Definition of Unit of ocular convergence with photos and pictures, translations, sample usage, and additional links for more information.

This study was designed to determine how the developing visual system weights retinal blur and disparity in generating accommodative and vergence responses when both cues are present, as is the case under naturalistic binocular viewing conditions. Blur and disparity cues were placed in conflict with each other and the impact of this cue-conflict on accommodative and vergence performance was assessed across a wide range of ages (2.0 months to 40.8 years). Three hypothetical patterns of results were derived for Experiments 1 and 2 to provide insights into the relative use of the two cues. The data indicated that, when directly stimulated with lenses or prisms, both accommodation and vergence responded, although inaccurately, with the frequencies and amplitudes of vergence responses being slightly larger than those of the accommodative responses across all ages tested ( Table 2, Figure 5, panel a). The mean accommodative response for the −2 D lens stimulus was 1.18 D ( SEM = 0.42 D) (a mean ...

Neuropsychology examines the relationship between cognitive activity and corresponding cerebral conditions. At one end, psychophysics meticulously describes the details of behavior. At the other, physiology records brain cell activity during cognitive tasks. Bridging the two, neuropsychology establishes the neural correlate of behaviour when correlation methods are used, and extends to the critical neural substrate when a causal relationship can be established. Here we revisit the Hering-versus-Helmholtz controversy on binocular coordination from the psychophysicians description of combined saccade-vergence eye movements to the neurophysiological recording of motor and premotor neurons of the oculomotor neural circuitry. Whilst neo-Heringian psychophysicians and physiologists have accumulated arguments for separate saccade and vergence systems, at both the behavioral and the neural premotor levels, neo-Helmholtzians have also provided evidence for monocular programmed eye movements and commands ...

This paper presents an architecture for computing vector disparity for active vision systems as used on robotics applications. The control of the vergence angle of a binocular system allows us to efficiently explore dynamic environments, but requires a generalization of the disparity computation with respect to a static camera setup, where the disparity is strictly 1-D after the image rectification. The interaction between vision and motor control allows us to develop an active sensor that achieves high accuracy of the disparity computation around the fixation point, and fast reaction time for the vergence control. In this contribution, we address the development of a real-time architecture for vector disparity computation using an FPGA device. We implement the disparity unit and the control module for vergence, version, and tilt to determine the fixation point. In addition, two on-chip different alternatives for the vector disparity engines are discussed based on the luminance (gradient-based) and

Purpose: Vergence movements are slow disconjugate eye movements which may be triggered by image disparity or accommodation. There exist numerous clinical contexts where image disparity may vary with the direction of gaze. A common example is a sixth cranial nerve palsy with increasing image disparity in gaze toward the affected muscle. Adaptive changes to such incomitant image disparity have been poorly investigated and are the scope of this study.. Methods: Vergence stimuli of gaze dependent magnitude were used to mimic the image disparity of an incomitant strabismus. In a first experiment prisms were placed such that stimuli were viewed through the prisms in one gaze direction but not in the other gaze directions. In a second experiment we used a haploscope to modify image disparity according to gaze. We measured vergence responses that were made after a saccade shifting gaze from left to right, with increased image disparity in right gaze. We analysed changes of rise time or slope, latency, ...

Fusional vergence is the movement of both eyes that enables the fusion of monocular images producing binocular vision. It is especially important when a person has heterophoria. Premotor cells for fusional vergence are located in the mesencephalon near the oculomotor nucleus ...

Purpose: Accurate accommodation and vergence are required to achieve optimal image quality and single vision. Abnormal visual experience disrupts visual development and therefore accommodation and vergence are central in promoting normal visual development during infancy and childhood. The systems are also neurally coupled and hyperopic children are at risk for over-convergence and strabismus. It is not yet possible to predict which infants will develop this strabismus and the goal of this study was to develop a model to understand the interaction in the coupling. Methods: Several groups have developed related models of accommodation and vergence interactions in adults (Westheimer, 1963; Schor, 1985; Hung, 1997). These models were adapted to examine the developmental implications, incorporating recent data collected from 3-6 month-old infants, 2-4 year-old children, and adults. The model parameters included refractive error, interpupillary distance, and AC/A and CA/C ratios. Results: For a ...

The subjects wore glass-formed crossed polarizers and faced a large (45.6° × 35.0°) translucent tangent screen placed at 2 m distance, on which a two-frame movie was back-projected from two liquid crystal display (LCD) projectors through crossed polarizers. Visual stimuli were controlled by a personal computer through an image-processing board (model CT-3000A; Cybertec, Osaka, Japan). The room was dark except for the target lights. The central disparity target was a vertical bar (2.5° high × 1.4° wide), which always jumped from a distance of 2 to 1 m, but the interval between target jumps was randomized between 1.5 and 3.5 seconds. The peripheral disparity target was a random-dot pattern, with density textured blobs subtending 0.4° at 2 m that were correlated between two eyes and with a luminance that ranged from 20 cd/m2 (white dots) to 0.1 cd/m2 (blank area). The peripheral disparity target contained a central blank square that was 10° × 10°, 20° × 20°, or 30° × 30°. The ...

Recordings of the horizontal component of movements of the eyes were made during monocular and binocular fixation. The variation in the vergence of the eyes over time was found to be of the same order of magnitude as the variation in position of the individual eyes, even though the lateral positions of the two eyes are somewhat correlated. The drift and tremor of the two eyes are not correlated; the over-all correlation is due to the saccadic movements. Saccades in one eye seem to be always accompanied by simultaneous saccades in the other eye which are almost always in the same direction and about the same in size. The maintenance of binocular fixation does not seem to be dependent on a direct response to or sensing of vergence error. Rather, it appears to be dependent on the saccadic responses of the two eyes to their own fixation errors.. © 1960 Optical Society of America. Full Article , PDF Article ...

Convergence excess is a condition in which a childs eyes have a tendency to aim closer than the object, which the child is trying to see. It is possible to achieve correct aim only by exerting extra effort (Figure 1). Prolonged periods of close work can cause considerable discomfort.. Many cases of convergence excess are due to long-sightedness. The need which longsighted people have to exert extra focusing (accommodation) to see clearly at close range has the effect of making the eyes tend to turn in too far, which creates the convergence excess.. Convergence excess affects about ten per cent of school children. It is less common in adults.. Convergence excess can be treated with the use of reading glasses (or bifocals), which relax the convergence and focusing systems, thus removing the need for extra effort.This often allows longer and more efficient concentration on close tasks. Eye exercises are not usually successful in treating convergence excess ...

Researchers are now calling for the preoperative evaluation of surgical patients seeking spectacle/contact lens independence to include a complete binocular and accommodation assessment after finding such issues could develop post-op. While they found corneal refractive surgery was not a relevant source of binocular/accommodative problems, most of the issues that arose after refractive and cataract surgery turned out to be preexisting conditions or dysfunctions. Thorough preoperative screening evaluations would help to identify dysfunctional eyes prone to destabilization after surgery that could potentially develop asthenopic symptoms.. The review included 95 works selected from 40 publications. A decrease in fusional vergence amplitude in near vision was the most frequently reported alteration. Other alterations were less common and were transient in most of the cases. The researchers suggested that, for binocular vision complaints, all treatment decisions must be postponed until at least three ...

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Hello, I did the experiment about open-loop step test, from the experiment, I got data to plot the unit step response, then the question ask me to fit a...

Convergence refers to the development of similar characteristics or adaptations in animals that differ in direct ancestry. Parallelism implies a similarity in biological makeup of the ancestral forms, whereas convergence does not.

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phorias are a common cause of headaches amongVDU users). - Central-field defects (blind spots). - Near point of convergence - Clarity (ie no scarring of the lensor cornea). ...

The ADP1851 is a wide range input, dc-to-dc, synchronousbuck controller capable of running from commonly used 3.3 Vto 12 V (up to 20 V) voltage inputs. The device nominallyoperates in current mode with valley current sensing providingthe fastest step response for digital loads. It can also be configured as a voltage mode controller with low noise a

Circuit variables, circuit elements. Simple resistive circuits. Techniques of circuit analysis. Topology in circuit analysis. Inductance and capacitance. State variables and state equations. Response of first-order RL, RC circuits. Natural and step responses of second-order RLC circuits.. (Prerequisite: MATH 151) ...

Moving average convergence divergence (MACD), invented in 1979 by Gerald Appel, is one of the most popular technical indicators in trading. The MACD is appreciated by traders the world over for ...

Information and registration here. The Convergence Forum brings together high-level healthcare players to discuss and debate the most pressing topics of in

Convergence plot of the network for an array of 100 cells starting from random uniformly distributed binary initial conditions, 0/black or 1/white for ntcA, het

TEDxYaba, an independently organized TED event dedicated to fostering Pan-African ideas has announced its major TEDx event of the year, tagged CONVERGENCE

Citation: V. V. Gorodestkii, On the rate of convergence for the multidimensiona invariance principle, Teor. Veroyatnost. i Primenen., 20:3 (1975), 642-649; Theory Probab. Appl., 20:3 (1976), 631-638 ...

Im not even sure the sum is right since I didnt write anything down for i. Is using the MGF the way to go or should I go back to the definition or use some other method ...

Third-party logistics providers (3PLs) are transforming themselves into businesses that provide a diverse array of services well beyond logistics.

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TY - JOUR. T1 - A comparative analysis of vertical and horizontal fixation disparity in sentence reading.. AU - Jainta, Stephanie. AU - Blythe, Hazel. AU - Nikolova, Mirela. AU - Jones, M.O.. AU - Liversedge, Simon. PY - 2015/5/1. Y1 - 2015/5/1. N2 - Humans have two, frontally placed eyes and during reading oculomotor and sensory processes are needed to combine the two inputs into a unified percept of the text. Generally, slight vergence errors, i.e., fixation disparities, occur but do not cause double vision since disparate retinal inputs fall into Panums fusional area, that is, a range of disparity wherein sensory fusion of the two retinal images is achieved. In this study, we report benchmark data with respect to the mean magnitude and range of vertical compared to horizontal fixation disparities for natural reading. Our data clearly fit to an elliptical pattern of Panums fusional area that corresponds with theoretical estimates. Furthermore, when we examined disparity-driven vergence ...

This page is in development! Target vergence demands (in prism diopters) varies for each exercise. symptoms such as headaches, eye strain, blurred vision and double vision -this is called Convergence Insufficiency. Guidelines for Eye Exercises. But for people with symptoms, treatment with eye-focusing exercises can increase the eyes convergence ability. Weakness of convergence can be improved by exercises. Convergence and Divergence, which is the ability of the eyes to move inward and outward so as to focus on an object that moves far and near. Convergence and divergence exercises build accurate eye alignment and sensory fusion. Divergence Insufficiency and Divergence Excess describe a difficulty in the ability to point both eyes at a distance target, like a the board at school or a TV screen. Convergence insufficiency is a difficulty or inability of the eyes to converge and work together at a near distance for extended periods of time, such as when reading, writing, drawing, or viewing a ...

A vertical heterophoria is a vertical misalignment of the eyes. A vertical phoria means that the eyes are aligned with both eyes viewing, but when one eye is covered, the covered eye drifts up or down. A phoria is not the same thing as a tropia. A tropia means that the eyes are looking in different directions, with eyes open as well.. The presence of a vertical phoria has been found to be associated with symptoms of motion sickness. Vertical phorias may also cause symptoms of double vision, head tilt, and eyestrain. A recent study found that correcting for the vertical heterophoria with spectacle prisms reduced symptoms of motion sickness in 50% of patients. (Jackson and Bedell, 2012). Vertical phoria is also associated with concussion and a variety of other illnesses. ...

Listings law, named after German mathematician Johann Benedict Listing (1808-1882), describes the three-dimensional orientation of the eye and its axes of rotation. Listings law has been shown to hold when the head is stationary and upright and gaze is directed toward far targets, i.e., when the eyes are either fixating, making saccades, or pursuing moving visual targets. Listings law (often abbreviated L1) has been generalized to yield the binocular extension of Listings law (often abbreviated L2) which also covers vergence. Listings law states that the eye does not achieve all possible 3D orientations and that, instead, all achieved eye orientations can be reached by starting from one specific primary reference orientation and then rotating about an axis that lies within the plane orthogonal to the primary orientations gaze direction (line of sight / visual axis). This plane is called Listings plane. It can be shown that Listings law implies that, if we start from any chosen eye ...

Strabismus research papers by Christopher W. Tyler. Topics include brain injury, human vergence dynamics, visual function, binocular facilitation, trauma…

Conventional stereoscopic three-dimensional displays suffer from vergence- accommodation conflict because the stimulus to accommodation is fixed by the display panel and viewing optics, but that to vergence changes with image contents. With the recent rapid development of head-mounted displays, several methods have been proposed to offer the accommodation cues, among which multifocal display technology is an effective and practical solution. The first two decades of this century has witnessed the fast growth of multifocal displays from basic concept to mature implementations. This review systematically presents the state-of-the-art multifocal display design and development. Firstly, a comprehensive classification of numerous potential optical architectures to provide the multiplanar functionality is introduced, based on how the information is multiplexed and how the focal planes are generated. Next, the strengths and obstacles of reported or potential designs in each category are analyzed and compared

Psychology definition for Placebo Therapy in normal everyday language, edited by psychologists, professors and leading students. Help us get better.

Downloadable! In this paper we develop flexible techniques for measuring the speed of output convergence between countries when such convergence may be of an unknown non-linear form. We then calculate these convergence speeds for various countries, in terms of half-lives, from two time-series data-sets. These calculations are based on both nonparametric kernel regression and fuzzy regression, and the results are compared with more restrictive estimates based on the assumption of linear convergence. The calculated half-lives are regressed, again in various flexible ways, on cross-section data for the degree of openness to trade. We find evidence that favours the hypothesis that increased trade openness is associated with a faster rate of convergence in output between countries.

Downloadable (with restrictions)! This article analyses the consequences of spatial interdependence for convergence in a Solow-type growth model. In such a model a regions speed of convergence depends on its location and it can be decomposed into: (i) the speed of convergence proper, (ii) the remoteness effect, and (iii) the impact of the initial gap. Also &sgr;-convergence is affected by spatial interaction and we propose a decomposition to isolate the impact of spatial spillovers. Using GDP per capita of European regions, we calibrate a numerical model with parameters typically found in spatial convergence studies. We find that the remoteness effect leads to considerable variation in the speed of convergence while it marginally affects &sgr;-convergence. Copyright (c) 2006 the author(s). Journal compilation (c) 2006 RSAI.

Given two series $\sum _{n=1}^{ \infty} a_nz^n$ and $\sum _{n=1}^{ \infty} b_nz^n$ who both have radius of convergence $R$, show that the radius of convergence for $\sum _{n=1}^{ \infty} c_nz^n$ is at least $R$ when $c_n = \sum _{k=0}^{n} a_kb_{n-k}$.. To use the Cauchy-Hadamard Theorem, Im trying to find $\limsup \lvert{c_n}\rvert$. I know that $\limsup \lvert{a_n}\rvert ^{-\frac{1}{n}}=\limsup \lvert{b_n}\rvert ^{-\frac{1}{n}}= R$. Every combination of $a_n*b_n$ is available as $c_n$ so I figured Id try the values of $a_n$ and $b_n$ which are their respective $\limsup$s. This yields a radius of convergence of $R^2$ which is only greater than $R$ for $R\ge1$.. How do I show that the radius of convergence of the series is at least $R$ for $R\lt1$?. ...

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Purchase Guldens Lewerenz Accomodation Maddox. This device features an occluder, Maddox lens, and calibrated scale in both centimeters and diopters. It can be used to measure the Amplitude of Accommodation and Near Point of Convergence.

The convergence properties of four simplified gradient adaptive lattice algorithms are analyzed. First, the convergence models that specify the convergence

We address the problem of analyzing the radius of convergence of perturbative expansion of nonequilibrium steady states of Lindblad-driven spin chains. A simple formal approach is developed for systematically computing the perturbative expansion of small driven systems. We consider the paradigmatic model of an open XXZ spin-1/2 chain with boundary-supported ultralocal Lindblad dissipators and treat two different perturbative cases: (i) expansion in the system-bath coupling parameter and (ii) expansion in the driving (bias) parameter. In the first case (i) we find that the radius of convergence quickly shrinks with increasing the system size, while in the second case (ii) we find that the convergence radius is always larger than 1, and in particular it approaches 1 from above as we change the anisotropy from an easy-plane (XY) to an easy-axis (Ising) regime ...

The European Union is committed to economic, social and territorial cohesion, inclusive growth and upward economic convergence. Monitoring convergence within and between Member States, particularly convergence in living and working conditions, was introduced as strategic area of invention in Eurofounds four-year work programme for 2017-2020.

Aaron: Thanks for the feedback. I purposefully kept the definition of tropia as simple as possible. You are correct, in that you can also have an intermittent tropia. You can also have an alternating tropia, convergence-related tropia, and many other types of tropia/phoria depending upon how you like to name things.. When I put this presentation together, I felt it safer to avoid these nuances. I feared that discussing the intermittent nature of phorias/tropias would muddy the waters for the beginner and make the primary difference (between phoria and tropia) that much harder to grasp. Thus, the definition I used is simplified … but still useful and valid for a beginner. Perhaps Ill go into further detail in a future lecture. Thanks!. Tim Root. ...

Hello!. >I have a problem with convergence. Id like to geometry optimize the 1,4-diaminobenzene anion, using DFT/B3LYP. I had no problems with the cation, though. For the initial guess orbitals I used the ones from the ground state calculation. Could you give me any hints regarding how-to try to improve convergence? Due to computational cost I am using only a cc-pVTZ basis, although I know that the augmented one should be used for ions.... >Thank You for your help/ideas!. >Best regards ...

It Is Also Used For Disinfecting Medical And Surgical productsformedicine Equipment. Near Point of Accommodation: The point that is the closest at which an object.....

Supported Shoulderstand pose offers tons of benefits but only if you practice it safely and properly. Here are tips to help you stay safe and aligned.

The first full week of DCs Convergence event is here, and even though the first tie-in issues for it started last week, this is the point where the event starts being interesting. And if your...

Attend a free lecture at the London School of Economics by Jeffrey Franks, Director of the IMF Europe Office, on Economic Convergence in the Euro Area.

Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه ۱. Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes]. Journal of the American Chemical Society 132 (35): 12492-12501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434. ...

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1. For each of the sequences whose nth term is given by the formula below (so of course n takes successively the positive integer values 1,2,3...), does it have a limit as n tends to infinity? In each case, briefly explain.

Talk given at CMStatistics 2016 (http://cmstatistics.org/CMStatistics2016/). The standard methodology for clustering financial time series is quite brittle to …

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Here is a video of my keynote address at Mt. Holyoke College: 2012 Global Conference Keynote Speaker Dani Rodrik from MHC MCGI on Vimeo.

A major theme at HIMSS will be the convergence of patient data, social platforms, and analytics -- and what possibilities arise from this convergence.

The main topic here is the disjunctive nature of this constraint. This gave the opportunity of dont-know-nondeterminism by exploring both alternatives in the same time and keeping the result in the domains of the variables. When the alternative is known then the other one is discarded.. The propagation of the constraint. ...

The event will discuss how to complete the European Monetary Union with the help of structural convergence as well as a different fiscal framework and a fiscal capacity.

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DeFi stands to attract a wider base of institutional and retail adoption, and with it comes increased regulatory focus - in turn, bringing greater convergence with crypto markets.