Cost Savings Template cost savings template calculate annual costs and savings in excel contextures blog download. cost savings template cost savings analysis template template update234 template. cost savings template cost benefit analysis template 11 free word excel pdf. Cost Savings Template cost savings template cost savings initiative tools itlever. cost savings template calculate annual costs and savings with excel template youtube download. Cost Savings Template ...

I hate the term Cost benefit analysis because it always means someone or something dies so someone can make some money but Greenwald applies it effectively here: Jobs versus War and where do we spend our money ...

Cost/ Benefit Analysis of Electronic License Plates Final Report 637 Prepared by: Andrew Eberline 1069 N. Poinciana Rd. Gilbert, AZ 85234 June 2008 Prepared for: Arizona Department of Transportation 206 South 17th Avenue Phoenix, Arizona 85007 in cooperation with U. S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration The contents of the report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Arizona Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Trade or manufacturers names that may appear herein are cited only because they are considered essential to the objectives of the report. The U. S. Government and the State of Arizona do not endorse products or manufacturers. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. FHWA- AZ- 08- 637 2. Government ...

Cost/ Benefit Analysis of Electronic License Plates Final Report 637 Prepared by: Andrew Eberline 1069 N. Poinciana Rd. Gilbert, AZ 85234 June 2008 Prepared for: Arizona Department of Transportation 206 South 17th Avenue Phoenix, Arizona 85007 in cooperation with U. S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration The contents of the report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Arizona Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Trade or manufacturers names that may appear herein are cited only because they are considered essential to the objectives of the report. The U. S. Government and the State of Arizona do not endorse products or manufacturers. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. FHWA- AZ- 08- 637 2. Government ...

The considered automated medication systems were a patient-specific automated medication system (psAMS), a non-patient-specific automated medication system (npsAMS), and a complex automated medication system (cAMS). The economic evaluation used original effect and cost data from prospective, controlled, before-and-after studies of medication systems implemented at a Danish hematological ward and an acute medical unit. Effectiveness was described as the proportion of clinical and procedural error opportunities that were associated with one or more errors. An error was defined as a deviation from the electronic prescription, from standard hospital policy, or from written procedures. The cost assessment was based on 6-month standardization of observed cost data. The model-based comparative cost-effectiveness analyses were conducted with system-specific assumptions of the effect size and costs in scenarios with consumptions of 15,000, 30,000, and 45,000 doses per 6-month period.. RESULTS ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Exploring the potential cost-effectiveness of precision medicine treatment strategies for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. AU - Chen, Qiushi. AU - Staton, Ashley D.. AU - Ayer, Turgay. AU - Goldstein, Daniel A.. AU - Koff, Jean L.. AU - Flowers, Christopher R.. PY - 2018/7/3. Y1 - 2018/7/3. N2 - Activated B-cell-like (ABC) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is associated with worse survival after standard rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (RCHOP) chemoimmunotherapy compared to germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) subtype. Preliminary evidence suggests that benefits from novel agents may vary by subtype. Hypothesizing that treatment stratified by DLBCL subtype could be potentially cost-effective, we developed micro-simulation models to compare three first-line treatment strategies: (1) standard RCHOP for all patients (2) subtype testing followed by RCHOP for GCB and novel treatment for ABC DLBCL, and (3) novel treatment for all patients. Based on ...

The CAIRO 3 trial found that the addition of maintenance bevacizumab and capecitabine to observation after treatment for unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer improved overall survival in this patient population. Despite these data, Kiran Turaga, MD, MPH, associate professor of surgery and director of the Surgical GI Cancer Program at The University of Chicago Medicine (Chicago, IL), and colleagues surmised that the cost of maintenance therapy would exceed willingness-to-pay thresholds.. The researchers used data from the CAIRO 3 trial to generate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for maintenance strategies in the patient population. They found that cost of 10 maintenance cycles was $108 848, correlating with a gain in quality-adjusted life months (QALMs) of 14.93. In contrast, patients in the observation arm achieved a QALM gain of 13.67 at no additional cost, producing an ICER of $1 036 648 per quality-adjusted life year.. The use of observation alone was shown to be more ...

In 2014 Cost-benefit study of school nursing services, a case study of the Massachusetts Essential School Health Services program delivered by full-time registered school nurses, was published (Wang et al). As the first economic study of school nursing services, it has drawn strong interest from school nurses, physicians, as well as legislators at both state and Congress level. There has been a growing interest in replicating this study in other states or districts.. To meet the request for assistance, the authors constructed a spreadsheet-based Excel model and data collection instruments to support states and districts to collect data and perform cost-benefit analyses of their own programs. The material is found here.. For questions regarding the process please contact Li Yan Wang [email protected].. Instructions for data collection and analysis.. Spreadsheet model testing:. ...

Figure 5. Maximum all-oral drug costs at three WTP thresholds. Cost of all-oral drugs was plotted against the ICER to determine the maximum drug cost at which all-oral treatment (dashed line) can remain cost-effective compared to SOC treatment (solid line) at various WTP thresholds. Maximum costs of all-oral drugs at WTP thresholds of $50 000/QALY, $80 000/QALY and $100 000/QALY are shown in black boxes. WTP = willingness-to-pay; SOC = standard of care treatment; ICER = incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; QALY = quality-adjusted life year.. ICER and Sensitivity Analyses. To assess cost-effectiveness, we calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), which measured the average cost per QALY gained by using all-oral treatment instead of SOC. We conducted one-way sensitivity analyses to determine which model parameters had the greatest impact on the ICER and ran sub-analyses to explore differences in cost-effectiveness by viral genotype and age at treatment.. Results. Model ...

Figure 5. Maximum all-oral drug costs at three WTP thresholds. Cost of all-oral drugs was plotted against the ICER to determine the maximum drug cost at which all-oral treatment (dashed line) can remain cost-effective compared to SOC treatment (solid line) at various WTP thresholds. Maximum costs of all-oral drugs at WTP thresholds of $50 000/QALY, $80 000/QALY and $100 000/QALY are shown in black boxes. WTP = willingness-to-pay; SOC = standard of care treatment; ICER = incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; QALY = quality-adjusted life year.. ICER and Sensitivity Analyses. To assess cost-effectiveness, we calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), which measured the average cost per QALY gained by using all-oral treatment instead of SOC. We conducted one-way sensitivity analyses to determine which model parameters had the greatest impact on the ICER and ran sub-analyses to explore differences in cost-effectiveness by viral genotype and age at treatment.. Results. Model ...

The lack of hard data makes any country-by-country cost-benefit analysis of AML policy impossible at the moment. But by using the estimates that are available, and correcting these estimates for the price level and size of the countries, the chapter is able to estimate almost all cost components and some benefits for each EU Member State. This study estimates that the total costs of the 27 EU Member States are about 2 billion Euros, together with an immeasurable reduction in privacy and some inefficiency in the operation of society. Since most of the benefits of AML/CTF policy are hard or impossible to estimate, the cost benefit dilemma is basically reduced to the question: Does the EU want to spent about 2 billion Euros to obtain potential benefits, which include an unquantifiable reduction in money laundering, less crime in general, a reduced damage effect on the real economy and less risk for the financial sector?

Background - Exercise is a safe, non-pharmacological adjunctive treatment for people with multiple sclerosis but cost-effective approaches to implementing exercise within health care settings are needed.. Objective - The objective of this paper is to assess the cost effectiveness of a pragmatic exercise intervention in conjunction with usual care compared to usual care only in people with mild to moderate multiple sclerosis.. Methods - A cost-utility analysis of a pragmatic randomised controlled trial over nine months of follow-up was conducted. A total of 120 people with multiple sclerosis were randomised (1:1) to the intervention or usual care. Exercising participants received 18 supervised and 18 home exercise sessions over 12 weeks. The primary outcome for the cost utility analysis was the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained, calculated using utilities measured by the EQ-5D questionnaire.. Results - The incremental cost per QALY of the intervention was £10,137 per ...

Downloadable (with restrictions)! This paper examines the economic analysis (social cost-benefit analysis) underlying two decisions to build an interconnector (NorNed and the East-West interconnector) in Europe. The main conclusion is that current interconnector and transmission investment decisions in Europe are unlikely to maximize social welfare. The arguments are as follows. (i) It is unclear how much demand for transmission capacity and interconnectors actually exists, and thus the benefits of investment are unclear. (ii) Both analyses underlying the investments studied are incorrect, to the point where, in one case, even the sign may be wrong. (iii) The main criticism concerns the fact that they do not take the resulting changes in generator investment plans into account and ignore the (potential) benefits of increased competition. (iv) Several smaller issues can be improved, such as the discount rate used. (v) Decisions at the European level are taken very differently, and approval may depend on

On November 6, the National Council on Disability (NCD) released a report titled Quality-Adjusted Life Years and the Devaluation of Life with Disability. The report details the use of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) in the evaluation of treatment coverage. QALYs are based on the premise that the value of one year of the life of a person with a disability is less than the value of one year of the life of a person without a disability. The report recommends, among other things, prohibiting the use of QALYs in Medicare and Medicaid.. ...

A simulation model of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, which incorporated French data on the progression of HIV disease in the absence of antiretroviral therapy and on cost, was used to determine the clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of different strategies for the prevention of opportunistic infections in French patients who receive highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Compared with use of no prophylaxis, use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) increased per-person lifetime costs from €185,600 to €187,900 and quality-adjusted life expectancy from 112.2 to 113.7 months, for an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €18,700 per quality-adjusted life-year (€/QALY) gained. Compared with use of TMP-SMZ alone, use of TMP-SMZ plus azithromycin cost €23,900/QALY gained; adding fluconazole cost an additional €54,500/QALY gained. All strategies that included oral ganciclovir had cost-effectiveness ratios that exceeded €100,000/QALY gained. In the era of ...

To estimate the cost of the study intervention we took the standard cost (including overheads, capital, and training) for an NHS community physiotherapist9 and multiplied it by the contact time for each individual patient with the physiotherapist trained in acupuncture. We did not include the cost of needles and other consumables as these are negligible compared with staff time.13 We assumed that acupuncture sessions on the NHS, but not by a study acupuncturist, had a duration equal to the mean duration of a study session, 31 minutes.. We used using linear regression (analysis of covariance, ANCOVA) with age, sex, diagnosis (migraine or non-migraine headache), severity of headache at baseline, number of years of headache disorder, site, and baseline SF-6D as covariates to estimate differences between groups for cost and effectiveness on the intention to treat principle. Exact methods for estimating confidence intervals for incremental cost effectiveness ratios are not possible, and we therefore ...

Acknowledgment: The authors thank all study participants, the EUELC Consortium, Dr. Andrew J. Vickers for his useful discussion and helpful comments during the statistical data analysis and preparation of the manuscript, and Professor Anne Field for reading the manuscript as a nonexpert clinician. For members of the EUELC Consortium, see the Appendix.. Grant Support: By the Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation, the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment program, and the American Cancer Society, as well as grants CA74386, CA092824, and CA090578 from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (Dr. Christiani).. Potential Conflicts of Interest: Disclosures can be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M11-1994.. Reproducible Research Statement:Study protocol: Available from Professor Field (e-mail, [email protected]). Statistical code: Available from Dr. Raji (e-mail, [email protected]). Relative utility curves are ...

In 2020, Health Canada developed interim orders to help prevent and alleviate drug and medical device shortages. The interim orders & measures are with respect to: (1) Drugs, Medical Devices, and Foods for a Special Dietary Purpose in Relation to COVID-19 can be found here (2) The Prevention and Alleviation of Shortages of Drugs in Relation to COVID-19 can be found here (3) Drug Shortages (Safeguarding the Drug Supply) can be found here (4) Faster access to disinfectants and hand sanitizers that do not fully meet regulatory requirements in Canada can be found here Health Canada is currently asking industry and healthcare stakeholders to complete a Cost-Benefit Analysis Survey to help understand how the proposed regulations could have a positive or negative impact on the Canadian industry and healthcare professionals. The qualitative descriptions and quantitative data collected from responses will inform Health Canada as it develops the proposed regulations and aims to minimize costs while ...

Buy or Rent Cost-Benefit Analysis for Project Appraisal as an eTextbook and get instant access. With VitalSource, you can save up to 80% compared to print.

This research explores the construction of a geotextile ATV corridor connecting two separate village subsets, Oscarville-Napakiak and Akiak-Akiachak, in the Kuskokwim River delta. Cost-benefit analysis was used to compare the costs of constructing a geotextile trail to the benefits derived from the reduction of injuries, fatalities, and fuel consumption observed on the existing river transportation corridor during a 20-year period. Secondary data was collected for population estimates, fatality and injury rates, while the rapid rural appraisal approach was used to access the traffic rates between each village subset. The results reveal that the construction of a geotextile ATV corridor in the Alaskan bush would prove to be an economically feasible transportation alternative. Elder, Lee; Seidl, Andy

Downloadable (with restrictions)! A cost-benefit analysis of moose (Alces alces) harvesting in Scandinavia is presented within the framework of an age structured model with four categories of animals (calves, yearlings, adult females, and adult males). The paper aims to demonstrate the economic content of such a wildlife model and how this content may change under shifting economic and ecological conditions. Two different harvesting regimes are explored: landowner profit maximization, where the combined benefit of harvesting value and browsing damage is taken into account, and overall management, where the costs and damages of moose-vehicle collisions are taken into account as well. An empirical analysis of the Norwegian moose stock indicates that the present stock level is far too high compared with the overall management scenario, and that the composition of the harvest could be improved.

In the context of pharmacoeconomics, the cost-effectiveness of a therapeutic or preventive intervention is the ratio of the cost of the intervention to a relevant measure of its effect. Cost refers to the resource expended for the intervention, usually measured in monetary terms such as dollars or pounds. The measure of effects depends on the intervention being considered. Examples include the number of people cured of a disease, the mm Hg reduction in diastolic blood pressure and the number of symptom-free days experienced by a patient. The selection of the appropriate effect measure should be based on clinical judgment in the context of the intervention being considered. A special case of CEA is cost-utility analysis, where the effects are measured in terms of years of full health lived, using a measure such as quality-adjusted life years or disability-adjusted life years. Cost-effectiveness is typically expressed as an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), the ratio of change in costs ...

TY - BOOK. T1 - Decision-Making On Mega-Projects. T2 - cost-benefit Analysis, Planning and Innovation. A2 - Priemus, Hugo. A2 - Flyvbjerg, Bent. A2 - van Wee, Bert. PY - 2008. Y1 - 2008. M3 - Anthology. SN - 978-1-84542-737-5. BT - Decision-Making On Mega-Projects. PB - Edward Elgar Publishing. CY - Cheltenham, UK and Northamton, MA, USA. ER - ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost-effectiveness of bivalirudin versus heparin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (H-GPI) in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), from a UK health service perspective. DESIGN: Cost-utility analysis with life-long time horizon. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness. METHODS: Event risks and medical resource use data derived from the HORIZONS-AMI trial were entered into a decision analytic model. Clinical events until the end of year 1 (main model) or year 3 (alternative model) were modelled in detail. Adjustments were applied to approximate UK routine practice characteristics. Life expectancy of 1-year or 3-year survivors, health-state utilities, initial hospitalisation length of stay in the comparator strategy and unit costs were based on UK sources. Costs and effects were discounted at 3.5%. RESULTS: The main ...

Background: We describe an approach to estimating the cost-effectiveness of an intervention that changes health behaviour. The method captures the lifetime costs and benefits incurred by participants in an ongoing cluster-randomized controlled trial of an intervention that aims to change health behaviour. The existing literature only captures short-term economic and health outcomes. Methods: We develop a state-transition Markov model of how individuals move between different health behaviour states over time. We simulate hypothetical data to describe the costs and health benefits of the intervention, illustrate how the data collected in the ongoing randomized controlled trial can be used and demonstrate how incremental cost-effectiveness ratios are estimated. Results: On the basis of the simulated (i.e. hypothetical) data, we estimate the cost per quality-adjusted life year. The estimate reflects the lifetime health and economic consequences of the intervention. Discussion: The method used for ...

Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds (CETs) are used in a selected number of countries as tool in decision-making on funding and reimbursements for new healthcare technologies. In this white paper, OHE presents an analysis of the relative merits and shortfalls of current approaches to defining, estimating and applying CETs in Health Technology Assessments. The paper also puts forward

Aims: The World Health Organisations (WHOs) draft hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination targets propose an 80% reduction in incidence and a 65% reduction in HCV-related deaths by 2030. We estimate the treatment scale-up required and cost-effectiveness of reaching these targets among injecting drug use (IDU)-acquired infections using Australian disease estimates.. Methods: A mathematical model of HCV transmission, liver disease progression and treatment among current and former people who inject drugs (PWID). Treatment scale-up and the most efficient allocation to priority groups (PWID or people with advanced liver disease) were determined; total healthcare and treatment costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) compared to inaction were calculated.. Results: 5,662 (95%CI 5,202-6,901) courses per year (30/1000 IDU-acquired infections) were required, prioritised to patients with advanced liver disease, to reach the mortality target. 4,725 ...

p,,b,INTRODUCTION: ,/b,The irreversible ErbB family blocker afatinib and the reversible EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib were compared in the multicenter, international, randomized, head-to-head phase 2b LUX-Lung 7 trial for first-line treatment of advanced EGFR mutation-positive NSCLCs. Afatinib and gefitinib costs and patients outcomes in France were assessed.,/p,,p,,b,METHODS: ,/b,A partitioned survival model was designed to assess the cost-effectiveness of afatinib versus gefitinib for EGFR mutation-positive NSCLCs. Outcomes and safety were taken primarily from the LUX-Lung 7 trial. Resource use and utilities were derived from that trial, an expert-panel questionnaire, and published literature, limiting expenditures to direct costs. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated over a 10-year time horizon for the entire population, and EGFR exon 19 deletion or exon 21 L858R mutation (L858R) subgroups. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were ...

The treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) can place a substantial financial burden on healthcare systems. The anti-inflammatory compound 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA; mesalazine) is the recommended first-line treatment for patients with UC. In this analysis, the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) of two oral formulations of 5-ASA (Mezavant® and Asacol®) is examined in the treatment of patients with mild-to-moderate, active UC in Germany. A Markov cohort model was developed to assess the cost effectiveness of Mezavant compared with Asacol over a 5-year period in the German Statutory Health Insurance (SHI). Drug pricing details for 2009 were applied throughout the model, and overall resource use was determined and also fitted to 2009 from published results of a large cross sectional study of German SHI patients. Cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY) was the primary endpoint for this study. Remission rates were obtained using data from a randomised, phase III trial of Mezavant with an active

The treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) can place a substantial financial burden on healthcare systems. The anti-inflammatory compound 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA; mesalazine) is the recommended first-line treatment for patients with UC. In this analysis, the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) of two oral formulations of 5-ASA (Mezavant® and Asacol®) is examined in the treatment of patients with mild-to-moderate, active UC in Germany. A Markov cohort model was developed to assess the cost effectiveness of Mezavant compared with Asacol over a 5-year period in the German Statutory Health Insurance (SHI). Drug pricing details for 2009 were applied throughout the model, and overall resource use was determined and also fitted to 2009 from published results of a large cross sectional study of German SHI patients. Cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY) was the primary endpoint for this study. Remission rates were obtained using data from a randomised, phase III trial of Mezavant with an active

We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of posaconazole compared with standard azole therapy (SAT; fluconazole or itraconazole) for the prevention of invasive fungal infections (IFI) and the reduction of overall mortality in high-risk neutropenic patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). The perspective was that of the Spanish National Health Service (NHS). A decision-analytic model, based on a randomised phase III trial, was used to predict IFI avoided, life-years saved (LYS), total costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER; incremental cost per LYS) over patients lifetime horizon. Data for the analyses included life expectancy, procedures, and costs associated with IFI and the drugs (in euros at November 2009 values) which were obtained from the published literature and opinions of an expert committee. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PAS) was performed. Posaconazole was associated with fewer IFI (0.05 versus 0.11), increased LYS (2.52 versus 2

TY - JOUR. T1 - Does the rapid response of an antidepressant contribute to better cost-effectiveness? Comparison between mirtazapine and SSRIs for first-line treatment of depression in Japan. AU - Sado, Mitsuhiro. AU - Wada, Masataka. AU - Ninomiya, Akira. AU - Nohara, Hiroyoshi. AU - Kosugi, Teppei. AU - Arai, Mayuko. AU - Endo, Ryusuke. AU - Mimura, Masaru. PY - 2019/1/1. Y1 - 2019/1/1. N2 - Aim: Previous studies indicate that mirtazapine is unique in its quick responsiveness compared to other antidepressants. Although some other studies have evaluated its cost-effectiveness, they have not considered its early stage remission rate. The aim of this study was to address this research gap by using precise clinical data to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of mirtazapine in Japan. Methods: We developed a Markov model to reflect the week-by-week transition probabilities. The Markov cycle was set as 1 week. While our clinical parameters were obtained largely from existing meta-analyses, cost data were ...

Accurate cost benefit analysis of climate change adaptation actions is not only critical in designing effective local-level adaptation strategies, but also for generating information that feeds into national and global climate policy agreements. One of the main challenges of this type of CBA is accommodating the wide-ranging impacts of climate change on diverse individuals and groups. While some adaptations provide public benefits, such as protecting coastal areas from rising sea levels, many others generate more private gains for individuals, firms or a consortia of these actors.. In addition, the process of identifying and calculating the future impacts of climate change is primarily driven by climate projections. Scientifically drawn climate projections are inherently uncertain as they are based ...

Eastern Asia Medical Project Information Eastern Asia Global Medical Project Information Eastern Asia international competitive bids government Eastern Asia public tenders

The Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is an evaluation method that gives an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of project alternatives or measures in terms of social welfare. These advantages and disadvantages are presented in the form of cost items and benefit items on a cost-benefit balance sheet. The items are expressed in terms of money (monetised) as far as possible to enable the various project alternatives to be compared. The main question in a Cost Benefit Analysis is Do the benefits outweigh the costs?. The welfare effect is expressed in the balance of all costs and benefits. The costs and benefits of alternatives can also be compared to determine which alternative is preferable. The aim of a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) is to determine with which measures or packages of measures (project alternative) an objective can be reached at the lowest cost possible (cost minimisation). The analysis method can also be used to determine which project alternative, given the maximum ...

That may seem decent, but it works out to somewhere less than $1 per month per employee. And what about the extra costs? To actually print in color, you have to go into the printer properties (each time) and change the printer back to color. Assuming I need to print one document a week in color, and it takes me 30 extra seconds each time, across the year, it will cost the company 26 minutes of my time, working out somewhere in the neighborhood of $30 per year. The base savings of this policy is now around -$1.50 per employee per year.. And I if I do keep normally printing in black and white, I wont always remember to change it to color. (I use a B/W printer when I print that way. When I switch to color, I expect it to print in color.) Assuming I mis-print once a month, thats another five minutes wasted in printing again and walking back to the printer. Plus the document I mis-printed is then chucked right away.. So tell me again, what is the benefit of this policy (except to sound like a good ...

Design We included 714 patients with long-segment BO in a multicentre prospective cohort study and used a multistate Markov model to calculate progression rates from no dysplasia (ND) to low-grade dysplasia (LGD), high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and OAC. Progression rates were incorporated in a decision-analytic model, including costs and quality of life data. We evaluated different surveillance intervals for ND and LGD, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and oesophagectomy for HGD or early OAC and oesophagectomy for advanced OAC. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated in costs per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY).. ...

Design We included 714 patients with long-segment BO in a multicentre prospective cohort study and used a multistate Markov model to calculate progression rates from no dysplasia (ND) to low-grade dysplasia (LGD), high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and OAC. Progression rates were incorporated in a decision-analytic model, including costs and quality of life data. We evaluated different surveillance intervals for ND and LGD, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and oesophagectomy for HGD or early OAC and oesophagectomy for advanced OAC. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated in costs per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY).. ...

Robert J. Brent 1 Introduction The basic principles of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) are not always well understood. An economists training usually covers the difference between the net present value and internal rates of return rules for deciding whether a project is worthwhile, and includes a statement that issues such as measuring the benefits and costs, determining the social discount rate, and estimating distribution weights are controversial and very subjective. The would-be economist is left with the impression that his or her professional life can proceed quite nicely without having to bother with the niceties of CBA. However, as is argued below, nothing is further from the truth than this false impression. CBA can be regarded as around half of economics, and possibly the more interesting part. This view can only be accepted if one first looks at what CBA is trying to do, examining what are the alternatives to undertaking a CBA, and then finding the alternative approaches lacking. This ...

The PBAC noted that the issues identified in relation to the previous submission considered in November 2008 had been addressed. However, the Committee did not accept the sponsors argument for not presenting a utility analysis using the SF-36 General Health Questionnaire Sub-Scale data from the Carey 2007 trial, and considered that presentation of SF-6D weights from the Carey trial data would have been informative as a sensitivity analysis. Multivariate sensitivity analyses conducted during the evaluation indicated that the incremental cost effectiveness ratio could be in the $45,000 - $75,000 range per extra Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) gained from a base case of between $15,000 - $45,000/QALY. The PBAC noted that the model was sensitive to the assumptions in relation to the size of the quality of life gains and to changes in the reduction of the size of the improvements with each re-treatment. The PBAC considered that economic uncertainty remained because some assumptions in the model ...

BACKGROUND: Opioid overdose is a leading cause of accidental death in the United States. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of distributing naloxone, an opioid antagonist, to heroin users for use at witnessed overdoses. DESIGN: Integrated Markov and decision analytic model using deterministic and probabilistic analyses and incorporating recurrent overdoses and a secondary analysis assuming heroin users are a net cost to society. DATA SOURCES: Published literature calibrated to epidemiologic data. TARGET POPULATION: Hypothetical 21-year-old novice U.S. heroin user and more experienced users with scenario analyses. TIME HORIZON: Lifetime. PERSPECTIVE: Societal. INTERVENTION: Naloxone distribution for lay administration. OUTCOME MEASURES: Overdose deaths prevented and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). RESULTS OF BASE-CASE ANALYSIS: In the probabilistic analysis, 6% of overdose deaths were prevented with naloxone distribution; 1 death was prevented for every 227 naloxone kits ...

Islet cell transplantation is a method to stabilize type 1 diabetes patients with hypoglycemia unawareness and unstable blood glucose levels by reducing insulin dependency and protecting against severe hypoglycemia through restoring endogenous insulin secretion. This study analyses the current cost-effectiveness of this technology and estimates the value of further research to reduce uncertainty around cost-effectiveness. We performed a cost-utility analysis using a Markov cohort model with a mean patient age of 49 to simulate costs and health outcomes over a life-time horizon. Our analysis used intensive insulin therapy (IIT) as comparator and took the provincial healthcare provider perspective. Cost and effectiveness data for up to four transplantations per patient came from the University of Alberta hospital. Costs are expressed in 2012 Canadian dollars and effectiveness in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and life years. To characterize the uncertainty around expected outcomes, we carried out a

1. Baily, M., and J. Tobin (1977) Macroeconomic Effects of Selective Public Employment and Wage Subsidies, Brooking Papers on Economic Activity Vol. 1977, No. 2, pp. 511‐544. 2. Barkin S (1967) Meeting the demands of an active manpower policy with the assistance of the academic disciplines, De Economist, Vol 115, Issue 6, Springer Netherlands. 3. Betcherman, G., Olivas, K., Dar, A. (2004), Impact of Active Labour Market Programs: New Evidence from Evaluations with Particular Attention to Developing and Transition Countries, Social Protection Disscusion Paper Series 0402, the World Bank, januar 2004.. 4. Boeri, T., Ours, J. (2008), Active Labour Market Policies, in The Economics of Imperfect Labour Markets, Princenton Univeristy Press, http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s12_8771.pdf. 5. Bonin, H., Rinne, U. (2006), Evaluation of the Active Labour Market Program Beautiful Serbia, IZA Discussion Paper 2533. 6. Bonoli, G. (2010), The Political Economy of Active Labour Market Policy, Working ...

The MSc EDCBA is a postgraduate Masters degree awarded by the École des Ponts ParisTech and jointly run with the Paris School of Economics. It is a Masters of Science in economic calculation for (...)

Keywords: living donor, liver organ transplantation, cost-effectiveness, financial evaluation, liver organ cirrhosis Launch Living Donor Liver organ Transplantation (LDLT) can be an option to traditional deceased donated transplants but there is certainly little reliable final results data for adult-to-adult LDLT which to bottom clinical decisions, individual counseling, or wellness policy. Of principal concern, the contact with potential donor morbidity and mortality is not examined systematically and case series reported in the books vary in promises of donor morbidity in the 312917-14-9 supplier instant perioperative period from minimal (1) to 18% (2, 3). Although analyses of costs (4-9), final results (1, 2, 10-12), and standard of living (13-22) with regards to LDLT, have already been MIF released, few have examined the real cost-effectiveness of LDLT utilizing a formal medical decision evaluation (23-26). Previously released studies had been also hindered by too little accurate data in ...

For example, one of the core proximate causes of the Financial Crisis was a housing bubble. It turns out, in fact, that this housing bubble was not a national issue, but was overwhelmingly driven by a housing bubble in states where state law provided that residential mortgages were non-recourse which is to say that losses from a collapse in housing prices in excess of the down payment were solely experienced by the lender and were not the responsibility of the borrower. This created a moral hazard encouraging borrowers to buy new homes on a leveraged basis even if they could not afford them because the down side risk was small. Thus, flawed state mortgage foreclosure laws in a handful of economically important states like California and Florida, led to the collapse of the financial institutions that capitalized this lending which led to a severe national recession. Better microeconomic policy analysis might have discouraged states from adopting non-recourse mortgage policies and prevented the ...

産科医不足のため分娩維持が困難な地域公立病院における費用便益分析 [in Japanese] The Cost Benefit Analysis in a Provincial Public Hospital Where the Child Birth Center is Difficult to Maintain Due to a Shortage of Obstetricians [in Japanese] ...

With a lack of economic assessments of these interventions, the researchers conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis using a Markov model, a mathematical method for finding patterns and making predictions. Based on results from the Frontier of Renal Outcome Modifications in Japan (FROM-J) study, which found success in dietitian-led education and lifestyle advice, along with periodic check-ups, they projected how such intervention would perform economically.. Naturally, a host of factors, such as disease progression and drug costs, play into this complex modeling. Key here was whether the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), which shows the unit cost of gaining 1 extra healthy life year among the patients via the intervention, gave sufficient worth for that amount. The estimated ICER of about US$1,324 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) was compared with the suggested social willingness to pay about US$45,455 for a 1-QALY gain. This demonstrates considerable ...

To investigate the incremental cost effectiveness of two dose human papillomavirus vaccination and of additionally giving a third dose. Cost effectiveness study based on a transmission dynamic model of human papillomavirus vaccination. Two dose schedules for bivalent or quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccines were assumed to provide 10, 20, or 30 years vaccine type protection and cross protection or lifelong vaccine type protection without cross protection. Three dose schedules were assumed to give lifelong vaccine type and cross protection. United Kingdom. Males and females aged 12-74 years. No, two, or three doses of human papillomavirus vaccine given routinely to 12 year old girls, with an initial catch-up campaign to 18 years. Costs (from the healthcare providers perspective), health related utilities, and incremental cost effectiveness ratios. Giving at least two doses of vaccine seems to be highly cost effective across the entire range of scenarios considered at the quadrivalent ...

Abstract: This paper attempts a social cost-benefit analysis of intensive versus traditional shrimp farming in West Bengal, India. Using primary data, the paper shows that although intensive shrimp farming yields high returns as compared to traditional shrimp farming, when the opportunity costs and environmental costs of shrimp farming, including disease risk, are accounted for, intensive shrimp farming loses its advantage. Sensitivity analysis shows that if the expected benefits were to fall short by 15% and costs rise by a similar proportion, intensive shrimp farmers would report higher losses than traditional shrimp farmers. Large traditional shrimp farmers continue to report positive net returns. These results are also most pronounced for small and marginal intensive shrimp farmers. Further, if the probability of disease risk is also accounted for, intensive shrimp farming reports significant losses whereas traditional shrimp farming in most cases shows positive net returns. In light of the ...

Objective To model the social distribution of quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) in England by combining survey data on health-related quality of life with administrative data on mortality. Methods Health Survey for England data sets for 2010, 2011, and 2012 were pooled (n = 35,062) and used to model health-related quality of life as a function of sex, age, and socioeconomic status (SES). Office for National Statistics mortality rates were used to construct life tables for age-sex-SES groups. These quality-of-life and length-of-life estimates were then combined to predict QALE as a function of these characteristics. Missing data were imputed, and Monte-Carlo simulation was used to estimate standard errors. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore alternative regression models and measures of SES. Results Socioeconomic inequality in QALE at birth was estimated at 11.87 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), with a sex difference of 1 QALY. When the socioeconomic-sex subgroups are ranked ...

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is among the nosologies included in the governmental program for supply of medicines to patients with hemophilia, mucoviscidosis, pituitary dwarfism, Gaucher disease, malignant neoplasms in lymphoid, hematopoietic and related tissues, multiple sclerosis, and also after organ and (or) tissue transplantation. Only one medicine, imatinib, is currently available to CML patients within this program. However, 20% to 35% of CML patients have intolerance or develop resistance to imatinib. Therefore, this patient group should receive treatment with the second-generation tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, in particular dasatinib. Pharmacoeconomic analysis is required for dasatinib to be included in the list of expensive medicinal products. This pharmacoeconomic study investigates the use of dasatinib as a second-line CML therapy, based on «cost-effectiveness» and «budget impact» analysis. The study demonstrated that in terms of cost-effectiveness analysis, dasatinib is a ...

This page contains the abstract Cost-Efficiency and Effectiveness of Including Doctors of Chiropractic to Offer Treatment Under Medicaid: A Critical Appraisal of Missouri Inclusion of Chiropractic Under Missouri Medicaid http://www.chiro.org/Cost_Effectiveness/Cost-Efficiency_and_Effectiveness.shtml

The purpose was to assess the cost-effectiveness of sorafenib in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients incorporating current prices and the results of the recent published field practice SOraFenib Italian Assessment (SOFIA) study. We created a Markov Decision Model to evaluate, in a hypothetical cohort of Caucasian male patients, aged 67 years with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) C HCC, or BCLC B HCC who were unfit or failed to respond to locoregional therapies, well compensated cirrhosis, and with performance status 0-1 according to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), the cost-effectiveness of the following strategies: (1) full or dose-adjusted sorafenib for BCLC B and C patients together; (2) full or dose-adjusted sorafenib for BCLC B patients; (3) full or dose-adjusted sorafenib for BCLC C patients. Outcomes include quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). In the base-case analysis dose-adjusted sorafenib was ...

article{ce811421-aae7-4353-bf0c-5c3d041fab67, abstract = {Objective. The purpose of the present analysis was to analyze and compare the cost-effectiveness of solifenacin flexible dosing (5-10 mg) with tolterodine 4 mg sustained release (SR) or placebo (assumed to be comparable to no treatment) for patients with overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms. Design. A decision-analytic model was constructed. Methods. Costs and effects were evaluated for the three treatment options in a one-year timeframe. Costs included were treatment costs, cost of pad use, and patients productivity loss based on data from the Nordic countries. Sample. Results from two randomized controlled trials were used as input data in the cost-effectiveness analysis. Main outcome measures. Quality adjusted life years and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Results. Solifenacin flexible dosing was more effective with respect to reducing OAB symptoms compared to both placebo and tolterodine 4 mg. Treatment with both solifenacin and ...

This Cost Benefit Analysis was undertaken to provide Mercy Corps with a quantitative analysis to complement the qualitative benefits that we have observed throughout the life of our Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) project which is being implemented in Nepal. The Kailali Disaster Risk Reduction Initiatives (KDRR) project, at the heart of this study, assists riverside communities in the far western Kailali District of Nepal where we are working in cooperation with the Nepali Red Cross Society (NRCS) Kailali District Chapter.. ...

Bulk CBD Isolate Wholesale Distributors Slovakia, Wholesale USA CBD Pure Isolate Slovakia, Wholesale CBD Pure Isolate Slovakia, Wholesale CBD Pure Isolate Price Slovakia, Bulk CBD Isolate Wholesale Price Slovakia, Wholesale CBD Pure Isolate Distributors Slovakia, Wholesale CBD Organic Isolate 1 Kilo Slovakia, Wholesale CBD 99.9% Isolate Online Quotes Slovakia, Wholesale CBD 99% Isolate Price Slovakia, Bulk CBD Isolate Wholesale Slovakia, CBD Pure Isolate Wholesale Online Slovakia, CBD Pure Isolate Wholesale Price Slovakia, Wholesale CBD Pure Isolate 500 grams Slovakia, Wholesale CBD 99.9% Isolate Online Quote Slovakia, Wholesale CBD Pure Isolate 1 Kilo Slovakia, Wholesale CBD 99% Isolate Online Quotes Slovakia, Wholesale CBD 99% Isolate Slovakia, Wholesale CBD Pure Isolate 250 grams Slovakia, CBD Pure Isolate Wholesale Slovakia, CBD Isolate Wholesale Online Slovakia, Wholesale CBD 99.9% Isolate Wholesale Slovakia, Wholesale CBD Pure Isolate 750 grams Slovakia, CBD Isolate

A Life-Time Value (LTV) system is a data-driven computer-facilitated financial model that provides accurate and consistent profitability projections using current period account level profitability data stored in a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). The Life-Time Value system performs Net Present Value (NPV) and Future Value (FV) processing using business-rule and data-driven applications that embrace the current period profit components, defines forecast periods, parameters and methodologies, and applies appropriate growth values, attrition values and propensity values to an object of future value interest.

Cities are facing increasing risks caused by extreme climate events, making housing, infrastructure, traffic, health, ecosystems and cultural and historical heritage vulnerable. Continuous climate change is expected to further increase this risk, and thus the need for adequate and timely response of decision makers at all administrative levels. Accordingly, planning adaptation measures has become a high priority for local government authorities and property owners in cities. However, the cost-effective planning of adaptation strategies is very complicated. The integrated assessment of climate events, associated flooding, damage costs and adaptation measures requires multidisciplinary work and close interaction between professionals and decision-makers. Damage cost assessments and adaptation planning also require context-specific data and modelling, which, all together, can be very demanding in the development of solid local adaptation plans for decision-making.. ...

Background The PACE trial compared the effectiveness of adding adaptive pacing therapy (APT), cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), or graded exercise therapy (GET), to specialist medical care (SMC) for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. This paper reports the relative cost-effectiveness of these treatments in terms of quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and improvements in fatigue and physical function. Methods Resource use was measured and costs calculated. Healthcare and societal costs (healthcare plus lost production and unpaid informal care) were combined with QALYs gained, and changes in fatigue and disability; incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were computed. Results SMC patients had significantly lower healthcare costs than those receiving APT, CBT and GET. If society is willing to value a QALY at £30,000 there is a 62.7% likelihood that CBT is the most cost-effective therapy, a 26.8% likelihood that GET is most cost effective, 2.6% that APT is most cost-effective and 7.9% ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Pharmacoeconomic evaluations of pharmacogenetic and genomic screening programmes. T2 - A systematic review on content and adherence to guidelines. AU - Vegter, Stefan. AU - Boersma, Cornelis. AU - Rozenbaum, Mark. AU - Wilffert, Bob. AU - Navis, Gerjan. AU - Postma, Maarten J.. N1 - Review 1. PY - 2008/7. Y1 - 2008/7. N2 - The fields of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics have become important practical tools to progress goals in medical and pharmaceutical research and development. As more screening tests are being developed, with some already used in clinical practice, consideration of cost-effectiveness implications is important. A systematic review was performed on the content of and adherence to pharmacoeconomic guidelines of recent pharmacoeconomic analyses performed in the field of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics. Economic analyses of screening strategies for genetic variations, which were evidence-based and assumed to be associated with drug efficacy or safety, ...

This study is the first direct comparison of economic outcomes of DES-PCI versus CABG among patients with diabetes mellitus and multivessel CAD. Our results reveal that although CABG was associated with an increase in initial costs of ≈$9000/patient, these up-front costs were partially offset by lower costs in subsequent years principally as a result of a lower rate of repeat revascularization procedures (and, to a lesser extent, less use of cardiac medications). Over the first 5 years of follow-up, CABG improved life expectancy by ≈0.05 years and quality-adjusted life expectancy by ≈0.03 QALYs while increasing total costs by ≈$3600. When the observed in-trial results were extrapolated over a lifetime horizon, CABG was associated with much larger gains in quality-adjusted life expectancy relative to PCI (0.66 QALYs in the base case), whereas projected lifetime costs remained ≈$5400/patient higher with CABG. Thus, under our base case assumptions regarding the duration and magnitude of ...

It almost seems like it was a lifetime ago that cloth diapers were shunned and the commercially sold disposable diapers rose to rule the roost in the 1980s.

Three relevant systematic reviews and one relevant economic evaluation were identified.. Generally, rates of complication, readmission, and reoperation were not statistically different or appeared numerically comparable between the outpatient and inpatient total hip arthroplasty (THA) groups. Mortality rates were low and appeared to be numerically comparable between the outpatient and inpatient THA groups.. Generally, rates of complication, readmission, and reoperation were not statistically different or appeared numerically comparable between the outpatient and inpatient total knee arthroplasty (TKA) groups. There were inconsistencies with respect to mortality rates in the outpatient and inpatient TKA groups; this finding was based on two studies included in one systematic review.. Inpatient THA was considered not to be cost-effective compared to outpatient THA at a willingness to pay threshold of US$50,000 as the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) for inpatient THA was US$81,116 per ...

A decision-tree simulation model is used to examine the costs associated with olanzapine versus haloperidol in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia in the UK. Parameter values and outcome scores were derived mainly from an international clinical trial. Resource consequences were examined on the basis of assumed service delivery and actual unit costs specific to the UK. While olanzapine is more expensive to prescribe than haloperidol, it generates savings by reducing utilisation of medical services. As a result, a comparison of the 2 drugs is approximately cost neutral. Model uncertainties are examined using extensive sensitivity analysis; in most scenarios, cost-neutral results are maintained. Olanzapine is more effective than haloperidol as measured by Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores and non-relapse rates. With such gains in effectiveness and near equivalence in terms of costs, olanzapine, in comparison with haloperidol, may represent a cost-effective treatment option. ...

With no screening program, the model predicted that 33 CS cases per 1,000 pregnancies would result. Off-site RPR/TPHA was the least expensive screening option, and prevented 18 of 33 cases at a cost of USD$ 2,841 per 1,000 ANC patients screened. On-site RPR would be less effective and more expensive, preventing 15 of 33 cases at a cost of USD$ 2,950. On-site ICS was the most expensive and the most effective screening option, averting 27 of 33 cases at a cost of USD$ 3,779 per 1,000 ANC patients screened.. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios: Compared to no program, adopting off-site RPR/TPHA would avert 18 of the expected 33 CS cases per 1,000 pregnancies at a cost of USD$ 82 per case. Adoption of on-site ICS would result in the aversion of 27 of the 33 cases per 1,000 pregnancies, or nine additional cases compared to off-site screening, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of USD$ 104 per case.. Sensitivity analyses: Results were stable over a wide range of probability and ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Budget impact analysis of chronic kidney disease mass screening test in Japan. AU - Kondo, Masahide. AU - Yamagata, Kunihiro. AU - Hoshi, Shu Ling. AU - Saito, Chie. AU - Asahi, Koichi. AU - Moriyama, Toshiki. AU - Tsuruya, Kazuhiko. AU - Konta, Tsuneo. AU - Fujimoto, Shouichi. AU - Narita, Ichiei. AU - Kimura, Kenjiro. AU - Iseki, Kunitoshi. AU - Watanabe, Tsuyoshi. N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2014, The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2015 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2014/12/12. Y1 - 2014/12/12. N2 - Results: Annual budget impacts of mass screening compared with do-nothing scenario were calculated as ¥79-¥−1,067 million for dipstick test only, ¥2,505-¥9,235 million for serum Cr assay only and ¥2,517-¥9,251 million for the use of both during a 15-year period. Annual budget impacts associated with the reforms were calculated as ¥975-¥4,129 million for mandating serum Cr assay in addition to the currently used mandatory dipstick test, and ¥963-¥4,113 ...

BACKGROUND: Diagnostic imaging represents the fastest growing segment of costs in the US health system. This study investigated the cost-effectiveness of alternative diagnostic approaches to meniscus tears of the knee, a highly prevalent disease that traditionally relies on MRI as part of the diagnostic strategy. PURPOSE: To identify the most efficient strategy for the diagnosis of meniscus tears. STUDY DESIGN: Economic and decision analysis; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS: A simple-decision model run as a cost-utility analysis was constructed to assess the value added by MRI in various combinations with patient history and physical examination (H&P). The model examined traumatic and degenerative tears in 2 distinct settings: primary care and orthopaedic sports medicine clinic. Strategies were compared using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). RESULTS: In both practice settings, H&P alone was widely preferred for degenerative meniscus tears. Performing MRI to confirm a positive H&P ...

Background: The effect of BEV to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is modest in unselected HER2-negative (HER2-) breast cancer (BC) patients. VEGF-A has been suggested as a predictor for response to neoadjuvant BEV. We estimated the cost-effectiveness of using VEGF-A testing and corresponding treatment strategies in the neoadjuvant treatment of hormone receptor (estrogen or progesterone) positive (HR+), HER2- BC.. Methods: Using a life-long Markov state transition model, we determined the health economic impact and incremental cost-effectiveness ration (ICER) of VEGF-A guided use of BEV therapy. Six alternative strategies were compared (four different VEGF-A cut-off values; two implying the use of BEV in no or all patients. Overall and metastasis-free survival information was derived from GeparQuinto (n = 830) trial (EudraCT No: 2006-005834-19). Effectiveness was assessed as quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Costs (in EUR, year 2013) were assessed from a German third-party payer ...

OBJECTIVES: To develop evidence based recommendations for the management of hand osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: The multidisciplinary guideline development group comprised 16 rheumatologists, one physiatrist, one orthopaedic surgeon, two allied health professionals, and one evidence based medicine expert, representing 15 different European countries. Each participant contributed up to 10 propositions describing key clinical points for management of hand OA. Final recommendations were agreed using a Delphi consensus approach. A systematic search of Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Science Citation Index, AMED, Cochrane Library, HTA, and NICE reports was used to identify the best available research evidence to support each proposition. Where possible, the effect size and number needed to treat were calculated for efficacy. Relative risk or odds ratio was estimated for safety, and incremental cost effectiveness ratio was used for cost effectiveness. The strength of recommendation was provided according to research

Using a Markov model, we compared two strategies for 45- to 55-year-old Medicaid beneficiaries: 1) Current Practice-only advanced disease is treated before Medicare eligibility and 2) Full Access-both early-stage and advanced disease are treated before Medicare eligibility. Patients could develop progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma, undergo transplantation, or die each year. Morbidity was reduced after successful treatment. We calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio and compared the costs and public health effects of each strategy from the perspective of Medicare alone as well as the Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services perspective. We varied model inputs in one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. ...

During the past few decades two treatment strategies have evolved for patients with unstable coronary artery disease (UCAD). The non-invasive strategy uses clinical investigations and non-invasive stress tests to identify patients who need diagnostic catheterisation. The early invasive strategy uses coronary catheterisation as the diagnostic instrument. The new technologies have consequences not only for the clinical endpoints of death or myocardial infarction (MI), but also in terms of health-related quality of life and costs. The economic evaluations are of great importance due to the high incidence of the disease and high short-term costs of the invasive strategy. The early costly intervention may prevent later complications and thereby partly or completely offset the higher initial treatment costs. Even if longterm costs remain higher, they can be justified by improved survival or quality of life. Such clinical effects in the long-term follow-up need to be seen in relation to the cost of the ...

The global wind energy market witnessed huge growth from 2009 to 2010 as total wind power capacity grew by 22.3%. The global wind energy installed capacity increased at a Compound Annual Growth Rate(CAGR) of 27.9% from 74,107 megawatt (MW) in 2006 to 198,203 MW in 2010, of which 36,100 MW went online in 2010. Although the cumulative capacity for wind power grew, there was a 10.9% fall in annual additions in 2010 as major wind markets such as the US, Germany and Spain faced economic problems following the global economic crisis. The global wind power markets are expected to recover in 2011 due to the huge order intake by major wind manufacturers, the growing Asia-Pacific (APAC) region, emerging South America and Africa regions, steady European wind markets and recovery in North America. Wind power manufacturers across the world had a high order intake in 2010 with expected delivery deadlines in 2011 and 2012. This will contribute to the annual installations in 2011-2012 ...

Objective: To determine the financial return of additional training in a cognitive-oriented medical subspecialty (rheumatology) and in a procedure-oriented medical subspecialty (gastroenterology) relative to general internal medicine.. ▪ Design: Analysis of existing data to compare lifetime discounted earnings of physicians in different medical specialties.. ▪ Participants: General internists, gastroenterologists, and rheumatologists were surveyed.. ▪ Main Outcome Measures: Using data from surveys conducted by Medical Economics and the American College of Rheumatology, we constructed lifetime earnings streams that allowed the calculation of the net present values of discounted lifetime earnings in general internal medicine, gastroenterology, and rheumatology. Net present values of lifetime earnings were calculated for each group at two discount rates. Sensitivity analyses were done to estimate how changes in relative income would affect calculations of the net present values.. ▪ Main ...

We estimate the impact of Malawis Farm Input Subsidy Program using an economy-wide approach. This approach yields benefit-cost ratios about 60% higher than existing partial equilibrium studies, a result of our accounting for indirect benefits. Fertilizer response rates remain the determining parameter for benefit-cost ratio levels. Even with lower-end response rates, the program is pro-poor and generates double-dividends through higher and more drought-resilient yields. Overall, for macro-economically significant programs, our approach strongly complements survey-based evaluations. For Malawi, our results buttress arguments for a focus on program improvements.. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Cost-effectiveness analysis of universal influenza vaccination. T2 - Application of the susceptible-infectious-complication-recovery model. AU - Yang, Kuen Cheh. AU - Hung, Hui Fang. AU - Chen, Meng Kan. AU - Chen, Sam Li Sheng. AU - Fann, Jean Ching Yuan. AU - Chiu, Sherry Yueh Hsia. AU - Yen, Amy Ming Fang. AU - Huang, Kuo Chin. AU - Chen, Hsiu Hsi. AU - Wang, Sen Te. PY - 2018/8/1. Y1 - 2018/8/1. N2 - Objectives: Despite the fact that vaccination is an effective primary prevention strategy for the containment of influenza outbreaks, health policymakers have shown great concern over the enormous costs involved in universal immunization, particularly when resources are limited. Methods: A two-arm cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) was conducted that took into account the aspect of herd immunity. The analysis used a study cohort of 100 000 residents with a demographic make-up identical to that of the underlying population in Taipei County, Taiwan, during the epidemic influenza ...

Data concerning patients Health Related Quality of Life as well as the cost of the disease treatment were collected at four subsequent periods and specifically at baseline (Visit 1), and at months 3, 6 and 12.. Moreover, at baseline patients socioeconomic, and history of illness data as well as the use of other prescribed medication and costs due to rheumatoid arthritis have been recorded, in order to identify patients health state before adalimumab treatment initiation.. Patients discontinuing therapy (drop-outs) either due to adverse events or on their own initiative were categorized and analyzed separately, while reasons leading to discontinuation were recorded. Adverse events were not collected in this study with the exception of adverse events leading to withdrawal.. In order to evaluate the cost-utility of adalimumab both the cost of the disease treatment and the Health Related Quality of Life of rheumatoid arthritis patients have been taken into account. The process is described ...

Non-adherence to HIV-treatment can have a negative impact on patients treatment success rates, quality of life, infectiousness, and life expectancy. Few adherence interventions have shown positive effects on adherence and/or virologic outcomes. The theory- and evidence-based Adherence Improving self-Management Strategy (AIMS) is an intervention that has been demonstrated to improve adherence and viral suppression rates in a randomised controlled trial. However, evidence of its cost-effectiveness is lacking. Following a recent review suggesting that cost-effectiveness evaluations of adherence interventions for chronic diseases are rare, and that the methodology of such evaluations is poorly described in the literature, this manuscript presents the study protocol for a multi-centre trial evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of AIMS among a heterogeneous sample of patients ...

The term option value and its theoretical underpinnings as a non-user benefit were initially developed in 1964 by Burton Weisbrod.[12] It was posited as an element of benefit distinct from the traditional concept of consumer surplus, and it depended on three factors: (1) uncertainty about future need for the asset, (2) irreversibility or high cost of replacement if the asset is lost, and (3) non-storability of the asset. That was followed by an active academic debate about the concept, and refinement of its measurement. Some economists further developed its distinction from consumer surplus and role as an uncertainty risk aversion premium,[13][14] leading to the suggestion that a concept of option price may be more appropriate.[15] Others stressed the irreversibility aspect of the resource and further specified the framework for valuing avoidance of that risk,[16][17][18][19] with suggestions to adopt a concept of quasi option value or irreversibility effect. All of these terms and ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Cost effectiveness of nurse led secondary prevention clinics for coronary heart disease in primary care:follow up of a randomised controlled trial. AU - Raftery, J.. AU - Yao, L.. AU - Murchie, Peter. AU - Campbell, Neil Crawford. AU - Ritchie, Lewis Duthie. PY - 2005/2. Y1 - 2005/2. N2 - Objective To establish the cost effectiveness of nurse led secondary prevention clinics for coronary heart disease based on four years follow up of a randomised controlled trial.Design Cost effectiveness analysis.Setting 19 general practices in north east Scotland.Participants 1343 patients (673 in intervention group and 670 in control group, as originally randomised) aged under 80 years with a diagnosis of coronary heart disease but without terminal illness or dementia and not housebound.Intervention Nurse led clinics to promote medical and lifestyle components of secondary prevention.Main outcome measures Costs of clinics; overall costs to health service; and cost per life year and per ...

Objective: To estimate the short-term healthcare costs and incremental cost per event avoided, associated with aggressive atorvastatin treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome in Sweden. Methods: The total expected 16-week healthcare costs per patient on atorvastatin 80 mg per day and placebo were compared using clinical outcomes data from The Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) study and Swedish cost data sources. The incremental cost per event avoided was also assessed for. The clinical outcomes measured in this pharmacoeconomic analysis included: death, cardiac arrest, non-fatal myocardial infarction, fatal myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, non-fatal stroke, congestive heart failure, and surgical or percutaneous coronary revascularizations. All direct medical costs were taken into account. Results: The probability of the occurrence of an event was 40.4% per patient in the placebo cohort and 36.6% per patient in the atorvastatin cohort. ...

It is interesting that in this cost-analysis the authors neglected to include one of the benefits of nitrous oxide: analgesia. In fact, in another study, again from a retrospective analysis of the ENIGMA trial data,2 the same authors reported that intraoperative administration of nitrous oxide reduced the risk of chronic postsurgical pain by more than half. The authors also found that chronic postsurgical pain was common after major noncardiac surgery. The authors state, The presence of chronic postsurgical pain cannot be considered as a trivial event. Our data indicate that it affects all dimensions of general health status, including social function, physical activities, emotion, and mental health. Chronic postsurgical pain also has a major impact on patients daily living, including loss of productivity, an increase in medical expenses, and costs of repeated hospital admissions ...

Objective To compare the application effect and cost in intracoronary stent implantation between domestic and imported drug eluting stent. Methods A total of 791 coronary heart disease patients undergoing intracoronary stent implantation were selected in a Grade 3 and first-class hospital in 2013,and they were divided into A group( using domestic drug eluting stent,n = 398) and B group( using imported drug eluting stent,n = 393) according to the types of stents. During the intracoronary stent implantation,patients of A group used Shanghai Minimally-invasive Firebird Ⅱ Drug-eluting Stents,while patients of B group received United States Medtronic Endenvor Drug Eluting Stents. Clinical data,operative success rate,locations of coronary artery lesions,number of implanted stents,clinical outcome,hospitalization related expenses and incidence of complications were compared between the two groups. Results Patients of the two groups completed the operation successfully,the operative success rates of the two

BACKGROUND: The use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) can enable dose intensification of chemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, given its acquisition cost, it is important to assess its cost effectiveness within a resource-constrained health service. OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost effectiveness, from the UK NHS perspective, of G-CSF given in addition to doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and etoposide (ACE) versus ACE alone in the management of SCLC. METHODS: Using data from a UK Medical Research Council trial (LU19) to assess chemotherapy dose intensification in patients with previously untreated SCLC of any disease extent, a retrospective cost-effectiveness analysis was undertaken. Resource use data, including hospitalisations and non-protocol cancer treatments, were collected during the first 6-month treatment phase of the trial. Mean costs ( pound, 2003 values) of managing patients in the two arms of the trial were calculated. Mean survival duration was calculated ...

If youre not familiar with Ciclovia, its the closing of roadways (temporarily or permanently) for bicyclists, runners, pedestrians, roller-bladers, and anyone else not using a form of motorized transportation. Ciclovia started in Colombia, but it has grown and spread to cities around the world (sometimes by different names, albeit).. Well, a recent study, published in the Journal of Urban Health, has found that the health benefits of Ciclovia events far outweigh their costs. The thorough cost-benefit analysis was conducted in four cities in three different countries (Guadalajara, Mexico; Bogota, Colombia; Medellin, Colombia; and San Francisco, U.S.).. The cost-benefit ratio for health benefit from physical activity was 3.23-4.26 for Bogotá, 1.83 for Medellín, 1.02-1.23 for Guadalajara, and 2.32 for San Francisco, the researchers write.. Taking San Franciscos Sunday Streets program as an example, the researchers found that with the events total annual project cost of $1.7 million (based ...

The war in Iraq has cost about $434,000,000,000 (four hundred and thirty-four billion dollars) to date. Albany Countys share of this is $597 million; Ulster County is $354 million. So far.

The DNI position was created five years ago to address previous intelligence failures and manage the sprawling intelligence bureaucracy. Unfortunately, it is widely regarded as lacking the budgetary and political clout to fulfill the much-needed mission. So, failure seems inevitable. But it doesnt have to be.. One important solution to our intelligence woes is hiding in plain sight. Simply put, we should subject our intelligence and national security programs to the same cost-benefit analysis that we have applied for a generation to all of our domestic agencies, from the FDA to the EPA. The best national intelligence is rational intelligence, and the tools are at hand to achieve that.. Cost-benefit analysis - predicated on the simple and appealing idea that government policies ought to produce more benefit than harm - came to play a central role a generation ago with President Reagans Executive Order 12,291. Subsequent presidents from both parties have tweaked that order, but its core purpose ...

This is adapted from Mueller and Stewarts new Terror, Security, and Money: Balancing the Risks, Benefits, and Costs of Homeland Security. Check back t ...

As a result of the restructuring of the South African Police Service (SAPS) in 1996 and various other factors, Police Social Work Services decided to broaden the scope of its services by developing and introducing proactive ...

Measuring the Financial Benefits of IT Investments on Coordination: 10.4018/irmj.1999010101: We know from the information processing perspective within the theory of organizations that IT can reduce coordination costs by increasing an organizations

The Air Force proposal to consolidate and divest a portion of Eglin Air Force Bases test and evaluation capabilities has both financial merits and risks that the Air Force should address.

The Cochrane Library is a collection of seven databases focused on providing high-quality, independent evidence to inform healthcare decision-making. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews includes all reviews prepared by groups in The Cochrane Collaboration. The Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects contains abstracts of systematic reviews that have been quality-assessed. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials includes details of published articles taken from bibliographic sources. The Cochrane Methodology Register is a bibliography of publications that report on methods used in the conduct of controlled trials. The Health Technology Assessment Database brings together details of completed and ongoing health technology assessments. The NHS Economic Evaluation Database assists decision-makers by systematically identifying economic evaluations. The Cochrane Collaboration database contains information on the 81 groups that make up The Cochrane Collaboration ...

OBJECTIVE: The series of papers in this issue was developed to examine the use of health technology assessment in policies toward prevention-specifically toward mass screening-in European countries. The papers actually examined three screening strategies: mammography screening for breast cancer, prostate-specific antigen screening for prostate cancer, and routine ultrasound in normal pregnancy. METHODS: Papers were sought from the member states of the European Union, plus Switzerland. Ultimately, nine acceptable papers were received, and were reviewed, revised, and edited. RESULTS: Screening is an accepted strategy in many countries for reducing the burden of disease through early detection and intervention. In part, this is because of successful screening programs that have been evaluated and implemented in many countries. At the same time, unevaluated and even useless and harmful screening programs-unjustified medically or economically-are widespread. Health technology assessment could help ...

OBJECTIVE: This study set out to assess the cost effectiveness of using a 5% lidocaine (lignocaine) medicated plaster for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) compared with gabapentin, pregabalin 300 mg/day or 600 mg/day in German primary care. The analysis took the perspective of the Statutory Health Insurance scheme (GKV). METHODS: A Markov model was used to calculate the costs (2007) and benefits of the lidocaine plaster, gabapentin 1800 mg/day and pregabalin 300 or 600 mg/day over a 6-month time horizon in elderly patients with PHN who experienced insufficient pain relief with standard analgesics and could not tolerate or had contraindications to tricyclic antidepressants. The model calculated the cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained and the cost per additional month without symptoms or intolerable adverse effects. The majority of transition probabilities were obtained from randomized controlled trials identified from a systematic literature review. Further model inputs,

Beate Sander and colleagues assess the cost-effectiveness of the program that provides free seasonal influenza vaccines to the entire population of Ontario, Canada.

WOONSOCKET, R.I., (June 27, 2013) - The U.S. health care system could avoid hundreds of millions of dollars in medical costs if medication adherence rates improved, according to the CVS Caremark (NYSE: CVS) 2013 State of the States: Adherence Report released today. Drawing on data from the 2012 CVS Caremark pharmacy benefit management (PBM) book of business, the State of the States report projects potential cost-savings within each state by examining medication adherence rates and the use of generic drugs across four common health conditions: diabetes, hypertension (high blood pressure), dyslipidemia (high cholesterol) and depression. The potential cost-savings among the states range from $19 million to $2.1 billion based on state member characteristics ...