Request Report Methodology @ https://www.persistencemarketresearch.co/methodology/26926 The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:. Chapter 1, to describe Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectrometer product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.. Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectrometer , with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectrometer in 2017 and 2020.. Chapter 3, the Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectrometer competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.. Chapter 4, the Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectrometer breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2014 to 2020.. Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales, revenue and market share for ...
Research Corridor has published a new research study titled Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy Market - Growth, Share, Opportunities, Competitive Analysis and Forecast, 2017 - 2025. The Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy Market report studies current as well as future aspects of the Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy Market based upon factors such as market dynamics, key ongoing trends and segmentation analysis. Apart from the above elements, the Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy Market research report provides a 360-degree view of the Lipstick Packing industry with geographic segmentation, statistical forecast and the competitive landscape.. Browse the complete report at http://www.researchcorridor.com/circular-dichroism-spectroscopy-market/. Geographically, the Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy Market report comprises dedicated sections centering on the regional market revenue and trends. The Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy Market has been segmented on the basis of geographic regions into North America, ...
O:13:\PanistOpenUrl\:36:{s:10:\\u0000*\u0000openUrl\;N;s:6:\\u0000*\u0000idc\;N;s:6:\\u0000*\u0000fmt\;s:7:\journal\;s:6:\\u0000*\u0000doi\;s:0:\\;s:6:\\u0000*\u0000pii\;s:0:\\;s:7:\\u0000*\u0000pmid\;s:0:\\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000atitle\;s:99:\CIRCULAR DICHROISM STUDIES ON ALPHA 2-ANTIPLASMIN AND ITS INTERACTIONS WITH PLASMIN AND PLASMINOGEN\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000jtitle\;s:0:\\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000stitle\;s:0:\\;s:7:\\u0000*\u0000date\;s:4:\1982\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000volume\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000issue\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000spage\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000epage\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000pages\;s:0:\\;s:7:\\u0000*\u0000issn\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000eissn\;s:0:\\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000aulast\;s:7:\NILSSON\;s:10:\\u0000*\u0000aufirst\;s:1:\T\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000auinit\;N;s:10:\\u0000*\u0000auinitm\;N;s:5:\\u0000*\u0000au\;a:3:{i:0;s:9:\NILSSON T\;i:1;s:10:\SJOEHOLM I\;i:2;s:7:\WIMAN ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Structures, vibrational absorption and vibrational circular dichroism spectra of L-alanine in aqueous solution: a density functional theory and RHF study. AU - Frimand, K.. AU - Bohr, H.. AU - Jalkanen, K.J.. AU - Suhai, S.. PY - 2000. Y1 - 2000. M3 - Article. VL - 255. SP - 165. EP - 194. JO - Chemical Physics. JF - Chemical Physics. SN - 0301-0104. ER - ...
A 4 : 1 (v/v) mixture of CD3CN and C6F6 was gelated by a chiral low-molecular weight gelator, N,N′-diperfluoroheptanoyl-1,2(R,R)- or -1,2(S,S)-diaminocyclohexanel. The process from a viscous isotropic solution to a stable gel was monitored by vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy. The transient VCD spec
The relative configuration of a key subunit of hemicalide, a recently isolated, highly bioactive marine natural product having potent antiproliferative activity against a panel of human cancer cell lines, was assigned by combining stereocontrolled synthesis of model substrates with NMR, IR, and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy. The assignment of the absolute configuration of asymmetric carbon center C42 in two structurally complex epimeric substructures containing six stereocenters by VCD analysis illustrates the power and reliability of combining methods. ...
Circular Dichroism and Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy for Organic Chem... Circular Dichroism and Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy for Organic Chem... ...
Nicu, V. and Neugebauer, J. and Wolff, S. and Baerends, E. 2008. A vibrational circular dichroism implementation within a Slater-type-orbital based density functional framework and its application to hexa- and hepta-helicenes. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts: Theory, Computation, and Modeling (Theoretica Chimica Acta). 119: pp. 245-263 ...
2017-2022 Southeast Asia and Regional Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectrometer Industry Production, Sales and Consumption Status and Prospects Professional Market Research Report
Circular dichroism measurements of ArsTM (purple) and MamAΔ41 proteins from RS-1 (Blue) Mbav (orange), AMB-1 (green) and MSR-1 (red).(A) Circular dichroism spe
Bertucci C., Cimitan S., Riva A., Morazzoni P.. The binding to human serum albumin (HSA) of the antitumoural drug paclitaxel and of several structural analogues has been characterized by bioaffinity chromatography and circular dichroism. A ranking of the taxanes was obtained for their affinity to the protein by measuring their retention times on an albumin chromatographic column. This also allowed the calculation of the drug bound percentage. Affinity resulted significantly affected by the nature of the isoserinic side chain, the presence of the 1,14-carbonate moiety and the substituent at C-7, showing that the hydrophobicity of the drug is fundamental in the binding process. The analysis demonstrated that the organic solvent highly alters the interaction mechanism of taxanes to the protein and so the affinity results. Circular dichroism experiments supported this hypothesis. Furthermore, taxanes binding to the serum carrier was characterized by displacement chromatography, by adding into the ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Measurement of circular dichroism of ferroelectric fresnoite Ba 2Si2TiO8. AU - Asahi, Toni. AU - Osaka, Tetsuya. AU - Abrahamsb, Sidney C.. AU - Matsuki, Ryo. AU - Asai, Hiroshi. AU - Nanamatsu, Satoshi. AU - Kobayashi, Jinzo. PY - 2003/12/1. Y1 - 2003/12/1. N2 - The urgent goal of the optical polarimetry of solids is simultaneous and accurate measurements of circular dichroism together with circular birefringence. Needless to say, measurements of circular phenomena are extremely difficult compared with those of linear ones. As for circular birefringence, 170 years elapsed since its discovery by Arago until the development of the HAUP method, by which the accurate measurements of the gyration tensor components of a solid became possible for the first time. Subsequent to appearance of the HAUP method, attempts to extend the HAUP theory to being applicable for measurements of circular dichroism of crystals were followed by several authors. However any applications to real crystal ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Tunable circular dichroism and valley polarization in the modified Haldane model. AU - Vila, Marc. AU - Hung, Nguyen Tuan. AU - Roche, Stephan. AU - Saito, Riichiro. PY - 2019/4/16. Y1 - 2019/4/16. N2 - © 2019 American Physical Society. We study the polarization dependence of optical absorption for a modified Haldane model, which exhibits antichiral edge modes in the presence of sample boundaries and has been argued to be realizable in transition metal dichalcogenides or Weyl semimetals. A rich optical phase diagram is unveiled, in which the correlations between perfect circular dichroism, pseudospin andvalley polarization can be tuned independently upon varying the Fermi energy. In particular, perfect circular dichroism and valley polarization are achieved simultaneously. This combination of optical properties suggests some interesting photonic device functionality (e.g., light polarizer) which could be combined with valleytronics applications (e.g., generation of valley ...
The preparations of pentaamminecobalt(III) complexes of a series of asymmetric unidentate amines are reported. The circular dichroism spectra for the (S)-amines show negative Cotton effects under the A → T absorption band, which are somewhat solvent dependent but independent of temperature down to -190°C. The vicinal effect from 1-cyclohexylethylamine was comparable to that from analogous aromatic compounds, but the simpler alkyl derivatives were found to impose smaller rotational strengths on the d-d transitions. The lack of measurable c.d. in the visible region for tetraammine((S)-butane-1, 3-diamine)cobalt(III) is reported and discussed in the light of the other studies ...
O:13:\PanistOpenUrl\:36:{s:10:\\u0000*\u0000openUrl\;N;s:6:\\u0000*\u0000idc\;N;s:6:\\u0000*\u0000fmt\;s:7:\journal\;s:6:\\u0000*\u0000doi\;s:0:\\;s:6:\\u0000*\u0000pii\;s:0:\\;s:7:\\u0000*\u0000pmid\;s:0:\\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000atitle\;s:92:\CIRCULAR DICHROISM STUDIES OF CYANATE-INDUCED CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN HEMOGLOBINS A AND S.\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000jtitle\;s:0:\\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000stitle\;s:0:\\;s:7:\\u0000*\u0000date\;s:4:\1976\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000volume\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000issue\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000spage\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000epage\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000pages\;s:0:\\;s:7:\\u0000*\u0000issn\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000eissn\;s:0:\\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000aulast\;s:6:\SIMONS\;s:10:\\u0000*\u0000aufirst\;s:2:\ER\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000auinit\;N;s:10:\\u0000*\u0000auinitm\;N;s:5:\\u0000*\u0000au\;a:4:{i:0;s:9:\SIMONS ER\;i:1;s:11:\HARTZBAND P\;i:2;s:8:\WHITIN J\;i:3;s:9:\CHAPMAN ...
Read Secondary Structure of Proteins Through Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy, Annual Review of Biophysics on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
Philip J. Stephens was a theoretical chemist who brought to fruition two new forms of optical spectroscopy, using circularly polarized light, for the determination of electronic structure and molecular stereochemistry. The first was magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), the wavelength dependence of the differential absorption of left and right circularly polarized light induced by a magnetic field applied parallel to the light beam. Stephens established a methodology for extracting from MCD spectra the angular momentum characteristics of ground and excited electronic states and demonstrated applications to the assignment of the optical spectra of coordination complexes of transition metals and to metalloproteins. In the second half of his career Stephens led the field of vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), the measurement of the natural circular dichroism (CD) arising from the vibrational transitions of chiral molecules. He developed instrumental techniques to measure this weak dichroism over a ...
Circular Dichroism (CD) analysis from SGS - meet regulatory requirements with class-leading CD spectroscopic analysis, alpha helix beta sheet analysis, and secondary and tertiary structure analysis. Learn more.
The circular-dichroism and proton-magnetic-resonance spectra of complexes of ribonuclease A with dihydrouridine 3′-phosphate, 2′- and 3′-CMP, arabinosyl-3′-CMP, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)cytosine 2′-phosphate and 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)cytosine 3′-phosphate were studied. Comparison of the results shows that non-additivity of the circular-dichroic spectrum of an enzyme-nucleotide complex may be due to: (a), alteration of the circular dichroic spectrum of the nucleotide under the influence of the asymmetric protein matrix (induced dichroism), and (b) a change in the nucleotide conformation. The contribution of each of the two factors was estimated to calculate the circular-dichoroic spectra of 2′-CMP and 3′-CMP in complex with ribonuclease A. 3′-CMP in this complex was characterized by negative circular dichroism in the long-wavelength absorption band of the nucleotide, whereas 2′-CMP was characterized by positive circular dichroism. Since both nucleotides in the complex are known to be in ...
The circular-dichroism and proton-magnetic-resonance spectra of complexes of ribonuclease A with dihydrouridine 3′-phosphate, 2′- and 3′-CMP, arabinosyl-3′-CMP, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)cytosine 2′-phosphate and 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)cytosine 3′-phosphate were studied. Comparison of the results shows that non-additivity of the circular-dichroic spectrum of an enzyme-nucleotide complex may be due to: (a), alteration of the circular dichroic spectrum of the nucleotide under the influence of the asymmetric protein matrix (induced dichroism), and (b) a change in the nucleotide conformation. The contribution of each of the two factors was estimated to calculate the circular-dichoroic spectra of 2′-CMP and 3′-CMP in complex with ribonuclease A. 3′-CMP in this complex was characterized by negative circular dichroism in the long-wavelength absorption band of the nucleotide, whereas 2′-CMP was characterized by positive circular dichroism. Since both nucleotides in the complex are known to be in ...
Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is an optical technique that measures the difference in the absorption of left and right circularly polarized light. This technique has been widely employed in the studies of nucleic acids structures and the use of it to monitor conformational polymorphism of DNA has grown tremendously in the past few decades. DNA may undergo conformational changes to B-form, A-form, Z-form, quadruplexes, triplexes and other structures as a result of the binding process to different compounds. Here we review the recent CD spectroscopic studies of the induction of DNA conformational changes by different ligands, which includes metal derivative complex of aureolic family drugs, actinomycin D, neomycin, cisplatin, and polyamine. It is clear that CD spectroscopy is extremely sensitive and relatively inexpensive, as compared with other techniques. These studies show that CD spectroscopy is a powerful technique to monitor DNA conformational changes resulting from drug binding and also
A new method to detect the vibrational CD (VCD) of a localized part of a chiral mol. system is reported. A local VCD amplifier was implemented, and the distance dependence of the amplification was investigated in a series of peptides. The results indicate a characteristic distance of 2.0±0.3 bonds, which suggests that the amplification is a localized phenomenon. The amplifier can be covalently coupled to a specific part of a mol., and can be switched ON and OFF electrochem. By subtracting the VCD spectra obtained when the amplifier is in the ON and OFF states, the VCD of the local environment of the amplifier can be sepd. from the total VCD spectrum. Switchable local VCD amplification thus makes it possible to zoom in on a specific part of a chiral mol ...
A series of polypeptides with well-defined sequences, (Asp3Phe1)n, (Asp2Phe1)n, (Asp1Phe1)n, (Asp1Phe2)n, and (Asp1Phe3)n, containing the hydrophilic amino acid, aspartic acid (Asp) and the hydrophobic amino acid, phenylalanine (Phe), were synthesized. Their behaviour in aqueous solution was investigated by performing fluorescence quenching and non-radiative energy transfer (NRET) experiments which were complemented by dynamic (DLS) and static (SLS) light scattering. The photophysical properties of the polypeptides were dependent on their Phe content. An increase in the Phe content led to an increase in the extinction coefficient, fluorescence quantum yield, and fluorescence average lifetime of the polypeptides. Circular dichroism experiments revealed that except for the (Asp1Phe3)n polypeptide, which adopts an alpha-helical conformation in aqueous solution, the other polypeptides did not adopt any known conformation in solution. The fluorescence quenching studies performed using molecular ...
Circular dichroism (CD) is a powerful technique for studying the structures of proteins in solution, as well as structural changes that may occur when proteins bind to ligands
The Aviv Circular Dichroism Spectrometer, model 215, records CD as a function of wavelength, time, temperature, pH and concentration using a double monochromator containing two UV grade prisms as dispersing elements. Right and left circularly polarized light is produced by a 50 KHz photoelastic modulator.. The instrument includes software by AVIV for instrument control, data acquisition and processing in a Windows environment.. ...
Introducing one or two alkynyl-iron moieties onto a carbo[6]helicene results in organometallic helicenes (2 a,b) that display strong chiroptical activity combined with efficient redox-triggered switching. The neutral and oxidized forms have been studied in detail by electronic and vibrational circular dichroism, as well as by Raman optical activity (ROA) spectroscopy. The experimental results were analyzed and spectra were assigned with the help of first-principles calculations. In particular, a recently developed method for ROA calculations under resonance conditions has been used to study the intricate resonance effects on the ROA spectrum of mono-iron ethynylhelicene 2 a.
Ferromagnetic amorphous oxides in the EuO-TiO[2] system studied by the Faraday effect in the visible region and the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism at the Eu M[4,5] and L[2,3] edges (2013 ...
J. P. Rueff, Galera, R. M., Pizzini, S., Fontaine, A., Garcia, L. M., Giorgetti, C., Dartyge, E., and Baudelet, F., X-ray magnetic circular dichroism at the Gd L edges in Gd-Ni-Co amorphous systems, PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 55, pp. 3063-3070, 1997. ...
The p53, p63 and p73 proteins belong to the p53 family of transcription factors, playing key roles in tumour suppression. The α-splice variant of p73 (p73α) has at its C terminus a sterile alpha motif (SAM); this domain, SAMp73, formed by five helices (α1 to α5), is thought to mediate in protein-protein interactions. The E3-ligase MDM2 binds to p73 at its N terminus transactivation domain (TA), bu ...
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Department of Chemistry, UBC Faculty of Science. Vancouver Campus. 2036 Main Mall. Vancouver, BC Canada V6T 1Z1. Tel: 604.822.3266. Fax: 604.822.2847. ...
Herein we describe a straightforward method for the determination of the absolute con?guration of 3-indolyl(bromo)acetate 7, 3-indolyl(alkoxy)acetates 8a?f and 3-indolyl(amino)acetate 8g, based on 1HNMR spectral analysis. The conformational preferences for two diastereomeric esters were calculatedby DFT, which matched very well with the experimental results. X-ray diffraction analysis allowed usto validate the methodology, and independent absolute con?guration evidence was obtained by vibrational circular dichroism. ...
The focus of my PhD has been the development of new instrumentation for UV polarised spectroscopic methods, especially that of circular dichroism (CD). Whilst instrument design is an unusual field of research (especially for a chemist!) I feel it is one of great importance to the scientific process. The instruments that scientists employ to study the world around us are our eyes and ears, enabling us to view objects from the angstrom level to distant galaxies. In many ways, it could be argued that the limiting factor for the majority of research is the methods that we can employ. By improving these methods, we naturally enhance the quality of our research and further understanding. Capillary circular dichroism (CaCD). One of the key problems with circular dichroism as a technique is its relatively high sample requirments for each reading. In order to address this problem, we have been working on using extruded quartz capillaries as an inexpensive alternative sample holder to the rectangular ...
The extension of circular dichroism measurements into the VUV region was motivated by the need to provide supplementary techniques to the absorption studies lacking rotational and vibrational structure. CD as one of these techniques is determined by selection rules which differ from those in absorption and thus enables the assignment of excited electronic states. Another application of VUVCD measurements is the use of correlation between the sign of the CD signal and the absolute configuration to formulate sector rules of chromophores absorbing only in the VUV. In this review we will present results obtained on our home-made instrument capable of measuring CD signal down to 150 nm. These applications of VUVCD will be demonstrated in systems such as the oxirane chromophore, the methylenecyclohexene chromophore and the amine chromophore. The role of singlet-triplet transitions and their contribution to CD and ORD will also be discussed. ...
A relatively new technique with a growing number of applications, dichroism spectroscopy is based upon the fact that a sample interacts with the same wavelength of light having different circular polarization in different ways.
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This Jasco J-815 CD System comes loaded with accessories including a 6-sample Peltier Turret Cell Changer (Model MPTC-490S/15), a Julabo Circulating Water Bath
We are a biophysical chemistry group that is focused on understanding the mechanism of entry by viruses enveloped by a membrane. Many important human pathogens are enveloped viruses, including Human Immunodeficiency (HIV), Influenza, Measles, Rabies, West Nile, Zika, Ebola, SARS, and MERS. Each virus has evolved a protein in its membrane that catalyzes the joining (fusion) of the virus membrane with the membrane of the target cell. We are studying the glycoprotein 41 kDa (gp41) fusion protein of HIV and hemagglutinin subunit 2 (HA2) fusion protein of influenza. Our work and contributions include the protein structures and locations in membrane. We also study the changes in membrane structure associated with the protein. A significant fraction of our effort is in development and application of solid-state, i.e. anisotropic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to these proteins. We also apply a variety of other biophysical methods including circular dichroism spectroscopy, fluorescence ...
Phase-modulated ellipsometry of the J-aggregates of the title porphyrin shows that the material gives a true CD signal. This confirms that there is a real chiral transfer by mechanical forces, mediated by shear gradient flows, from the macroscopic to the electronic transition level. Dislocations in the structure of the aggregate could justify the formation of chirality at the level of the electronic transitions once the mesophases can be sculptured by hydrodynamic gradient flows ...
In this report, we provide an x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) study for 100?nm thick epitaxial magnetite (Fe3O4) films on MgO (001) and Al2O3 (0001) substrates. For XMCD, we recorded the surface sensitive total electron yield and the bulk sensitive transmission spectra. From the analysis of the XMCD data, we find an increased Fe spin moment (10% larger) at the surface of the film on MgO (100) with respect to the corresponding bulk value of the film. Surface and bulk spin moments of the film on Al2O3(0001) are almost equal. For both films, the bulk orbital to spin moments ratio increases from zero at 70?K to 0.03?0.04 at 300?K. For Fe3O4/MgO (001), the surface orbital to spin moment ratio behaves similarly to the bulk value, while the orbital to spin moments ratio is increased at the Fe3O4/Al2O3 (0001) surface to 0.06. The observed differences between films grown on MgO and Al2O3 are explained within the framework of differences in mismatch strain experienced by the films. ...
E. Dartyge, Baudelet, F., Giorgetti, C., and Odin, S., X-ray magnetic circular dichroism as a tool for magnetic studies of 4f compounds, JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS, vol. 275, pp. 526-532, 1998. ...
But a city government cant achieve this alone. It needs the participation of citizens to make circularity a reality!. The circular economy discourse is mostly techno-centric and currently lacks a societal dimension. We are broadening the circular economy framework, and inviting you, your neighbour and your curious nephew to participate in the transition. So, what can you do? What actions can YOU take to advance the urban transition to a circular model? This is what the Circular Citizen Challenge is all about. ​. During February - the month of circular consumption - we invite you to explore together how Utrechters can shape the circular future of our city and our lives in it. ...
On the basis of temperature-dependent UV-vis and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy measurements, we observed that C3-symmetrical discotic molecules, chiral (R)-1 and achiral 2, both self-assemble in a highly cooperative fashion. Chiral (R)-1 shows a higher degree of cooperativity, meaning it requ …
Biophotonics. Bioelectromagnetics. Calcium imaging. Calorimetry. Chromatography. Circular dichroism. Computational chemistry. Cryobiology. Dual-polarization. .
The CD spectra of d(GGGGTTTTGGGG) and d(TGGGGTTGGGGT) in the presence of 5 and 140 mM sodium are shown in the upper panels. The CD spectra of these DNAs in the
Circular Dichroism, DNA, Absorption, Nickel, Z-dna, B-dna, Report, Spermine, Cadmium, Concentrations, Cytosine, Guanine, Fluorescence, Ionic Strength, Oligonucleotides, Adenine, Electronic, Light, Porphyrins, Sensitivity
Kinase, Lipids, Membrane, Liposomes, Membranes, Micelles, Rapamycin, Association, Circular Dichroism, Concentrations, Environment, Fkbp12, Growth, Magnetic, Magnetic Resonance, Membrane Protein, Metabolism, Neurological Disorders, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Phosphatidic Acid
article{9c427bbf-e48d-404f-aa8d-386a5072b5fd, abstract = {,p,Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) provides cardiovascular protection. Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) spectroscopy was used to analyze the dynamic solution structure of the apoA-I protein in the apo- and HDL-states and the protein structure conversion in HDL formation. Wild-type apoA-I protein was compared to human variants that either are protective (R173C, Milano) or lead to increased risk for ischaemic heart disease (A164S). Comparable secondary structure distributions in the HDL particles, including significant levels of beta strand/turn, were observed. ApoA-I Milano in HDL displayed larger size heterogeneity, increased protein flexibility, and an altered lipid-binding profile, whereas the apoA-I A164S in HDL showed decrease thermal stability, potentially linking the intrinsic HDL propensities of the variants to disease risk.,/p,}, articleno = {13540}, author = {Giudice, Rita Del and ...
New advances in instrumentation, demonstration of proof-of-principle studies, and development of new tools and methods for data analysis and interpretation have enabled the technique of Synchrotron Radiation Circular Dichroism (SRCD) spectroscopy to become a useful tool for structural and functional biology. This paper discusses the characterisation of two new SRCD beamlines, CD1 at the Institute for Storage Rings (ISA), Denmark and 4B8 at the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF), China, and new applications of the method for examining biological systems ...
We present here a study of the magnetic properties of the Nd2−xHoxFe14B series. The macroscopic properties of these compounds evolve continuously from those of Nd2Fe14B to those of Ho2Fe14B as Ho gradually replaces Nd. The system shows a compensation of the rare-earth sublattice magnetization for a critical concentration, xc=0.55, that is reflected into the anomalous behavior of both macroscopic and microscopic magnetic probes. The combined analysis of magnetization, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and Fe K-edge x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) measurements suggests that the origin of the anomalous magnetic behavior found at xc=0.55 is mainly due to the Ho sublattice. Moreover, the analysis of the Fe K-edge XMCD signals reveal the presence of a rare-earth contribution, reflecting the coupling of the rare-earth and Fe magnetic moments, which can lead to the possibility of disentangling the magnetic behavior of both Fe and R atoms using a single absorption edge ...
The Protein Circular Dichroism Data Bank (PCDDB) is a web-based resource containing circular dichroism (CD) and synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectral and associated metadata located at http://pcddb.cryst.bbk.ac.uk. This resource provides a freely available, user-friendly means of accessing validated CD spectra and their associated experimental details and metadata, thereby enabling broad usage of this material and new developments across the structural biology, chemistry, and bioinformatics communities. The resource also enables researchers utilizing CD as an experimental technique to have a means of storing their data at a secure site from which it is easily retrievable, thereby making their results publicly accessible, a current requirement of many grant-funding agencies world-wide, as well as meeting the data-sharing requirements for journal publications. This tutorial provides extensive information on searching, accessing, and downloading procedures for those who wish to utilize ...
TY - CHAP. T1 - Structure and electronic circular dichroism of chiral porphyrins and chiral porphyrin dimers. AU - Balaz, Milan. AU - Joh, Yoonbin A.. AU - Varga, Krisztina. AU - Berova, Nina. AU - Purrello, Roberto. AU - DUrso, Alessandro. PY - 2019/1/1. Y1 - 2019/1/1. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85068063365&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85068063365&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1142/9789811201813_0003. DO - 10.1142/9789811201813_0003. M3 - Chapter. AN - SCOPUS:85068063365. SN - 9789811201806. SP - 205. EP - 284. BT - Handbook of Porphyrin Science. PB - World Scientific Publishing Co.. ER - ...
MILLS, M.; LIN, C.; CHAUHAN, M. and KLUMP, H.H.. Circular dichroism as a means to follow DNA gymnastics: on the shoulders of giants. S. Afr. j. sci. [online]. 2009, vol.105, n.7-8, pp.309-311. ISSN 1996-7489.. This is the first report of DNA stem-loops self-assembled by foot-loop interactions into either two-dimensional strings or three-dimensional spirals, distinguished by circular dichroism spectroscopy. All subunits are linked by cooperative Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds.. Keywords : DNA; circular dichroism; nanostructures; stem-loop structures; self-assembly. ...
TY - GEN. T1 - Circular dichroism effects in nonlinear-optical response of planar chiral metamaterials. AU - Mamonov, E. A.. AU - Kolmychek, I. A.. AU - Vandendriessche, S.. AU - Hojeij, M.. AU - Ekinci, Y.. AU - Valev, V. K.. AU - Verbiest, T.. AU - Murzina, T. V.. PY - 2013/1/1. Y1 - 2013/1/1. N2 - Circularly polarized optical second harmonic generation (SHG) is studied experimentally in regular arrays of planar G-shaped nanostructures. Circular dichroism in SHG is observed and the sign of the effect reverses with the handedness of the nanostructures, which is a signature of chirality in the nonlinear optical response.. AB - Circularly polarized optical second harmonic generation (SHG) is studied experimentally in regular arrays of planar G-shaped nanostructures. Circular dichroism in SHG is observed and the sign of the effect reverses with the handedness of the nanostructures, which is a signature of chirality in the nonlinear optical response.. UR - ...
Angewandte Chemie DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006255 H2 Activation Iron-Chromophore Circular Dichroism of [Fe]-Hydrogenase: The Conformational Change Required for H2 Activation** Seigo Shima,* Sonja Vogt, Andreas Gbels, and Eckhard Bill Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a very sensitive method used to detect changes in inherently chiral chromophores and in achiral chromophores embedded in chiral surroundings.[1] Information on the secondary structures of proteins can be obtained by CD spectroscopy in the far-UV spectral region (190-250 nm), and CD in the near-UV region (250-350 nm) can be sensitive to certain aspects of tertiary structure.[1b] Near-UV and visible CD spectroscopy is also used to analyze metal complexes[1a,c] and the active site of metal-containing enzymes, such as P450 (300-500 nm), galactose oxidase (300-700 nm), and biotin sulfoxide reductase (300-650 nm).[2] The [Fe]-hydrogenase found in many methanogenic archaea catalyzes the reversible reduction of ...
The temperature sensitivity of vaccines and therapeutic proteins forces the distribution of life-saving treatments to rely heavily on the temperature-controlled (usually 2-8 degrees C) supply and distribution network known as the cold chain. Here, using avidin as a model, we demonstrate how surface engineering could significantly increase the thermal stability of therapeutic proteins. A combination of spectroscopic (Fourier transform infrared, circular dichroism, and ultraviolet-visible) and scattering techniques (dynamic light scattering, small-angle, and wide-angle X-ray scattering) were deployed to probe the activity, structure, and stability of the model protein. Temperature-dependent synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to demonstrate a significant increase in thermal stability, with a half denaturation temperature of 139.0 degrees C and reversible unfolding with modified avidin returning to a 90% folded state when heated to temperatures below 100 degrees C. ...
We compared various spectroscopic properties of a norfloxacin-single stranded DNA complex with those of norfloxacin-double stranded DNA complex. Norfloxacin binds to both double- and single stranded DNA, and we observed the following spectroscopic changes for both complexes: hypochromism in the norfloxacin absorption region in the absorption spectrum, the characteristic induced CD spectrum consisting of a weak positive band at 323 nm and a strong positive band at 280-300 nm followed by a negative band in the 260 nm region, a strong decrease in the fluorescence intensity and a red-shift in the fluorescence emission spectrum, and shorter fluorescence decay times. These results indicate that the environments of the bound norfloxacin in both DNAs are similar, although the equilibrium constant of the norfloxacin-single stranded DNA was twice as high as the norfloxacin-double stranded DNA complex. Both complexes were thermodynamically favored with similar negative ΔGo. Negative ΔHo terms contribute ...
Sutherland, J. C., Dec 1 2009, Modern Techniques for Circular Dichroism and Synchrotron Radiation Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy. Wallace, B. A. & Janes, R. W. (eds.). p. 19-72 54 p. (Advances in Biomedical Spectroscopy; vol. 1).. Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Erratum to X-ray absorption spectroscopy and magnetic circular dichroism in codeposited C60-Co films with giant tunnel magnetoresistance [Chem. Phys. Lett. 470 (2009) 244] (DOI:10.1016/j.cplett.2009.01.032). AU - Matsumoto, Yoshihiro. AU - Sakai, Seiji. AU - Takagi, Yasumasa. AU - Nakagawa, Takeshi. AU - Yokoyama, Toshihiko. AU - Shimada, Toshihiro. AU - Mitani, Seiji. AU - Takanashi, Koki. AU - Naramoto, Hiroshi. AU - Maeda, Yoshihito. N1 - Funding Information: 60 -Co films with giant tunnel magnetoresistance [Chem. Phys. Lett. 470 (2009) 244] Yoshihiro Matsumoto a ⁎ [email protected] Seiji Sakai a Yasumasa Takagi b Takeshi Nakagawa b Toshihiko Yokoyama b Toshihiro Shimada c Seiji Mitani d Koki Takanashi a d Hiroshi Naramoto a Yoshihito Maeda a e a Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata-Shirane, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan b Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi ...
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The binding of 2,5-bis(4-amidinophenyl)furan (APF) to calf thymus DNA, [poly(dA-dT)]2, and [poly(dG-dC)]2 has been studied with flow linear dichroism and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The electronic excited states of the APF chromophore were first characterized using experimental and quantum mechanical methods: it is shown that the low-energy absorption band (320-400 nm) originates from only a single electronic transition which is polarized along the long axis of the molecule, information that is crucial for the structural interpretation of the linear and circular dichroism spectra of the APF-DNA complexes. By contrast, in the unsymmetric analogue 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) two overlapping transitions, with somewhat divergent polarizations, both contribute to the first absorption band. Upon binding to DNA the spectroscopic behavior of APF strongly resembles that of DAPI. The linear dichroism data show that the drug binds to calf thymus DNA and [poly(dA-dT)]2 with an angle of 46-degrees +/-
The gadolinium-based nanoagent named AGuIX ® is a unique radiosensitizer and contrast agent which improves the performance of radiotherapy and medical imaging. Currently tested in clinical trials, AGuIX ® is administrated to patients via intravenous injection. The presence of nanoparticles in the blood stream may induce harmful effects due to undesired interactions with blood components. Thus, there is an emerging need to understand the impact of these nanoagents when meeting blood proteins. In this work, the influence of nanoagents on the structure and stability of the most abundant blood protein, human serum albumin, is presented. Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism showed that AGuIX ® does not bind to the protein, even at the high ratio of 45 nanoparticles per protein at 3 mg/L. However, it increases the stability of the albumin. Isothermal thermodynamic calorimetry and fluorescence emission spectroscopy demonstrated that the effect is due to preferential hydration processes. Thus, this study
Ligand binding properties of five single amino acid substituted variants (V11A, D12A, Q15A, Q15E, and F16A) of human insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were analyzed with respect to their binding affinities and binding kinetics to recombinant IGF binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) and a soluble form of the IGF type I receptor (sIGF-I(R)), respectively. Side chains of the substituted residues are all predicted to be the most surface exposed in the alpha-helical portion of the B-region of the IGF-I molecule. The IGF-I variants were produced as fusion proteins to a IgG(Fc) binding protein domain, Z. Ligand binding kinetic rates were determined using BIAcore biosensor interaction analysis technology. All IGF-I variants showed altered binding affinities to both IGFBP- I and sIGF-I(R). Secondary structure content of the IGF-I variants was estimated using far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy, followed by variable selection secondary structure calculations. The amount of calculated alpha-helicity is ...
Day, L., Zhai, J., Xu, M., Jones, N. C., Hoffmann, S. V., & Wooster, T. J. (2014). Conformational changes of globular proteins adsorbed at oil-in-water emulsion interfaces examined by synchrotron radiation circular dichroism. Food Hydrocolloids, 34, 78-87. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.12.015.. Zhai, J. L., Day, L., Aguilar, M. I., & Wooster, T. J. (2013). Protein folding at emulsion oil/water interfaces. Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science, 18(4), 257-271. doi: 10.1016/j.cocis.2013.03.002.. ...
A powerful tool used to monitor secondary structure is circular dichroism (CD), which is the differential absorbance of left and right circularly polarized light. Since proteins consist of chiral amino acids, they are CD active and exhibit distinct CD spectra that are sensitive to the proteins secondary structure. This spectra can provide a qualitative snapshot of the protein structure or the secondary structure composition of a protein can be estimated from the far UV CD spectrum using a number of algorithms, several of which are made available in Olis GlobalWorks software.. Protein secondary structure can also be used to monitor protein folding and unfolding. An equilibrium study consists of collection of CD spectra as a function of increasing temperature or chemical denaturant. As the protein unfolds, the CD spectrum reflects this. Fitting data at a single wavelength or the full spectral scans during this denaturation process provides thermodynamic information such as the melting temperature ...
The metallothioneins (MT) are a class of low molecular weight, cysteine rich proteins found in almost all living things. The high sulfhydryl content imparts to these proteins the unique ability to bind a wide range of metals. The metallothioneins have been implicated in the storage and transport of essential metals, such as zinc and copper, and in the detoxification of toxic metals, such as cadmium. However, the exact physiological functions of these proteins remain a matter of speculation. In particular, little is known about the interactions of copper with MT. In this thesis, the structural and mechanistic properties of copper binding to metallothionein is investigated using the spectroscopic techniques of circular dichroism, luminescence, and to a lesser extent, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. These spectroscopic results are interpreted in terms of the Cu(I):MT stoichiometries at which distinct spectral characteristics are observed, the coordination geometry of the bound Cu(I) atoms, and the
1965, 9, 401. Deeth, R. ; Foulis, D. L. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2002, 4, 4292-4297. ; Hambley, T. ; Hitchman, M. ; Stratemeier, H. Inorg. Chem. 1995, 34, 3903-3911. Deeth, R. ; Gerloch, M. Inorg. Chem. 1984, 23, 3846-3853. Deeth, R. ; Anastasi, A. ; Wilcockson, M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 6876-6877. ); Montreal: Montreal, 2007 Deeth, R. J. Faraday Discuss. 2003, 124, 379-391. Deeth, R. ; Hearnshaw, L. J. A. Dalton Trans. 2006, 1092-1100. Deeth, R. J. Inorg. Chem. 2007, 46, 4492-4503. Norrby, P. CALCULATION OF MAGNETIC CIRCULAR DICHROISM SPECTRA WITH TIME-DEPENDENT DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY MICHAEL SETH and TOM ZIEGLER Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada I. Introduction II. Theory A. MCD Spectroscopy B. Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory C. MCD with TDDFT III. Applications A. Small Molecules B. Porphyrins C. Metallonzymes IV. Concluding Remarks List of Symbols Acknowledgments References I. 41 47 47 58 61 74 74 87 93 100 ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Classification of CD and absorption spectra in the Soret band of H2TMPyP bound to various synthetic polynucleotides. AU - Lee, Soomin. AU - Jeon, Sun Hee. AU - Kim, Bok Jo. AU - Han, Sung Wook. AU - Jang, Ho G.. AU - Kim, Seog K.. N1 - Funding Information: This research was supported by Korea Science and Engineering Foundation. (Grant no. 2000-1-12200-001-3.) PY - 2001/9/30. Y1 - 2001/9/30. N2 - The binding mode of porphyrins, namely meso-tetrakis(N-methyl pyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (H2TMPyP), was classified in this work by absorption and circular dichroism(CD) spectroscopy. The three binding modes of intercalation, minor groove binding and external stacking exhibit their own characteristic absorption and CD spectra. Intercalation occurs for this porphyrin when bound to GC-rich polynucleotides at a low mixing ratio, as expected. This binding mode produces hypochromism and a red shift in the absorption band and a negative CD band in the Soret absorption region. When it is complexed ...
Valence Band Circular Dichroism in non-magnetic Ag-Ru0001 at normal emission. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.
Nearly all circular dichroism (CD) and linear dichroism (LD) spectrometers use a photoelastic modulator (PEM) in which an optical element is stressed using a high-tension voltage (HT) signal to induce birefringence. The birefringence consequently produces a phase difference between perpendicular polarization states of light passing through the PEM that is appropriate to CD or LD measurements. However, even without external stress (i.e., at zero HT) the PEM exhibits an inherent static birefringence. This article discusses the characterization of the static birefringence inherent to a PEM and its effect on the measurement of CD and LD, as well as the development and implementation of a novel model that accommodates for the presence of static birefringence. The model is validated with CD and LD experiments using purely chiral or linearly structured molecules (camphorsulfonic acid and chrysazin).. PDF Article ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Protein Fiber Linear Dichroism for Structure Determination and Kinetics in A Low-Volume, Low-Wavelength Couette Flow Cell. AU - Dafforn, Timothy R.. AU - Rajendra, Jacindra. AU - Halsall, David J.. AU - Serpell, Louise C.. AU - Rodger, Alison. PY - 2004/1. Y1 - 2004/1. N2 - High-resolution structure determination of soluble globular proteins relies heavily on x-ray crystallography techniques. Such an approach is often ineffective for investigations into the structure of fibrous proteins as these proteins generally do not crystallize. Thus investigations into fibrous protein structure have relied on less direct methods such as x-ray fiber diffraction and circular dichroism. Ultraviolet linear dichroism has the potential to provide additional information on the structure of such biomolecular systems. However, existing systems are not optimized for the requirements of fibrous proteins. We have designed and built a low-volume (200 μL), low-wavelength (down to 180 nm), low-pathlength ...
By Knee, Kelly M Dixit, Surjit B; Aitken, Colin Echeverria; Ponomarev, Sergei; Beveridge, D L; Mukerji, Ishita ABSTRACT The A-to-B form transition has been examined in three DNA duplexes, d(CGCGAATTCGCG)^sub 2^, d(CGCGAATTGCGC), and d(CGCAAATTTCGC), using circular dichroism spectroscopy, ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Circular dichroism spectra confirm that these molecules adopt the A form under conditions of reduced water activity. UVRR results, obtained under similar conditions, suggest that the transition involves a series of intermediate forms between A and B. Cooperative and distinct transitions were observed for the bases and the sugars. Independent MD simulations on d(CGCGAATTCGCG)^sub 2^ show a spontaneous change from the A to B form in aqueous solution and describe a kinetic model that agrees well with UVRR results. Based on these observations, we predict that the mechanism of the transition involves a series of A/B hybrid forms ...
Soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy and magnetic circular dichroism at the Co L{sub 2,3} edge have been applied to explore the near-interfacial magnetism of Co electrodes in Co/alumina based magnetic tunnel junctions. By taking into account the formation of CoO at the FM/barrier interface, the change in the total magnetic moment on metallic Co atoms as a function of barrier oxidation has been determined. The results demonstrate a strong correlation between the Co moments and measured TMR values, and an enhancement in the Co moments for moderate oxidation times.
10−2. This happens in paramagnetic systems that are at lower temperature or that have sharp lines in the spectroscopy. In biology, metalloproteins are the most likely candidates for MCD measurements, as the presence of metals with degenerate energy levels leads to strong MCD signals. In the case of ferric heme proteins, MCD is capable of determining both oxidation and spin state to a remarkably exquisite degree. In regular proteins, MCD is capable of stoichiometrically measuring the tryptophan content of proteins, assuming there are no other competing absorbers in the spectroscopic system. In addition, the application of MCD spectroscopy greatly improved the level of understanding in the ferrous non-heme systems because of the direct observation of the d-d transitions, which generally can not be obtained in optical absorption spectroscopy owing to the weak extinction coefficients and are often electron paramagnetic resonance silent due to relatively large ground-state sublevel splittings and ...
Supplementary MaterialsDocument S1. 25). Samples for NMR experiments were purified as previously described (8, 25). D2O for HX studies (99.96%) was obtained from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Tewksbury, MA). Urea (molecular biology grade, 99% pure) was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA).?The concentrations of all urea solutions were determined by refractometry (26). Urea denaturation by circular dichroism Circular dichroism (CD) experiments were performed using a Pi-Star 180?spectropolarimeter from Applied Photophysics (Leatherhead, UK). I-domain solutions were diluted to a final protein concentration of 0.2?mg/mL in 20?mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) and mixed using a Microlab 50 Titrator (Hamilton, Franklin, MA) to final urea concentrations ranging from 0 to 6 M. Samples were incubated for 3?h at 25C, and the CD signal was averaged for 20 scans at 220?nm using a 4-nm slit width and a 2.0-mm-pathlength cell. =?is?the baseline noise of the spectrum. Fits were done with the ...
Marker bands for specific secondary structures are most typically observed in the UV region below 260 nm and as far into the far-UV region as possible. It has been widely reported that CD measurements using synchroton radiation have been used to successfully measure spectra down to around 140 nm. As an alternative to synchrotron radiation, the J-1500 CD spectrometer has been improved for measurements in the vacuum UV region. ...
|p|The first transition metal iodato peroxido complex, K3[V2O2(O2)4(IO3)]·H2O (I), was prepared by crystallization from the KVO3 - KIO3 - H2O2 - H2O - ethanol (HNO3) solution. The dinuclear anion is immediately decomposed in aqueous solution; the 51V NMR spectrum exhibits signals corresponding to [VO(O2)2(H2O)]−, [V2O2(OH)(O2)4]3− and H2VO4− species only. The IR and Raman spectra contain all characteristic bands of the VO(O2)2 group and the coordinated IO3− ligand. Based on the positions of bands assigned to the vibrations of the VO(O2)2 groups a pentagonal pyramidal arrangement around the vanadium atoms can be supposed. The crystal structure was solved from X-ray synchrotron powder data by direct space method and refined by energy minimization in the solid state employing a hybrid PBE0 functional. This crystal and molecular structure, has confirmed the presence of hexacoordinated vanadium atoms and revealed asymmetric dinuclear structure of the [V2O2(O2)4(IO3)]3− ion
Erythrocyte ankyrin contains an 89-kDa domain (residues 2-827) comprised almost entirely of 22 tandem repeats of 33 amino acids which are responsible for the high affinity interaction of ankyrin with the anion exchanger (Davis, L., and Bennett, V. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 10589-10596). The question of whether the repeats are equivalent with respect to binding to the anion exchanger was addressed using defined regions of erythrocyte and brain ankyrins expressed in bacteria. The conclusion is that the repeats are not interchangeable and that the 44 residues from 722 to 765 are essential for high affinity binding between erythrocyte ankyrin and the anion exchanger. Residues 348-765 were active whereas a polypeptide of the same size (residues 305-721) but missing the 44 residues was not active. The difference between the active and inactive polypeptides was not caused by the degree of folding based on circular dichroism spectra. The 44 residues from 722 to 765 were not sufficient for binding since ...
Erythrocyte ankyrin contains an 89-kDa domain (residues 2-827) comprised almost entirely of 22 tandem repeats of 33 amino acids which are responsible for the high affinity interaction of ankyrin with the anion exchanger (Davis, L., and Bennett, V. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 10589-10596). The question of whether the repeats are equivalent with respect to binding to the anion exchanger was addressed using defined regions of erythrocyte and brain ankyrins expressed in bacteria. The conclusion is that the repeats are not interchangeable and that the 44 residues from 722 to 765 are essential for high affinity binding between erythrocyte ankyrin and the anion exchanger. Residues 348-765 were active whereas a polypeptide of the same size (residues 305-721) but missing the 44 residues was not active. The difference between the active and inactive polypeptides was not caused by the degree of folding based on circular dichroism spectra. The 44 residues from 722 to 765 were not sufficient for binding since ...
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