TY - JOUR. T1 - Gambierol acts as a functional antagonist of neurotoxin site 5 on voltage-gated sodium channels in cerebellar granule neurons. AU - LePage, K. T.. AU - Rainier, J. D.. AU - Johnson, H. W.B.. AU - Baden, D. G.. AU - Murray, Thomas F.. PY - 2007/10/1. Y1 - 2007/10/1. N2 - The marine toxin gambierol, a polyether ladder toxin derived from the marine dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus, was evaluated for interaction with voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in cerebellar granule neuron (CGN) cultures. At concentrations ranging from 10 nM to 10 μM, gambierol alone had no effect on the intracellular Ca2+ concentration [Ca 2+]i of exposed CGN cultures. Furthermore, there was no evidence of neurotoxicity in CGN cultures exposed for 2 h to gambierol (1 nM-10 μM). However, gambierol was a potent inhibitor (IC50 = 189 nM) of the elevation of [Ca2+]i that accompanies exposure of CGN cultures to the VGSC activator brevetoxin-2 (PbTx-2). To further explore the potential interaction of ...

Abstract. The emergence of marine and freshwater toxins in geographical areas where they have never been reported before is a concern due to the considerable impact on (sea)food contamination, and consequently, on public health. Several groups of marine biotoxins, in particular tetrodotoxins, ciguatoxins, and palytoxins, are included among the relevant marine biotoxins that have recently emerged in several coastal areas. A similar situation has been observed in freshwater, where cyanobacterial toxins, such as microcystins, could end up in unexpected areas such as the estuaries where shellfish are cultivated. Climate change and the increased availability of nutrients have been considered as the key factors in the expansion of all of these toxins into new areas; however, this could also be due to more intense biological invasions, more sensitive analytical methods, or perhaps even an increased scientific interest in these natural contaminations. The incidences of human intoxications due to the ...

Interpretive Summary: Rathayibacter toxicus is a bacterium that grows in developing grass seeds and can produce a toxin harmful to grazing livestock. So far, R. toxicus has only been found in Australia. The threat it poses to U.S. agriculture is such that the USDA Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has placed R. toxicus on a list of high-consequence agents with the potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety. It was not known how R. toxicus makes its toxin. Here we report the complete genome sequence of two strains of R. toxicus and the identification of a group of genes that are probably responsible for toxin production. This work is a critical first step toward understanding the control of toxin production and will aid in the development of diagnostic tests to identify R. toxicus. Technical Abstract: Rathayibacter toxicus is a forage grass associated Gram-positive bacterium of major concern to food safety and agriculture. The species is listed by USDA-APHIS as a ...

The trapping of cations generated from Co2(CO)6-bispropargylic alcohols provided diethers in good yield. The procedure is also valid when two vicinal acetylenes are present. The methodology can be applied to the synthesis of symmetrical or unsymmetrical linear or cyclic propargylic ethers. The use of substrates with a stereochemically defined secondary nucleophilic alcohol provided cyclic ethers with a high degree of stereocontrol ...

Looking for biotoxin? Find out information about biotoxin. poison produced by living organisms. Toxins are classified as either exotoxins or endotoxins. Exotoxins are a diverse group of soluble proteins released... Explanation of biotoxin

0009] Due to the importance of both tau and β-amyloid in neurodegenerative processes, studies were initially conducted on each of the proteins independently and on the separate involvement of each one in Alzheimers disease. As a consequence, the first approaches to the treatment of Alzheimers were aimed at improving the effects produced by each of these proteins independently. Currently, due to the involvement of both proteins in Alzheimers, the interactions or relations between them are being studied. These studies demonstrate the existence of a relationship between both proteins, although the mechanism thereof is as yet not well-defined. Some data show that the formation of amyloid deposits may affect different molecular pathways which may facilitate the phosphorylation of tau and, consequently, the subsequent aggregation thereof (Blurton-Jones et al. 2006, Current Alzheimer Research, 3(5), 435-448). This takes place, for example, by the activation, on the part of the β-amyloid deposits, ...

User definable settings. + */ +#define VMAC_TAG_LEN 64 +#define VMAC_KEY_SIZE 128/* Must be 128, 192 or 256 */ +#define VMAC_KEY_LEN (VMAC_KEY_SIZE/8) +#define VMAC_NHBYTES 128/* Must 2^i for any 3 < i < 13 Standard = 128*/ + +/* per-transform (per-key) context */ +struct vmac_tfm_ctx { + struct crypto_cipher *cipher; + u64 nhkey[(VMAC_NHBYTES/8)+2*(VMAC_TAG_LEN/64-1)]; + u64 polykey[2*VMAC_TAG_LEN/64]; + u64 l3key[2*VMAC_TAG_LEN/64]; +}; + +/* per-request context */ +struct vmac_desc_ctx { + union { + u8 partial[VMAC_NHBYTES]; /* partial block */ + __le64 partial_words[VMAC_NHBYTES / 8]; + }; + unsigned int partial_size; /* size of the partial block */ + bool first_block_processed; + u64 polytmp[2*VMAC_TAG_LEN/64]; /* running total of L2-hash */ +}; + /* * Constants and masks */ @@ -318,13 +349,6 @@ static void poly_step_func(u64 *ahi, u64 *alo, } while (0) #endif -static void vhash_abort(struct vmac_ctx *ctx) -{ - ctx->polytmp[0] = ctx->polykey[0] ; - ctx->polytmp[1] = ctx->polykey[1] ; - ...

Author: Brian Paul ,[email protected], Date: Fri Oct 7 15:03:55 2016 -0600 vbo: simplify some code in check_draw_elements_data() Use the vao local var in more places. Reviewed-by: Mathias Fröhlich ,[email protected], --- src/mesa/vbo/vbo_exec_array.c , 9 ++++----- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/src/mesa/vbo/vbo_exec_array.c b/src/mesa/vbo/vbo_exec_array.c index 1425e0b..dc1ef76 100644 --- a/src/mesa/vbo/vbo_exec_array.c +++ b/src/mesa/vbo/vbo_exec_array.c @@ -128,11 +128,11 @@ check_draw_elements_data(struct gl_context *ctx, GLsizei count, GLenum elemType, GLint i; GLuint k; - if (_mesa_is_bufferobj(ctx-,Array.VAO-,IndexBufferObj)) { + if (_mesa_is_bufferobj(vao-,IndexBufferObj)) { elemMap = ctx-,Driver.MapBufferRange(ctx, 0, - ctx-,Array.VAO-,IndexBufferObj-,Size, + vao-,IndexBufferObj-,Size, GL_MAP_READ_BIT, - ctx-,Array.VAO-,IndexBufferObj, + vao-,IndexBufferObj, MAP_INTERNAL); elements = ADD_POINTERS(elements, elemMap); } @@ -162,8 +162,7 @@ ...

The Biotoxin Mold Illness Panel is designed to look at the chronic inflammatory response set in motion when a person is exposed to toxic mold.

A g bk pz d s oka toxicus adenoma eset n nem ismert. Egyetlen, genetikailag megv ltozott sejtb l indul ki (a g b genetikai elj r ssal vizsg lva, monoklon lis sejtszaporulat). Hormonsecreti ja a TSH-szintt l f ggetlen, gy a hypophysis negat v feedbackje nem rv nyes l. Szcintigr fia sor n a forr g b trij dtironinnal nem szupprim lhat , az p pajzsmirigyter letek TSH ad s val radiofarmakont felvev v tehet k (ezek azonban a diagnosztikus l p sekhez nem tartoznak hozz ). Hosszabb id , vek alatt a g b hormontermel se fokoz dik, gy a kezdetben szubklinikus hyperthyreosis manifeszt hyperthyreosisba megy t, legk s bb ekkor felismerj k a betegs get. A hyperthyreosis kezel s n lk l fokozatosan s lyosbodik. A trij dtironin prefer lt szint zise jellemz a tiroxinnal szemben. Ritk n a funkci cs kken se is el fordulhat, a g b azonban tapint ssal vagy ultrahanggal kimutathat marad ...

Ciguatera is a toxin that is found in large reef fish such as the barracuda, red snapper, grouper and more. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and may be a true emergency

Editorial Note: Ciguatera poisoning occurs throughout the Caribbean and tropical Pacific regions, where outbreaks have been reported among both residents and tourists. From 1983 through 1992 in the United States, 129 outbreaks of ciguatera poisoning involving 508 persons were reported to CDC; no ciguatera-related deaths were reported (1,2). Most outbreaks were reported from Hawaii (111) and Florida (10), although outbreaks and sporadic cases in California (two), Vermont (one), New York (one), and Illinois (one) also have been associated with consumption of fish imported from tropical waters (3,4). The outbreak described in this report was recognized in an area not typically associated with ciguatera intoxication and underscores that ciguatera poisoning can occur among travelers returning from areas where ciguatera is endemic or among persons consuming fish imported from those areas. Ciguatera toxins are produced by dinoflagellates, which herbivorous fish consume. These fish are then eaten by ...

Apart from the gastrointestinal torment, which mostly fades away after a day or so, one of the most striking and disturbing symptoms of ciguatera is a form of oversensitivity to cold, termed as cold allodynia (Isbister and Kiernan, 2005). For instance, ciguatera sufferers have reported that a refreshing dive in the ocean actually caused burning pain, or that drinking cool beer felt like too hot coffee. The mechanisms whereby ciguatoxins provoke this peculiar form of altered temperature sensitivity, which can last for weeks to years, were fully unknown.. In their paper, Vetter et al (2012) provide the first insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying cold allodynia induced by P‐CTX‐1, the most potent ciguatoxin present in the Pacific Ocean. First, they demonstrate that ciguatoxin‐induced cold allodynia can be reproduced in a mouse model: following injection of minute quantities of P‐CTX‐1 into the sole of the paw, these mice exhibited clear signs of pain at moderately cool ambient ...

Ciguatera poisoning is food poisoning caused by the toxin ciguatera found in a variety of large reef fish. Symptoms of ciguatera poisoning include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, muscle pain, and vertigo.

ABSTRACT. Reliability of the commercially available Cigua-Check® test kits to identify ciguateric fish was evaluated by assessing the uniformity of conclusions by multiple readers examining identical sticks. One hundred and eighty-eight samples of two types of reef fish were tested for ciguatera using Cigua-Check® test strips. Paired subsamples of all specimens were also analyzed via the more rigorous N2a neuroblastoma mouse bioassay that is specific for aberration of Na+-channel activity that is presumptive for ciguatera fish poisoning. In a double blind trial, four individuals visually examined identical Cigua-Check® strips to conclude whether the samples were positive or negative for ciguatera. Of the 121 samples that were shown to be positively ciguatoxic via bioassay, the four strip readers were in agreement in concluding positive ciguateric status in 9.9% of the samples; these four readers concluded these positive samples were negative for ciguatera in 26.2% of these bioassay-positive ...

Hi Freddd - Actually.. when poisoned via ciguatera. It is best to stay away from any and all fish. Even the smallest amount of ciguatoxin can trigger a flare up. With possibly worsening effects. This is something you dont want to happen. Some even say that nuts, chocolate,caffeine and alcohol can trigger a reaction to it. I have had nuts, chocolate and my morning ritual of my coffee with caffeine and have not had a flare up. I did wait six months however before having the nuts. I am going to attempt some red wine this weekend. I am hoping not to have a flare up with this. As I had mentioned my b-12 levels are within normal limits as per my blood work which is great and I had been getting weekly shots of cyn-b-12 Once a month with c-complex and cyn-b-12. However I would like to know who I would have to contact to try this other b-12 as I know also I havent had any noticable response from these shots. Also, if poisoned with Ciguatera fish oil is out of the question also. These things are a must ...

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Reef or Madness from ilum - Julie Hollenbeck on Vimeo.. A 16 minute film about Ciguatera Fish Poisoning created By Julie Hollenbeck, Mark Newbill and Ray Trujillo, Jr.. Ciguatera, the most reported seafood toxin illness in the world that a majority of the planet has never heard of, infects hundreds of thousands of people a year, some of whose very will to live is tested by the devastating and debilitating chronic neurological affects of the fish-borne toxin.. Reef or Madness a short documentary film by University of Miami Marine Affairs and Policy students Julie Hollenbeck and Mark Newbill, that recounts the struggle of chronic Ciguatera sufferers who seek to regain some semblance of their healthy and productive lives following Ciguatera infection and the incapacitating symptoms that can last for years. While Ciguatera is a recognized medical illness, many marine toxin specialists have yet to agree on how long people may suffer with the symptoms of the fish poison, leaving long-term chronic ...

Brown marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) is an apex predator from coral reefs of the Indo-Pacific region. All five published case series of ciguatera after consumption of brown marbled grouper were reviewed to characterize the types, severity and chronicity of ciguatera symptoms associated with its consumption. Three of these case series were from large outbreaks affecting over 100-200 subjects who had eaten this reef fish served at banquets. Affected subjects generally developed a combination of gastrointestinal, neurological and, less commonly, cardiovascular symptoms. Gastrointestinal symptoms occurred early and generally subsided in 1-2 days. Some neurological symptoms (e.g., paresthesia of four limbs) could last for weeks or months. Sinus bradycardia and hypotension occurred early, but could be severe and prolonged, necessitating the timely use of intravenous fluids, atropine and dopamine. Other cardiovascular and neurological features included atrial ectopics, ventricular ectopics,

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Sebuah Eksperimen yang dilakukan di Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute :. Seekor ikan Barracuda dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah akuarium berukuran sedang yang bagian tengahnya dipisahkan oleh sebuah kaca pembatas transparan.. Di sisi lain ada banyak ikan kecil yang merupakan makanan kesukaan si Barracuda.. Ketika lapar, berkali-kali ikan Barracuda mencoba untuk memangsa ikan kecil tersebut, namun usahanya selalu sia-sia karena terbentur kaca pembatas transparan tadi.. Setelah berminggu-minggu mencoba dan tetap tidak berhasil, si Barracuda menyerah dengan menerima kenyataan bahwa perburuan ikan kecil tersebut hanya mengakibatkan kesakitan pada hidung dan mulutnya.. Setelah itu kaca pembatas transparan tadi diangkat, dan apa yang terjadi?…. Si Barracuda tetap pada sisinya, tidak bergerak ke arah ikan kecil. Rasa lapar mulai terasa hebat. Akan tetapi si Barracuda sepertinya tidak berusaha sekalipun untuk memangsa ikan-ikan kecil tersebut.. Akhirnya, ia pun mati kelaparan padahal makanan kesukaannya ...

Neuroprotectant effects of iso-osmolar D-mannitol to prevent Pacific ciguatoxin-1 induced alterations in neuronal excitability: a comparison with other osmotic agents and free radical scavengers., Neuropharmacology, vol.49,(5),2005,pp 669-686 ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Evaluation of gambierol and its analogs for their inhibition of human Kv1.2 and cytotoxicity. AU - Konoki, Keiichi. AU - Suga, Yuto. AU - Fuwa, Haruhiko. AU - Yotsu-Yamashita, Mari. AU - Sasaki, Makoto. N1 - Funding Information: The research studies were funded by the ERATO Murata Lipid Active Structure Project , Japan Science and Technology Agency , a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas Chemical Biology of Natural Products from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan 64 (M. S., and K. K.), and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Funding Program for the Next Generation World-Leading Researchers (LS012) (M. Y. Y.). Funding Information: We thank Takayuki Oka and Masato Nishio of Bio Research Center Co. Ltd and Atsushi Otsuki of Nanion Technologies GmbH for providing technical support for the electrophysiological recording with Port-A-Patch®. We thank RIKEN Bioresource Center through the National ...

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With all the attention on Mustangs 50th anniversary this year, this edition of Muscle Car Rewind is dedicated to the other pony car, the Plymouth Barracuda!

Aside from the aftermarket wheels and missing grille, this 1973 Plymouth Barracuda is complete and in very good shape for its age. The Plymouth was originally sold at a dealership in Alabama, and then the first owner sold it to his brother who intended to drag race the car.

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Company Name: Fast Fuse Ltd T/A Barracuda Vape.. Company No: 09602085. Registered office: Unit 2-3 Robin Hood Industrial Est. Alfred Street South, Nottingham Ng3 1GE. VAT No: GB219379971. ...

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"Barracuda" is a breaks song by Noisestorm. It was released via Monstercat on May 11, 2015, and is included as the fourth track on Monstercat 022 - Contact. This song appeared in Just Shapes and Beats as a boss level

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If ciguatera is reported in an area best to avoid all reef fish . Locals dont know what fish are safe so cant count on there advice. You dont want to get Ciguatera. A local couple in the Marquesas ,

Originally Posted by Blue Crab Ive eaten small cudas without trouble in the upper Keys. The really tasty cudas are the ones with the long horizontal stripe. Yeah, I like those ones too.

Signed-off-by: Janne Grunau ,janne-ffmpeg at jannau.net, --- libavcodec/dvbsubdec.c , 11 +++++++++-- 1 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/libavcodec/dvbsubdec.c b/libavcodec/dvbsubdec.c index 401144f..c06c017 100644 --- a/libavcodec/dvbsubdec.c +++ b/libavcodec/dvbsubdec.c @@ -1423,13 +1423,15 @@ static int dvbsub_decode(AVCodecContext *avctx, #endif - if (buf_size ,= 2 ,, *buf != 0x0f) + if (buf_size ,= 6 ,, *buf != 0x0f) { + av_dlog(avctx, incomplete or broken packet); return -1; + } p = buf; p_end = buf + buf_size; - while (p , p_end && *p == 0x0f) { + while (p_end - p , 6 && *p == 0x0f) { p += 1; segment_type = *p++; page_id = AV_RB16(p); @@ -1437,6 +1439,11 @@ static int dvbsub_decode(AVCodecContext *avctx, segment_length = AV_RB16(p); p += 2; + if (p_end - p , segment_length) { + av_dlog(avctx, incomplete or broken packet); + return -1; + } + if (page_id == ctx-,composition_id ,, page_id == ctx-,ancillary_id ,, ctx-,composition_id == -1 ,, ctx-,ancillary_id == ...

Ever wish you had a magic wand would make people work well together? Or that you could be sure each member of a team would contribute constructively, and the team would be productive and harmonious? Or that there was a tool that could improve hiring decisions, increase retention, and cut down on turnover?. Every manager knows there is no such magic wand. But there are tools that can help do all these things. Personality scans from PDP can unlock an employees potential. You can find out what makes employees tick - by understanding their Traits, Interests, Communication Styles, and Key Action Tips.. ...

I have seen this conversation in a few older postings, but was hoping to get a more up-to-date point of view since Im sure both p... | 27 replies | Data Backup

Al is co-owner of Portatree Timing Systems, along with his wife, Sue. Al started drag racing when he was in college and has been involved in the sport ever since. He could often be found at New England Dragway racing his black 1970 Hemi Barracuda in bracket races. In 2000 he debuted his 1968 Hemi Barracuda stick car in Super Stock and has been racing it on and off since then. Al has 7 class wins in the car. When not racing, he can be found at the track crewing his daughter, Allison, and son, Stephen, at the starting line or having a cookout with all his friends at his race trailer.

References: Surviving Mold, Biotoxin Journey, How often do you take a leak? Four to five times a day? Once at night? Or have you gotten used to urinating every hour? Twenty times a day? Do you get up more than twice at night? Do you feel thirsty all the time? Even more mysterious, do you have a lot of static shocks?. If so, these are all they symptoms of biotoxin illness affecting the pituitary gland. Once your understand it and you learn how to fix it, you breathe a sigh of relief. You cancel your scheduled prostate surgery. You decline to go to the Gyn doctor for bladder sling surgery. You werent getting old, you are biotoxin affected. And this symptom may be one of the only prominent ones you have. To really be fixed, you have to go back to the source and get rid of your exposure to biotoxin (usually mold).. Here is what is going on. Your brain has a meter that measures the concentration of your blood - the number of particles in it. Thats called your osmolality. It is tightly regulated in ...

A place to post up photos of legendary American and Australian muscle cars such as: The Chevy Camaro Ford Mustang Chevy Chevelle Chevy Corvette Plymouth Barracuda and Road Runner Dodge Super Bee Dodge Challenger & Charger Pontiac GTO And Aussie muscle such as Holden Monaro Holden Torana, ie GT

Heart je americká rocková skupina, založená na začátku sedmdesátých let 20. století v Seattle. Hlavními členy skupiny jsou sestry Ann a Nancy Wilson. Jejich největším hitem byla skladba „Barracuda z roku 1977. V roce 2013 byla skupina uvedena do Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[1] ...