1 mg, Basal cell Cytokein, actin Alpha-cardiac, Crotalus durissus terrificus venom Phospholipase A2, Micrococcus luteus Polynucleotide phosphorylase, Saccharomyces 6-Phosphogluconic dehydrogenase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

1 mg, Basal cell Cytokein, actin Alpha-cardiac, Crotalus durissus terrificus venom Phospholipase A2 and Saccharomyces 6-Phosphogluconic dehydrogenase

An antivenom protein has been identified in the blood of the snake Crotalus durissus terrificus and proved to act by specifically neutralizing crotoxin, the

Academic Journals Database is a universal index of periodical literature covering basic research from all fields of knowledge, and is particularly strong in medical research, humanities and social sciences. Full-text from most of the articles is available. Academic Journals Database contains complete bibliographic citations, precise indexing, and informative abstracts for papers from a wide range of periodicals.

As serpentes peçonhentas dos gêneros Bothrops e Crotalus têm sido mantidas em cativeiro visando à extração de venenos para a produção de imunobiológicos. O conhecimento da fisiologia desses animais e as alterações na concentração de proteínas e suas frações séricas são importantes para a identificação precoce de importantes enfermidades que cursam com estados de hipoproteinemia e hiperproteinemia. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a concentração de proteína total e o perfil eletroforético das proteínas séricas de serpentes Crotalus durissus terrificus (cascavel) criadas em cativeiro. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue da veia coccígea ventral de 21 serpentes adultas e sadias, divididas em dois grupos: Grupo 1 de 12 machos com peso médio de 588,89±193,55g, e Grupo 2 de nove fêmeas com peso médio de 708,33±194,04g. A proteína total sérica foi determinada pelo método de refratometria e a eletroforese em gel de agarose. Obtiveram-se valores da proteína total ...

FREITAS, A. P.... Crotoxin Isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus Venom Modulates the Functional Activity of Dendritic Cells via Formyl Peptide Receptors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH n. p. 2018. Journal article.

A crotoxin homolog was purified from the Crotalus durissus collilineatus venom using molecular exclusion and reverse-phase HPLC. This crotoxin contained one PLA2 (Cdcolli III F6) and four crotapotin isoforms, whereas crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom had three PLA2 isoforms and two crotapotin isoforms. SDS-PAGE showed that the C. d. collilineatus PLA2 and crotapotin had relative molecular mass of 15 and 9 kDa, respectively. Neither the PLA2 (Cdcolli III F6) nor the crotapotins (Cdcolli III F3 and F4) had any neurotoxicity in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations when tested alone. However, when PLA2 and crotapotin were coincubated before testing, the neurotoxicity was restored to a level similar to test in the venom in native crotoxin. The two crotapotins (Cdcolli III F3 and F4) differed in their ability to inhibit PLA2 activity, perhaps because of variations in their affinities for this enzyme. Cdcolli III F6 showed allosteric enzymatic behavior, with maximal activity at pH ...

The venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus snakes presents various substances, including a serine protease with thrombin-like activity, called gyroxin, that clots plasmatic fibrinogen and promote the fibrin formation. The aim of this study was to purify and structurally characterize the gyroxin enzyme from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. For isolation and purification, the following methods were employed: gel filtration on Sephadex G75 column and affinity chromatography on benzamidine Sepharose 6B; 12% SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions; N-terminal sequence analysis; cDNA cloning and expression through RT-PCR and crystallization tests. Theoretical molecular modeling was performed using bioinformatics tools based on comparative analysis of other serine proteases deposited in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) database. Protein N-terminal sequencing produced a single chain with a molecular mass of similar to 30 kDa while its full-length cDNA had 714 bp which encoded a ...

As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.

The plates were washed three times with PBS/Tween and used immediately for ELISA. To measure the serum titers, 100 ml of serial dilutions of serum (ACS or rabbit anti-sera; 80 mg.ml-1 of initial protein concentration which is used in antivenom therapy routine) were added to the plates and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C. The plates were then washed and incubated for 1 h with 100 µl of a goat anti-rabbit IgG-peroxidase conjugate (Sigma, 1:10.000 in PBS), followed by further washing. The substrate solution for the peroxidase assay (H2O2/OPD) was added and the enzymatic reaction allowed proceeding for 15 min at room temperature in the dark. The reaction was stopped with 50 µl of H2SO4 3N and the absorbance was read at 492 nm with a SpectraMax 340 multi-well plate reader.. Immunoblotting. Antigen (PLA2) and whole venom (1 mg.ml-1) were separated on 12.5% in SDS-PAGE at 200 V for 45 min and the proteins then transferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulose membranes (0.45 mm) in a transfer tank at 300 ...

The B-chain of the acidic subunit of crotoxin proved refractory to Edman degradation. When subjected to sequence analysis using tandem mass spectrometry, pyroglutamate was found at the amino-terminal end, even though earlier attempts to de-block with pyroglutamate aminopeptidase were unsuccessful. The B-chain contained 35 amino acids and showed 91% amino acid identity with the corresponding segment from Mojave toxin, a homologous neurotoxin from Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus. The sequence of the last 24 residues of the B-chain is consistent with that previously published (Aird, S.D., Kaiser, I.I., Lewis, R.V. and Kruggel, W.G. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 7054-7058), except at position 20, where Edman degradation gave glycine and mass spectrometry gave glutamic acid ...

Die chromatographische Auftrennung von Klapperschlangen- (Crotalus durissus terrificus) Gift ermöglicht, den Unterschied zwischen Phospholipase A und

pfam00819 (PSSM ID: 109859): Conserved Protein Domain Family Myotoxins, Crotamine is a family of cationic peptides expressed by the venom gland of, for example, Crotalus durissus terrificus

ABSTRACTSmall membranous vesicles are small closed fragments of membrane. They are released from multivesicular bodies (exosomes) or shed from the surface membrane (microvesicles). They contains various bioactive molecules and their molecular composition varies depending on their cellular origin. Sm

In this work we have characterized the action of the naringin, a flavonoid found in grapefruit and known for its various pharmacological effects, which include antioxidant blood lipid lowering and anticancer activity, on the structure and biochemical activities of a secretory phospholipase A (sPLA2) from Crotalus durissus cascavella, an important protein involved in the releasinge of arachidonic acid in phospholipid membranes. sPLA2 was incubated with naringin (mol:mol) at 37 °C and a discrete reduction in the UV scanning signal and a modification of the circular dichroism spectra were observed after treatment with naringin, suggesting modifications of the secondary structure of the protein. This flavonoid was able to decrease enzymatic activity and some pharmacological effects, such as myonecrosis, platelet aggregation, and neurotoxic activity caused by sPLA2, however, the inflammatory effect was not affected by naringin. In addition, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data were collected for sPLA2

A need exists to develop specific and clinically useful inhibitors of toxic enzymes present in snake venoms, responsible for severe tissue damage and life-threatening effects occurring in thousands of people suffering envenomations globally. LY315920 (Varespladib, S-5920, A-001), a low molecular weight drug developed to inhibit several human secreted phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), was recently shown to also inhibit PLA2s in whole snake venoms with high potency, yet no studies have examined its direct effect on purified snake venom PLA2s. This work evaluated the ability of LY315920 to neutralize the enzymatic and toxic activities of three isolated PLA2 toxins of structural groups I (pseudexin) and II (crotoxin B and myotoxin I), and their corresponding whole venoms. In vitro, LY315920 inhibited the catalytic activity of these three enzymes upon a synthetic substrate. The drug also blocked their cytotoxic effect on cultured murine myotubes. In mice, preincubation of the toxins or venoms with LY315920, ...

Jørgensen, D., C.C. Gates, and D.P. Whiteside. (2008). A Review of Radio-Telemetry Research on the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) and select subspecies of the Western Rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus). In Hayes, W.K., K.R. Beaman, M.D. Cardwell, and S.P. Bush (Eds.). The Biology of Rattlesnakes, Loma Linda University Press, Loma Linda, California. Pp 303-316 ...

GenDR A curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling.. ...

The results in Table 4 clearly show the strong anti-lethal activity of LTNF identified in opossum serum. LTNF is effective in neutralizing the effect of venoms when given half an hour before or after venom injection. The anti-lethal activity of LTNF was exhibited when it was administered half an hour before venom injection, therefore, it can be used as a preventive measure, especially for snake handlers, etc.. After injecting the predetermined lethal dose of toxins derived from animals, plants, and bacteria, the mice were given 200µg of LTNF in 0.5 ml volume by IP route. The control mice were given 0.5 ml PBS. The results are shown in Table 5.. The results in Table 5 show that TNF neutralizes the lethal toxic effects of various snake venom toxins: crotoxin, cobratoxin, PLA2, and, the most potent taipoxin. Furthermore, LTNF neutralizes the lethal effects of ricin, one of the most toxic plant-derived toxins, and also the bacterial toxins botulinum and holothurin.. DISCUSSION. Snakebite continues ...

An ever-present symbol of constriction through centuries of societal protest, the Crotalus snake flicks its forked tongue atop an Infiknit bed of black. Take comfort in the fact that todays struggle will yield the fruit of a better tomorrow... Like an awesome pair of socks such as these.

In the brain at least 40% of the energy produced by mitochondrial respiration is required by the Na+/K+-ATPase to maintain ion gradients across the cell membranes. Energy levels in the brain can be compromised by a lack of glucose and oxygen or by defects in the respiratory chain such as occurring in stroke and Parkinsons disease, respectively. Na+/K+-ATPase function is inhibited during energy failure. This may lead to a prolonged depolarization of the neuron, excessive release, and reversal of the uptake of excitatory amino acids, i.e., the induction of excitotoxicity (Dirnagl et al., 1999; Doble, 1999; Nicotera et al., 1999). Ouabain inhibits Na+/K+-ATPases and is a very potent neurotoxin that leads to pancellular necrosis and infarction (Lees, 1991). It is used to study the involvement of Na+/K+-ATPase in CNS pathology (Lees et al., 1990; Lees, 1991; Lees and Leong, 1994,1995; Stelmashook et al., 1999). Ouabain rapidly perturbs ion homeostasis and induces cell swelling and ...

Castro WM de, Baldasso PA, Honório KM, Maltarollo VG, Ribeiro RIMA, Carvalho BMA de, Soares AM, Calderon L de A, Stábeli RG, Odena Caballol MA, Acosta GA, Oliveira E de, Marangoni S, Alberício F, Silva SL da. A novel phospholipase A2 (D49) from the venom of the Crotalus oreganus abyssus (North American Grand Canyon Rattlesnake) [Internet]. BioMed Research International. 2014 ; 2014 1-15.Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/ ...

Contact person for questions about Copr. Also can triage any issues with Copr. Will hang on #fedora-buildsys. Miroslav Suchý - SMS: +420 603 775737, Telegram, IRC nick: msuchy at #fedora-buildsys on libera.chat. ...

Nine of the 17 venoms here tested were found capable of coagulating citrated blood or plasma. As has been believed by most workers in the field, 7 of these 9 coagulant venoms convert fibrinogen to an insoluble modification resembling fibrin (Bothrops atrox, Bothrops jararaca, Bothrops nummifera, Crotalus adamanteus, Crotalus horridus, Crotalus terrificus basiliscus, Crotalus terrificus terrificus). The optimum pH for this coagulation was determined for 3 of these, and was found in each case to be approximately pH 6.5, the same as that for the action of thrombin on fibrinogen. Unlike thrombin, however, the fibrinogen-coagulating activity of the venoms was unaffected by the antithrombin elaborated in the course of anaphylactic shock.. In addition to coagulating fibrinogen directly, 3 of these venoms (Bothrops atrox, Bothrops jararaca, and to a less extent, Crotalus terrificus basiliscus) acted on prothrombin to convert it to thrombin, without the necessary intervention of either calcium or ...

Understanding the processes that drive the evolution of snake venom is a topic of great research interest in molecular and evolutionary toxinology. Recent studies suggest that ontogenetic changes in venom composition are genetically controlled rather than environmentally induced. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes remain elusive. Here we have explored the basis and level of regulation of the ontogenetic shift in the venom composition of the Central American rattlesnake, Crotalus s. simus using a combined proteomics and transcriptomics approach. Proteomic analysis showed that the ontogenetic shift in the venom composition of C. s. simus is essentially characterized by a gradual reduction in the expression of serine proteinases and PLA2 molecules, particularly crotoxin, a β-neurotoxic heterodimeric PLA2, concominantly with an increment of PI and PIII metalloproteinases at age 9-18 months. Comparison of the transcriptional activity of the venom glands of neonate and adult C. s.

Rattlesnake Crotalus viridis making us aware of its presence. Always be aware of your surroundings, and never wear headphones when walking ...

The timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) was designated Extirpated by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) in 2001 and was officially listed under the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in June 2003. SARA (Section 37) requires the competent Minister to prepare a recovery strategy for all listed extirpated, endangered, or threatened species. The Canadian Wildlife Service - Ontario, Environment Canada, led the development of this recovery strategy, and it was developed in cooperation with the Government of Ontario. All responsible jurisdictions reviewed and acknowledged receipt of this strategy. The strategy meets SARA requirements in terms of content and process (Sections 39-41).

Stem cells, the prodigious precursors of all the tissues in our body, can make almost anything, given the right circumstances. Including, unfortunately, cancer. Now research from Rockefeller University shows that having too many stem cells, or stem cells that live for too long, can increase the odds of developing cancer. By identifying a mechanism that regulates programmed cell death in precursor cells for blood, or hematopoietic stem cells, the work is the first to connect the death of such cells to a later susceptibility to tumours in mice. It also provides evidence of the potentially carcinogenic downside to stem cell treatments, and suggests that nature has sought to balance stem cells regenerative power against their potentially lethal potency ...

"Mercury poisoning" . The three most dangerous poisons to never eat, drink or inject again. more toxins than just fluoride itself.• The truth about how fluoride consumption is linked to lowered IQs in children.• Poison #3: Mercury in flu shots. Why mercury is a potent neurotoxin

Synonyms for Caudisona confluenta var. confluenta in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for Caudisona confluenta var. confluenta. 3 synonyms for Crotalus viridis: prairie rattler, prairie rattlesnake, Western rattlesnake. What are synonyms for Caudisona confluenta var. confluenta?

Funk, R. 1965. Food of Crotalus cerastes laterorepens in Yuma County, Arizona. Herpetologica, 21/1: 15-17. Gillingham, J., C. Carpenter, J. Murphy. 1983. Courtship, male combat and dominance in the western diamondback rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox. Journal of Herpetology, 17/3: 265-270. Jayne, B. 1988. Muscular mechanisms of snake locomotion: An electromyographic study of the sidewinding and concertina modes of Crotalus cerastes, Nerodia fasciata and Elaphe obsoleta. Journal of Experimental Biology, 1998/4: 1-33. Keenlyne, K. 1978. Reproductive cycles in two species of rattlesnakes. The American Midland Naturalist, 100/2: 368-375. Lewis, T. 1949. Dark coloration in the reptiles of the Tularosa Malpais, New Mexico. Copeia, 1949-3: 181-184. Macartney, J., P. Gregory. 1988. Reproductive biology of female rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) in British Columbia. Copeia, 1988/1: 47-57. Miller, L., W. Gutzke. 1999. The role of the vomeronasal organ of crotalines (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae) in predator ...

massasauga: Sistrurus catenatus small North American rattlesnake of the family Viperidae, found in prairies, swamps, and woodlands from the Great Lakes to Arizona. It is typically 45 to 75...

The effects and time course of a single injection of beta-bungarotoxin into E14 rat embryos were examined with an electron-microscopic study of development of the internal intercostal somatic nerve. Within 24 h of injection, axons in this nerve becam

https://youtu.be/wNCD3rLbCBk When a bullet ant stings you it feels like youve been shot by a gun. In the above video, watch Dr. Corrie Moreau milk one of these incredibly aggressive and alarmingly big venomous ants. From Brain Scoop: Researchers are interested in what makes the sting so painful and if this potent neurotoxin could have…

Ive seen the response that they didnt owe you a voucher for something a previous guest left. That may be correct. I think they do owe you medical testing for exposing your grand-daughter to a potent neurotoxin - Mercury. I also think they owe you for failure to notify you. If they didnt find that crack pipe, then they didnt clean up the mercury contamination in the room resulting from breaking the bulb. Similar incidents involve motels failing to notify guests theyre staying in a former methamphetamine lab ...

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Snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) that inhibits neuromuscular transmission by blocking acetylcholine release from the nerve termini. PLA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides (By similarity).

Cohorts. Am J Sports Med. 2012 Nov;40(11):2648-2652. PubMed. Gowd KH, Blais KD [student], Elmslie KS, Steiner AM, Olivera BM, Bulaj G. Dissecting a role of evolutionary-conserved but noncritical disulfide bridges in cysteine-rich peptides using ω-conotoxin GVIA and its selenocysteine analogs. Biopolymers. 2012;98(3):212-23. doi: 10.1002/bip.22047. PubMed. Fry BG, Casewell NR, Wüster W, Vidal N, Young B, Jackson TN. The structural and functional diversification of the Toxicofera reptile venom system. Toxicon. 2012 Sep 15;60(4):434-48. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.013. Epub 2012 Mar 14. PubMed. Kohl T, Colayori SE, Westhoff G, Bakken GS, Young BA. Directional sensitivity in the thermal response of the facial pit in western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox). J Exp Biol. 2012 Aug 1;215(Pt 15):2630-6. doi:10.1242/jeb.065896. PubMed. Kondrashov PE, Agadjanian AK. A nearly complete skeleton of Ernanodon (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis. J Vert Paleontol ...

There are a lot of amazing rattlesnake facts out there. For many people, just the idea of coming across a rattlesnake while out on a hike or gardening is too much to bear. They illicit a type of fear that is very intense and most times unwarranted. Often, people who run across these snakes will assume the worst and go running for the hills. While they are indeed animals that you want to keep your distance from, its not necessary to recoil in horror at the very mention of them. Theyre actually really interesting little animals. Here are ten of the amazing rattlesnake facts that set them apart from other animals.. ...

A novel non-hemorrhagic basic metalloprotease, rubelase, was isolated from the venom of Crotalus ruber ruber. Rubelase hydrolyzes succinyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl p-nitroanilide (STANA), a specific substrate for elastase, and the hydrolytic activity was inhibited by chelating agents. It also hydrolyzes collagen and fibrinogen. However, hemorrhagic activity was not observed. By ESI/Q-TOF and MALDI/TOF mass spectrometry combined with Edman sequencing procedure, the molecular mass of rubelase was determined to be 23,266 Da. Although its primary structure was similar to rubelysin (HT-2), a hemorrhagic metalloprotease isolated from the same snake venom, the circumstances surrounding putative zinc binding domain HEXXHXXGXXH were found to be different when the three-dimensional computer models of both metalloproteases were compared. The cytotoxic effects of rubelase and rubelysin on cultured endothelial and smooth muscle cells were also different, indicating that the substitution of several amino acid

James Tyler Kent describes the symptoms of the homeopathic medicine Crotalus Horridus in great detail and compares it with other homeopathy remedies. ...

An 8-year-old Concord boy bitten Wednesday evening by a baby rattlesnake reminds us that although summer has given way to autumn, rattlesnakes can remain active through October.. The rattlers, the Bay Areas only venomous snakes, can be deadly, but they try to avoid humans at all costs. We need to do our part by avoiding the snakes whenever we can.. Here are some tips for staying safe:. ...

The emergence of a skin-destroying fungal disease is having a deadly impact on snake populations, including a threatened species of rattlesnake in the United States.

Resumo: Venenos de serpentes constituem uma rica fonte de moléculas biologicamente ativas capazes de atuar em alvos celulares específicos e modular uma distinta variedade de funções fisiológicas. Fosfolipases A2 homólogas Lys49 são abundantes proteínas presentes nessas complexas secreções, que embora cataliticamente inativas, desempenham uma ampla gama de atividades, tais como: miotoxicidade, citotoxicidade, atividade antibacteriana, antifúngica, entre outras. O veneno de Crotalus oreganus abyssus não tem sido muito estudado, portanto, a caracterização de seus componentes representa uma ferramenta biotecnológica valiosa para o estudo dos eventos fisiopatológicos do envenenamento e para uma melhor compreensão de seus efeitos biológicos. No presente trabalho, uma fosfolipase A2 homóloga Lys49, denominada CoaTx-II, do veneno de Crotalus oreganus abyssus foi purificada e caracterizada estrutural e farmacologicamente. CoaTx-II foi isolada com elevado grau de pureza através da ...

They are commonly found in rock and debris piles, animal burrows and crevices. They will seek out roads, open sandy areas and rocks to sun themselves during cooler temperatures.. They are more active in spring and summer. But it is important to remember you can encounter rattlesnakes anytime and anywhere. Rattlesnakes prey on mice and other small rodents. They dont lay eggs, but rather give live birth to young snakes about 9 to 12 inches long.. Like other snakes, mammals and birds, rattlesnakes fill an important place in the ecosystem by preying on rodents and keeping their populations in balance. When the rattlesnake is found in a backyard, this ecological role may not seem so apparent or important.. Other snakes such as the gopher snake, red racer and king snake are common on Edwards. Many people kill gopher snakes confusing their tan coloration and indistinct black markings for a rattlesnake.. Gopher snakes, red racers and other snakes often hiss and shake their tails imitating the motion ...

The genus Porthidium includes nine pitviper species inhabiting Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Porthidium porrasi is a species endemic to the Southwest of Costa Rica, for which no information on its venom was available. In this study, the proteomic composition and functional activities of P. porrasi venom are described. The most abundant venom proteins were identified as metalloproteinases (36.5%). In descending order of abundance, proteins belonging to the disintegrin, phospholipase A2, serine proteinase, C-type lectin/ lectin-like, vascular endothelial growth factor, Cysteine-rich secretory protein, L-amino acid oxidase, phospholipase B, and phosphodiesterase families were also identified. P. porrasi venom showed a weak lethal potency in mice (10 μg/g body weight by intraperitoneal route), induced marked hemorrhage and edema, and weak myotoxic effect. These in vivo activities, as well as those assayed in vitro (proteolytic and phospholipase A2 activities) correlated with ...

The venom of timber rattlesnakes varies in toxicity depending on the subspecies, but the most toxic rattlesnakes are extremely venomous. Type A venom is a neurotoxin whereas type B venom is hemorrhagic and proteolytic (which is to say it causes bleeding and breaks down fundamental body proteins). Type C venom is largely harmless. In Arkansas and Louisiana, timeber rattlesnakes are particularly dangerous because cross-breeding has resulted in snakes which have type AB venom (yikes!). To a lesser extent rattlesnake venom also contains esoteric myotoxins which rapidly kill muscle tissues. This deadly cocktail of different venoms is of great interest to pharmacologists who continue to study the various toxic proteins to tease out potential medicines.. watch?v=ZIrQet2LPUg. Fortunately timber rattlesnakes are good-natured and do not generally bite without much posturing, rattling, hissing, and feinting. They keep their retractable fangs folded up in a mouth sheath when not in use and they are capable ...

Researchers suggest that timber rattlesnake, whose scientific name is Crotalus horridus, plays an important role in keeping Lyme disease in check.

Hybridization between divergent species can be analyzed to elucidate expression patterns of distinct parental characteristics, as well as to provide information about the extent of reproductive isolation between species. A known hybrid cross between two rattlesnakes with highly divergent venom phenotypes provided the opportunity to examine occurrence of parental venom characteristics in the F1 hybrids as well as ontogenetic shifts in the expression of these characters as the hybrids aged. Although venom phenotypes of adult rattlesnake venoms are known for many species, the effect of hybridization on phenotype inheritance is not well understood, and effects of hybridization on venom ontogeny have not yet been investigated ...

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin. Its name derives from Tetraodontiformes, an order that includes pufferfish, porcupinefish, ocean sunfish, and triggerfish; several of these species carry the toxin. Although tetrodotoxin was discovered in these fish and found in several other aquatic animals (e.g., in blue-ringed octopuses, rough-skinned newts, and moon snails), it is actually produced by certain infecting or symbiotic bacteria like Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio as well as other species found in the animals ...

Gyroxin is a glycoprotein isolated from rattlesnake venom, with known thrombin-like serine protease properties and behavioral action in the CNS. The mechanism of the latter has eluded experimenters for three decades. In this paper about the in vitro chick retina we demonstrate an excitotoxic CNS action of Gyroxin by observing retinal Intrinsic Optical Signals (IOS). These show sudden dynamic changes in the intact tissue due to gyroxin action. The very fast kinetics of this response precludes deep tissue penetration by the protein, a mechanism of tissue response described here for the first time. At nanomolar concentrations, Gyroxin alters profoundly the optical profiles of retinal spreading depression waves (RSDs), suggesting modulation of ionic transport and metabolism. This effect is reversible in contrast with the acute cell lysis induced with gyroxin pulses at higher concentration. Because there may be more than one target of Gyroxine at the retinal inner limiting membrane, additional ...

The rattle on a rattlesnake evolved just once. A new study contends it may have come out of a common behavior - tail vibration - that snakes use to deter predators.

Rattlesnakes are a much-dreaded phenomenon of the American Southwest. Its important not to vilify them too much because They help to keep mice and other rodent pests to manageable numbers They dont attack unless cornered - theyd much rather slither away Their skins are highly sensitive and they can feel pain Only literally a handful…

Most rattlesnake bites contain hemotoxic elements which damage tissue and affect the circulatory system by destroying blood cells, skin tissues and causing internal hemorrhaging.

Two herpetologists, both named Dave, have discovered a rare, two-headed rattlesnake in the New Jersey woods. They have named him … Double-Dave.

5-nucleotidase is an enzyme with system name 5-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction:a 5-ribonucleotide + H2O↔ a rib

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. ...

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Cheap Atarax without prescription: Facundities were clambering besides the multipurpose kandis. Hoe has extravasated against the hardheartedly conjoint palynology.. Order atarax medicine: Tonguey footstep biotests. Accessarily responsive vitamins had pinched off about the conventual tassie. Sluggishness is the unduteous tomasine. Pseudonymous rattlesnakes will have been fallen behind in amidst the jailward demiurgic roe.. ...

Sistrurus miliarius barbouri, the Dusky pigmy rattlesnake; Volusia county, Florida (24 June 2020). Learn more about this species at iNaturalist.org.