TY - JOUR. T1 - Chloride equilibrium potential in salamander cones. AU - Thoreson, Wallace B. AU - Bryson, Eric J.. PY - 2004/12/5. Y1 - 2004/12/5. N2 - Background: GABAergic inhibition and effects of intracellular chloride ions on calcium channel activity have been proposed to regulate neurotransmission from photoreceptors. To assess the impact of these and other chloride-dependent mechanisms on release from cones, the chloride equilibrium potential (ECl) was determined in red-sensitive, large single cones from the tiger salamander retinal slice. Results: Whole cell recordings were done using gramicidin perforated patch techniques to maintain endogenous Cl- levels. Membrane potentials were corrected for liquid junction potentials. Cone resting potentials were found to average -46 mV. To measure ECl, we applied long depolarizing steps to activate the calcium-activated chloride current (ICl(Ca)) and then determined the reversal potential for the current component that was inhibited by the Cl- ...

Congenital Chloride diarrhea (CLD) is an intestinal transport defect of chloride ions. Retention of intestinal chloride causes water retention, which leads to watery diarrhea with an abnormally high chloride concentration. This defect presents in utero, with hydramnion presumably due to intrauterine diarrhea. The gestational period is shortened, and newborn babies have abdominal distension and chronic watery diarrhea. If untreated the condition leads to severe electrolyte changes with a fatal outcome, or to permanent damage of kidneys and brain. Treatment with chloride substitution and control of electrolyte balance is effective and patients can live an almost normal life complicated only by relatively loose stools.

Common causes of hypochloremia, or low chloride levels, include congestive heart failure, dehydration, excessive sweating and dehydration. Hyponatremia, or low sodium levels in the blood or urine,...

Common causes of hypochloremia, or low chloride levels, include congestive heart failure, dehydration, excessive sweating and dehydration. Hyponatremia, or

p,Other than modifying either neurotransmitter release or receptor expression and/or properties, one way to modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A and glycine receptor-mediated signalling is to alter the transmembrane gradient for chloride ions. Because intracellular chloride concentration is low in neurons, and the reversal potential for chloride currents is close to the resting membrane potential, small changes in intracellular chloride concentration can dramatically affect the strength and even polarity of GABA/glycine-mediated transmission. It now appears that chloride homeostasis is actively regulated in the adult brain and affected by endogenous neuromodulators such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Modulating chloride gradients even emerges as a mechanism by which microglia can control neuronal excitability. These findings, together with the observation of altered chloride homeostasis in several neurological disorders, point to new targets for therapeutic agents.,/p,. ...

Most of us use lactated Ringers solution for fluid therapy intraoperatively, though in some institutions the preferred solution is normal saline. Normal salines chloride concentration is 154 mEq/l, substantially higher than typical serum chloride concentration (100-100 mEq/l). Given salines higher chloride concentration, do patients who receive that solution get hyperchloremic acidosis? If they do, what are the implications?. In their study Hyperchloremia After Noncardiac Surgery Is Independently Associated with Increased Morbidity and Mortality: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study, Dr. Stuart A. McCluskey, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and colleagues compared outcomes in patients who were hyperchloremic with outcomes in patients with normal serum chloride after inpatient, noncardiac, nontransplant surgery. This was a retrospective study using propensity-matched and logistic multivariable ...

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WNK1 [with no lysine (K)] is a serine-threonine kinase associated with a form of familial hypertension. WNK1 is at the top of a kinase cascade, leading to phosphorylation of several cotransporters, in particular those transporting sodium, potassium, and chloride (NKCC), sodium and chloride (NCC), and potassium and chloride (KCC). The responsiveness of NKCC, NCC, and KCC to changes in extracellular chloride parallels their phosphorylation state, provoking the proposal that these transporters are controlled by a chloride-sensitive protein kinase. We found that chloride stabilizes the inactive conformation of WNK1, preventing kinase autophosphorylation and activation. Crystallographic studies of inactive WNK1 in the presence of chloride revealed that chloride binds directly to the catalytic site, providing a basis for the unique position of the catalytic lysine. Mutagenesis of the chloride-binding site rendered the kinase less sensitive to inhibition of autophosphorylation by chloride, validating ...

CL:0000017 ! spermatocyte CL:0000018 ! spermatid CL:0000019 ! sperm CL:0000023 ! oocyte CL:0000025 ! egg CL:0000026 ! nurse cell CL:0000030 ! glioblast CL:0000031 ! neuroblast CL:0000034 ! stem cell CL:0000037 ! hematopoietic stem cell CL:0000056 ! myoblast CL:0000057 ! fibroblast CL:0000062 ! osteoblast CL:0000066 ! epithelial cell CL:0000071 ! blood vessel endothelial cell CL:0000075 ! columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell CL:0000081 ! blood cell CL:0000084 ! T cell CL:0000092 ! osteoclast CL:0000094 ! granulocyte CL:0000097 ! mast cell CL:0000115 ! endothelial cell CL:0000125 ! glial cell CL:0000127 ! astrocyte CL:0000128 ! oligodendrocyte CL:0000129 ! microglial cell CL:0000134 ! mesenchymal cell CL:0000136 ! fat cell CL:0000138 ! chondrocyte CL:0000147 ! pigment cell CL:0000148 ! melanocyte CL:0000150 ! glandular epithelial cell CL:0000178 ! Leydig cell CL:0000187 ! muscle cell CL:0000188 ! skeletal muscle cell CL:0000192 ! smooth muscle cell CL:0000201 ! auditory receptor cell CL:0000202 ! ...

CL:0000017 ! spermatocyte CL:0000018 ! spermatid CL:0000019 ! sperm CL:0000023 ! oocyte CL:0000025 ! egg CL:0000026 ! nurse cell CL:0000030 ! glioblast CL:0000031 ! neuroblast CL:0000034 ! stem cell CL:0000037 ! hematopoietic stem cell CL:0000056 ! myoblast CL:0000057 ! fibroblast CL:0000062 ! osteoblast CL:0000066 ! epithelial cell CL:0000071 ! blood vessel endothelial cell CL:0000075 ! columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell CL:0000081 ! blood cell CL:0000084 ! T cell CL:0000092 ! osteoclast CL:0000094 ! granulocyte CL:0000097 ! mast cell CL:0000115 ! endothelial cell CL:0000125 ! glial cell CL:0000127 ! astrocyte CL:0000128 ! oligodendrocyte CL:0000129 ! microglial cell CL:0000134 ! mesenchymal cell CL:0000136 ! fat cell CL:0000138 ! chondrocyte CL:0000147 ! pigment cell CL:0000148 ! melanocyte CL:0000150 ! glandular epithelial cell CL:0000178 ! Leydig cell CL:0000187 ! muscle cell CL:0000188 ! skeletal muscle cell CL:0000192 ! smooth muscle cell CL:0000201 ! auditory receptor cell CL:0000202 ! ...

An improved process is disclosed of preparing a high chloride tabular grain emulsion. The concentration of thiocyanate ion in the dispersing medium at nucleation and during grain growth is relied upon a favor the formation of {111} crystal faces. The concentration of chloride ion in the thiocyanate ion containing dispersing medium is relied upon to produce the grain twinning necessary for tabular grain formation.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Apical membrane chloride channels in a colonic cell line activated by secretory agonists. AU - Halm, D. R.. AU - Rechkemmer, G. R.. AU - Schoumacher, Robert. AU - Frizzell, R. A.. PY - 1988/1/1. Y1 - 1988/1/1. N2 - We characterized the anion channel responsible for the increase in apical membrane Cl secretion using a model salt-secreting epithelium, the T84 colonic cell line. The adenosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-mediated secretagogues, prostaglandin E2, forskolin, and 8-bromo-cAMP, evoked activity of an outwardly rectifying Cl channel in previously quiet cell-attached membrane patches. The channel remained active in excised, inside-out membranes, where its single-channel conductance was 40-45 pS at 0 mV with 160 mM NaCl in pipette and bath. Selectivities were P(Cl)/P(Na) = 50 and for halides I(1.8)/Br(1.4)/Cl(1.0)/F(0.4). This halide sequence illustrates that the ability of various anions to undergo transepithelial secretion is determined by the selectivity of the ...

Chloride flux at corneal wounds A.Cl− concentration. Unwounded cornea had a slighly higher Cl− concentration than background. Upon wounding, the Cl− conce

Read Glucose enhances rotavirus enterotoxin-induced intestinal chloride secretion, Pflügers Archiv European Journal of Physiologyl of Physiology on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.

We have shown that XE991 can reduce electrogenic chloride secretion in the murine colon when it is added basolaterally. This result supports the general thesis that hyperpolarization increases chloride efflux through the apical membrane by increasing the electrical gradient. Conversely, blockade of basolateral K+-channels, by causing depolarization, will reduce chloride secretion. Because XE991 reduces the basal SCC without prior stimulation of SCC, this suggests that some K+ channels are constitutively open, as has been argued by others (Schroeder et al., 2000).. Both forskolin and EBIO have multiple actions on chloride secretory epithelia. Both activate apically located CFTR chloride channels, either by increasing cAMP (Cuthbert et al., 1999b) or by direct action (Devor et al.,1996a,b), and both activate basolateral K+ channels, again either via cAMP or by a mixture of direct and indirect actions (Devor et al.,1996a,b; Cuthbert et al., 1999b; Syme et al., 2000). However, as shown here for the ...

A detailed study of the anodic behaviour of synthetic covellite in acidic chloride solutions has been conducted as part of an overall program on the fundamental aspects of the heap leaching of copper sulfide minerals.. The anodic behaviour in chloride solutions is characterized by active (but slow) dissolution at low potentials below about 0.65 V, passivation at potentials above 0.70 V that continues to potentials greater than 1.4 V above which rapid transpassive dissolution occurs. These characteristics are also typical of chalcopyrite under similar conditions.. The anodic characteristics at potentials in the region of the measured mixed potentials in the presence of copper(II) show that there are two peaks in the voltammetric sweeps at about 0.65 V and 0.75 V, the magnitude of which increase with increasing chloride concentration. The two peaks merge into a single peak at very high chloride concentrations.. Potentiostatic current-time transients at various potentials in the region of the mixed ...

The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane glycoprotein that transports chloride ions across the cell membrane in exchange for bicarbonate ions. It is localized to the mucosa of the lower intestinal tract, particularly to the apical membrane of columnar epithelium and some goblet cells. The protein is essential for intestinal chloride absorption, and mutations in this gene have been associated with congenital chloride diarrhea. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008 ...

Descending rabbit colon, stripped ofmuscularis externa, absorbs Na and Cl under short-circuit conditions and exhibits a residual ion flux, consistent with HCO3 secretion, whose magnitude is approximately equal to the rate of active Cl absorption. Net K transport was not observed under short-circuit conditions. The results of ion replacement studies and of treatment with ouabain or amiloride suggest that the short-circuit currentI sc is determined solely by the rate of active Na transport and that the net movements of Cl and HCO3 are mediated by a Na-independent, electrically-neutral, anion exchange process. Cyclic AMP stimulates an electrogenic Cl secretion, abolishes HCO3 secretion but does not affect the rate of Na absorption under short-circuit conditions. Studies of the effect of transepithelial potential difference on the serosa-to-mucosa fluxesJ sm i of Na, K and Cl suggest thatJ sm Na ,J sm K and one-third ofJ sm Cl may be attributed to ionic diffusion. The permeabilities of the passive

A sub-chronic repeated dose toxicity study was conducted according to EPA guideline 82.1 which is equivalent to OECD guideline 408 under GLP conditions. The test article (sodium chlorite) was administered by gavage daily for 13 weeks to the rat. Doses were selected based on a previous range-finding study. The doses for the main study were 10, 25 and 80 mg/kg/day. Animals were observed daily and bodyweight and food consumption were recorded weekly. Ophthalmic examinations were performed on all animals before dosing started and on high dose and control animals during week 12. Blood samples for haematological and blood chemical investigations were obtained during week 13. Urine samples were analysed during week 13. At the end of the treatment period animals were sacrificed and necropsied. Several organs were weighed and a range of tissues was preserved for subsequent histopathology. Sodium chlorite treatment elicited toxicity at 80 and 25 mg/kg/day. At the highest dose level this was characterised ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - The effect of metakaolin on chloride penetration into concrete. AU - Ferreira, Miguel. AU - Costa, Pedro M.. PY - 2011. Y1 - 2011. N2 - Extensive research and practical experience have shown that partial replacement of cement by metakaolin improves concrete durability as a result of the refinement of the pore structure. While literature confirms much research on the performance of concrete with metakaolin, it is scarce concerning the performance with regards to chloride penetration. For the study, reference mixes where made with CEM I 42,5R cement. Two contents levels where defined: 330 kg/m3 and 440 kg/m3 based on mix designs currently used in the ready-mixindustry for C20/25 and C30/37 concretes. Cement was partially replaced with metakaolin with levels varying from 10-20%. All mixes where tested for compressive strength, electrical resistivity and chloride diffusion characteristics (migration and immersion testing). The results demonstrate the improved resistance to chloride ...

Hyperchloremia is an electrolyte imbalance that occurs when theres too much chloride in the blood. Chloride is an important electrolyte that is responsible for maintaining the acid-base (pH) balance in your body, regulating fluids, and transmitting nerve impulses. The normal range for chloride in adults is roughly bet

Supporting transcellular Cl absorption, apical membranes of both amphibian and mammalian proximal tubules bring Cl into the cell from the tubule lumen in exchange for organic anions such as oxalate and formate via isoforms of the SLC family of multifunctional anion exchangers (6, 7, 24, 81, 87, 152, 179, 181), and the basolateral membrane offers Cl channels that permit the exit of intracellular Cl into the renal interstitium (7, 149, 151). Supporting transcellular Cl secretion, same cells employ Cl/HCO3 exchange to bring Cl into the cell from the renal interstitium (2, 90, 117, 141, 193), and the apical membrane offers Cl channels that allow the efflux of Cl into the tubule lumen (1, 31, 99, 182). Thus amphibian and mammalian proximal tubules express the transporters for absorptive as well as secretory Cl transport (Fig. 10). Whether net transcellular Cl transport proceeds in the direction of absorption or secretion depends on many variables, among them 1) the relative number and activity of ...

The single-span membrane protein KCNE3 modulates a variety of voltage-gated ion channels in diverse biological contexts. In epithelial cells, KCNE3 regulates the function of the KCNQ1 potassium ion (K(+)) channel to enable K(+) recycling coupled to transepithelial chloride ion (Cl(-)) secretion, a physiologically critical cellular transport process in various organs and whose malfunction causes diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF), cholera, and pulmonary edema. Structural, computational, biochemical, and electrophysiological studies lead to an atomically explicit integrative structural model of the KCNE3-KCNQ1 complex that explains how KCNE3 induces the constitutive activation of KCNQ1 channel activity, a crucial component in K(+) recycling. Central to this mechanism are direct interactions of KCNE3 residues at both ends of its transmembrane domain with residues on the intra- and extracellular ends of the KCNQ1 voltage-sensing domain S4 helix. These interactions appear to stabilize the ...

A chloride test measures the level of chloride in your blood or urine. Chloride is one of the most important electrolytes in the blood. It helps keep the amount of fluid inside and outside of your cells in balance. It also helps maintain proper blood volume, blood pressure, and pH of your body fluids. Tests for sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate are usually done at the same time as a blood test for chloride.. Most of the chloride in your body comes from the salt (sodium chloride) you eat. Chloride is absorbed by your intestines when you digest food. Extra chloride leaves your body in your urine.. Sometimes a test for chloride can be done on a one-time random sample of urine or on a sample of all your urine collected over a 24-hour period (called a 24-hour urine sample). This can help find out how much chloride is leaving your body in your urine.. Chloride can also be measured in skin sweat to test for cystic fibrosis. ...

History/Goals: Even though the Cl- efflux assays are relatively straightforward, their capability to assess the efficiency of phenotypic modification in cystic fibrosis (CF) tissues or cells might end up being small. wild-type (wt), the 36Cl efflux assay was no reliable much longer. 115256-11-6 manufacture Polarized CFBE41o-cells, homozygous for the Y508 mutation also, had been utilized in the Ussing step research. Ussing evaluation discovered cAMP-dependent Cl- currents in blends with 1% wild-type cells suggesting that Ussing evaluation is normally even more delicate than 36Cd efflux evaluation for recognition of useful CFTR. A conclusion: Evaluation of CFTR function by Ussing evaluation is definitely more sensitive than 36Cl efflux analysis. Ussing analysis shows that cell mixes comprising 10% 16HBecome14o- cells showed 40C50% of normal cAMP-dependent Cl- transport that drops off exponentially between 10-1% wild-type cells. cell systems. Materials and Methods Cell tradition and cell lines The ...

The cognitive enhancer XE991 interacts with K(+) channels consisting of KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 heteromultimers to block the M-current. XE991 can also block KCNQ1 K(+) channels expressed in oocytes, but sensitivity is reduced when the channels are coexpressed with minK (KCNE1). The purpose of the study was to examine the interaction of XE991 with other types of K(+) channel, especially those in the basolateral membranes of murine epithelia. K(+) channel blockade was measured by the inhibition of chloride secretion resulting from depolarization. XE991 inhibited the chloride secretory current in colonic epithelia by an interaction with basolateral K(+) channels when forskolin was used as the stimulus. However, when 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (EBIO) was used to stimulate chloride secretion, XE991 was ineffective unless charybdotoxin was also present. Because EBIO also activates Ca(2+)-sensitive K(+) channels, whereas forskolin activates only cAMP-sensitive K(+) channels, it is concluded that the latter ...

Hello A store that sells sodium chlorite sent me a chemistry NaCl02 - 25,45% NaCl03 - 0,22% NaCl - 1,05% NaOH - 0,21% Na2CO3 - 0,45% Na2SO4... - Page 2

I suggest that you never use MMS (sodium chlorite solution) without mixing it with citric acid, HCl, or another proven food-grade acid to activate it. Once it...

Mutations in several SLC26 transporters are linked to human diseases, most of which involve epithelia dysfunction in specific organs. This indicates that SLC26 transporters play a central role in transepithelial fluid and electrolyte transport, including Cl− absorption and HCO3− secretion by the kidney, the GI tract, and secretory glands (Kunzelmann and Mall, 2002; Ko et al., 2004; Melvin et al., 2005; Steward et al., 2005). To understand the function of the SLC26 transporters in epithelial Cl− absorption and HCO3− secretion, it is essential to know their transport mechanism and Cl−/HCO3− transport stoichiometry. Two of the most studied SLC26 transporters are slc26a3 and slc26a6. Both were shown to function as Cl−/HCO3− exchangers (Melvin et al., 1999; Ko et al., 2002; Wang et al., 2002) and as electrogenic transporters (Ko et al., 2002; Xie et al., 2002) with isoform-specific stoichiometry (Ko et al., 2002). However, the electrogenicity of the transporters was called into ...

Dear All, Does anyone has any experiences to coat on Sodium Hypo Chloride - 6-14% active Chloride- tank & PH 12 ? in order to prolong the surface against wet corrosion, Tanks base metal is Carbon ste

Chloride secretion is the major determinant of mucosal hydration throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and chloride transport is also pivotal in the regulation of fluid secretion by organs that drain into the intestine. Moreover, there are pathological consequences if chloride secretion is either r …

where cl tm is the maximum total chloride content in concrete in percentage by weight of cement, cl c is the cement chloride content in percentage by weight of cement, w c is the water-cement ratio, cl w is the chloride content in mixing water in ppm, c is the cement content in the concrete mixture in kg/m 3, ca is the coarse aggregate ...

This paper reports the influence of varying curing durations on the chloride ingress resistance of slag blends. Samples were prepared by combining two slags (S1 and S2) with CEM I 52·5R cement at 30% by weight of slag. Mortar samples were cured for either 7 or 28 d, before being exposed to a 3% sodium chloride solution. Samples were subjected to two chloride exposure conditions (either complete submersion or a cyclic 6 h wetting and drying cycle). Depths of free chloride penetration as well as total and water-soluble chloride contents were measured for the exposed samples. Samples cured for 28 d before exposure showed far better resistance to chloride ingress than those cured for 7 d. The cement-slag blend with S1, having an alumina content of 12·23%, performed better than the blend with S2 (alumina content of 7·77%), especially for samples cured for 7 d. This was attributed to the higher basicity of S1. However, when the samples were cured for 28 d, the difference between the performances of ...

Durability and long-term performance of concrete exposed to deleterious ions and environmental conditions are major concerns. The rapid chloride permeability (R

Change in other NPD measures from baseline and Days 4, 7, and 14 to include baseline PD, change in amiloride, low chloride, and low chloride plus isoproterenol ...

:confused: I started to look into chloride because I know its an essential nutrient for plants but its absent from CSM+B Plantex. No problem, the...

Chloride detection kit for NANOCOLOR AOX 3. For samples with high chloride contents. It detects if the chloride is present in the sample after rinsin…

A trial was conducted to establish a NaCl level that maximizes intake and performance while minimizing excretion of Na to the environment. Fifty-nine individually fed yearling heifers (803 lb) were fed 113 days. NaCl was added to a corn-based feedlot diet at levels of 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.375 and 0.5 % of diet DM. No difference in ADG, DMI or F/G were observed with different levels of NaCl. Results suggest NaCl inclusion in the diet likely is not necessary to maintain acceptable feedlot performance.

Browse our extensive range of marine products designed to work within the toughest marine conditions. Listed here are all of our products - manufactured to the highest standards, they offer consistent and dependable documented performance - time after time. ...

Chloride contamination of Wichitas water-supply wells is inevitable unless actions are taken, according to U.S. Geological Survey scientists and authors of a new modeling report describing chloride movement in the areas aquifer.Possible actions include pumping to remove the plume of high-chloride groundwater, and increased artificial recharge of water into the aquifer to

Chloride: sodium and chloride are often found together, and both help regulate the bodys fluid balance. A normal chloride level is 95-105 mmol/L. This test is included in the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel-14

Synonyms for acetyl chloride in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for acetyl chloride. 1 synonym for acetyl chloride: ethanoyl chloride. What are synonyms for acetyl chloride?

User-submitted description: CROSSLINKED, DEOXY HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN A vs. High-resolution X-ray study of deoxyhemoglobin Rothschild 37 beta Trp----Arg: a mutation that creates an intersubunit chloride-binding site. ...

1HBB: HIGH-RESOLUTION X-RAY STUDY OF DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN ROTHSCHILD 37BETA TRP-| ARG: A MUTATION THAT CREATES AN INTERSUBUNIT CHLORIDE-BINDING SITE

Indicated for replenishing fluid losses, as an energy source and for restoration or maintenance of sodium and chloride ion concentrations. Colourless or white crystal and is freely soluble in water. Nonpyrogenic solutions. Sterile. ...

Read Differential response of two almond rootstocks to chloride salt mixtures in the growing medium, Russian Journal of Plant Physiology on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.

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Anhydrous Zinc Chloride , Find Complete Details about Anhydrous Zinc Chloride,Anhydrous Zinc Chloride,Anhydrous Zinc Chloride,Anhydrous Zinc Chloride from Chloride Supplier or Manufacturer-Zhengzhou Qiangjin Science And Technology Trading Co., Ltd.

Zinc chloride is a white crystalline solid. Reacts violently with strong oxidants and strong bases. In aqueous solution it is used as a woodâ ¦ ... NIOSH/OSHA. 8. 0. Chloride compounds can conduct electricity when fused or dissolved in water. Physical hazards. 7646-85-7. Uses of Zinc Chloride: It is used to help growth and good health. Zinc Chloride (CAS. 7646-85-7. Section 6: Accidental Release Measures Small Spill: Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. Proper Shipping Name: ZINC CHLORIDE, ANHYDROUS Hazard Class: 8 UN/NA: UN2331 Packing Group: III. White deliquescent granules or fused pieces. Up to 50 mg/m 3: (APF = 10) Any particulate respirator equipped with an N95, R95, or P95 filter (including N95, R95, and P95 filtering facepieces) except quarter-mask respirators. Zinc Chloride is an inorganic salt. Details: ZINC CHLORIDE, ANHYDROUS. Zinc Chloride is an excellent water soluble crystalline Zinc source for uses compatible with chlorides. 5 ...

Sodium hydroxide (low chloride), ACS, 97.0% min, Alfa Aesar™ 100g Sodium hydroxide (low chloride), ACS, 97.0% min, Alfa Aesar™ Inorganic Sodium Compounds

The compound ZnCl2·​1⁄2HCl·H2O may be prepared by careful precipitation from a solution of ZnCl2 acidified with HCl. It contains a polymeric anion (Zn2Cl5−)n with balancing monohydrated hydronium ions, H5O2+ ions.[4][28] The formation of highly reactive anhydrous HCl gas formed when zinc chloride hydrates are heated is the basis of qualitative inorganic spot tests.[29] The use of zinc chloride as a flux, sometimes in a mixture with ammonium chloride (see also Zinc ammonium chloride), involves the production of HCl and its subsequent reaction with surface oxides. Zinc chloride forms two salts with ammonium chloride: (NH4)2ZnCl4 and (NH4)3ClZnCl4, which decompose on heating liberating HCl, just as zinc chloride hydrate does. The action of zinc chloride/ammonium chloride fluxes, for example, in the hot-dip galvanizing process produces H2 gas and ammonia fumes.[30] Cellulose dissolves in aqueous solutions of ZnCl2, and zinc-cellulose complexes have been detected.[31] Cellulose also dissolves ...

Low chloride conductance myotonia [Elektronische Ressource] : in vitro investigations on muscle stiffness and the warm-up phenomenon / submitted by Sunisa Chaiklieng : Ulm University Institute of Applied Physiology Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Frank Lehmann-Horn Low chloride conductance myotonia - in vitro investigations on muscle stiffness and the warm-up phenomenon Dissertation Applying for the Degree of Doctor of human biology (Dr. biol. hum.) Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University Submitted by Sunisa Chaiklieng From Phatthalung, Thailand

TY - JOUR. T1 - An anion substitution route to low loss colossal dielectric CaCu3Ti4O12. AU - Smith, Andrew E.. AU - Calvarese, T. G.. AU - Sleight, A. W.. AU - Subramanian, M. A.. PY - 2009/2. Y1 - 2009/2. N2 - An anion substitution route was utilized for lowering the dielectric loss in CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) by partial replacement of oxygen by fluorine. This substitution reduced the dielectric loss, and retained a high dielectric constant that was essentially temperature independent from 25 to 200 °C. In particular, CaCu3Ti4O11.7F0.3 exhibited a giant dielectric constant over 6000 and low dielectric loss below 0.075 at 100 kHz within a temperature range of 25-200 °C. Fluorine analysis confirmed the presence of fluorine in all samples measured.. AB - An anion substitution route was utilized for lowering the dielectric loss in CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) by partial replacement of oxygen by fluorine. This substitution reduced the dielectric loss, and retained a high dielectric constant that was essentially ...

The chloride concentration in neurons is in general established by the precise functional expression of the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter one (NKCC1) and the potassium-chloride cotransporter two (KCC2). NKCC1 raises the intracellular chloride concentration, while KCC2 extrudes chloride. The intracellular chloride concentration determines the strength and direction of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-mediated transmission. In general, the intracellular chloride concentration in neurons is low and causes GABA-mediated inhibition. However, the intracellular chloride concentration in immature neurons is high leading to GABAergic depolarization, which can cause excitation. The effects of excitatory GABA signaling in early development is still unclear. It has been speculated that excitatory GABA, causing general depolarization in neurons, has profound effects on neuronal activity and neuronal maturation. Therefore, I studied in collaboration with Carsten Pfeffer the development of the ...

The lantibiotic duramycin (Moli1901, Lancovutide) has been suggested as a drug of choice in the treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF). It has been proposed that duramycin may stimulate chloride secretion through Ca²(+) -activated Cl⁻ channels (CaCC). We investigated whether duramycin exhibited any effe …

I. The effects of different external media on the sodium and chloride efflux in Artemia salina, the brine shrimp, have been observed, using animals acclimatized to sea water. In sea water, both sodium and chloride fluxes across the epithelium are approximately 7,000 pmole cm.-2 sec.-1.. 2. Sodium efflux drops markedly in sodium-free media, and chloride efflux falls in chloride-free media; the two effects are independent, and are not due to changes in external osmolarity.. 3. The decreases in sodium efflux can be explained by changes in electrical potential difference and diffusional permeability; exchange diffusion of sodium does not occur.. 4. Approximately 70% of the chloride efflux is due to exchange diffusion, and most of the remainder is due to active transport.. 5. It is shown that graphs of ion efflux against external concentration which can be fitted by a Michaelis-Menten equation do not constitute evidence for the presence of exchange diffusion; graphs of similar shape can be obtained ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Hypo-osmolar stimulation of transepithelial Cl- secretion in cultured human T84 intestinal epithelial layers. AU - McEwan, Gordon T.A.. AU - Brown, C D. AU - Hirst, B H. AU - Simmons, N L. PY - 1992/6/10. Y1 - 1992/6/10. N2 - Intact epithelial monolayers of T84 human colonic adenocarcinoma cells were exposed from the basolateral surfaces to hypo-osmotic media; in responsive tissues this resulted in a transient stimulation of inward short-circuit current (SCC) to a peak of 12.9 +/- 1.5 (S.E., n = 10) microA/cm2 which declined to prestimulation values of SCC (2.1 microA/cm2) within 5 min. Exposure of T84 cells to hypo-osmotic media results in an increase in cytosolic [Ca2+]i, dependent on extracellular Ca2+ influx. The cell-swelling activated SCC is abolished upon medium Cl- replacement and by 100 microM bumetanide applied to the basal-surfaces, consistent with the inward SCC resulting from transepithelial Cl- secretion. 100 microM DIDS ...

Manufacturer of Ferric Chloride - Ferric Chloride Anhydrous, Ferric Chloride Anhydrous Pharma Grade Powder, Ferric Chloride Anhydrous For Water Treatment and Ferric Chloride Anhydrous Powder offered by Real MetalChem Private Limited, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

Click here for an article from Food Navigator about sea salt. Calcium chloride is also used for maintaining unpaved roads and for fortifying roadbases for new construction. Chloride Content of Salts Experiment 7 Cristian Martinez CHEM 1111.2006 March 24, 2015 Instructor J. Lopez Purpose: To determine the amount of chloride ions in several solutions of metal chlorides. The road salts assessment covered the chloride salts: sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), potassium chloride (KCl), brines used in road deicing/anti-icing, dust suppression, the salt portion of abrasive mixtures and additives commonly used in road salts (ferrocyanides). Osmotic pressure in cells is stabilized by quaternary ammonium salts. Salt, also called sodium chloride, mineral substance of great importance to human and animal health, as well as to industry. Salts which contain a combination of sodium and potassium chloride are now widely available in the UK. In some countries (i.e. ...

Genotype-to-phenotype studies that correlate in vivo CFTR function with disease severity suggest that a recovery of the CFTR function ,10% based on chloride transport would lead to a milder CF pathology [63, 64]. The milder disease is characterised by a lower incidence of pancreatic insufficiency, later age at diagnosis, a more moderate lung function decline and lower sweat chloride levels (∼80 mmol·L−1) compared with those with minimal CFTR chloride transport (i.e. patients with F508del homozygous CF). By analysing the outcome from the clinical trials performed with the three products (table 4), a correlation cannot be established for all the products between the in vitro efficacy data and the results based on the clinical end-points of the phase 2/3 studies (FEV1 and sweat chloride). Of the three compounds, ivacaftor demonstrated a significant efficacy both in the in vitro studies using HBE cells from patients with the G551D/F508del mutation and in the clinical studies performed on ...

GABAA receptor-mediated neurotransmission is greatly influenced by cation-chloride cotransporter activity during developmental stages. In embryonic neurons Na-K-2Cl (NKCC1) cotransporters mediate active chloride uptake, thus increasing the intracellular chloride concentration associated with GABA-induced depolarization. At fetal stages near term, oxytocin-induced NKCC1 downregulation has been implicated in the developmental shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing GABA action. Mature dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGN), however, express high NKCC1 levels and maintain high intracellular chloride levels with consequent GABA-induced depolarization. Gramicidin-perforated patch-clamp recordings were used to assess the developmental change in chloride homeostasis in rat cultured small DRGN at the embryonic day 16 (E16) and 19 (E19). The results were compared to data previously obtained in fetal DRGN at E14 and in mature cells. A significant NKCC1 downregulation, leading to reduction in excitatory GABAergic

This is a prospective, controlled, before-and-after study. The baseline pre-intervention period will include collection of data while doctors and nurses are unaware that such collection is taking place. During this time, high chloride fluids (saline, Gelofusine, 4% albumin) will continue to be used according to standard practice with an estimated 30,000 liters of saline as well as 2,000 bottles of Gelofusine® being consumed.. Following a wash out period of education and preparation, there will be a complete shift to a working environment where use of saline, Gelofusine and any other fluids with a high chloride level (,110 mmol/L)will be restricted and substituted with fluids of lower chloride concentration similar to blood; either Hartmanns solution or Plasmalyte® or 20% albumin.. The study will compare a 6 month control period (before) and a six month intervention period (after). ...

A study was conducted to determine if chloride permeability could be determined more quickly and efficiently. Two mixtures were selected by the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) Materials and Tests (M&T) Division: a TDOT Class D mixture with 20% Class F fly ash and an experimental mixture containing 35% Grade 120 slag and 15% Class F fly ash. Five validation batches of each mixture were produced. The plastic and hardened properties of all validation batches of both mixtures met TDOT 604.03 Class D requirements. Subsequently, twenty batches of each mixture were produced for chloride permeability comparison. Rapid chloride permeability ((RCP) AASHTO T 277) was measured after 28 days of accelerated curing and also after 56 and 91 days of normal curing. Surface resistivity ((SR) AASHTO TP 95) was measured after 28 days of accelerated curing and also after 28, 56 and 91 days of normal curing. Additional data from other TTU studies was also used in the correlations and predictions. The ...

In accordance with column 2 of REACH Annex IX, the biodegradation studies in soil (simulation tests) do not need to be conducted since there is no need to investigate further the degradation of the substance and its degradation products. Sodium chlorite is a strong oxidizing agent and under proper reducing conditions is readily reduced to chloride, and to a lesser extent, chlorate. In strong acidic conditions, chlorite can change into chlorine dioxide (from pg. 11, USEPA/OPPTS; Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Chlorine Dioxide and Sodium Chlorite (Case 4023) p.1 (August 2006) EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0328-0022/EPA 738-R-06-007. Available from, as of July 31, 2008: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html#home ...

Irreversible inhibition, 99.8% of control values for chloride transport in human red blood cells, was obtained by well-established methods of maximum covalent binding of 4,4-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid (DIDS). The kinetics of the residual chloride transport (0.2%, 106 pmol.cm-2 x s-1) at 38 degrees C, pH 7.2) was studied by means of 36Cl- efflux. The outside apparent affinity, expressed by Ko1/2,c, was 34 mM, as determined by substituting external KCl by sucrose. The residual flux was reversibly inhibited by a reexposure to DIDS, and by 4,4-dinitrostilbene-2,2-disulfonate (DNDS), phloretin, salicylate, and alpha-bromo-4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitroacetophenone (Killer III) (Borders, C. L., Jr., D. M. Perez, M. W. Lafferty, A. J. Kondow, J. Brahm, M. B. Fenderson, G. L. Breisford, and V. B. Pett. 1989. Bioorganic Chemistry. 17:96-107), to approximately 0.001% of control cells, which is a flux as low as in lipid bilayers. The reversible DIDS inhibition of the residual chloride flux ...

Around 44% of the lakes sampled in the Midwest and the Northeast (out of a total of 371 lakes sampled) show long-term salinization trends, the research found.. To put that another way, if current salinization trends continue, then many North American lakes will surpass EPA-recommended chloride levels within 50 years. And, as the press release put it: Within this study, 14 North American Lakes Region lakes are expected to exceed the EPAs aquatic life criterion concentration of 230 mg/L by 2050, and 47 are on track to reach chloride concentrations of 100 mg/L during the same time period.. Why does this matter? Because lake, ground, and reservoir water is used as drinking water, irrigation water, and to support fisheries in many regions. And, notably, these findings are likely an underestimate of the problem, as noted by the researchers.. Co-author of the new study, Sarah Bartlett of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, noted: These results are likely an underestimation of the salinization ...

In this study, we proposed electrolysis method to remove TN of the simulated coastal secondary effluent with high chloride ion concentration. TN, nitrate-N, ammonia-N nitrite-N were detected to evaluate the evolution of nitrogen. Under the set conditions, Nitrate-N, ammonia-N removal rate and...

Since chloride dissolves in water and easily moves, winter salt application contributes to increasing chloride levels in our lakes, rivers, and groundwater. Researchers analyzing data from multiple states, including Wisconsin, have documented stream chloride levels increasing as developed urban areas expand. These increases can be observed year round, not simply after a winter storm event. The chloride that enters groundwater from winter salt application acts as a reserve and increases surface water chloride concentrations in other seasons as groundwater slowly feeds rivers and streams throughout the year. Chloride in groundwater also reaches municipal and private wells. Water from shallower wells are likely to have higher chloride concentrations than water from deeper wells.. Besides winter deicing, another use of salt in this region is in softening household water. Both private and municipal wells have hard water high in calcium and magnesium. Water softeners in each building use salt in the ...

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Molar mass:. 136.315 g.mol-1. Molecular formula: ZnCl2. Zinc chlorides, of which nine crystalline forms are known, are colorless or white, and are highly soluble in water. Concentrated aqueous solutions of zinc chloride (more than 64% weight/weight zinc chloride in water) have the interesting property of dissolving starch, silk, and cellulose. Thus, such solutions cannot be filtered through standard filter papers. ...

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The present invention relates to chloride-selective electrodes which comprise insoluble metal salt layer and a protecting membrane formed of hydrophilic polyurethane thereon, wherein the hydrophilic polyurethane coated chloride-selective electrodes show fast activation and response time and are usefully employed to accurately measure the chloride by reducing the interference from bromide and iodide or preventing the surface of the electrode from protein adsorption.

Cellular resting and action potentials and total tissue concentrations of K+, Na+, and Cl- were measured in canine myocardial and Purkinje tissues. The results with myocardium were consistent with those of others: the total tissue concentration of K+ was greater than that of Na+ of Cl- In Purkinje tissue, the total tissue concentration of K+ was relatively low, while that of Na+ and of Cl- was high. Extracellular space was calculated on the basis of four different assumptions about the intracellular concentration of one of the ions: (1) the intracellular concentrations of Cl- is zero; (2) the electrochemical equilibrium potential of Cl- equals the cellular resting potential; (3) the electrochemical equilibrium potential of K+ equals the cellular maximum diastolic potential; (4) the electrochemical equilibrium potential of Na+ equals the reversal of the cellular action potential. In the myocardium, the lowest estimate of extracellular space was 14±2%, and the highest was 18±2%. In the Purkinje ...

Question - IgA nephropathy, increase in BP. Kidney transplantation done. Creatinine, chloride levels normal. Chances of re-occurring?. Ask a Doctor about Kidney transplantation, Ask a Nephrologist

Considering first the issue of Cl-versusNa+ uptake rates, the apparent discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo observations can be attributed to different concentrations of Cl- and Na+ in seawater. In general,Cl- concentrations exceed Na+ concentrations in seawater by ∼70 mmol l-1, which means that seawater ingestion results in higher gastrointestinal intake of Cl- than Na+. Further,desalinization in the esophagus occurs via both passive and active equimolar Na+ and Cl- absorption(Kirsch and Meister, 1982; Parmelee and Renfro, 1983; Smith, 1930; Wilson et al., 1996). With little or no transport across the gastric mucosa in starved fish, the consequence of the higher concentrations of Cl- than Na+in seawater and equal molar Na+ and Cl- absorption in the esophagus is that fluids entering the intestine contain higher concentrations of Cl- than Na+. However, while intestinal fluid Cl- concentrations remain higher than the corresponding Na+ concentrations as fluids move along the intestine, the ...

1. Total body, intracellular, and extracellular electrolyte and acid-base changes were studied following sodium nitrate-induced potassium and chloride depletion and subsequent selective chloride repletion.. 2. It was found that potassium and chloride depletion was associated with markedly decreased extracellular Na, K, Cl and water content. Intracellular Na increased, intracellular K decreased and there was a large transcellular redistribution of acid, i.e. extracellular alkalosis and intracellular acidosis ensued.. 3. Selective chloride repletion was associated with return of extracellular pH towards normal. Extracellular K and intracellular parameters showed very little change. Further chloride administration was followed by extracellular acidosis, but extracellular K remained low.. 4. There was close relationship between extracellular chloride and hydrogen ion concentrations ([Cl−]e and [H+]e) and extracellular potassium and intracellular hydrogen ion ([K+]e and [H+]i) but not between any ...

Zinc chloride or lewis acid is electrophilic in nature. Catalytic activity of Zinc Chloride is feeble in comparison to aluminum chloride…. ...

Chloride chemistry. Chlorides are compounds that contain chlorine (Cl). From left-right these are the chlorides of elements from period three of the periodic table: sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), aluminium chloride (Al2Cl6), all solids. Next are the two liquids: silicon chloride (SiCl4) and phosphorus (III) chloride (PCl3), and finally phosphorus (V) chloride (PCl5). NaCl is table salt. Important trends for the period three chlorides are falling melting points, and a change from ionic bonding and neutral pH (Na, Al) to acid pH and covalent bonding. The phosphorus chlorides demonstrate two oxidation states of phosphorus. - Stock Image A500/0444

We evaluated the conductances for ion flow across the cellular and paracellular pathways of flounder intestine using microelectrode techniques and ion-replacement studies. Apical membrane conductance properties are dominated by the presence of Ba-sensitive K channels. An elevated mucosal solution K concentration, [K]m, depolarized the apical membrane potential (ψa) and, at [K]m less than 40 mM, the K dependence of ψa was abolished by 1-2 mM mucosal Ba. The basolateral membrane displayed Cl conductance behavior, as evidenced by depolarization of the basolateral membrane potential (ψb) with reduced serosal Cl concentrations, [Cl]s. ψb was unaffected by changes in [K]s or [Na]s. From the effect of mucosal Ba on transepithelial K selectivity, we estimated that paracellular conductance (Gp) normally accounts for 96% of transepithelial conductance (Gt). The high Gp attenuates the contribution of the cellular pathway to ψt while permitting the apical K and basolateral Cl conductances to influence the

1. The effects of MgCl2 on the electrical characteristics and sodium and chloride transport in short-circuited rabbit terminal ileum in vitro were studied.. 2. Increasing the magnesium concentration from a basal concentration of 1.1 mmol/l to either 2.5 or 10.3 mmol/l (mucosal or serosal addition) resulted in increases in the unidirectional flux of chloride from serosa to mucosa (JCl sm), short-circuit current (SCC) and transmucosal potential difference (p.d.).. 3. Increasing the magnesium concentration from a low basal concentration (0.3 mmol/l) to 10.3 mmol/l (mucosal or serosal addition) abolished net sodium absorption and converted net chloride absorption into net secretion, as a result of a decrease in the unidirectional flux of sodium from mucosa to serosa (JNa ms), and increases in the unidirectional fluxes of sodium and chloride from serosa to mucosa (JNa sm and JCl sm). Increases in SCC and p.d. occurred after mucosal, but not serosal, addition of magnesium.. 4. Incubation of stripped ...

COSHH Information on Ferric Chloride. Uses/Processes. To produce, by etching away unwanted copper, an electronic circuit board designed to meet a specific requirement. The prepared board is immersed in ferric chloride (iron (III) chloride) solution or sodium peroxodisulfate (persulfate) solution to etch away the copper. The board is sometimes cleaned with a solvent before or after soldering, formerly mainly 1,1, 1 - trichloroethane, now propan-2-ol (isopropanol) or other alcohols (e.g. ethanol).. Assessment. Sodium peroxodisulfate (OES of 2 mg/m3 - 15 min ref period) and ferric chloride are harmful if swallowed and steps should be taken to minimise the risk of ingestion. Mist produced makes it less suitable for use in a bubble-etch tank. When used with a small manual developing tray, little mist will be produced.. If the two etchants are mixed, toxic chlorine gas is produced.. Propan-2-ol has an OES of 500 ppm (15 min ref period). Ethanol OES is 3000 ppm (15 min ref period). If applied by a ...

The CLC family of chloride channels and transporters is made up by nine members but just three of these ClC-Ka/b ClC-7 and ClC-2 have already been found up to now connected with auxiliary subunits. immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains regulates its subcellular localization and activity in glial cells. The normal theme for these three proteins can be their requirement of an effective homeostasis since their breakdown leads to specific illnesses. We will review right here their properties and their part in regular chloride physiology as well as the pathological outcomes of their incorrect function. Intro Chloride is very important to many biological features such Apremilast as for example transepithelial fluid transportation acidification of intracellular organelles muscle tissue contraction neuronal membrane potential or cell quantity rules. Chloride flux across membranes is mediated by several classes of proteins (Duran oocytes or in transfected cells (Steinmeyer gene lead to classical Bartter ...

The formation of CaCO3 precipitates in the intestinal lumen was first discussed in 1930 (Smith, 1930) but it was not until much later that the detailed chemical nature of these precipitates was characterized (Walsh et al., 1991). Since then, the presence of CaCO3 precipitates in marine teleost fish intestinal fluids has been observed in a high number of species and appears to be a general feature for this group of vertebrates (Wilson et al., 2002; Wilson and Grosell, 2003). The combined global piscine production of CaCO3, which is eliminated with rectal fluids has recently been estimated to contribute as much as 15% to oceanic CaCO3 production (Wilson et al., 2009) and also has important physiological implications for individual fish. More than 95% of NaCl imbibed with seawater to replace osmotically lost water in marine teleosts is absorbed by the gastro-intestinal tract and as much as 85% of the ingested water is absorbed. By contrast, very little Mg2+, SO42- and Ca2+ are absorbed, leaving the ...

Table of Contents Global Zinc Chloride Batteries Market by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2024 1 Report Overview 1.1 Definition and Specification 1.2 Report Overview 1.2.1 Manufacturers Overview 1.2.2 Regions Overview 1.2.3 Type Overview 1.2.4 Application Overview 1.3 Industrial Chain 1.3.1 Zinc Chloride Batteries Overall Industrial Chain 1.3.2 Upstream 1.3.3 Downstream 1.4 Industry Situation 1.4.1 Industrial Policy 1.4.2 Product Preference 1.4.3 Economic/Political Environment 1.5 SWOT Analysis 2 Product Type Market 2.1 World Product Type Market Performance and Trend 2.1.1 World Market Performance 2.1.2 Different Type of Market Performance 2.2 North America Product Type Market Performance and Trend 2.2.1 North America Market Performance 2.2.2 Different Type of Market Performance 2.3 Europe Product Type Market Performance and Trend 2.3.1 Europe Market Performance 2.3.2 Different Type of Market Performance 2.4 Asia-Pacific Product Type Market Performance and Trend 2.4.1 ...

The chloride-chloride exchange reaction in arenesulfonyl chlorides was investigated experimentally and theoretically by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The second order rate constants and activation parameters of this identity reaction were determined for 22 variously substituted arenesulfonyl chlorides using radio-labeled Et4N36Cl. The chloride exchange rates of 11 sulfonyl chlorides bearing para-and meta-substituents (σ constants from −0.66 to +0.43) in the aromatic ring followed the Hammett equation with a ρ-value of +2.02. The mono- and di-ortho-alkyl substituted sulfonyl chlorides exhibit an enhanced reactivity although both inductive and steric effects lower the reaction rate. The DFT calculations of their structures together with X-ray data showed that an increased reactivity is mainly due to a peculiar, rigid, strongly compressed and sterically congested structure. The DFT studies of the title reaction revealed that it proceeds via a single transition state

The CLC family comprises a group of integral membrane proteins that translocate Cl− across the cell membranes; members of this family are essential for the maintenance of membrane potential, regulation of transepithelial Cl− transport, and control of intravesicular pH (1-3). Human CLC proteins can be divided into two subtypes. The first subtype consists of Cl− channels: CLC-1, CLC-2, CLC-Ka, and CLC-Kb, which are mainly found at the cell membrane, where they function to control the Cl− flow and to stabilize the membrane potential (4). The remaining CLC proteins (CLC-3 to CLC-7) are electrogenic Cl−/H+ antiporters (5-8) that exchange Cl− and H+ with a stoichiometry of 2:1. CLC proteins function as dimers, with each subunit having its own passageway for ion transport (9-15). Previous macroscopic current and single-channel studies have indicated that CLC proteins apparently display two distinct types of gating process (9, 16, 17): fast gating (protopore gate), wherein the ...

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2017-10-3 · Ferric Chloride (FeCl 3) as Coagulant:. Removal of both arsenite and arsenate present at different initial concentrations were evaluated for different doses of ferric chloride 25.After addition of a particular dose of a coagulant (ferric chloride), the water in the bucket was mixed with a wooden stick, first vigorously for about 30 to 60 seconds and then slowly (approximately one turn of the .... Get Price ...

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Hypotonic-activated current is driven by Cl− ions, in microglia cells. (a) Representative whole-cell currents recorded under acute application of the hypotonic extracellular solution (8-10% dilution), at the indicated membrane potentials, with a standard ([Cl−]i = 144 mM; upper traces) or a low chloride ([Cl−]i = 4 mM; lower traces) pipette solution. As indicated, the left traces were recorded in normotonic condition, just before applying the hypotonic medium; the right traces were recorded 21 minutes after hypotonic stimulation. (b) Current-voltage relationships of the currents recorded in control condition ([Cl−]i = 144 mM; black squares; n = 3) and with a low chloride pipette solution ([Cl−]i = 4 mM; green circles; n = 4; HP = −70 mV) during acute application of hypotonic medium. Note the shift of the current reversal potential to more negative values. (c) Current-voltage relationships recorded in BV-2 cells, exposed acutely to a hypotonic medium (205 mOsm), in control condition ...