom built premixed crystallisation solutions. Full crystallisation service includes composition of the crystallisation setup and scheduled imaging of the experiment for up to four months. The crystallisation droplets are set up using our Mosquito LCP or Oryx nanodrop robots, which can use as little as 100 nl protein per experiment and are suitable for membrane proteins and for air-sensitive samples. Scientists can examine the maturation of the project over time and can pick up the crystallisation plate for an X-ray experiment. The facility is equipped with a dedicated imaging station for combined visible/UV epifluorescence imaging of very small protein crystals (2μm ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Crystallization kinetics in liquid crystals with hexagonal precursor phases by calorimetry. AU - Padmaja, Sunkara. AU - Ajita, Narayanan. AU - Srinivasulu, Maddasani. AU - Girish, Sriram Ramchandra. AU - Pisipati, Venkata Gopala Krishna Murthy. AU - Potukuchi, Dakshina Murthy. PY - 2010. Y1 - 2010. N2 - Design and characterization of Schiff based liquid crystalline nO.m compounds exhibiting hexagonal smectic phases are reported. Crystallization kinetics investigations are carried out in the liquid crystals (LCs) exhibiting hexagonal ordered orthogonal and tilted precursor LC phases by calorimetry. The Avrami theory is referred and results are analyzed. Influence of molecular ordering, structure, and dimensionality of the LC precursor phase on kinetics is studied. Effect of shape and flexibility of the molecule for nucleation and growth processes is investigated. Varying rate of kinetics reflects upon the transit of the system from constant type to independent type of nucleation. ...

Nonisothermal crystallization, melting behavior, and morphology of polypropylene (PP)/Easy processing polyethylene (EPPE) blends were studied by differential scanning alorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that PP and EPPE are miscible, and there is no obvious phase separation in microphotographs of the blends. The modified Avrami analysis, Ozawa equation, and also Mo Z.S. method were used to analyze the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of the blends. Values of Avrami exponent indicated the crystallization nucleation of the blends is homogeneous, the growth of spherulites is tridimensional, and crystallization mechanism of PP is not affected much by EPPE. The crystallization activation energy was estimated by Kissinger method. The result obtained from modified Avrami analysis, Mo Z.S. method, and Kissinger methods were well agreed. The addition of minor EPPE phase favored to decrease the overall crystallization rate of PP, showing some dilution effect ...

Puppo, C., Martini, S., Cerdeira, M., Hartel, R.W., and Herrera, M.L. 2002. Effect of Processing Conditions on Crystallization Kinetics and Rheology of Milk Fat/Sunflower Oil Blends Formulated with and without the Addition of Emulsifiers. 93rd AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (oral presentation). ...

Malonyl-CoA:acyl-carrier protein transacylase (MCAT), encoded by the fabd gene, is a key enzyme in type II fatty-acid biosynthesis. It is responsible for transferring the malonyl group from malonyl-CoA to the holo acyl-carrier protein (ACP). Since the type II system differs from the type I system that mammals use, it has received enormous attention as a possible antibiotic target. In particular, only a single isoform of MCAT has been reported and a continuous coupled enzyme assay has been developed. MCAT from Staphylococcus aureus was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and the protein was purified and crystallized. Diffraction data were collected to 1.2 A ° resolution. The crystals belonged to space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 41.608, b = 86.717, c = 43.163 A ° , α = γ = 90, β = 106.330 °. The asymmetric unit contains one SaMCAT molecule ...

MyCrystals is designed as a user-friendly program to display crystal images and list crystallization conditions. The crystallization conditions entry fields can be customized to suit the experiments. MyCrystals is also able to sort the images by the entered crystallization conditions, which presents a unique opportunity to easily assess the effect of, for example, changing pH or concentration and thus establish the best conditions to be used for optimization ...

Our most popular line of protein crystallography screens - the Wizard Crystallization Screen Series. Shop now www.emeraldbiosystems.com.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Crystallization behaviors of laser induced Ge2 Sb2 Te5 in different amorphous states. AU - Do, Kihoon. AU - Lee, Dokyu. AU - Sohn, Hyunchul. AU - Cho, Mann Ho. AU - Ko, Dae Hong. PY - 2010. Y1 - 2010. N2 - We examined the crystallization behavior of Ge2 Sb2 Te5 in different amorphous states in the context of the kinetic approach using a laser heating method. We measured the changes in reflectance values after varying the applied laser pulse power and duration time and estimated the fraction of the crystalline phase of Ge2 Sb2 Te5 with a nanosecond time scale. The modification of the laser pulse sequence allowed a comparison between the crystallization behaviors of the as-deposited and melt-quenched amorphous states. We determined crystallization kinetics, such as nucleation and growth mechanisms, by combining the results from reflectance measurements and transmission electron microscopy. We observed the different crystallization behaviors between the as-deposited and ...

In this paper, we reported on the influence of PCL on the cold crystallization behaviour of PLA in different PLA/PCL blends, and on the influence of blending with PLA on the PCL crystallization behaviour and kinetics. The presence of PCL in the blends had a strong influence on PLA cold crystallization, and the extent of this influence was determined by the blend morphology. Successive self-nucleation and annealing (SSA) analysis of PCL crystallization in the blends showed that the presence and amount of PLA in the blends had a strong influence on the crystal size distribution in the main crystalline fraction of PCL. A kinetic analysis of the crystallization of neat PCL and PCL in the blends showed that the crystallization mechanism of the neat PCL changed from instantaneous/heterogeneous nucleation and two-dimensional growth to sporadic/homogeneous nucleation and two-dimensional growth with decreasing crystallization temperature, while for PCL in the blends, the mechanism over the whole ...

|jats:p|Human rhinoviruses, the major cause of mild recurrent infections of the upper respiratory tract, are small icosahedral particles. Over 100 different serotypes have been identified. The majority (91 serotypes) use intercellular adhesion molecule 1 as the cell-attachment site; ten serotypes (the minor group) bind to members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Three different crystal forms of the minor-group human rhinovirus serotype 2 (HRV2) were obtained by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion technique using ammonium sulfate and sodium/potassium phosphate as precipitants. Monoclinic crystals, space group |jats:italic|P|/jats:italic|2|jats:sub|1|/jats:sub|, diffracted at least to 2.8 Å resolution, and two complete virus particles were located in the crystal asymmetric unit. A second type of crystals had a compact cubic like morphology and diffracted beyond 2.5 Å resolution. These crystals belong to a primitive orthorhombic space group, with unit-cell parameters |jats:italic|a|/jats:italic| =

TY - JOUR. T1 - Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray studies of GMP reductase 2 from human. AU - Ji, Chao Neng. AU - Ying, Gang. AU - Deng, Ying Feng. AU - Chen, Shu. AU - Zhang, Wen Hong. AU - Shu, Guang. AU - Xie, Yi. AU - Mao, Yu Min. PY - 2003/6/1. Y1 - 2003/6/1. N2 - GMP reductase 2 from human has been expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized. The crystals belong to space group P3221, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 110.6, c = 209.8 Å, α = β = 90, γ = 120°. Diffraction data were collected to 3.0 Å with a completeness of 100% (100% for the last shell), an Rmerge value of 0.089 (0.189) and an I/σ(I) value of 7.3 (3.2).. AB - GMP reductase 2 from human has been expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized. The crystals belong to space group P3221, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 110.6, c = 209.8 Å, α = β = 90, γ = 120°. Diffraction data were collected to 3.0 Å with a completeness of 100% (100% for the last shell), an Rmerge value of ...

the space group was given incorrectly. The crystal belonged to the monoclinic space group P21 instead of the orthorhombic space group P212121. In Table 1, the average multiplicity should be 4.0 (3.2) instead of 2.1 (1.8); the number of unique reflections should be 22686 (1159) instead of 26108; and the total number of reflections should be 90744 (3709) instead of 435550. ...

V.M. Kiselev, O.A. Golovanova. Dostoevsky Omsk State University, Omsk, Russia. DOI: 10.26456/pcascnn/2019.11.307. Abstract: The paper considers the possibility of using the fractal analysis method for brushite-based samples, including modified with organic and inorganic additives. The dependencies between fractal parameters and properties of samples are determined. The results of the study can be used to develop the express methods used for analysis of synthetic biomaterials based on calcium phosphates.. Keywords: brushite, fractal analysis, precipitation, calcium phosphates, fractal dimension, biomaterials, drying drops.. Bibliography link:. Kiselev, V.M. Application of the fractal theory for studying brushit crystallization process in the presence of additives / V.M. Kiselev, O.A. Golovanova // Physical and chemical aspects of the study of clusters, nanostructures and nanomaterials: Interuniversity collection of proceedings / Ed. by V.M. Samsonov, N.Yu. Sdobnyakov. - Tver: TSU, 2019. - I. 11. ...

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The effects of Nb addition on crystallization kinetics and giant magneto impedance (GMI) properties of Fe39Co39Si8B14 amorphous wires prepared by in-water quenching system have been investigated. Thermal behaviors of the wires have been investigated by thermal electrical resistivity measurement and differential scanning calroimetry. The substitution of 4 at% Nb for Fe and Co increases crystallization temperature and merges two crystallization peaks into one peak, leading to a significant increase in thermal stability against crystallization for Fe37Co37Nb4Si8B14 wire. The formation of Fe2Nb phase due to addition of Nb increases the activation energy for crystallization from 425 to 550 kJ/mol. The GMI properties of the alloys are evaluated at driving current amplitude of 10 mA and a frequency of 400 kHz. The alloys show the single peak behavior in the GMI profile. The change in GMI properties increases from 10% at 0 at% Nb to 25% at 4 at% Nb. ...

We have introduced an in-situ Raman monitoring technique to investigate the crystallization process inside protein drops. In addition to a conventional vapour-diffusion process, a novel procedure which actively stimulates the evaporation from a protein drop during crystallization was also evaluated, with lysozyme as a model protein. In contrast to the conventional vapour-diffusion condition, the evaporation-stimulated growth of crystals was initiated in a simple dehydration scheme and completed within a significantly shorter time. To gain an understanding of crystallization behaviours under the conditions with and without such evaporation stimulation, confocal Raman spectroscopy combined with linear regression analysis was used to monitor both lysozyme and HEPES buffer concentrations in real time. The confocal measurements having a high spatial resolution and good linear response revealed areas of local inhomogeneity in protein concentration when the crystallization started. The acquired ...

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction in pyrimidine catabolism. The enzyme contains one FMN, one FAD and four Fe-S clusters per subunit of 1025 amino acids as prosthetic groups. It is also the major determinant of bioavailability and toxicity of 5-fluorouracil, a chemotherapeutic agent widely used in the treatment of solid tumors. Crystals of this enzyme diffracting to at least 2.5 A have been obtained by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method and belong to space group P2(1) (unit-cell parameters a = 82.0, b = 159.3, c = 163.6 A, beta = 96.1 degrees ), with two homodimers per asymmetric unit.. ...

Foot-and-mouth disease virus has been crystallized with the objectives of (1) determining the composition and conformation of the major immunogenic site(s) and (2) comparing its structure with those of the related polio, rhino and Mengo viruses, representing the other three genera of the picornaviruses. Most of the work has been done with virus strain O1BFS 1860, which crystallized as small rhombic dodecahedra of maximum dimension 0.3 mm. Virus recovered from crystals was infectious, and was indistinguishable from native virus both in protein composition and buoyant density. The stability of the crystals in the X-ray beam was comparable with that of other picornavirus crystals and they diffracted to a resolution of better than 2.3 A. Initial analysis of the X-ray diffraction data shows the virus to be positioned on a point of 23 symmetry in a close-packed array so that examples of all the icosahedral symmetry elements, except the 5-fold axes, are expressed crystallographically. The cell dimensions are a

p, Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is the predominant mode of DNA double strand break (DSB) repair pathway in mammalian cells. At the heart of this repair pathway is Xrcc4-DNA ligase IV complex, which mediates ligation of the broken DNA strands. The C-terminal tandem BRCT repeats of human DNA ligase IV spanning residues 654-911 in complex with the functional fragment of Xrcc4 comprised of residues 1-203 were crystallized by the hanging drop vapour diffusion method at 20°C. Generation of single, well-packed, diffraction quality crystals suitable for structure determination involved usage of an Xrcc4 point mutant (A60E). Arriving at the crystallization condition included optimization of pH, variation of the precipitant concentration, investigation of the effects of small molecules, and alteration of the amount of crystal seed used as initial nuclei. A Crystal of selenomethionine-derived protein complex was grown using the above optimization steps and diffracted to 2.4 A resolution. Data ...

Infectivity of rotavirus is dramatically enhanced by proteolytic cleavage of its outer layer VP4 spike protein into two function domains, VP8* and VP5*. The carbohydrate-recognising domain VP8* is proposed to bind sialic acid-containing host cell-surface glycans, followed by a series of subsequent virus-cell interactions. Live attenuated human and bovine rotavirus vaccine candidates to prevent gastroenteritis have been derived from bovine rotavirus strain NCDV. The NCDV VP8*64-224 was over-expressed, purified to homogeneity and crystallized in the presence of a N-acetylneuraminic acid derivative. X-ray diffraction data were collected to a resolution of 2.0 Šand the crystallographic structure of NCDV VP8*64-224 determined by molecular replacement ...

Abstract: The crystallization kinetics of goethite were studied colorimetrically under highly alkaline conditions (pH 10.1-12.2) at temperatures from 40° to 85°C. Color changes during crystallization from fresh precipitates, plotted on a*-b* colorimetric diagrams, were used to discriminate between pure goethite and mixtures of goethite and hematite. Only the b* value increased as goethite crystallization proceeded, and even a minor increase in the a* value revealed the existence of hematite. The rate of goethite crystallization, estimated from the b* value, could be modeled by a pseudo-first-order rate law. This rate depended both on pH and on temperature. Apparent activation energies for the reactions of 56.1 kJ/mol at pH 11.7 and 48.2 kJ/mol at pH 12.2 were estimated from Arrhenius plots.. ...

Two myotoxins isolated from B. asper (myotoxin II) and B. nummifer (myotoxin I) snake venoms have been crystallized and their diffraction properties are described. These myotoxins are phospholipase A2 variants which lack enzymatic activity; B. asper myotoxin II is a lysine-49 phospholipase. Crystals were obtained at room temperature by standard hanging-drop vapour diffusion methods. Crystals diffracted to a resolution of 2.8 and 2.3 A, respectively ...

United States Patent 3,207,739 POLYMER CRYTALLlZATl0N METHOD Michael Wales, Walnut Creek, Calif, assignor to Shell Oil Company, New York, N.Y., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed Apr. 26, 1962, Ser. No. 190,244 18 Claims. (Cl. 26093.7) This invention relates to an improved crystallization method for the production of composites of solid crystalline polymers with crystallization modifying additives. The method leads to the production of modified polymers having improved physical properties. The invention relates more specifically to an improvement in a crystallization method for the production of shaped articles, and of resin composites suitable for use in producing shaped articles, from resins consisting substantially of crystallizable polymers, particularly those produced in the presence of low pressure catalysts of the Zeigler-Natta type. The invention is of outstanding advantage when used with isotactic polypropylene and will be illustrated largely with reference thereto. Solid ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Impacts of alkaline on the defects property and crystallization kinetics in perovskite solar cells. AU - Chen, Yihua. AU - Li, Nengxu. AU - Wang, Ligang. AU - Li, Liang. AU - Xu, Ziqi. AU - Jiao, Haoyang. AU - Liu, Pengfei. AU - Zhu, Cheng. AU - Zai, Huachao. AU - Sun, Mingzi. AU - Zou, Wei. AU - Zhang, Shuai. AU - Xing, Guichuan. AU - Liu, Xinfeng. AU - Wang, Jianpu. AU - Li, Dongdong. AU - Huang, Bolong. AU - Chen, Qi. AU - Zhou, Huanping. PY - 2019/12/1. Y1 - 2019/12/1. N2 - Further minimizing the defect state density in the semiconducting absorber is vital to boost the power conversion efficiency of solar cells approaching Shockley-Queisser limit. However, it lacks a general strategy to control the precursor chemistry for defects density reduction in the family of iodine based perovskite. Here the alkaline environment in precursor solution is carefully investigated as an effective parameter to suppress the incident iodine and affects the crystallization kinetics during film ...

Crystallization of the Lunar Magma Ocean has been empirically modeled and its products inferred from sample observations, but it has never been fully tested experimentally. Presented in this study is the first experimental simulation of lunar differentiation. Two end-member bulk Moon compositions are considered: one enriched in refractory lithophile elements relative to Earth and one with no such enrichment. A two-stage model of magma ocean crystallization based on geophysical models is simulated and features early crystal suspension and equilibrium crystallization followed by fractional crystallization of the residual liquid. An initially entirely molten Moon is assumed. The study presented below focuses on the early cumulates formed by equilibrium crystallization, differences in mantle mineralogy resulting from different bulk Moon compositions and the implications for the source regions for secondary lunar magmatism. There are significant differences in the crystallization sequence between the two

The recombinant expression of Sa-iPGM was performed by growing transformed cells in Luria-Bertani broth at 37°C containing ampicillin (100 µg ml−1) and kanamycin (25 µg ml−1). Recombinant cell mass was induced with 100 µM IPTG when the OD600 reached 0.6 and was grown for 4 h at the same temperature. Harvested cells from 2 l culture were resuspended and lysed by ultrasonication in buffer A (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 10 mM imidazole, 300 mM NaCl) containing leupeptin, pepstatin, aprotinin (0.1 µM each) and 0.2 µM phenylmethylsulfonyl chloride (PMSF) as protease inhibitors. The lysate was centrifuged at 22 000g at 4°C for 40 min. The supernatant was loaded onto Ni-NTA Sepharose High Performance affinity matrix (GE Healthcare Biosciences) pre-equilibrated with buffer A. The column was then washed extensively with buffer A to remove bound contaminants. Recombinant His6-tagged Sa-iPGM was finally eluted with buffer B (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 300 mM NaCl, 50 mM imidazole). The eluted protein was ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Expression, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic data analysis of filamin a repeats 14-16. AU - Aguda, Adeleke Halilu. AU - Sakwe, Amos Malle. AU - Rask, Lars. AU - Robinson, Robert Charles. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2007. Y1 - 2007. N2 - Human filamin A is a 280 kDa protein involved in actin-filament cross-linking. It is structurally divided into an actin-binding headpiece (ABD) and a rod domain containing 24 immunoglobulin-like (Ig) repeats. A fragment of human filamin A (Ig repeats 14-16) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified protein was crystallized in 1.6 M ammonium sulfate, 2% PEG 1000 and 100 mM HEPES pH 7.5. The crystals diffracted to 1.95 Å and belong to space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 50.63, b = 52.10, c = 98.46 Å, α = β = γ = 90°.. AB - Human filamin A is a 280 kDa protein involved in actin-filament cross-linking. It is structurally divided into an actin-binding ...

The present invention relates to a process for continuously crystallizing fructose anhydride using a seed crystallization tank and a crystallization tank separated from each other, comprising feeding an aqueous fructose solution containing at least 90% of fructose and containing at least 87 W/W % of solid and an aqueous solution containing a great deal of crystals in an amount of 0.5 to 5 times that of said fructose solution into a seed crystallization tank equipped with a high speed agitator, mixing the mixture at 40 to 50 C. at a high speed, introducing the obtained mixture into a crystallization tank and gradually cooling the mixture under condition under which new crystals do not form spontaneously to thereby grow the crystals. The present invention can realize the crystallization at a low temperature of 40 to 50 C. or below and prevents the decomposition and the polymerization of fructose which often occur above 50 C. by mixing an aqueous fructose solution and a great deal of crystals at a

As an alternative to conventional Group I and II separation methods (such as adding a chemical agent and ion exchange), melt crystallization processes, zone freezing, and layer melt crystallization were tested for the separation (or concentration) of cesium and strontium fission products in a LiCl waste salt generated from an electrolytic reduction process of a spent oxide fuel. In these melt crystallization processes, impurities (CsCl and SrCl2) are concentrated in a small fraction of the LiCl salt by the solubility difference between the melt phase and the crystal phase. As experimental variables, initial molten salt temperature, crucible rising velocity in the zone freezing case, and cooling air flow rate in the layer crystallization case were used. In the zone freezing process, although the operating time is long (1.7 mm/h of crucible rising velocity) when assuming a LiCl salt reuse rate of 90 wt%, ,90% separation efficiency for both CsCl and SrCl2 was shown. In the layer crystallization ...

In this paper we study the crystallisation processes of Cu-Fe-Ni-S quaternary system which is the basis for nickel-copper sulphide ores. Experimental sample of the initial bulk composition (% mol): Cu = 17.19, Fe = 19.05, Ni = 19.66, S = 44.10 was synthesized using the quazi-equilibrium directional crystallization method. The results of the microscopy study have shown that the produced ingot consists of 6 zones with different phase and chemical compositions. The main part of the ingot is zone IV. The samples extracted from this zone were examined by methods of differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-tay spectrometry (EDS). Microscopic studies suggest that the ingot in this zone is characterised by the coexistence of tenite and bornite solid solutions (tss and bnss correspondingly), but upon further cooling tss is subject to decomposition into daughter phases. The obtained data, though, can also be interpreted as the crystallization of the ...

Crystallization behavior of amorphous Mg65Cu25Y10 alloy is reviewed in this paper, including the effect of the charac-teristic of DSC curve, preparation condition and alloying on Crystallization behavior, and the thermodynamics and kinetics of crystalline forming. It has been proposed that the brittleness of melt - spun amorphous Mg65Cu25Y10 alloy results from the nanodispersion of Mg2Cu intermetallic phase.

Authors: Rachel A North, Sarah A Kessans, Sarah C Atkinson, Hironori Suzuki, Andrew JA Watson, Benjamin R Burgess, Lauren M Angley, Andre O Hudson, Arvind Varsani, Michael DW Griffin, Antony J Fairbanks, Renwick CJ Dobson

Degree of crystallinity, crystal morphology, and crystallite size affect many physical properties of semi-crystalline polyesters, including mechanical strength, optical clarity, and biodegradability. Inspired by the literature related to solvent vapor annealing (SVA) in block copolymer films and solvent-induced crystallization in semi-crystalline polymers, we are studying how SVA treatments impact crystal morphology. Using poly(ε-caprolactone) as a model polymer for our studies, we have conducted in-situ grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering experiments to determine when/if polymer crystals dissolve during solvent uptake and at what solvent concentrations recrystallization occurs during solvent removal. Additionally, we have examined polymer morphology across multiple length scales using a combination of optical microscopy, profilometry, and atomic force microscopy ...

Time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were used to study the isothermal crystallization and remelting of poly(ethylene isophthalate-co-terephthalate)s containing 0-10 mol % isophthalate unit. For each of the polymers considered, evidence of the formation of both primary and secondary crystals was found in the SAXS pattern and its invariant Q, as well as in the DSC thermogram, which showed multiple melting endotherms. The melting of secondary crystals was found to shift significantly toward the high-temperature region with increasing crystallization time, indicating that the secondary crystals become thick and perfect over time. The thickness of the lamellar crystals was found to be very sensitive to the crystallization temperature, but no thickening was observed throughout the entire crystallization run, regardless of composition. The formation of secondary crystals, which favorably occurs during the later stages of ...

Changes in the molecular structure of striated muscle during contraction can be determined owing to corresponding changes in X-ray diffraction data. The work presented in this thesis analyses X-ray diffraction patterns obtained from frog sartorius muscles using Synchrotron Radiation at two distinctly different stages of the contractile cycle; rest and peak of isometric plateau.;Two-dimensional theoretical diffraction patterns were produced from a three-dimensional computer model of striated muscle and compared with experimental X-ray diffraction data. Modifications were made to both the thick and thin filaments situated within a hexagonal lattice, within the model, however the emphasis of the work was upon the protein myosin. In particular, the configuration, orientation and axial distribution of the myosin heads were analysed until the meridional intensity profile was comparable with experiment. Additionally, the dominant equatorial and row line reflections were modelled to fully define the ...

The thermodynamically stable Form II of the antidiabetic drug tolbutamide exhibits a thin fiber needle shape which renders it intractable for isolation and downstream processing. This work implements two in situ process analytical technology (PAT) methods, namely, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) with orthogonal partial least-squares- principal component analysis (OPLS-PCA) for monitoring solute concentration, and Raman spectroscopy with dynamic PCA based multivariate statistical process monitoring (MSPM) for detection of solid form purity, to derive the robust design space for cooling crystallization of the desired Form IL. © 2011 American Chemical Society ...

This study utilizes differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to characterize the thermodynamics, kinetics and crystallization b processes of a new Pt₅₇.₃Cu₁₄.₆Ni₅.₃P₂₂.₈ bulk metallic glass forming alloy. The heat capacity of the alloy is measured for the crystalline, glassy, and supercooled liquid phases. This data is used to obtain thermodynamic driving forces for crystallization and quantify the thermodynamic fragility. Kinetic properties of the alloy are investigated by observing the glass transition under different heating rates. The heating rate dependence of the glass transition is then used to calculate the kinetic fragility and estimate how the materials viscosity varies with temperature. DSC is also used to observe the crystallization event at variety of temperatures and generate a Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) diagram for crystallization. The crystallization results and TTT diagram are compared with thermodynamic and kinetic data using classical ...

1. The present invention uses the aluminum-induced crystallization process to convert the amorphous germanium layer into a P-type polycrystalline silicon-germanium layer. Therefore, the present invention has a simple, reliable and low-cost fabrication process. 2. The obtained P-type polycrystalline silicon-germanium layer can convert sunlight of longer wavelengths into electric energy. Therefore, the present invention can apply to fabricate a solar cell of high photoelectric conversion efficiency. 3. The aluminum layer is formed on the bottom of the solar cell through the aluminum-induced crystallization process and exempts the present invention from fabricating additional bottom electrodes. Therefore is further reduced the fabrication cost of the present invention. 4. The N-type amorphous silicon-germanium layer, the P-type monocrystalline silicon substrate, and the P-type polycrystalline silicon-germanium layer can respectively extract the energies of the light having shorter wavelengths, the ...

Kokobera virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus belonging, like West Nile virus, to the Japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex. The flavivirus genus is characterized by a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. The unique open reading frame of the viral RNA is transcribed and translated as a single polyprotein which is post-translationally cleaved to yield three structural and seven nonstructural proteins, one of which is the NS3 gene that encodes a C-terminal helicase domain consisting of 431 amino acids. Helicase inhibitors are potential antiviral drugs as the helicase is essential to viral replication. Crystals of the Kokobera virus helicase domain were obtained by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. The crystals belong to space group P3121 (or P3221), with unit-cell parameters a = 88.6, c = 138.6 Å, and exhibit a diffraction limit of 2.3 Å.. ...

Outer membrane proteins are structurally distinct from those that reside in the inner membrane and play important roles in bacterial pathogenicity and human metabolism. X-ray crystallography studies on |40 different outer membrane proteins have revealed that the transmembrane portion of these proteins can be constructed from either beta-sheets or less commonly from alpha-helices. The most common architecture is the beta-barrel, which can be formed from either a single anti-parallel sheet, fused at both ends to form a barrel or from multiple peptide chains. Outer membrane proteins exhibit considerable rigidity and stability, making their study through x-ray crystallography particularly tractable. As the number of structures of outer membrane proteins increases a more rational approach to their crystallization can be made. Herein we analyse the crystallization data from 53 outer membrane proteins and compare the results to those obtained for inner membrane proteins. A targeted sparse matrix screen for

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We are pleased to announce an upcoming themed issue focussing on ionic liquids, with guest editors Mark Muldoon, Peter Nockemann and Cristina Lagunas-Castedo based at Queens University, Belfast. It is our pleasure to invite you to contribute to this themed issue.. The unique physical and chemical properties of ionic liquids as solvents and the potential to tune and control these properties by selecting the appropriate cations and anions, make ionic liquids remarkably versatile for many applications. Recent publications demonstrate their increasing impact on crystal engineering, on materials and nanoscale synthesis, as well as for crystallisation processes.. Contributions in both experimental and theoretical aspects are most welcome. Ideally, contributions should be within the scope of a) the use of ionic liquids as solvents for crystallisation processes; b) ionic liquids for the synthesis of nanocrystalline materials and porous materials; c) the use of ionic liquids for co-crystallisation or ...

The crystallisation kinetics of AO-Al(2)O(3)-SiO(2)-B(2)O(3) glasses (A = Ba, Ca, Mg) was investigated using DTA, XRD, and microstructural studies. Moreover, the influence of nucleating agents such as TiO(2), ZrO(2), Cr(2)O(3), and Ni on MgO base glasses was elucidated. The glasses are of interest for the development of sealants in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). The activation energy of crystal growth, E(a), was evaluated for the different glasses using the modified Kissinger equation. The preparation method of the glasses seems to determine whether surface or bulk nucleation is the dominant mechanism. The E(a) values vary between 330 and 622 kJ/mol. The nucleating agents tend to enhance E(a) except ZrO(2). An increase of the Al(2)O(3) concentration induces phase separation and decreases E(a). The results are discussed on the basis of the structural role and chemical properties of the Al ions as well as with respect to the possible use of the glasses in SOFC. (C) 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers ...

Azevedo, S.F., Chorao, J., Goncalves and M.J., Bento., L.S.M. 1994, Monitoring crystallization, Part II, International Sugar Journal, 96, (1141): 18-26. Belhami, R. and Mathlouti, M. 2004, The effect of impurities on sucrose crystal shape and growth, Current Topics in Crystal Growth Research, .7: 63-70.. Chen, J.C.P. and Chou, C.C. 1993, Cane sugar handbook, 12th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons Inc.. Georgieva, P., Meireles, M.J. and Azevedo, S.F. 2003, Knowledge-based hybrid modeling of batch crystallization when accounting for nucleation, growth and agglomeration phenomena, Chemical Engineering Science, 58: 3699-3713. Heffels, S.K., de Jong, E.J. and Sinke, D.J. 1987, Growth rate of small crystals at 70ºC., Zuckerindustrie, 112 (.6). McCabe, W.L., Smith J.C, 2004, Unit operations of chemical engineering, 7th edn., McGraw-Hill.. Pot, A. 1983, Industrial sucrose crystallization, Thesis, Technical University, Delft.. Rodrigez, M. 1980, Descripcion matematica y control automatico del ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Ti-in-zircon thermometry and crystallization modeling support hot grenville granite hypothesis. AU - Moecher, D. P.. AU - McDowell, S. M.. AU - Samson, S. D.. AU - Miller, C. F.. PY - 2014. Y1 - 2014. N2 - Quantitative modeling of crystallization histories using the program rhyolite-MELTS indicates that zircon crystallization in 1.0 to 1.2 Ga Grenville granitoids with Zr concentrations of 300-1200 ppm begins at 930-1000 °C, and always after onset of crystallization of most other phases (pyroxenes, feldspars, quartz, apatite, ilmenite). Zircon saturation temperatures, calculated from whole-rock compositions and Zr concentrations for modeled samples, range from 835 to 997 °C. Zircon in the two samples with the highest Zr (1201 and 829 ppm) analyzed by sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) yielded Ti contents of 10-77 ppm, corresponding to Ti-in-zircon temperatures as high as 1035 °C and 915 °C, respectively. These are among the highest Ti-in-zircon temperatures ...

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Commingled biocomposites based on polypropylene/jute yarns were prepared using commingling technique. The thermal and calorimetric behaviour of these commingled composites were studied with respect to fibre content and various chemical treatments. The thermal stability of the composites was found to be in between that of jute fibre and neat polypropylene (PP). Different chemical treatments increased the thermal stability of the composites due to increased interfacial adhesion between the matrix and reinforcement. Jute yarn acts as nucleating agents and favours the process of crystallisation thereby increasing the crystallisation temperature. Chemical treatments further increased the crystallisation temperature as a result of better interfacial adhesion between jute yarn and PP matrix. The close proximity of jute yarns weakens the mechanical bonds between PP molecules resulting in marginal lowering of melting temperatures. Polarized optical microscopic studies revealed the formation of ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Crystallization kinetics of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) thin films on various materials. AU - Fondren, Zachary T.. AU - Fondren, Nadia S.. AU - McKenna, Gregory. AU - Weeks, Brandon. PY - 2020. Y1 - 2020. M3 - Article. JO - Applied Surface Science. JF - Applied Surface Science. SN - 0169-4332. ER - ...

2-(Adamantan-1-yl)-2H-isoindole-1-carbonitrile (1) has been identified as a neurobiological fluorescent ligand that may be used to develop receptor and enzyme binding affinity assays. Compound 1 was synthesised using an optimised microwave irradiation reaction and crystallised from ethanol. Crystallization occurred in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with unit cell parameters: a = 6.4487(12) Å, b = 13.648(3) Å, c = 16.571(3) Å, V = 1458(5) Å3, Z = 4. Density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP/6-311++G (d,p)) calculations of 1 were carried out. Results showed that the optimised geometry is similar to the crystal structure parameters with a root-mean-squared deviation of 0.143 Å. Frontier molecular orbital energies and net atomic charges are discussed with a focus on potential biological interactions. Docking experiments within the active site of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) protein crystal structure were carried out and analysed. Important binding interactions between the DFT optimised

Is the Ideal Protein Weight Loss Method safe for people on blood pressure and fluid medication?Is the Ideal Protein Weight Loss Method safe for people on blood pressure and fluid medication?Is the Ideal Protein Weight Loss Method safe for people on blood pressure and fluid medication?Is the Ideal Protein Weight Loss Method safe for people on blood pressure and fluid medication?Is the Ideal Protein Weight Loss Method safe for people on blood pressure and fluid medication?Is the Ideal Protein Weight Loss Method safe for people on blood pressure and fluid medication?. ...

Glass transition and crystallization behavior of several Mg-Ni-Nd metallic glasses has been systematically studied by temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC). The glass transition transformation of alloys Mg75Ni10Nd15 and Mg77Ni 18Ni5, which cannot be detected in conventional differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) heating scans, was observed through TMDSC measurements. It was concluded that the signal of the glass transition on the DSC scans overlapped with the relatively large heat release from the primary crystallization of either intermetallic Mg3Nd phase in glassy Mg75Ni10Nd15 alloy or Mg2Ni phase in amorphous alloy Mg77Ni18Ni5. Increasing the content of Ni in alloy Mg75Ni10Nd 15 can suppress the precipitation processes of Mg3Nd, and results in the appearance of glass transition transformation on DSC heating curves. This confirmed and verified our TMDSC measurements. Clear observation of glass transition and understanding of crystallization micro-mechanism in such ...