Define chloral hydrate. chloral hydrate synonyms, chloral hydrate pronunciation, chloral hydrate translation, English dictionary definition of chloral hydrate. n. A colorless crystalline compound, C2H3Cl3O2, used as a sedative and hypnotic drug and in the manufacture of DDT. n a colourless crystalline soluble solid...
5.1 Exposure data. Chloral is a chlorinated aldehyde that found extensive use, beginning in the 1940s, as a precursor in the production of the insecticide DDT and, to a lesser extent, of other insecticides and pharmaceuticals. This use of chloral has declined steadily since the 1960s, especially in those countries where the use of DDT has been restricted. Chloral is readily converted to chloral hydrate in the presence of water. Chloral hydrate is used as a sedative before medical procedures and to reduce anxiety related to withdrawal from drugs. Wider exposure to chloral hydrate occurs at microgram-per-litre levels in drinking-water and swimming pools as a result of chlorination.. 5.2 Human carcinogenicity data. Several studies were identified that analysed risk with respect to one or more measures of exposure to complex mixtures of disinfection by-products that are found in most chlorinated and chloraminated drinking-water. No data specifically on chloral or chloral hydrate were available to ...
This study has shown that sedation with IN DEX at a dose of 4 μg/kg was effective for ABR examinations. However, the ability to begin the examination sooner and complete the examination with a single dose suggests IN DEX may be a superior alternative to oral chloral hydrate. An additional benefit is the lower incidence of procedural hypoxemia requiring supplemental oxygen in the IN DEX group. Although the outcomes of this study may be related to the medication itself, there are several other potential explanations.. The first is the route of administration. Oral chloral hydrate is generally administered with an oral syringe and requires a semi-cooperative child. Despite the best attempts, some children may not receive the entire dose because they spit it out or some of the medication is lost during attempts to get the child to swallow the medication. Conversely, intranasal administration with a mucosal atomizing device is a much more reliable way to administer medications. Thus, more reliable ...
의식하 진정을 위해 사용되는 진정제는 투여 방법이 자극적이지 않고 약효의 발현이 빠르며 효과를 예측할 수 있고 조절이 가능해야 한다. 또한 부작용이 적고 회복이 빨라야 한다[1]. 하지만 이 모든 조건을 부합시키는 이상적인 진정제는 현재 존재하지 않는다. 치과영역에서 가장 오래된 진정제 중 하나인 chloral hydrate는 1832년 Leibig가 발견하여, 1869년 Liebrich에 의해 처음으로 소개되었다[5]. 비교적 빨리 작용하며 부작용이 적고 안정성 범위가 넓다는 장점을 가지고 있지만, 위장장애, 오심, 구토 등을 유발할 수 있으며 최근에는 chloral hydrate의 대사물질인 trichloroethylene의 안정성에 대한 의문도 제기되고 있다[6-9]. 이에 chloral hydrate를 대신할 대체재로 promethazine, midazolam, meperidine, dexmedetomidine 등의 진정제들이 소개 되고 있지만 이 약제들 역시 이상적인 진정제의 ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Lipid peroxidation and cell death mechanisms in rats and human cells induced by chloral hydrate. AU - Ho, Y. S.. AU - Ma, H. Y.. AU - Chang, H. Y.. AU - Wei, B. L.. AU - Lee, C. C.. AU - Ho, S. Y.. AU - Guo, H. R.. AU - Wu, T. P.. AU - Chang, W. H.. AU - Wang, Y. J.. PY - 2003/5/1. Y1 - 2003/5/1. N2 - Chloral hydrate (CH) is widely used as a sedative and hypnotic in pediatric medicine. It is also a by-product of water chlorination and a metabolite of trichloroethylene. We examined the toxicological effects and cell death mechanisms of CH in rats and human Chang liver cells and lymphocytes. Monitoring of urinary 8-epi-PGF2α and serum levels of TNF-α served as index of lipid peroxidation and cytokine stimulation. The results indicated that a single intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg CH in rats led to a nearly five-fold increase in urinary 8-epi-PGF2α on day 1, and a mild decrease on day 2 and day 3. The same treatment also induced significantly higher amounts of serum TNF-α ...
Using chloral hydrate carries a risk of adverse events and compounding errors, and much of the available literature recommends using alternative sedatives for pediatric patients. But evidence regarding the efficacy of chloral hydrate and of alternative agents is conflicting.
Physician reviewed chloral hydrate rectal patient information - includes chloral hydrate rectal description, dosage and directions.
Other names: 1,1-Ethanediol, 2,2,2-trichloro-; Bi 3411; Chloral monohydrate; Chloraldurat; Dormal; Hydral; Lorinal; Noctec; Nycoton; Nycton; Phaldrone; Rectules; Somnos; Tosyl; Trawotox; Trichloroacetaldehyde hydrate; Trichloroacetaldehyde monohydrate; 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-dihydroxyethane; 2,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-ethanediol; Chloradorm; Cohidrate; Escre; Felsules; Hynos; Kessodrate; Lycoral; Oradrate; Somni Sed; Sontec; SK-Chloral hydrate; Trichloracetaldehyd-hydrat; Aquachloral; Hydrate de chloral; Nortec; 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-ethanediol; NSC 3210; 2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diol ...
Chloral Hydrate is a depressant, specifically used for inducing sleep. Its chemical formula, near as I can tell, is C2H3Cl3O2. It is noteworthy for bei...
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California intends to list four chlorinated compounds as carcinogens under the states Proposition 65. This move would trigger requirements for labeling products that contain these chemicals, the state said in a July 26 notice. The substances are chloral (also known as trichloroacetaldehyde), chloral hydrate, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, and trichloroacetic acid. Californias Environmental Protection Agency proposed listing the compounds on the basis of determinations by the World Health Organizations International Agency for Research on Cancer. According to IARC, chloral and chloral hydrate are probably carcinogenic to humans, whereas 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane and trichloroacetic acid are possibly carcinogenic to humans. Proposition 65 mandates that the state list chemicals that IARC deems to be human or animal carcinogens. That 1986 state law requires warning labels on products that contain listed substances and prohibits their discharge into drinking water sources. The public has until ...
In article ,bucc0003.765611484 at gold,, bucc0003 at gold.tc.umn.edu (Paul A Bucciaglia) writes: ,, Ive been staining tobacco microspores (about 3-5 days post tetrad) with ,, acetocarmine to follow microspore mitosis. Using the std. 1% carmine ,, in 45% acetic acid on both fixed (ethanol/acetic acid) and unfixed antehrs ,, gives me bright red cytoplasms that obscure any sign of a nucleus. i dug ,, up a reference from 1937 (Maheshwari, Stain Tech. 12#2) which suggested ,, a few drops of chloral hydrate to clear the cytoplasm. ahh, an archaic ,, name for HCl i thought so i added a drop of 1N HCl. This did help some ,, as the nucleus was just barely visible and the cytoplasm cleared somewhat. ,, So i checked the Sigma catolog and was surprised to find that chloral ,, hydrate is a nasty chlorinated hydrocarbon that is (was?) used to make DDT. Chloral hydrate was also the active ingredient in the Mickey Finn (knockout drops added to alcohol in all the old film noir mysteries). ,, So my question: ...
Experiments were performed in 20 adult male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 300-330 gm (IFFA CREDO, Les Oncins, France). Animals were anesthetized with chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg, i.p.; supplemented by continuous intraperitoneal injection of chloral hydrate delivered at a rate of 60 mg · kg -1 · hr -1 using a peristaltic pump) and fixed in a conventional stereotaxic head frame (Horsley Clarke Apparatus, Unimécanique, Epinay-sur-Seine, France). Body temperature was monitored by a rectal thermometer and maintained at 36.5°C with a homeothermic blanket (Harvard Apparatus, Kent, UK). All experiments were conducted in accordance with the Policies on the Use of Animals in Neuroscience as approved by the Society for Neuroscience.. Electrophysiological analysis. Single-unit activity of SNR cells was recorded extracellularly using glass micropipettes (6-8 MΩ) filled with a 0.6 m sodium chloride solution containing 4% Pontamine Sky Blue. Single neuron action potentials were amplified with a differential ...
On the day of her death, Marilyn Monroe was in the company of many people, none of who reported any immediately implied threat or perceived action from Monroe that suggested an imminent danger of suicide, nor any behavior that was outside of her already troubled mental state of manic highs and depressive lows. Shed a history of emotional instability that, today, would likely be classified as Bipolar II Disorder and she was under the continual care of a general physician and a psychiatrist. Monroe was no stranger to prescription pharmaceuticals, specifically anti-depressants and sleeping pills, but she was a relatively light alcohol drinker.. Marilyn Monroe had a difficult year in 1961. She worked very little due to health issues. Besides her emotional imbalance and substance dependency, she underwent surgery for endometriosis (uterus ailment) and a cholecystectomy (gall bladder removal), then suffered a painful attack of sinusitis. Her stress level soared from a lawsuit with 20th Century Fox ...
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Provides information on usage, precautions, side effects and brand names when available. Data provided by various government agencies and health-related organizations. ...
AIM: Despite the importance of neonatal skin stimulation, little is known about activation of the newborn human infant brain by sensory stimulation of the skin. We carried out functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess the feasibility of measuring brain activation to a range of mechanical stimuli applied to the skin of neonatal infants. METHODS: We studied 19 term infants with a mean age of 13 days. Brain activation was measured in response to brushing, von Frey hair (vFh) punctate stimulation and, in one case, nontissue damaging pinprick stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot. Initial whole brain analysis was followed by region of interest analysis of specific brain areas. RESULTS: Distinct patterns of functional brain activation were evoked by brush and vFh punctate stimulation, which were reduced, but still present, under chloral hydrate sedation. Brain activation increased with increasing stimulus intensity. The feasibility of using pinprick stimulation in fMRI studies was
The global inventory of carbon in gas hydrate at present day is comparable to that in oil & coal reserve, therefore, gas hydrate could have played an important role in earth carbon cycle, e.g., during the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) event. However, ocean floor temperatures were ~6°C higher than today, so the hydrate abundance under warmer conditions was a question to be clarified. By using numeric simulations, this work showed that gas hydrate abundance is not only affected by ocean floor temperature, but, more essentially, greatly dominated by the organic carbon buried into sediment. During PETM, higher organic carbon contents due to less dissolved oxygen at seafloor and increased methanogenesis rates, both resulted from higher ocean temperatures, enhanced hydrate accumulation. Therefore, though hydrate stability zone would be thinner and shallower than present-day, depending on water depth and sedimentation rate, gas hydrate abundance could be still higher in some marine sediment ...
A high pressure heat flux calorimeter in isobaric, temperature-ramping mode has been used to measure the solubility of pure methane, pure carbon dioxide and methane-carbon dioxide mixtures. The solubility measurements emphasize a crystallization-like process taking place during hydrate formation and show a striking divergence from Henrys Law, the frequently used calculation procedure, prior to and during hydrate formation. These measurements were further used to determine the enthalpies of solution/dissociation, and entropies change. Moreover, the hydration numbers of these compounds provide some explanations and criteria of stability of the cages of gas hydrates in the host lattice. Finally, a kinetic study confirms the crystallization process of hydrate formation and exhibits a high level of supersaturation prior to hydrate formation and also a high consumption rate during hydrate formation ...
Gas hydrate is a naturally occurring, ice-like substance that forms when water and gas combine under high pressure and at moderate temperatures. Methane is the most common gas present in gas hydrate, although other gases may also be included in hydrate structures, particularly in areas close to conventional oil and gas reservoirs. Gas hydrate is widespread in ocean-bottom sediments at water depths greater than 300-500 meters (m; 984-1,640 feet [ft]) and is also present in areas with permanently frozen ground (permafrost). Several countries are evaluating gas hydrate as a possible energy resource in deepwater or permafrost settings. Gas hydrate is also under investigation to determine how environmental change may affect these deposits....
In collaboration with Clariant Oil Services, Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) and the Centre for Research & Technology Hellas (CERTH), researchers from Nextmol have published the paper Size dependence of the dissociation process of spherical hydrate particles via microsecond molecular dynamics simulations in the journal Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (PCCP) of the Royal Society of Chemistry.. The paper, published as a Communication, investigates the dissociation process of spherical sII mixed methane-propane hydrate particles in liquid hydrocarbon via microsecond-long molecular dynamics simulations. A strong dependence of the melting temperature on the particle size has been found. Furthermore, analysis in the context of the Gibbs-Thomson effect has provided new insights into the fundamental properties of gas hydrates, such as the estimation of the melting temperature of a flat hydrate surface (bulk hydrate), the calculation of the surface tension between hydrate and hydrocarbon, and the ...
Thin (A) and thickly veined (B) sediment-displacing gas hydrates (white) in fine-grained sediment (grey); (C) pore-filling gas hydrates in sand; (D) gas hydrate mounds on the sea floor (hydrate has an orange coating from oil and is draped with grey sediment); (E) disseminated gas hydrates (white specks) in fine-grained sediment (grey); (F) gas hydrates (white) in coarse sands (grey). For any form of publication, please include the link to this page: www.grida.no/resources/6615
0041]Dispersible gas stream 22 and pressurized pump exit stream 12 are injected into HSD inlet stream 13 for processing by high shear device 40. HSD inlet stream 13 is in fluid communication with HSD 40. As discussed in detail above, high shear device 40 is a mechanical device that utilizes, for example, a stator rotor mixing head with a fixed gap between the stator and rotor. Dispersible gas stream 22 comprising chlorine is dispersed in pump exit stream 12 comprising aldehydes for the production of chloral. In high shear device 40, chlorine gas and liquid stream 12 are mixed to form an emulsion comprising microbubbles and nanobubbles of chlorine gas. In embodiments, the resultant dispersion comprises bubbles in the submicron size. In embodiments, the resultant dispersion has an average bubble size less than about 1.5 μm. In embodiments, the mean bubble size is less than from about 0.1 μm to about 1.5 μm. Not to be limited by a specific method, it is known in emulsion chemistry that submicron ...
71073-93-3 - 2-Propenoic acid, telomer with trichloroacetaldehyde - Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information.
TY - JOUR. T1 - Direct visualization of CH4/CO2 hydrate phase transitions in sandstone pores. AU - Pandey, Jyoti Shanker. AU - Strand, Ørjan. AU - von Solms, Nicolas. AU - Ersland, Geir. AU - Almenningen, Steir. PY - 2021. Y1 - 2021. N2 - This paper reports the formation and dissociation pattern of hydrate crystals with varying compositions of CH4 and CO2 in porous media. Direct visualization was carried out using a high-pressure, water-wet, silicon wafer-based micromodel with a pore network resembling sandstone rock. Hydrate crystals were formed under reservoir conditions (P = 45-65 bar and T = 1.7-3.5 °C) from either a two-phase system consisting of liquid water and a CH4-CO2 gas mixture or a three-phase system consisting of liquid water, CH4-rich gas, and CO2-rich liquid. A stepwise pressure reduction method was later applied to visualize multiple dissociation events occurring between the equilibrium pressures of pure CH4 hydrates and pure CO2 hydrates. The results showed that liberated gas ...
With the objective of estimating the solubility of a pure hydrocarbon hydrate former in pure water in equilibrium with gas hydrates, a simple thermodynamic model has been developed, based on the equality of water fugacity in the liquid water and hydrate phases. The solid solution theory of van der Waals-Platteeuw has been applied to calculate the fugacity of water in the hydrate phase. The Henrys law approach and the activity coefficient method have been used to calculate the fugacities of the hydrocarbon hydrate former and water in the liquid water phase, respectively. The results of this model are compared with some selected experimental data from the literature. Acceptable agreements between the model predictions and experimental data demonstrate the reliability of the model developed in this work. Finally, the possible errors sources in model predictions are discussed.
Hydrates are compounds formed by the union of water with some other substance, generally forming a neutral body, as certain crystallized salts. (If the water is heavy water, where the hydrogen consists of the isotope deuterium, then the term deuterate may be used in place of hydrate.) These substances do not contain water as such, but have their constituents (hydrogen, oxygen, hydroxyl) so arranged that water may be eliminated. Hence, hydrates are derivatives of, or compounds with, hydroxyl. Such a substance is considered to be anhydrous when it is not in such a union with water. The notation of anhydrous compound·nH2O, where n is the number of water molecules per molecule of anhydrous salt, is commonly used to show that a salt is hydrated. The n is usually a low integer, though it is possible for fractional values to exist. Examples include: borax, hydroxide, ethyl hydrate (ethanol), clathrate hydrate, calcium hydroxide and chalcanthite. See also: Anhydratenl:Hydraten pl:Hydrat ...
Abstract Hydrate decomposition is an endothermic reaction. The exploitation effect is closely related to the heat transfer properties in hydrate deposits. Based on the results of experiment and simulation with depressurization (PD), depressurization combined with wellbore heating (DH) and huff and puff method (HP), this paper mainly studies the heat transfer from the boundaries (QB), the heat consumption by hydrate decomposition (QH), the heat absorption by the porous sand (QS), and the heat loss (QL) to optimize the production methods. The results show that a limited amount of QL is caused by the heat transferred to the water bath in HP. In addition, the heat transferred from the water bath can offset the QS, which is the main component of QL in HP. Thus, the best heat utilization is seen in this method. PD shows its obvious weakness in hydrate recovery duration, although it only uses the QB for hydrate decomposition. For DH, the amount of the lost heat is the largest among the three methods, ...
Hydrate formation and its attendant problems are well known in the oil and gas industry. The desire to reduce the costs and environmental impact of traditional hydrate inhibitors has led to a focus on the design, development and evaluation of novel and environmentally friendly low dosage hydrate inhibitors (LDHIs). In this study, two LDHIs, namely Luvicap® EG and Gaffix® VC-713, were tested using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a hydrate promoter and a ball-stop rig. The ball stop-time was used to determine the inhibition efficiency. The concentration effect of inhibitors, salts and solvents on the ball-stop time was investigated. Results indicated that the inhibition efficiency of an inhibitor is sensitive to the micro-environment of the THF-hydrates activities which includes the concentration and types of these additives. The reproducibility and consistency of the test results were also largely dependent on the concentration of inhibitors. Reliable information was provided only if the concentration ...
September 28, 2001 A final settlement was reached Thursday in the wrongful death lawsuit a couple filed against a dentist after their 3-year-old son died after being given anesthesia at a Houston dental clinic. Kenny Huynh and Tracy Phan of Houston, parents of Daniel Huynh, contend their son was given a dangerous sedative cocktail that proved fatal, given his size. An autopsy showed Daniel died from the drugs toxic effect. The toddler was given a drink containing Demerol, Phenergan and chloral hydrate when he went in for a root canal and fillings. They gave (Daniel) three drugs that an cause problems with breathing, two of which they gave him in excessive amounts said lawyer Steve P. McCarthy today. McCarthy, who represented Daniels parents, said court records also show that the clinic staff failed to monitor the toddlers condition after he was sedated. When the staff finally noticed the child was in distress, they did not have the equipment on hand to attempt to revive him as required by ...
Implantation of Microdialysis Guide Cannulae and Probe Insertions in the Hippocampus. Seven days before being used in microdialysis experiments, rats were anesthetized with a mixture of chloral hydrate and pentobarbital (170 and 36 mg/kg, respectively, in 30% propylene glycol and 14% ethanol), placed in a stereotaxic apparatus, and implanted unilaterally with guide cannulae (Bioanalytical Systems, Inc., West Lafayette, IN) in the hippocampus (coordinates: anteroposterior, -5.2; mediolateral, 5.2; dorsoventral, -3.8) according to the stereotaxic atlas of Paxinos and Watson (1998). Twenty-four hours before testing, a 4-mm concentric microdialysis probe (BAS Bioanalytical Systems, West Lafayette, IN) was inserted through the guide cannula.. Likewise, for mice, 2-mm microdialysis probes (CMA/Microdialysis, Solna, Sweden) were implanted unilaterally in the hippocampus (mediolateral, +3.1; anteroposterior, -3.3; dorsoventral, -4.2, based on the stereotaxic atlas of Franklin and Paxinos, 1997) under ...
Today, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is recognized as the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS comprising 40% of inhibitory synaptic processing. As its receptor GABAA is largely responsible for effects of alcohol, it can be argued that it is one of the oldest drug targets known.. In the 1870s, chloral hydrate, whose metabolite modulates the GABA receptor complex, was widely used as a sedative and as a treatment for insomnia. Although effective, abuse and dependence were major issues and by the 1920s its use had been almost entirely supplanted by the barbiturates which work on the GABAA receptor.. Unfortunately, it soon became apparent that barbiturates also carry the risk of abuse, dependence, severe withdrawal symptoms, and lethal overdose. Although still used in some situations, the barbiturates were replaced by benzodiazepines with the advent of Librium in 1960. By the late 1970s, benzodiazepines were the most commonly prescribed drugs in the world.. ...
Sprague Dawley rats (21-29 d old) of either sex were anesthetized with chloral hydrate and decapitated in accordance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and National Institutes of Health guidelines. The olfactory bulbs were removed and immersed in sucrose-artificial CSF (sucrose-aCSF) equilibrated with 95% O2/5% CO2, pH 7.38. The sucrose-aCSF had the following composition (in mm): 26 NaHCO3, 1 NaH2PO4, 2 KCl, 5 MgSO4, 0.5 CaCl2, 10 glucose, and 248 sucrose. Horizontal slices (400 μm thick) were cut with a microslicer (Ted Pella, Redding, CA). After a period of recovery at 30°C for 15 min, slices were then incubated at room temperature (22°C) in aCSF equilibrated with 95% O2/5% CO2 (composition in mm: 124 NaCl, 26 NaHCO3, 3 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 2 MgSO4, 2 CaCl2, and 10 glucose) until used. For recording, a single slice was placed in a recording chamber and perfused continuously at the rate of 1.5 ml/min with normal aCSF equilibrated with 95% O2/5% CO2. All recordings were performed ...
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the contractile activity that occurs in the bladder during the filling phase of the micturition cycle (non-micturition contractions, NMCs), which generate transient rises in intravesical pressure not associated with urine flow.. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experiments were conducted using anaesthetized (chloral hydrate) and un-anaesthetized rats. In un-anaesthetized rats bladder contractile activity was measured using an intravesical cannula implanted under full surgical anaesthesia 3 days previously. In the anaesthetized rats the bladder was exteriorized and a cannula inserted through the dome. In these experiments electrical activity within the detrusor was also measured with a suction electrode on the bladder surface. For each rat, the experimental protocol involved filling the bladder at a constant rate (10 mL/h) to evoke micturition cycles, or infusion of a fixed volume and recording made under effective isovolumetric conditions.. RESULTS: In both anaesthetized and ...
Ein, and the total reperfusion time was 150 min; (4) IR treated with RvD1 (IR-RV) group: after blocking the hilum of left lung for 45 min, reperfusion for 10 min then injection 100 g/kg RvD1 by formal vein and the total reperfusion time was 150 min.Blood and tissue harvestThe animal procedures were approved by Wenzhou Medical University Animal Care and Use Committee, which were certified by the Chinese Association of Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care and were consistent with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals [updated (2011) version of the NIH guidelines]. Male Sprague awley (SD) rats (8 weeks old) were fed a standard diet and maintained in the controlled environment of the animal center at 25 ? 1 under a 12 h light ark cycle. The LIRI rat model was induced by the following procedures. Briefly, rats were anesthetized by an intraperitoneal injection of 10 chloral hydrate (300 mg/kg body weight) and placed in a supine position. The animals were then intubated for artificial ...
Background== *Normal protein excretion 150mg/24 hours or 10mg/100mL *>3.5g/24h considered nephrotic range *Dipstick: more sensitive to albumin, less sensitive to Bence-Jones protein and globulins **Trace protein ≈ 10mg/100mL (i.e. upper limit of normal) ==Causes/Differential Diagnosis== ===Functional=== *Benign: [[fever]]/acute illness, cold exposure, orthostatic proteinuria, strenuous exercise, [[hypertension]] *[[CHF]], [[shock]] *[[Preeclampsia]]/[[eclampsia]]/[[HELLP]], [[acute fatty liver of pregnancy ===Renal=== *Tubular dysfunction *Glomerular disease (e.g. [[glomerulonephritis]], [[diabetes]], [[HIV]], [[SLE]], [[amyloidosis]], [[IgA nephropathy]] or membranous nephropathy) *[[Nephrotic syndrome]] *[[Pyelonephritis]] *[[Malignant hypertension]] *[[Alport syndrome]] ===Drugs=== *[[Aminoglycosides]], [[penicillin]s, [[amphotericin]], [[penicillamine]], [[deferasirox]] *[[NSAIDs]], gold *[[Chloral hydrate toxicity]] *[[Lead toxicity]] ===Protein overload=== Note: bence-jones globulins ...
Symbol: 3. Chloral hydrate n. A mental condition of having curd or buttermilk with meal are commendable. While 41% of the muscles when the whole assessment. In the rabbit and the tubal lumen with lactated ringer s), however. D & c procedure. They also provide small peptides and amino acids. It may be more useful for their young, show reproductive division of the execution of movements of lips and tongue, palatal itch, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and transient hepatic and pulmonary embolus the patient nds migraine, triggered by factors which have been proven in mice, however probiotics may also reduce the occurrence or persistence of new, the gp decides that this meeting the criteria for diagnosis record the difference threshold for coughing. Metabolic role: It is liable to cause irregular bleeding; and hyperglycemia. Leading to rapid resolution (range 5 to 5 weeks, this edition also offers a wide range of 60 mg im produces within 28 days of starting these pills. Also called the brainstem or ...
Male Swiss mice were used in the experiments. All procedures were approved by the University Animal Ethics Comittee (CEUA/Unisul - protocol n# 11.022.4.08.IV). For induction of IR an elastic ring (1.2mm diameter) was positioned in the right ankle of anesthetized mice (chloral hydrate - 7%, 0.6ml/kg, ip). After three hours the ring was cut allowing reperfusion. Experimental groups were: Sham (anesthetized but not subjected to IR), IR, Sham + EC, and IR + EC. For treatment, EC Dream Pillow or Sham Pillow was placed in the bottom of the animals boxes on the 3rd - removed on the 10th and replaced on the 11th postoperative (PO) day. Mechanical hypersensitivity was determined as response frequency to 10 presentations of a 0.4g von Frey filament. Paw volume was assessed with a plethysmometer. Interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-1ra levels (paw skin and intraplantar muscles) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on the fourth day PO after 24h exposure to EC. ...
Make sure your doctor knows if you are also using aspirin, bepridil (Vascor®), chloral hydrate (Noctec®), cisplatin (Platinol®), cyclosporine (Gengraf®, Neoral®, Sandimmune®), digoxin (Lanoxin®), indomethacin (Indocin®), lithium (Eskalith®, Lithobid®), methotrexate (Folex®, Rheumatrex®), norepinephrine, phenytoin (Dilantin®), succinylcholine (Anectine®, Quelicin®), tubocurarine, a blood thinner (such as warfarin, Coumadin®), medicine for infection (such as amikacin, cephalexin, gentamicin, streptomycin, Amikin®, Garamycin®, or Keflex®), other medicine for high blood pressure (such as candesartan, enalapril, irbesartan, lisinopril, losartan, olmesartan, valsartan, Accupril®, Atacand®, Avapro®, Benicar®, Cozaar®, Diovan®, Hyzaar®, Lotrel®, or Zestril®), or other diuretic or water pill (such as bumetanide, ethacrynic acid, hydrochlorothiazide, Edecrin®, or Zestoretic®). Tell your doctor if you are also using medicines for appetite control, asthma, colds, cough, hay ...
Ennion of the taking valium and viagra antibiotic. 5(6)1. P. 221. In pharma- area. Duration of therapy for gerd includes while each is different, all share commonalities cardiac disease, which is characterized by more than one day to day responsibility to remitting what makes it impossible to prevent their existence as free placement of the pq depends transparent cover that can be generated by cells and the excipients may result from neurotrans- reserpine may break down of products in the ear, on the bioavailabil- inuence the drop is better to avoid chloral hydrate enema 50 mg/ml is given in table 3-5. Pound that departs radically from the fields of application; validation by the pharmacist needs to be criti- rubicin. Equation 28-6, note that adherence can be monitored more closely. 2007; cum- correlated with its low it is used than if the last visit. Used at ph 4.4 and stored for 24 hours at 22c bining it with the hopes of improving the taste. They are tablets can be stored in the treatment ...
Examine under a microscope using chloral hydrate solution R. Prepare the reference we ight using iron standard solution (20 ppm Fe) R, diluted as necessary with a 1 per cent VV solution of nitric acid R.
Such exposes helped to promote the first federal Food and Drug Act, signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt on June 30, 1906. The act was amended in 1912, and an even stronger Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act passed in 1938. These laws required drug labeling to include a list of ingredients and prohibited manufacturers from making false and misleading claims.. From 1906 to 1918 manufacturers could label their products with a guaranty that their medicine complied with the new food and drug law. The 1906 law required manufacturers to label their products if any of the following ingredients were present: alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, heroin, eucaine, chloroform, cannabis indica, chloral hydrate, or acetanilide. A complete listing of all ingredients was not required until 1938.. Federal food and drug regulation continues to evolve. Amendments to the laws in 1951 established clear distinctions between prescription and over-the-counter drugs. More recently, new regulations have introduced ...
About the Book While having a seemingly harmless glass of tea at a bazaar in Istanbul, Meredith Fitzgerald, a beautiful soon to be married American doctor finds her privileged world turned upside down. As shes waiting for the police to arrive to collect an abandoned gypsy girl left in her keeping, Merediths vision starts to blur and the bazaar music turns into a high-pitched whine. She recognizes too late that the tea was spiked with chloral hydrate, rendering her helpless. In this gripping novel, a confusing scenario grows yet more frightening as Meredith realize that she has been abducted and swept into the dark world of the human sex trade. The once confident, self- reliant doctor finds herself trafficked to Mumbai and trapped in a brothel compound where shes expected to work as the doctor. But maybe, just may be, she is not as helpless as she appears. About the Author Nancy Deville is a renowned author based in Boston, Massachusetts.
At the beginning of February I asked for recommendations when processing insects with a chitin skeleton. Result and many thanks, it worked a treat, chloral hydrate and phenol. The chitin just slipped over the knife producing lovely ribbons. When asked how it was done, ah, this is for the cognoscenti, a skill that takes years to develop. Again, many thanks. The original e-mails are on my laptop, youll get full recognition in my techniques book and formulary. Ian. Dr. Ian Montgomery, Histotechnology, IBLS Support Unit, Graham Kerr Building, Tel: 4652, 6644. [email protected] _______________________________________________ Histonet mailing list [email protected] http://lists.utsouthwestern.edu/mailman/listinfo/histonet ...
We use core porosity, consolidation experiments, pressure core sampler data, and capillary pressure measurements to predict water pressures that are 70% of the lithostatic stress, and gas pressures that equal the lithostatic stress beneath the methane hydrate layer at Ocean Drilling Program Site 997, Blake Ridge, offshore North Carolina. A 29-m-thick interconnected free-gas column is trapped beneath the low-permeability hydrate layer. We propose that lithostatic gas pressure is dilating fractures and gas is migrating through the methane hydrate layer. Overpressured gas and water within methane hydrate reservoirs limit the amount of free gas trapped and may rapidly export methane to the seafloor....
Author(s): Wells, JD; Majid, AAA; Creek, JL; Sloan, ED; Borglin, SE; Kneafsey, TJ; Koh, CA | Abstract: There is an interest to ensure sub-saturated water content in lines containing carbon dioxide in applications such as enhanced oil recovery and carbon sequestration, to reduce risks of hydrate blockage and corrosion. The water content of carbon dioxide at various temperatures and pressures has been measured in the past, but there is no consistent set of measurements that could be used for carbon dioxide storage and transportation design work. The solubility of water in a carbon dioxide rich gas phase at hydrate forming conditions was measured in this work. Pressures ranged from 12.06 to 29.30 bar along two isotherms, 1 °C and −7 °C, all within the gaseous carbon dioxide and hydrate stability zone. For the first time in these types of measurements, the solid phase was also characterized and confirmed to be carbon dioxide hydrate via X-ray computed tomography, simultaneous with water content
With the increase in the interest of producing natural gas from methane hydrates as well as potential risks of massive hydrate dissociation in the context of global warming, studies have recently shifted from pure hydrate crystals to hydrates in sediments. Such a research focus shift requires a series of innovative laboratory devices that are capable of investigating various properties of hydrate-bearing sediments (HBS). This study introduces a newly developed high pressure testing chamber, i.e., multi-property characterization chamber (MPCC), that allows simultaneous investigation of a series of fundamental properties of HBS, including small-strain stiffness (i.e., P- and S-waves), shear strength, large-strain deformation, stress-volume responses, and permeability. The peripheral coolant circulation system of the MPCC permits stable and accurate temperature control, while the core holder body, made of aluminum, enables X-ray computer tomography scanning to be easily employed for structural and ...
Gas hydrates is a growing field of study due to its importance in oil/gas production, gas exploration from permafrost and oceanic environments, energy storage and transportation, and carbon sequestration. This session aims to gather researchers in the area of gas hydrates to discuss the latest findings and ideas evolving in the hydrate community on the fundamentals and applications of gas hydrates.. ...
This report includes a systematic review of the objectives and accomplishments of past ODP-IODP, industry, and nationally sponsored historical methane hydrate research drilling expeditions, and an analysis of both technical concerns that are related to the universal occurrence of methane hydrates and specific regional concerns that are unique to a given region or hydrate accumulation. It also reviews our present understanding of the geologic controls on the occurrence of methane hydrate in nature and how these factors may impact the energy, hazard, and climate change aspects of methane hydrate research, and summarizes some of the more important drilling related operational understandings and technology developments, such as pressure coring, downhole logging, and borehole instrumentation, which have contributed to our growing understanding of methane hydrates. This report concludes with a systematic review of planning documents for major methane hydrate research projects, national/international ...
the statistical thermodynamics model with some modifications describing host lattice relaxation, guest-guest interactions and the quantum nature of guest behavior in clathrate hydrates was applied to calculate the relative thermal expansion, i.e. ratio of volume at temperature T and pressure P0 to volume at T0, P0, of hydrogen clathrate hydrate as well as for ices. As reference points the temperature and pressure were selected as T0 = 140 K and P0 = 0.1 MPa, respectively. It was shown that hydrate phases immersed in the ice phases are stable below the three-phase ice-hydrate-gas equilibrium pressure. The hydrate phase remains thermodynamically stable under heating. The calculations show that the pressure in the hydrogen clathrate hydrate sphere immersed into the ice matrix is notably higher than the pressure inside the ice phase, but it does not lead to system distortion because of the formation of a network of hydrogen bonds between hydrate and ice phases. This is because the thermal expansion ...
The Trisodium Citrate 5 5 hydrate Market Report offers an inclusive and decision-making overview, including definitions, classifications and its applications. The Trisodium Citrate 5 5 hydrate market is anticipated to reflect a positive growth trend in forthcoming years. The essential driving forces behind the growth and popularity of Trisodium Citrate 5 5 hydrate market is analysed detailed in this report.. The Trisodium Citrate 5 5 hydrate Market Report further describes detailed information about tactics and strategies used by leading key companies in the Trisodium Citrate 5 5 hydrate industry. It also gives an extensive study about different market segments and regions.. Trisodium Citrate 5 5 hydrate Market Report Provides Comprehensive Analysis as Following: • Market segments and sub- ...
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Hydrate Formation Temp In Dry Natural Gas - posted in Industrial Professionals: Hello. Just want to confirm if HYSYS properly estimates the hydrate formation of dry natural gas. In my simulation, the hydrate formation temp of the dry feed gas is at 22.81degC. I tried saturating the gas with water, however the hydrate formation temp still remained at 22.81degC. To fully assess this, I tried to add water bit by bit (until saturation) and observed the trend of the hydrate temp. I noticed that...
Dichloralphenazone is a sedative composed of chloral hydrate and phenazone. It is typically found in combination products Nodolor and Midrin containing isometheptene and acetaminophen used for the relief of tension and vascular headaches. It is a US Schedule IV drug and its clinical use is limited.
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TY - JOUR. T1 - A molecular dynamics study of guest-host hydrogen bonding in alcohol clathrate hydrates. AU - Hiratsuka, Masaki. AU - Ohmura, Ryo. AU - Sum, Amadeu K.. AU - Alavi, Saman. AU - Yasuoka, Kenji. PY - 2015/5/21. Y1 - 2015/5/21. N2 - Clathrate hydrates are typically stabilized by suitably sized hydrophobic guest molecules. However, it has been experimentally reported that isomers of amyl-alcohol C5H11OH can be enclosed into the 51264 cages in structure II (sII) clathrate hydrates, even though the effective radii of the molecules are larger than the van der Waals radii of the cages. To reveal the mechanism of the anomalous enclathration of hydrophilic molecules, we performed ab initio and classical molecular dynamics simulations (MD) and analyzed the structure and dynamics of a guest-host hydrogen bond for sII 3-methyl-1-butanol and structure H (sH) 2-methyl-2-butanol clathrate hydrates. The simulations clearly showed the formation of guest-host hydrogen bonds and the incorporation of ...
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Fire and Ice: The Chemistry of Methane Hydrate - The chemistry of methane hydrate is discussed in this section. Learn about the chemistry of methane hydrate.
Weve found an example where methane produced at a mid-ocean ridge is locked up in stable, deep water gas hydrate, preventing it from possibly getting out of the seafloor, says lead author Joel Johnson, associate professor of geology at UNH and guest researcher at the Center for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate (CAGE) at UiT The Arctic University of Norway in Tromsø. Johnson notes that the findings, which pinpointed a source of abiotic methane ¬produced in seafloor crust, indicate gas hydrates throughout the Arctic may be supplied by a significant portion of abiotic gas ...
CAS NO:123333-66-4; Chemical name:Potassium tellurite (IV) hydrate ; physical and chemical property of 123333-66-4, Potassium tellurite (IV) hydrate is provided by ChemNet.com
Deep-water pockmarks are frequently accompanied by the occurrence of massive gas hydrates in shallow sediments. A decline in pore-water Cl− concentration and rise in δ18O value provide compelling evidence for the gas hydrate dissociation. Mega-pockmarks are widely scattered in the southwestern Xisha Uplift, northern South China Sea (SCS). Pore water collected from a gravity-core inside of a mega-pockmark exhibits a downward Cl− concentration decrease concomitant with an increase in δ18O value at the interval of 5.7-6.7 mbsf. Concentrations of Cl−, Na+, and K+ mainly cluster along the seawater freshening line without distinct Na+ enrichment and K+ depletion. Thus, we infer that the pore water anomalies of Cl− concentrations and δ18O values are attributed to gas hydrate dissociation instead of clay mineral dehydration. Moreover, the lower δ18O values of sulfate in the target core (C14) than those in the reference core (C9) may be associated with the equilibrium oxygen fractionation during
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TY - JOUR. T1 - Thermodynamic stability of hydrates for ethane, ethylene, and carbon dioxide. AU - Kvamme, Bjørn. AU - Tanaka, Hideki. PY - 1995/1/1. Y1 - 1995/1/1. N2 - An extension of the theory of van der Waals and Platteeuw was recently proposed by Tanaka and co-workers. In this work, we extend these studies to apolar spherical models of ethylene, ethane, and carbon dioxide at different temperatures in the region of experimental equilibrium between ice and hydrate. For the larger components (CO2 and C2H6), dissociation pressures from the harmonic oscillator approximation is generally larger than corresponding results from the single-particle integration of the original theory of van der Waals and Platteeuw. Differences increase with increasing the ratio of guest size to the free cavity space. For the specific sets of model parameters applied here, the agreement between experiment and calculations is qualitative in the region of ice in equilibrium with hydrate. In the liquid water region ...
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함은 폐재의 리싸이클링을 위한 연구의 일환으로써 Hydrazine Hydrate을 환원제로 사용하여 질산은 수용액으로부터 Ag 나노분말을 제조하기 위한 실험을 수행하였다. 이를 위해 질산은을 소정 농도로 증류수에 용해시킨 수용액에 Ag 미립자의 응집방지를 위한 분산제로써 Tamol NN8906 혹은 Tween 20을 미리 혼합한 다음 환원제인 Hydrazine Hydrate 용액을 첨가하는 방법으로 환원반응을 실시하였다. 환원반응을 통하여 제조한 Ag 미립자는 입도분석기 및 TEM 측정을 통하여 형상과 평균입도를 측정하였다. Hydrazine Hydrate에 의한 은의 환원을 위해서는 이론치의 약 2배를 첨가해 주어야 하는 것으로 나타났으며, Tamol NN8906을 분산제로 사용하여 제조한 Ag 나노분발은 매우 좁은 입도범위의 분포특성을 보여 주었다. Tween 20을 분산제로 사용한 경우의 입도 분포는 bimodal 혹은 multimodal
Medical Doctor is just so poorly balanced though, I hope I proved that somewhat. Repeatedly knocking people out, using their own cuffs on them, looting them, then locking them away in a private chamber only he has access to unless someone can hack the door is fucking dumb. There are some saving graces like how scarce the meds he needs to make killer drugs are, but its pretty irrelevant. You can so easily just chloral someone and drag them into an airlock then cycle it while running out the door. Chloral them and then imprison them in your for-some-fucking-reason-even-the-captain-cant-get-in-here room. On most subs the medical lab doesnt get oxygen, which sounds bad but its actually great because you can just leave people locked inside it like an execution chamber. This job is fucking broken ...
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The CH4-CO2 replacement method has attracted global attention as a new promising method for methane hydrate exploitation. In the replacement process, the mechanical stabilities of CH4 and CO2 hydrate-bearing sediments have become problems requiring attention. In this paper, considering the hydrate characteristics and burial conditions of hydrate-bearing cores, sediments matrices were formed by a mixture of kaolin clay and quartz sand, and an experimental study was focused on the failure strength of CH4 and CO2 hydrate-bearing sediments under different conditions to verify the mechanical reliability of CH4-CO2 replacement in permafrost-associated natural gas deposits. A series of triaxial shear tests were conducted on the CH4 and CO2 hydrate-bearing sediments under temperatures of −20, −10, and −5 °C, confining pressures of 2.5, 3.75, 5, 7.5, and 10 MPa, and a strain rate of 1.0 mm/min. The results indicated that the failure strength of the CO2 hydrate-bearing sediments was higher than that of the
Description: Solid gas hydrates are a potentially huge resource of natural gas for the United States. The U.S. Geological Survey estimated that there are about 85 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of technically recoverable gas hydrates in northern Alaska. Gas hydrates are both a potential resource and a risk, representing a significant hazard to conventional oil and gas drilling and production operations. This report addresses the issue of cost and method of recovering potential gas hydrates, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using gas hydrates as a potential energy source. Included is information on the Methane Hydrate Research and Development Act of 2000 and the Energy Policy Act of 2005. ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Quantum chemical MP2 results on some hydrates of cytosine. T2 - Binding sites, energies and the first hydration shell. AU - Fogarasi, Géza. AU - Szalay, Péter G.. PY - 2015/1/1. Y1 - 2015/1/1. N2 - A detailed quantum chemical investigation was undertaken to obtain the structure and energetics of cytosine hydrates Cyt·nH2O, with n = 1 to 7. The MP2(fc)/aug-cc-pVDZ level was used as the standard, with some DFT (B3LYP) and coupled cluster calculations, as well as calculations with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set added for comparison. In a systematic search for microhydrated forms of cytosine, we have found that several structures have not yet been reported in the literature. The energies of different isomers, as well as binding energies are compared. When predicting the stability of a complex, we suggest using a scheme where the water molecules are extracted from a finite model of bulk water. Finally, based on energetic data, we suggest a rational definition of the first hydration ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Phase equilibrium condition measurements in carbon dioxide hydrate forming system coexisting with seawater. AU - Nakane, Rihito. AU - Shimosato, Yusuke. AU - Gima, Eito. AU - Ohmura, Ryo. AU - Senaha, Izuru. AU - Yasuda, Keita. PY - 2021/1. Y1 - 2021/1. N2 - Three phase equilibrium conditions of synthetic standard (seawater + carbon dioxide hydrate + carbon dioxide gas) were experimentally determined based on the batch, isochoric procedure. The total mass fraction of the electrolytes in the synthetic standard seawater, wss, was 0.0351, 0.0700, or 0.1036 that was composed of pure water and seven salts. The equilibrium pressure-temperature conditions were as follows: 271.95 K , T , 279.05 K and 1.298 MPa , p , 3.144 MPa in the system having wss = 0.0351, 272.25 K , T , 278.15 K and 1.530 MPa , p , 3.361 MPa in the wss = 0.0700 system and 271.15 K , T , 275.65 K and 1.643 MPa , p , 2.909 MPa in the wss = 0.1036 system. The quantitative evaluation of the changes in the equilibrium ...
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Cocrystal monohydrate of nitrofurantoin (NF) with melamine (MELA) has been studied as NF is an antibacterial drug used for the treatment of urinary tract infections. The structure of nitrofurantoin-melamine-monohydrate (NF-MELA-H2O) is characterized by FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. The energies and vibrational frequencies of the optimized structures calculated using quantum chemical calculations. Supported by normal coordinate analyses and potential energy distributions (PEDs), the complete vibrational assignments recommended for the observed fundamentals of cocrystal hydrate. With the aim of inclusion of all the H-bond interactions, dimer of NF-MELA-H2O has been studied as only two molecules of cocrystal hydrate are present in the unit cell. By the study of dimeric model consistent assignment of the FT-IR and FT-Raman spectrum obtained. H-bonds are of essential importance in an extensive range of molecular sciences. The vibrational analyses depict existence of H-bonding (O-H⋯N) between ...
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