N. pustulatus has been an enigmatic species of burying beetle because it was never found breeding on a small carcass. Drs. Gabriel Blouin-Demers and Patrick Weatherhead (University of Illinois-Urbana) found N. pustulatus adults and larvae in the nests of the black rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta). Working in our lab, Garrison Smith (M.S., University of Arizona) determined that this species is well adapted to exploiting reptile eggs using many of the same behaviors that congeners use when exploiting carcasses (see September, 2009 issue of Natural History). The closest phylogenetic relatives of N. pustulatus (determined by Derek Sikes, University of Alaska-Fairbanks Museum) have not been studied so it is unknown whether additional nicrophorine species act as parasitoids of reptiles ...

N. pustulatus has been an enigmatic species of burying beetle because it was never found breeding on a small carcass. Drs. Gabriel Blouin-Demers and Patrick Weatherhead (University of Illinois-Urbana) found N. pustulatus adults and larvae in the nests of the black rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta). Working in our lab, Garrison Smith (M.S., University of Arizona) determined that this species is well adapted to exploiting reptile eggs using many of the same behaviors that congeners use when exploiting carcasses (see September, 2009 issue of Natural History). The closest phylogenetic relatives of N. pustulatus (determined by Derek Sikes, University of Alaska-Fairbanks Museum) have not been studied so it is unknown whether additional nicrophorine species act as parasitoids of reptiles ...

Gluconic acid is a multifunctional organic acid which has increasing interest in different application because of its non-corrosiveness, non-toxicity, readily biodegradability and environmentally friendly properties ...

A marked enhancement in the production of a highly alkaline and thermostable pectinase by Bacillus pumilus dcsr1 in submerged fermentation by using statistical

Synonyms for rat snake in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for rat snake. 13 words related to rat snake: colubrid, colubrid snake, corn snake, Elaphe guttata, red rat snake, black rat snake, blacksnake, Elaphe obsoleta.... What are synonyms for rat snake?

The research on the growth of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the form of pellet was made in this paper to examine the effects of physical and chemical conditions on the formation of mycelial pellets.The experimental results showed that the microorganism pellets of smooth surface,even size(diameter)and good mechanical properties could be obtained at the follwoing culture conditions:pH4 5,10 6 spores/ml in inoculum,0 1% Tween 80 in medium,high C/N and on the shaker of 150r/min for 3d.Using P.chrysosporium mycelial pellets in the biosorption of Pb 2+ from aqueous solution,the uptake reached the maximum when the diameter of pellet was in the range of 1 5-1 7mm.When the pellets were pretreated by boiling in 0 2mol/L NaOH for 40min,the Pb 2+ uptake was far higher than the pellets without pretreatment,and the removal efficiency could reach above 95%.The research results showed that the removal of Pb 2+ from aqueous solution by P.chrysosporium mycelial pellets was practical.

Cordyceps cicadae is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine for treating palpitations and eye diseases. It contains several bioactive compounds such as adenosine, N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (HEA), and polysaccharide. Those bioactive compounds have been reported to perform anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory properties and provide renal protection. In this study, we researched different fermentation conditions in order to enhance the biomass, adenosine, HEA, and polysaccharide productions of C. cicadae NTTU 868. Solid fermentation was carried out with different grain substrates (barley, oat, rice and wheat). Various submerged fermentation scales were used to produce the C. cicadae NTTU 868 mycelium. The results of solid fermentation revealed that C. cicadae NTTU 868 produced higher adenosine and HEA concentrations in oat rather than in other substrates. C. cicadae NTTU 868 mycelium had obtained the highest concentrations of adenosine and HEA on Day 2 as using the small-scale submerged fermentation

Screening and Optimization of Submerged Fermentation of Lipolytic Aspergillus oryzae. Asma Ahmed,a,* Rehana Badar,a and Noman Khalique b. Lipases are enzymes commonly used in industry. This study describes the production of lipolytic enzyme via a newly isolated strain of Aspergillus oryzae under a submerged fermentation process. Five strains of A. oryzae were isolated from oil-contaminated soil and water as well as dead decaying organic matter. Qualitative screening revealed that A. oryzae RBM4 strain was a lipase producer, and the process was optimized for enhanced production. Incubation time, incubation temperature, initial pH, use of agricultural by-products, nitrogen sources, and substrates were tested. The results revealed that initial pH 5.5(12.7 U/mL/min) in 72 h (19.39 U/mL/min) at 30 °C (27.40 U/mL/min) sorghum (35.66 U/mL/min), NaNO3 (17% more than blank), yeast extract (47.95 U/mL/min), and Shan ghee (58.12 U/mL/min) were the best conditions. Extracellular lipase production was ...

Proteome IDi ,p>The proteome identifier (UPID) is the unique identifier assigned to the set of proteins that constitute the ,a href=http://www.uniprot.org/manual/proteomes_manual>proteome,/a>. It consists of the characters UP followed by 9 digits, is stable across releases and can therefore be used to cite a UniProt proteome.,p>,a href=/help/proteome_id target=_top>More...,/a>,/p> ...

Isolation and purification of Pyranose 2-oxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium and characterization of gene structure and regulation

Domain: Eukaryota • Regnum: Fungi • Phylum: Ascomycota • Subphylum: Pezizomycotina • Classis: Eurotiomycetes • Subclassis: Eurotiomycetidae • Ordo: Onygenales • Familia: Onygenaceae • Genus: Coccidioides G.W. Stiles 1896 ...

ID C5GNE1_AJEDR Unreviewed; 606 AA. AC C5GNE1; DT 28-JUL-2009, integrated into UniProtKB/TrEMBL. DT 07-SEP-2016, sequence version 2. DT 20-DEC-2017, entry version 48. DE SubName: Full=Actin polymerization protein Bzz1 {ECO:0000313,EMBL:EEQ91176.2}; GN ORFNames=BDCG_06296 {ECO:0000313,EMBL:EEQ91176.2}; OS Ajellomyces dermatitidis (strain ER-3 / ATCC MYA-2586) (Blastomyces OS dermatitidis). OC Eukaryota; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; Pezizomycotina; Eurotiomycetes; OC Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ajellomycetaceae; Blastomyces. OX NCBI_TaxID=559297 {ECO:0000313,EMBL:EEQ91176.2, ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000002039}; RN [1] {ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000002039} RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. RC STRAIN=ER-3 / ATCC MYA-2586 {ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000002039}; RX PubMed=26439490; DOI=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005493; RA Munoz J.F., Gauthier G.M., Desjardins C.A., Gallo J.E., Holder J., RA Sullivan T.D., Marty A.J., Carmen J.C., Chen Z., Ding L., Gujja S., RA Magrini V., Misas E., Mitreva M., ...

The plant cell wall is a complex material in which the cellulose microfibrils are embedded within a mesh of other polysaccharides, some of which are loosely termed hemicellulose. One such hemicellulose is xyloglucan, which displays a β-1,4-linked D-glucose backbone substituted with xylose, galactose, and occasionally fucose moieties. Both xyloglucan and the enzymes responsible for its modification and degradation are finding increasing prominence, reflecting both the drive for enzymatic biomass conversion, their role in detergent applications, and the utility of modified xyloglucans for cellulose fiber modification. Here we present the enzymatic characterization and three-dimensional structures in ligand-free and xyloglucan-oligosaccharide complexed forms of two distinct xyloglucanases from glycoside hydrolase families GH5 and GH12. The enzymes, Paenibacillus pabuli XG5 and Bacillus licheniformis XG12, both display open active center grooves grafted upon their respective (β/α)8 and β-jelly ...

Utiger et al. (2002) examined mtDNA variation in New World and Old World Elaphe and determined that North American rat snakes included in the genus Elaphe formed a monophyletic limeage that is distinct from Old World snakes that also have been regarded as Elaphe. They resurrected the genus Pantherophis for the rat snakes north of Mexico, including the following species: Pantherophis obsoletus (and P. alleghaniensis and P. spiloides, if one recognizes those taxa as species), P. guttatus, P. emoryi, P. vulpinus, P. gloydi, and P. bairdi. Crother et al. (2003) did not follow this taxonomy pending further research, and retained the traditional concept of Elaphe. Burbrink and Lawson (2007) agreed with Utiger et al. (2002) that these species do not belong in Elaphe, but suggested that the genus Pantherophis might belong in Pituophis. We place this species in Pantherophis, following Utiger et al. (2002) pending further information on the relationships of these taxa ...

Although they prefer rodents, rat snakes will bite humans if cornered. Avoid infection wounds by knowing how to respond to its aggressions knowing its natural history.

Although they prefer rodents, rat snakes will bite humans if cornered. Avoid infection wounds by knowing how to respond to its aggressions knowing its natural history.

Pantherophis alleghaniensis, the Eastern rat snake; Lowndes county, Georgia (28 April 2012). Note that some consider Gray-patterned Eastern rat snakes in this area to be Pantherophis spiloides, the Gray rat snake. Learn more about this complex at iNaturalist.org.

The performance of a fluidized bed reactor using immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium to remove 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from aqueous solution was investigated. The contribution of lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) secreted by Phanerochaete chrysosporium to the 2,4-DCP degradation was examined. Results showed that Lip and Mnp were not essential to 2,4-DCP degradation while their presence enhanced the degradation process and reaction rate. In sequential batch experiment, the bioactivity of immobilized cells was recovered and improved during the culture and the maximum degradation rate constant of 13.95 mg (Ld)−1 could be reached. In continuous bioreactor test, the kinetic behavior of the Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized on loofa sponge was found to follow the Monod equation. The maximum reaction rate was 7.002 mg (Lh)−1, and the saturation constant was 26.045 mg L−1. ...

The first steps of wood degradation by fungi lead to the release of toxic compounds known as extractives. To better understand how lignolytic fungi cope with the toxicity of these molecules, a transcriptomic analysis of Phanerochaete chrysosporium genes was performed in presence of oak acetonic extracts. It reveals that in complement to the extracellular machinery of degradation, intracellular antioxidant and detoxification systems contribute to the lignolytic capabilities of fungi presumably by preventing cellular damages and maintaining fungal health. Focusing on these systems, a glutathione transferase (PcGTT2.1) has been selected for functional characterization. This enzyme, not characterized so far in basidiomycetes, has been first classified as a GTT2 in comparison to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae isoform. However, a deeper analysis shows that GTT2.1 isoform has functionally evolved to reduce lipid peroxidation by recognizing high-molecular weight peroxides as substrates. Moreover, the ...

Abstract: The central nervous system (CNS) of a metamorphically competent larva of the caenogastropod Ilyanassa obsoleta contains a medial, unpaired apical ganglion (AG) of approximately 25 neurons that lies above the commissure connecting the paired cerebral ganglia. The AG, also known as the cephalic or apical sensory organ (ASO), contains numerous sensory neurons and innervates the ciliated velar lobes, the larval swimming and feeding structures. Before metamorphosis, the AG contains 5 serotonergic neurons and exogenous serotonin can induce metamorphosis in competent larvae. The AG appears to be a purely larval structure as it disappears within 3 days of metamorphic induction. In competent larvae, most neurons of the AG display nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-like immunoreactivity and inhibition of NOS activity can induce larval metamorphose. Because nitric oxide (NO) can prevent cells from undergoing apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death (PCD), we hypothesize that inhibition of NOS activity ...

Lawson, B., Franklinos, L.H.V., Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez, J., Wend-Hansen, C., Nair, S., Macgregor, S., John, S., Pizzi, R., Núñez, A., Ashton, P., Cunningham, A.A., de Pinna, E. (n.d.). Salmonella Enteritidis ST183: emerging and endemic biotypes affecting western European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) and people in Great Britain. Scientific Reports, In Press.. Franklinos, L. H. V., Lorch, J. M., Bohuski, E., Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez, J., Wright, O. N., Fitzpatrick, L., … Lawson, B. (2017). Emerging fungal pathogen Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola in wild European snakes. Scientific Reports, 7, 3844. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03352-1. Franklinos, L. H. V., Masters, N., Feltrer, Y., Pocknell, A., Bolt, D. M., Dakin, S., Berry, K., Molenaar, F.M. (2017). The management of an oral anaplastic sarcoma in a pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) using intralesional chemotherapy. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 48(1), 260-264. https://doi.org/10.1638/2016-0015.1. Franklinos, L.H.V. ...

ID C1GVY4_PARBA Unreviewed; 857 AA. AC C1GVY4; DT 26-MAY-2009, integrated into UniProtKB/TrEMBL. DT 04-FEB-2015, sequence version 2. DT 07-JUN-2017, entry version 36. DE RecName: Full=V-type proton ATPase subunit a {ECO:0000256,RuleBase:RU361189}; GN ORFNames=PAAG_02679 {ECO:0000313,EMBL:EEH40703.2}; OS Paracoccidioides lutzii (strain ATCC MYA-826 / Pb01) (Paracoccidioides OS brasiliensis). OC Eukaryota; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; Pezizomycotina; Eurotiomycetes; OC Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Onygenales incertae sedis; OC Paracoccidioides. OX NCBI_TaxID=502779 {ECO:0000313,EMBL:EEH40703.2, ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000002059}; RN [1] {ECO:0000313,EMBL:EEH40703.2, ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000002059} RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. RC STRAIN=ATCC MYA-826 / Pb01 {ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000002059}; RX PubMed=22046142; DOI=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002345; RA Desjardins C.A., Champion M.D., Holder J.W., Muszewska A., RA Goldberg J., Bailao A.M., Brigido M.M., Ferreira M.E., Garcia ...

The glycogen-synthase-kinase 3 (GSK-3) is an important target in drug discovery. This enzyme is involved in the signaling pathways of type 2 diabetes, neurological disorders, cancer, and other diseases. Therefore, inhibitors of GSK-3 are promising drug candidates for the treatment of a broad range of diseases. Here we report pannorin (1), alternariol (2), and alternariol-9-methylether (3) to be promising inhibitors of the isoform GSK-3β showing sub-μM IC50 values. The in vitro inhibition is in the range of the known highly active GSK-3β inhibitor TDZD-8. Compounds 1-3 have a highly oxygenated benzocoumarin core structure in common, which suggests that this may be a new structural feature for efficient GSK-3β inhibition.

Conclusions: The GGSF and GANM substrates favored an antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus during the second and third hours of fermentation (inhibition diameter was 6.11% and 4.72%, respectively). The GGSF, GANM and CS substrates did not present statistically significant differences for the production of antimicrobial substances against Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, GGSF and GANM can be considered as viable and economical alternative nitrogen sources for the production of the antimicrobial compounds formed by Weissella confusa in submerged fermentations ...

Information portal for reptile and amphibian hobbyists offering classifieds, forums, photo galleries, events, business listings and much more for various species

TABLE-US-00002 Program: CLUSTALW, Default parameters: Protein Gap Open Penalty 10.0 Protein Gap Extension Penalty 0.2 Protein weight matrix: Gonnet series GI No. of the reference S_ID DB SEQ ID NO Organism sequences Aa Position s1 seq_ID 2 Zymomonas mobilis AAV90172.1 F 486 s20 seq_ID 3 Streptomyces coelicolor CAB39697.1 F 449 s911 seq_ID 4 Acetobacter pasteurianus BAH99456.1 F 481 s2 seq_ID 5 Bradyrhizobium sp. ABQ33590.1 F 447 s940 seq_ID 6 Zymomonas mobilis EER62728.1 F 438 s949 seq_ID 7 Acidithiobacillus caldus EET25937.1 Y 432 s167 seq_ID 8 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ACH84004.1 Y 429 s41 seq_ID 9 Acidobacterium capsulatum ACO34244.1 F 458 s36 seq_ID 10 Acidothermus cellulolyticus ABK53469.1 F 426 s83 seq_ID 11 Adiantum capillus-veneris BAF93209.1 Y 436 s143 seq_ID 12 Ajellomyces capsulatus EDN09769.1 F 496 s995 seq_ID 13 Ajellomyces capsulatus EER40510.1 -- 432 s163 seq_ID 14 Ajellomyces capsulatus EEH02950.1 F 429 s13 seq_ID 15 Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius EED08231.1 Y 420 s14 ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Glyoxylate-supported reactions catalyzed by Mn peroxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. T2 - Activity in the absence of added hydrogen peroxide. AU - Kuan, I. Ching. AU - Tien, Ming. PY - 1993. Y1 - 1993. N2 - Mn peroxidases are H2O2-utilizing hemeproteins secreted by the lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. We show here that glyoxylate is capable of supporting Mn peroxidase activity without added H2O2. This glyoxylate-supported activity is dependent upon Mn2+ and dioxygen. The involvement of superoxide is demonstrated by inhibition by superoxide scavenging agents, superoxide dismutase, or tetranitromethane. The addition of catalase resulted in dioxygen evolution, indicating that H2O2 is an intermediate in the reaction. Formate is one of the oxidation products of glyoxylate as detected by the formate dehydrogenase assay. The generation of H2O2 in the presence of Mn2+ and Mn peroxidase results in Mn3+ formation. Consequently, we show that the direct reaction ...

The temporal and spatial effects of selenite (SeO32−) on the physical properties and respiratory activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium biofilms, grown in flow-cell reactors, were investigated using oxygen microsensors and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaging. Exposure of the biofilm to a SeO32− load of 1.67 mg Se L−1 h−1 (10 mg Se L−1 influent concentration), for 24 h, resulted in a 20% reduction of the O2 flux, followed by a ∼10% decrease in the glucose consumption rate. Long-term exposure (4 days) to SeO32− influenced the architecture of the biofilm by creating a more compact and dense hyphal arrangement resulting in a decrease of biofilm thickness compared to fungal biofilms grown without SeO32−. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the effect of SeO32− on the aerobic respiratory activity on fungal biofilms is described.

Abstract: The apical ganglion (AG) of larval caenogastropods, such as Ilyanassa obsoleta, houses a sensory organ, contains five serotonergic neurons, innervates the muscular and ciliary components of the velum, and sends neurites into a neuropil that lies atop the cerebral commissure. During metamorphosis, the AG is lost. This loss had been postulated to occur through some form of programmed cell death (PCD), but it is possible for cells within the AG to be respecified or to migrate into adjacent ganglia. Evidence from histological sections is supported by results from a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, which indicate that cells of the AG degenerate by PCD. PCD occurs after metamorphic induction by serotonin or by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. Cellular degeneration and nuclear condensation and loss were observed within 12 h of metamorphic induction by NOS inhibition and occur before loss of the velar lobes, the ciliated tissue used ...

We have Leucistic Texas Rat Snakes for sale at American Reptile Distributors! Live arrival guaranteed with priority overnight shipping! Buy a Leucistic Texas Rat Snake online from Americas most exclusive & trusted reptile distributor today!

1GPI: Family 7 Cellobiohydrolases from Phanerochaete Chrysosporium: Crystal Structure of the Catalytic Module of Cel7D (Cbh58) at 1.32 Angstrom Resolution and Homology Models of the Isozymes.

1C8I: Direct binding of hydroxylamine to the heme iron of Arthromyces ramosus peroxidase. Substrate analogue that inhibits compound I formation in a competetive manner.

The production of methionine by submerged fermentation using a mutant strain of Corynebacterium lilium was studied to determine suitable conditions for obtaining high productivity. The mutant strain resistant to the ...

Phanerochaete chrysosporium ATCC 24725 internal transcribed spacer 1, partial sequence; 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene and internal transcribed spacer 2, complete sequence; and 28S ribosomal RNA gene, partial ...

Information portal for reptile and amphibian hobbyists offering classifieds, forums, photo galleries, events, business listings and much more for various species

What makes it the worst, though, is that this wording gives the impression that evolution is a directed process. If a species needs some particular trait, somehow, natural selection will work toward acquiring that trait. Thats absurd! Yet time and time again, this author gives the impression that natural selection will do just that. For example, while discussing the Rat Snake, the author said, As a result, rat snakes have had to adapt to their local environments in an effort to avoid detection and hunt more effectively. In the case of nylon-eating bacteria, the author said, This is a very simple example of natural selection, where the most basic forms of life can adapt to whatever food the environment offers. Isnt that a hoot? According to this logic, if only birdseed is available in some area, then the crocodiles there can adapt to eat birdseed! ...

El proceso de transferir información de un emisor a un receptor a través de un canal determinado se llama comunicación. Entidades biológicas se han basado desde tiempos inmemoriales en mensajeros químicos para transmitir información; Válido para los organismos multicelulares, así como para las poblaciones de organismos unicelulares. Al ser compuestos químicos, estos mensajeros se ven limitados al alcanze de dicho sistema, por ejemplo: Aun mensajeros de largo alzanze, como las hormonas, estan ligadas al sistema quimico (cuerpo humano). En este proyecto, nuestra meta es hacer que la barrera química de la comunicación celular se vuelva obsoleta.Esto se traduce al uso de mensajeros no químicos, en este caso, los fotones. Nuestro canal entonces es la luz hecha apartir de paquetes de fotones o cuantas de energía, que transportaran información de los remitentes a los receptores, cruzando asi murallas quimicas. En consecuencia, nuestro sistema de comunicación ya no es contenida dentro de ...

El proceso de transferir información de un emisor a un receptor a través de un canal determinado se llama comunicación. Entidades biológicas se han basado desde tiempos inmemoriales en mensajeros químicos para transmitir información; Válido para los organismos multicelulares, así como para las poblaciones de organismos unicelulares. Al ser compuestos químicos, estos mensajeros se ven limitados al alcanze de dicho sistema, por ejemplo: Aun mensajeros de largo alzanze, como las hormonas, estan ligadas al sistema quimico (cuerpo humano). En este proyecto, nuestra meta es hacer que la barrera química de la comunicación celular se vuelva obsoleta.Esto se traduce al uso de mensajeros no químicos, en este caso, los fotones. Nuestro canal entonces es la luz hecha apartir de paquetes de fotones o cuantas de energía, que transportaran información de los remitentes a los receptores, cruzando asi murallas quimicas. En consecuencia, nuestro sistema de comunicación ya no es contenida dentro de ...

The elaphe are the main genus of rat snakes. It contains different species. These snakes are non-venomous but their bite. Read more ...

GenDR A curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling.. ...

Influence of Carbon Source on the Production of Extracellular Ligninolytic Enzymes by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Fangfang Wang,a Mingqiang Ai,a Guihua Yang,b Jiachuan Chen,b Xiulan Chen,a and Feng Huang a,*. The effect of altering the carbon source in the growing environment was investigated relative to the production of ligninolytic enzymes by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Glucose, cellobiose, and cellulose (or mixtures thereof) were used as the carbon sources. Glucose oxidase and glyoxal oxidase activities in all carbon sources were produced during cultivation. High peak levels (0.17 to 0.24 IU/mL) of manganese peroxidase activity were observed only in mediums containing oligosaccharides. Lignin peroxidase activity was high in glucose medium (0.21 IU/mL of peak value); however, minimal amounts were formed in the cellulose medium (0.01 IU/mL of peak value). High amounts of cellobiose:quinone oxidoreductase (3.33-3.99 IU/mL of peak value) and cellobiose dehydrogenase (0.04-0.2 IU/mL of peak ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Oxidation of 1,2,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene by lignin peroxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. AU - Koduri, Rao S.. AU - Whitwam, Ross E.. AU - Barr, David. AU - Aust, Steven D.. AU - Tien, Ming. PY - 1996/2/15. Y1 - 1996/2/15. N2 - We have reinvestigated the lignin peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of 1,2,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene (TMB) by using presteady-state and steady-state kinetic methods. Our presteady-state kinetic results show that the reaction of compound I with TMB obeyed second order kinetics with a rate constant of 1.1 x 107 M-1 s-1. The reaction of compound II with TMB exhibits a hyperbolic concentration dependence with a K(d) of 16 μM and k = 24 s-1. The stoichiometry of TMB oxidation during steady state is two TMB cation radicals formed per H2O2 consumed. These results clearly show that TMB is a good substrate for both compounds I and II of lignin peroxidase.. AB - We have reinvestigated the lignin peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of 1,2,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene (TMB) by ...

While most Ascomycetes tend to associate principally with plants, the dimorphic fungi Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii are primary pathogens of immunocompetent mammals, including humans. Infection results from environmental exposure to Coccidiodies, which is believed to grow as a soil saprophyte in arid deserts. To investigate hypotheses about the life history and evolution of Coccidioides, the genomes of several Onygenales, including C. immitis and C. posadasii; a close, nonpathogenic relative, Uncinocarpus reesii; and a more diverged pathogenic fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum, were sequenced and compared with those of 13 more distantly related Ascomycetes. This analysis identified increases and decreases in gene family size associated with a host/substrate shift from plants to animals in the Onygenales. In addition, comparison among Onygenales genomes revealed evolutionary changes in Coccidioides that may underlie its infectious phenotype, the identification of which may ...

In spite of great variation in body size, habitat use, diet, and behavior, the lack of bold, readily apparent distinguishing marks can make identification of southeastern black snakes a daunting task for those inexperienced with snakes. Nonetheless, an informed observer can readily recognize the bright orange belly of the black swamp snake or the namesake ringed neck of the ring-necked snake, and may quickly learn to distinguish between the smooth, glossy sheen of the eastern indigo or black racer and the keeled, somewhat dull look of the black pine and black rat snakes. These snakes may seem nondescript at first glance, though knowledge of these and other more subtle, yet telltale characteristics will assist in the rewarding task of becoming familiar with the black snakes of the southeastern US.. Fortunately, there are a variety of books and websites that are extremely helpful references for use in determining the identity of an unknown non-venomous or venomous snake. In addition, these ...

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a degradação de deoxinivalenol por Aspergillus oryzae e Rhizopus oryzae durante fermentação submersa e correlacioná-la com a atividade de enzimas oxidoredutases. O meio submerso foi constituído por água destilada estéril contaminada com 50 μg de DON e inóculo de 4 × 106 esporos.mL-1 de meio das espécies fúngicas Aspergillus oryzae e Rhizopus oryzae, separadamente em cada experimento. A amostragem foi realizada a cada 24 horas de processo para medida da atividade específica da enzima peroxidase, e a cada 48 horas para a determinação dos níveis de DON. Os resultados mostraram que as espécies fúngicas avaliadas possuem capacidade de metabolizar DON, acompanhada de aumento na atividade da enzima oxidativa PO. No intervalo de 48 horas de fermentação, ocorreu a maior atividade específica da enzima peroxidase (ΔABS/minute.μg.protein-1), 800 e 198, correspondendo a maior velocidade de degradação de DON de 10.8 e 12.4 ppb/hour, ...

There also are copy-number changes within conserved fungal kinase families. Phylogenetic analysis of the MAPK cascade revealed Basidiomycota-specific duplications in the MAPK genes (S. cerevisiae FUS3/KSS1) which are involved in the pheromone response, whereas HOG1 a p38 kinase, is single copy throughout the sampled fungi (Fig. S3).. We examined two additional gene families of significant size (cytochrome P450 and hydrophobins) to ask if duplicated paralogs from these families also are found in restricted chromosome regions. The P450 gene family (125 genes contain the Pfam domain) includes genes with metabolic roles in monooxygenase metabolism, and the family is implicated in the degradation capabilities of Phanerochaete chrysosporium on substrates ranging from lignin to diesel fuel (26, 27). Phylogenetic analysis shows that the expansion of the family was independent in P. chrysosporium and C. cinerea (SI Text and Fig. S4). Although scattered members of the P450 and other expanded families are ...

INTRODUCTION. Lipases (triacylglycerol acylhydrolases, EC3.1.1.3) are water-soluble enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds of insoluble triacylglycerols, releasing free fatty acids, mono-or diacylglycerolin into the oil-water interface (Treichel et al., 2010). These enzymes catalyze a wide range of reactions such as hydrolysis, esterification, trans-esterification, alcoholysis, acidolysis and aminolysis (Joseph; Ramteke; Thomas, 2008), and may be of animal, microbial or plant origin, with variations in catalytic properties, and can be obtained by solid-state fermentation or submerged fermentation (Annibale et al., 2006; Rigo et al., 2010; Papagora; Roukas; Kotzekidou, 2013).. Lipases are an important group of enzymes with various applications in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industry, besides having great interest for the treatment of effluents with high lipid content (Jeganathan; Nakhla; Bassi, 2007; Ertugrul; Donnez; Takac, 2007). The use of lipases in effluents with high ...

Between March and May, snakes will begin to emerge from winters hibernation. After a few weeks, rat snakes begin to seek out a mate, typically in late April, May, and early June. Males tend to wait for the females to pass through their territory, and by using pheromones, will communicate and initiate the mating process with the female. A male will approach a female, line up with her and attempt to wrap his tail around her tail with their vents nearly touching. Some males will grasp females with their mouths to hold them in place and prevent their escape. The male will then erect his hemipene and insert it into the females cloaca while several small spines anchor the hemipene firmly. Mating can last only a few minutes or it can span the time of a few hours. Five weeks later, the female will lay around 5 to 27 eggs. The female will lay her eggs in a hidden area, under hollow logs or leaves, or in abandoned burrows. The eggs will hatch 55 to 60 days later. Like other reptiles, rat snakes have ...

Thailand has 200+ snake species with about 35 of them venomous and deadly (on land). I started this site to educate Thais, expats, and visitors to Thailand about snakes. Many people kill the snakes they see here, while in many cases - they are non-venomous and completely harmless. With this site I hope to give people a better idea of what is harmful and what isnt ...

Since it is open access you can read the paper for the full details. The main result is that it looks like separate and distinction lineages of R. rattus piggybacked on the expansion of humans. The main caveat, admitted in the article, is a reliance on mtDNA and the possibility of admixture and introgression across lineages explaining the current extant variance. The authors refer to paraphyly because it may be that all the descendants of modern black rats, as we understand them, may not be identified as black rats, probably due to their lack of adaptation and coexistence with humans.. Obviously well need to wait for autosomal studies which utilize many more markers. But lets grant the robustness of this finding: that the modern black rat lineages are a compound of a recent demographic expansion from a small population in western India, as well as long standing deep rooted populations across South and Southeast Asia, which independently entered into coexistence and parasitism with humans. I ...

This is a little Texas Rat Snake (more info here). Lots of people are quick to kill them and say they have no choice because these snakes are agressive.