Extensive cross-reactivity between the different individual species of the genus could be expected, but has not been formally evaluated. (8). A class I chitinase has been reported to be the relevant protein linked to cross-reactions in latex-fruit allergy syndrome, which includes passion fruit, cherimoya, kiwi, papaya, mango, tomato and wheat. (5, 9). A class I chitinase from avocado or latex extract was used as an inhibitor in a study the aim of which was to evaluate the role of chitinases and complex glycans as cross-reactive determinants linked to latex-food allergy. Putative class I chitinases of 30 to 45 kDa were recognised by both specific polyclonal antibodies to chitinases and sera from patients with latex-fruit allergy in chestnut, cherimoya, passion fruit, kiwi, papaya, mango, tomato, and wheat flour extracts. Prs a 1, the major allergen and class I chitinase from avocado, along with the latex extract, strongly or fully inhibited IgE binding by these components when tested in ...

Ym1 and Fizz1 are secreted proteins that have been identified in a variety of Th2-mediated inflammatory settings. We originally found Ym1 and Fizz1 as highly expressed macrophage genes in a Brugia malayi infection model. Here, we show that their expression is a generalized feature of nematode infection and that they are induced at the site of infection with both the tissue nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis and the gastrointestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. At the sites of infection with N. brasiliensis, we also observed induction of other chitinase and Fizz family members (ChaFFs): acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) and Fizz2. The high expression of both Ym1 and AMCase in the lungs of infected mice suggests that abundant chitinase production is an important feature of Th2 immune responses in the lung. In addition to expression of ChaFFs in the tissues, Ym1 and Fizz1 expression was observed in the lymph nodes. Expression both in vitro and in vivo was restricted to antigen-presenting ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - A novel chitinase isozyme in tobacco BY-2 cells induced by the autoclaved Alternaria alternata culture medium. AU - Saito, Mikako. AU - Shinya, Tomonori. AU - Hanai, Kazunari. AU - Katagi, Tetsuya. AU - Matsuoka, Hideaki. PY - 2004/10. Y1 - 2004/10. N2 - BY-2 cells form a linear linkage of several cells. Such a unique configuration is thought to be suitable for the cell-to-cell communication analysis in vivo that is the basis of the elucidation of the systemic acquired resistance in plants. Since chitinase is one of the typical stress response proteins in plants, BY-2 cells were treated with various biotic and abiotic stresses to investigate if chitinase could be induced in BY-2 cells. Among 33 stresses, the autoclaved Alternaria alternata culture medium could induce at least three chitinase isozymes. The amount of each isozyme was very small but the most abundant one, TBC-1, could be successfully isolated at the yield of 2μg from 2.4kg wet matter of BY-2 cells. The N-terminal ...

The oomycete Aphanomyces astaci is regarded as the causative agent of crayfish plague and represents an evident hazard for European crayfish species. Native crayfish populations infected with this pathogen suffer up to 100% mortality. The existence of multiple transmission paths necessitates the development of a reliable, robust and efficient test to detect the pathogen. Currently, A. astaci is diagnosed by a PCR-based assay that suffers from cross-reactivity to other species. We developed an alternative closed-tube assay for A. astaci, which achieves robustness through simultaneous amplification of multiple functionally constrained genes. Two novel constitutively expressed members of the glycosyl hydrolase (GH18) gene family of chitinases were isolated from the A. astaci strain Gb04. The primary amino acid sequence of these chitinase genes, termed CHI2 and CHI3, is composed of an N-terminal signal peptide directing the post-translational transport of the protein into the extracellular space, the

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BACKGROUND YKL-40, a mammalian member of chitinase-like proteins, has been shown to play a role in pathological conditions leading to tissue remodeling and fibrosis. Recently, YKL-40 was found to be increased in severe asthma, suggesting that YKL-40 contributes to airway remodeling; however, no data are available about YKL-40 expression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The present study was conducted to investigate YKL-40 expression in the serum and lung of IPF patients, and to determine its clinical significance. METHODS Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we measured YKL-40 levels in the serum of 63 IPF patients and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of 18 IPF patients. YKL-40 levels were also assessed in the serum and BALF of healthy subjects. We further investigated the relationship between serum YKL-40 levels and clinical parameters. Additionally, immunohistochemical staining for YKL-40 was performed in lung specimens of IPF patients and control subjects. RESULTS Serum and

The biodegradation of chitin is an important part of the carbon and nitrogen cycles in nature. Speeding up the biotransformation of chitin substrates can not only reduce pollution, but also produce high value-added products. However, this process is strictly regulated by the catalytic efficiency of the chitinolytic machinery. Therefore, it is necessary to study the mode of action and compound mechanisms of different chitin-degrading enzymes in depth to improve the catalytic efficiency of the chitinolytic machinery. The thermophilic bacterium Streptomyces sp. F-3 showed comparatively high chitin degradation activities. To elucidate the mechanism underlying chitin hydrolysis, six chitin degradation-related enzymes were identified in the extracellular proteome of Streptomyces sp. F-3, including three chitinases (SsChi18A, SsChi18B, and SsChi18C) from the GH18 family, one GH19 chitinase (SsChi19A), one GH20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (SsGH20A), and one lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (SsLPMO10A) from the

Insect chitinases are hydrolytic enzymes that are required for the degradation of glycosidic bonds of chitin. In this study, we identified and characterized a full-length cDNA of the chitinase gene (BdCht2) in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. The cDNA contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 1449 bp that encodes 483 amino acid residues and 126- and 296-bp non-coding regions at the 5- and 3-ends, respectively. The BdCht2 genome has four exons and three introns. The predicted molecular mass of the deduced BdCht2 is approximately 54.3 kDa, with an isoelectric point of 5.97. The 977 bp 5 flanking region was identified and the transcription factor binding sites were predicted. Bioinformatic analyses showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of BdCht2 had 34%-66% identity to that of chitinases identified in other insect species. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analyses indicated that BdCht2 was mainly expressed during the larval-pupal and pupal-adult transitions. The tissue-specific

Insect chitinases are hydrolytic enzymes that are required for the degradation of glycosidic bonds of chitin. In this study, we identified and characterized a full-length cDNA of the chitinase gene (BdCht2) in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. The cDNA contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 1449 bp that encodes 483 amino acid residues and 126- and 296-bp non-coding regions at the 5- and 3-ends, respectively. The BdCht2 genome has four exons and three introns. The predicted molecular mass of the deduced BdCht2 is approximately 54.3 kDa, with an isoelectric point of 5.97. The 977 bp 5 flanking region was identified and the transcription factor binding sites were predicted. Bioinformatic analyses showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of BdCht2 had 34%-66% identity to that of chitinases identified in other insect species. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analyses indicated that BdCht2 was mainly expressed during the larval-pupal and pupal-adult transitions. The tissue-specific

Two chitinase isoforms, designated GBC-a and GBC-b, were purified from the bulbs of gladiolus (Gladiolus gandavensis) using CM-cellulose column chromatography followed by Butyl-Toyopearl 650 M hydrophobic column chromatography, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75, and Mono-S FPLC. GBC-a and GBC-b are weakly acidic and weakly basic proteins with molecular masses of 30 kDa, and isoelectric points of 6.0 and 7.5, respectively. GBC-a and GBC-b were found to be homologous proteins with similar amino acid compositions and N-terminal sequences. The number of half-cystine residues in GBC-a and GBC-b was only one each, which is much lower than those of plant class I (15-17 Cys residues/mol), class II (5-8 Cys residues/mol), and class III (6 Cys residues/mol) chitinases. The N-terminal sequences of GBC-a and GBC-b were completely different from those of plant three classes of chitinases. The optimal pHs of these chitinases toward glycolchitin were pH 5. GBC-a hydrolyzed (GlcNAc)5 into (GlcNAc)2, (GlcNAc)3 and (GlcNAc

This book contains comprehensive contributions on chitin biology and chitin metabolism related enzymes, aiming to provide with recent research progress about biology of chitin-containing organisms as well as cross-talks between chitin-containing and non-chitin-containing organisms.

The 1011 ton global annual turnover of chitin has generated extensive interest in the regulation of chitin processing enzyme production in bacteria. Some bacteria regulate chitinase production by N-Acyl-L-homoserine lactone (AHL) mediated quorum sensing. In this study, a description of bacterial community succession during chitin particle colonisation and depolymerisation in activated sludge is presented. It was discovered that Betaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes lineages dominate chitin colonisation in sludge and that AHLs bind to chitin at concentrations that upregulate AHL dependent transcription in bacterial cells associated with the chitin surface. There was no requirement for high cell density (a quorum) at the chitin surface. Further, N-Acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), the monomer of the chitin polymer, is shown to inhibit AHL dependent gene transcription representing a previously unrecognised mechanism by which the chitinase reaction product negatively regulates chitinase production. ...

한국 토양에서 분리된 Xanthomonas sp.는 Candida albicans에 대한 용균성을 나타내며 분비효소로서 chitinase를 분비하는 것으로 사료되었다. 특히 chitinase활성은 chitin배지에서 배양했을 때 3일 배양에서 최대치를 나타내었다. 이러한 특성이 있는 Xanthomonas의 chitinase 유전자를 cloning하기 위하여 cosmid vector...

Helminth infections and allergic diseases are associated with IgE hyperresponsiveness but the genetics of this phenotype remain to be defined. Susceptibility to Ascaris lumbricoides infection and antibody levels to this helminth are associated with polymorphisms in locus 13q33-34. We aimed to explore this and other genomic regions to identify genetic variants associated with the IgE responsiveness in humans. Forty-eight subjects from Cartagena, Colombia, with extreme values of specific IgE to Ascaris and ABA-1, a resistance marker of this nematode, were selected for targeted resequencing. Burden analyses were done comparing extreme groups for IgE values. One-hundred one SNPs were genotyped in 1258 individuals of two well-characterized populations from Colombia and Sweden. Two low-frequency coding variants in the gene encoding the Acidic Mammalian Chitinase (CHIA rs79500525, rs139812869, tagged by rs10494133) were found enriched in high IgE responders to ABA-1 and confirmed by genetic association ...

A polyclonal antiserum was prepared against a purified microsomal chitinase isolated from the fungus Choanephora cucurbitarum. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to localize chitinase at various developmental stages of five zygomycetous fungi and during abiotrophic mycoparasite interaction with a susceptible and resistant host. This was compared to localization of oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine with the lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Dotimmunoblot and Western blot techniques revealed that the anti-serum reacted strongly with the antigen from which it was derived. Cross reactivity of the antiserum was found with WGA and another chitin binding lectin, Phyto/acca americana agglutinin (PAA). Immuno-fluorescence results showed the direct involvement of chitinase in spore swelling, germination, sporangium development and response during mechanical injury. There appeared to be no involvement of chitinase during apical hyphal growth or new branch initiation in any of the fungi tested despite ...

Supplementary MaterialsSupplementary materials 1 (DOCX 12?kb) 11248_2012_9631_MOESM1_ESM. 17 transgenic lines examined and their necrotic leaf region decreased by 73C94?% compared to the untransformed susceptible control line. Finally, correlation between symptom development and rice chitinase expression was confirmed in two lines by Western analysis. The potential of rice chitinase genes to enhance resistance against in banana was exhibited as well as the usefulness of the leaf disk bioassay for early disease screening in transgenic banana lines. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11248-012-9631-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. spp., f.sp. Race 1. In addition to pests, bacterial and viral diseases the production of banana is usually severely threatened worldwide by a leaf attacking hemibiotroph fungal pathogen belonging to the division: Morelet, causing the Dark Leaf buy TR-701 Streak Disease (BLSD), ...

1. Amano, Y., and Ozeki, S. 1981. Winter wheat breeding for resistance to snow mold and cold hardiness. I. Development of testing methods and application for the classification of resistant varieties. Bull. Hokkaido Pref. Agric. Exp. Stn. 46:12-21.. 2. Bazzingher, G. 1976. Der schwarze Schneeschimmel der Koniferen [Herpotrichia juniperi (Duby) Petrak und Herpotrichia coulteri (Peck) Bose]. Eu. J. For. Pathol. 6:109-122.. 3. Bruehl, G. W. 1982. Developing wheat resistant to snow mold in Washington state. Plant Dis. 66:1091-1095.. 4. Burpee, L. L., Kaye, L. M., Goulty, L. G., and Lawton, M. B. 1987. Suppression of gray snow mold on creeping bentgrass by an isolate of Typhula phacorrhiza. Plant Dis. 71:97-100.. 5. Cheng, M., Gay, P. A., and McBeath, J. H. 2001. Determination of chitinolytic activity in under differing environmental conditions. P. 57-62. IN: Proceeings of Biocontrol in a New Millenium: Building for the Future on Past Experience. D. M. Huber, ed.. 6. Conn, J., and Cameron, J. 1988. ...

5] Diaz-Perales, A., et al.: Class I chitinases with hevein-like domain, but not class II enzymes, are relevant chestnut and avocado allergens., J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 102, 127-133 (1998); Chen, Z., et al.: Identification of hevein (Hev b 6.02) in Hevea latex as a major cross-reacting allergen with avocado fruit in patients with latex allergy., J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 102, 476-481 (1998); Sowka, S., et al.: Identification and cloning of Prs a 1, a 32-kD endochitinase and major allergen of avocado, and its expression in the yeast Pichia pastoris., J. Biol. Chem., 273, 28091-28097 (1998); Mikkola, J.H., et al.: Hevein-like protein domains as a possible cause for allergen cross-reactivity between latex and banana., J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 102, 1005-1012 (1998); Blanco, C., et al.: Class I chitinases as potentioal panallergens involved in the latex-fruit syndrome., J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 103, 507-513 (1999); Posch, A., et al.: Class I endochitinase containing a hevein domain is the ...

Insect chitinase 5 (Cht5), a well-characterized enzyme found in the molting fluid and/or integument, is classified as a group I chitinase and is usually encoded by a single gene. In this study, a Cht5 gene cluster consisting ...

Aims: The objective of this study was to produce stable inclusions of chitinase ChiA74Dsp in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis ( Bti) and to assay its insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae. Methods and Results: Bti was transformed with chiA74 triangle sp regulated by its own promoter or by the strong chimeric cytAp/STAB-SD promoter system to generate two recombinant Bti strains. These recombinants produced their native parasporal bodies composed of Cry4Aa, Cry4Ba, Cry11Aa and Cyt1Aa and ChiA74Dsp inclusions, and showed a approx. threefold increase in both endochitinase activity and viable spore count when compared with the parental strain. Both recombinants were approximately twofold more toxic (LC50s 8.02, 9.6 ng ml(-1)) than parental Bti (19.8 ng ml(-1)) against 4(th) instars of A. aegypti larvae. Conclusions: ChiA74Dsp inclusions, together with the insecticidal crystals and spores of Bti increased the toxicity against A. aegypti larvae by at least twofold. Significance ...

Objective To research the interrelation of cholera toxin gene (CT gene) in manifestation of chitinase gene under different pH conditions among pathogenic and Non-pathogenic strains of in time depended chitinase activity, purification of expressed protein and SDS-PAGE analysis. gradients, tolerance to stress and safety from predators[7]. Emergent properties of chemotaxis, cell multiplication, induction of competence, bio?lm formation, commensal and symbiotic relationship with higher organisms, cycling of nutrients, and pathogenicity for humans and aquatic animals[8]. As factors mediating virulence of for humans and aquatic animals derive from mechanisms of adaptation to its environment, at different levels of hierarchical level, relationships with chitin represent a useful model for examination of the part of main habitat selection in the development of traits that have been identi?ed as virulence reasons in human disease[9]. In the current study primarily we targeted different climatic factors ...

小菜蛾 (Plutella xylostella, diamondback)，繁殖能力強，生長世代短，可適應各種惡劣的環境，為世界性的十字花科作物重要害蟲，然而其幾丁質相關構造及酵素目前仍未被詳細研究。幾丁質為構成昆蟲表皮及圍食膜 (peritrophic matrix: PM) 之重要物質；幾丁質通常會與幾丁質結合蛋白 (chitin binding proteins: CBPs) 結合，CBPs對於幾丁質重要構造的形成、結構維持以及功能的調控，扮演重要的角色。本研究解析小菜蛾體內幾丁質重要構造之蛋白與幾丁質相關酵素，特別針對圍食膜蛋白 (PM proteins: PMP)、CBPs以及幾丁質? (Chitinase: Chts) 等幾丁質相關蛋白，根據CBPs之基因表現情形、親緣關係分析及幾丁質?選殖與表現定性，期望獲得有助於研發新式鱗翅目害蟲防治之重要資訊。利用2-D電泳與質譜分析，可鑑定到四個 PM ...

Allergen purification:. Collada et al (1992) [306] purified basic endochitinases from Castanea sativa cotyledons and Allona et al. (1996) [6] expressed a chitinase (Cas s 5) in a bacterial system.. Diaz-Perales et al (1998) [315] started from a PBS extract of chestnut which was salted-out with 80% saturated (NH4)2SO4. The pellets were collected by centrifugation, dissolved in PBS buffer, and then the pH was brought to 3.5 by addition of 0.1 mol/L HCl. After centrifugation, the supernatants were dialyzed against distilled H2O and freeze-dried. 30 mg of protein was dissolved in 20 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) and loaded onto a column (45 × 2.5 cm) of regenerated chitin, which was equilibrated with the same buffer. Elution was carried out with 300 ml (3 hours) of 20 mmol/L sodium acetate (pH 5.5) followed by 400 ml (4 hours) of 20 mmol/L acetic acid (pH 3.2) and chitinases containing fractions were pooled, concentrated, and desalted. These were subjected to cation-exchange chromatography with a Mono S ...

cDNA cloning, expression, and antifungal exercise of chitinase from Ficus microcarpa latex: distinction in antifungal motion of chitinase with and with out chitin-binding area A chitin-binding area may contribute to the antifungal capability of chitinase via…. ...

Chitin-binding protein which slows larval growth when consumed by the lepidopteran species S.ricini and M.brassica, but not when consumed by the mulberry specialist B.mori. Lacks chitinase activity.

One way of enhancing and broadening resistance of plants to different biotic and abiotic stresses is to combine transgenes expressing several genes into a single line. This can be done using different strategies such as crossing, single vector with multiple genes, co-transformation, sequential transformation and IRES elements. In the present study conventional crossing method was used. Parental transgenic lines transformed via Agrobacterium tumefasciens-mediated gene transformation with pGreenII binary vector harbouring a bar gene as selectable marker in combination with the family 19 chitinase gene from Streptomyces olivaceoviridis for one line and 1,3-β-glucanase from barley (Hordeum vulgare) for the other line were used for crossing. Both chitinase and glucanase genes were cloned into pGreenII vector under the control of the constitutive double 35S-promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus. Progenies expressing the two genes were characterised at the molecular level using PCR, RT-PCR and ...

Chitin, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, is an important structural component in the cell walls of fungal pathogens. Plant chitinases are capable of degrading this component to directly inhib...

1LL6: THE STRUCTURE OF AN ALLOSAMIDIN COMPLEX WITH THE COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS CHITINASE DEFINES A ROLE FOR A SECOND ACID RESIDUE IN SUBSTRATE-ASSISTED MECHANISM

The invention provides a biscuit containing abundant chitin which accounts for 5-8% of the total weight of the biscuit. The weight-losing effect of the chitin is as follows: carboniums in the chitin can be automatically attached to electronegative fat in food so as to block off the action of lipase so that the fat is not absorbed in intestine and is directly discharged out of body, wherein, the chitin is combined with the fat and then is discharged out of body but is not combined with protein in important nutrients, thus preventing harm on a human body. Therefore, the biscuit containing the abundant chitin can be eaten securely by a person who wants to reduce weight without affecting nutrient absorption; and in addition, the chitin is different from the common diet food which reaches the weight-losing effect by suppressing appetite or causing diarrhea of the person, and moreover, the chitin has the efficacy of improving a metabolism function of digestive tract.

The predominant characteristic feature of C. pinensis is the ability to degrade chitin, a β-1,4-glycosidic linked homopolymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and one of the most abundant polysaccharides in nature. It is a component of fungal cell walls and of arthropod exoskeletons. Chitin is degraded by chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14); endochitinases randomly cleave within the chitin molecule and exochitinases hydrolyze diacetylchitobiose from the end of a chitin chain. Diacetylchitobiose is further degraded to N-acetylglucosamine by the action of N-acetylglucosaminidases (EC 3.2.1.52).. These glycosidic bond hydrolyzing enzymes were grouped in glycoside hydrolase (GH) families based on amino acid sequence similarities (Web Site) [22]. For the C. pinensis genome 169 glycoside hydrolases belonging to 49 different GH families are predicted; 18 of the predicted glycoside hydrolases belong to GH family 43 which contains xylosidases, xylanases, arabinanases, arabinofuranosidases and galactosidases. Because of ...

11118DNAArtificial sequenceSingle strand DNA nucleotide 1ctcagaagac cagagggc 18217DNAArtificial sequenceSingle strand DNA nucleotide 2caaagcggcc atcgtgc 17321DNAArtificial sequenceSingle strand DNA oligonucleotide 3cagaattcgc ccgcccctgc a 21422DNAArtificial sequenceSingle strand DNA oligonucleotide 4ctcagatctt ggcgatgcca ca 22521DNAArtificial sequenceNucleic acid sequence encoding the vacuolar targeting signal peptide derived fromTobacco chitinase A 5gatcttttag tcgatactat g 21666DNAArtificial sequenceNucleic acid sequence encoding the ER signal peptide derived from the Arabidopsis basic endochitinase gene 6atgaagacta atctttttct ctttctcatc ttttcacttc tcctatcatt atcctcggcc 60gaattc 66733PRTArtificial sequenceAcetylcholinesterase leader sequence into the ER 7Met Arg Pro Pro Gln Cys Leu Leu His Thr Pro Ser Leu Ala Ser Pro1 5 10 15Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Trp Leu Leu Gly Gly Gly Val Gly Ala Glu 20 25 30Gly86PRTArtificial sequenceER retention signal 8Ser Glu Lys Asp Glu Leu1 59606PRTArtificial ...

InterPro provides functional analysis of proteins by classifying them into families and predicting domains and important sites. We combine protein signatures from a number of member databases into a single searchable resource, capitalising on their individual strengths to produce a powerful integrated database and diagnostic tool.

p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.,/p> ,p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.,/p> ,p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).,/p> ,p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x,sup>64,/sup> + x,sup>4,/sup> + x,sup>3,/sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. ,/p> ,p class=publication>Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.,br /> ,strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums,/strong>,br /> ,a href=http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php>Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993),/a>),/p> Checksum:i ...

Systemic inflammation is proposed to be one potential major driver of HFpEF, causing coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation and the development of diastolic dysfunction.8,22-25 Indeed, numerous single biomarkers of inflammation have previously (eg, GDF-15, galectin-3, ST2, IL-6, and IL-813,16,17,26,27) and now, to our knowledge, for the first time (eg, chitinase-3-like protein 1 and C-C motif chemokine 20) been found to be associated with HFpEF severity and outcome. GDF-15 was the strongest predictor of outcome among 87 different biomarkers in this study, consistent with previous analyses.26,28 In addition, we present novel prognostic information on the pseudochitinase chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40), present in inflammatory cells, such as in granules of neutrophils, which has been associated with the increased risk of atrial fibrillation,29 a common comorbidity in HFpEF. Chitinase-3-like protein 1 is a marker of disease severity in many systemic inflammatory diseases, including ...

Modules of approx. 70 residues. The chitin-binding function has been demonstrated in several cases. These modules are found attached to a number of chitinase catalytic domains, but also in non-catalytic proteins either in isolation or as multiple repeats; chitin binding (EC IIa.chitin ...

Bombyx mori BMCHIR1protein: is a chitinase-like gene induced by 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Silkworm; amino acid sequence in first source

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16120DNAArtificial SequenceYM-1 Forward Primer 1tggaattggt gcccctacaa 20220DNAArtificial SequenceYM-1 Reverse Primer 2aacttgcact gtgtatattg 20318DNAArtificial SequenceYM-2 Forward Primer 3aacctcagac attcatta 18421DNAArtificial SequenceYM-2 Reverse Primer 4tggtccttcc agtaggtaat a 21520DNAArtificial SequenceYM-3 Forward Primer 5tataaatctc catttgacac 20620DNAArtificial SequenceYM-3 Reverse Primer 6cctaatttat tgtccttgac 20728DNAArtificial SequenceAMCase Forward Primer 7atctgcagtg gacacacctt catcctga 28828DNAArtificial SequenceAMCase Reverse Primer 8atgaattcaa caagccctgc ttgacaat 28922DNAArtificial SequenceYM Antisense In Situ Hybridization Probe 9tcctcgagac ccagggtact gc 221024DNAArtificial SequenceYM Sense In Situ Hybridization Probe 10tatctagagg atcttcctac cagc 241129DNAArtificial SequenceAMCase Antisense In Situ Hybridization Probe 11tcgctcgaga acaagccctg cttgacaat 291228DNAArtificial SequenceAMCase sense In Situ Hybridization Probe 12gctctagatg gacacacctt catcctga 281319PRTArtificial ...

As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.

We found that in adult patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery, UCHI3L1 had inadequate predictive value for CSA-AKI. This was also true for the well-known tubular damage biomarker UNGAL. In contrast, more frequent assessment of the functional biomarker SCr in the early post-operative ICU period (first 4 h) had good to excellent predictive value for CSA-AKI.. Similar to others, our ICU routinely measures SCr at t1 and either around t4 (morning patient) or t5 (afternoon patient) in the early post-operative period. However, with ±50% of AKI diagnosed before t5, of which ±50% before t4, our study highlights the importance of more frequent SCr assessment in the first 4 h. This aids in early AKI diagnosis and could also reveal some cases of rapid reversal of AKI (i.e. complete reversal of AKI by KDIGO criteria within 48 h of AKI onset [30]). These findings are in accordance with those of a small retrospective study (n = 29) by Maciel et al. [31].. Novel findings of our study are the good ...

Chitotriosidase is secreted by activated human macrophages and is markedly elevated in plasma of Gaucher disease patients. The expression of chitotriosidase occurs only at a late stage of differentiation of monocytes to activated macrophages in culture. Human macrophages can synthesize a functional chitotriosidase, a highly conserved enzyme with a strongly regulated expression. This enzyme may play a role in the degradation of chitin-containing pathogens. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012 ...

FUNCTION: [Summary is not available for the mouse gene. This summary is for the human ortholog.] Chitotriosidase is secreted by activated human macrophages and is markedly elevated in plasma of Gaucher disease patients. The expression of chitotriosidase occurs only at a late stage of differentiation of monocytes to activated macrophages in culture. Human macrophages can synthesize a functional chitotriosidase, a highly conserved enzyme with a strongly regulated expression. This enzyme may play a role in the degradation of chitin-containing pathogens. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012 ...

Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), also known as YKL-40, is a secreted glycoprotein that is approximately 40kDa in size that in humans is encoded by the CHI3L1 gene. The name YKL-40 is derived from the three N-terminal amino acids present on the secreted form and its molecular mass. YKL-40 is expressed and secreted by various cell-types including macrophages, chondrocytes, fibroblast-like synovial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and hepatic stellate cells. The biological function of YKL-40 is unclear. It is not known to have a specific receptor. Its pattern of expression is associated with pathogenic processes related to inflammation, extracellular tissue remodeling, fibrosis and solid carcinomas and asthma. Chitinases catalyze the hydrolysis of chitin, which is an abundant glycopolymer found in insect exoskeletons and fungal cell walls. The glycoside hydrolase 18 family of chitinases includes eight human family members. This gene encodes a glycoprotein member of the glycosyl hydrolase 18 ...

The rye seed used for substrate is just something along the lines of a perennial rye you use for your lawn? Yes? No? Thanks, Yabecoo

Whether youre dealing with the bare walls of a new home or looking to add a little color to your existing space, art and wall décor are key elements in cultivating personality for your rooms. EPiC has embarked on a 3 part series to help you curate your walls on a budget. The first post takes you on our quest to find the chicest prints available online (we stick to prints since this medium tends to hit a lower price point than paintings, but still produces beautiful results!). We found many great sites both small and large that suit all styles, and below is a list of our favorite finds all under $500.. Keep an eye out in the coming weeks for parts 2 and 3 of our Curate Your Walls! Cheap and Chic series. Cheap and Chic: Objet DArt shows you the best places to find unique art objects for your walls, from decorative plates to animal-head sculptures, and Cheap and Chic: Art Installation walks you through arranging your pieces in a unique and visually stunning salon-style gallery wall.. Dont ...

Walls are generally best painted in white or off-white to maximise the amount of light. You could even try painting a pattern of wide pastel and white stripes. If wallpaper is more to your taste, a muted floral pattern will work best.. Floor boards should be plain wood or painted white, or as an alternative you could make use of rustic tiles. If changing the floors is not in the budget, choose lots of kitchen rugs and mats that are pastel or muted floral prints.. The right choice of shabby chic shelves will also help you create your perfect shabby chic kitchen. For those of you with a creative streak you could make your own shelves. There are a couple of ways that you could approach it, the easiest option is to find old shelves that you like the style of but not the colour. Mix white emulsion with water, half and half for a light coverage and a third of water to two thirds of paint for a heavier coverage. Paint the shelves and leave to dry for 24 hours, then use sandpaper to sand down areas to ...

Chitopentaose pentahydrochloride is a chitosan oligosaccharide with anti-inflammatory effect. Chitopentaose pentahydrochloride is a substrate of gene encoding chitinase B (FjchiB). - Mechanism of Action & Protocol.

Researchers have pointed out that high levels of fungus in homes may bring about severe asthma attacks in people with certain chitinase gene variants.

Endo S is an endoglycosidase specific for cleaving the N-linked glycans from the chitobiose core of the heavy chain of native IgG

Araki T, Torikata T (1995) Structural classification of plant chitinases: two subclasses in class I and class II chitinases. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 59: 336-338. Archer BL (1976) Hevamine: A crystalline basic protein from Hevea brasiliensis latex. Phytochemistry 15: 297-300. Bailey TL, Elkan C (1995) The value of prior knowledge in discovering motifs with MEME. Proc. Int Conf Intell Syst Mol Biol 3: 21-29. Beintema JJ (1994) Structural features of plant chitinases and chitin-binding proteins. FEBS Lett 350: 159-163. Bendtsen JD, Nielsen H, von Heijne G, Brunak S (2004) Improved prediction of signal peptides: SignalP 3.0. J Mol Biol 340: 783-795. Bokma E, Barends T, van Scheltingab ACT, Dijkstr BW, Beintema JJ (2000) Enzyme kinetics of hevamine, a chitinase from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis. FEBS Lett 478: 119-122. Bokma E, Rozeboom HJ, Sibbald M, Dijkstra BW, Beintema JJ (2002) Expression and characterization of active site mutants of hevamine, a chitinase from the rubber tree Hevea ...

2-Furanmethanol, 20-(R)-R, (20S)-protopanaxadiol-3-O-(6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1--,2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside-20-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1--,3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1--,6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 20-(S)-Re, 28-glu-oleanolic acid ester, acetylenic alcohol, acidic polysaccharides, adenosine, aglycones, Allheilkraut (German), alpha-maltosyl-beta-D-fructofuranoside, aluminum, American ginseng (AG), American wild ginseng, antioxidants, Araliaceae (family), Asian ginseng, Asian red ginseng, Asiatic ginseng, calcium, capsaicin 4-O-(6-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, capsaicin 4-O-beta-D-glucoside, ceramide, chikusetsu ginseng, chikusetsusaponin IV, chikusetsusaponin IVa, chikusetsusaponin-L8, chitinolytic enzymes, chosen ninjin, citral, class I chitinase, cobalt, copper, CPPQ (coarse polysaccharide from Panax quinquefolius), CVT-E002, dae-jo-hwan (DJW), dammarane-type glycosides, dammarane-type triterpene ketone (panaxadione), dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins, ...

2-Furanmethanol, 20-(R)-R, (20S)-protopanaxadiol-3-O-(6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1--,2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside-20-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1--,3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1--,6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 20-(S)-Re, 28-glu-oleanolic acid ester, acetylenic alcohol, acidic polysaccharides, adenosine, aglycones, Allheilkraut (German), alpha-maltosyl-beta-D-fructofuranoside, aluminum, American ginseng (AG), American wild ginseng, antioxidants, Araliaceae (family), Asian ginseng, Asian red ginseng, Asiatic ginseng, calcium, capsaicin 4-O-(6-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, capsaicin 4-O-beta-D-glucoside, ceramide, chikusetsu ginseng, chikusetsusaponin IV, chikusetsusaponin IVa, chikusetsusaponin-L8, chitinolytic enzymes, chosen ninjin, citral, class I chitinase, cobalt, copper, CPPQ (coarse polysaccharide from Panax quinquefolius), CVT-E002, dae-jo-hwan (DJW), dammarane-type glycosides, dammarane-type triterpene ketone (panaxadione), dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins, ...

2-Furanmethanol, 20-(R)-R, (20S)-protopanaxadiol-3-O-(6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1--,2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside-20-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1--,3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1--,6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 20-(S)-Re, 28-glu-oleanolic acid ester, acetylenic alcohol, acidic polysaccharides, adenosine, aglycones, Allheilkraut (German), alpha-maltosyl-beta-D-fructofuranoside, aluminum, American ginseng (AG), American wild ginseng, antioxidants, Araliaceae (family), Asian ginseng, Asian red ginseng, Asiatic ginseng, calcium, capsaicin 4-O-(6-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, capsaicin 4-O-beta-D-glucoside, ceramide, chikusetsu ginseng, chikusetsusaponin IV, chikusetsusaponin IVa, chikusetsusaponin-L8, chitinolytic enzymes, chosen ninjin, citral, class I chitinase, cobalt, copper, CPPQ (coarse polysaccharide from Panax quinquefolius), CVT-E002, dae-jo-hwan (DJW), dammarane-type glycosides, dammarane-type triterpene ketone (panaxadione), dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins, ...

Chitinases play a role in the development and physiology of plants and in stress responses. The model object of this project is a carnivorous plant, Drosera rotundifolia L., from which the gene for chitinase (DrChit) involved in digestive processes of prey was isolated. As chitinous cell wall of fungal pathogens is also degraded by chitinases that are expressed during the plant defense, the DrChit has a potential use in biotechnology aimed at the plant resistance reinforcement. Here we focus on the isolation and purification of DrChit protein, its biochemical characterization and antifungal potential determination. Next, we will isolate and characterize the other genes with the carnivorous expression profile. To clarify the role of chitinases in defense, the chitinase expression profiles in embryogenic cultures of conifers exposed to abiotic stress will be evaluated as well. We suppose these results may contribute to the development of strategies for plant resistance to stress by genetic ...

Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most problematic soil-borne pathogenic fungi for several crop cultures worldwide. This study highlights the effectiveness of high-antagonistic Streptomyces rochei strain PTL2, isolated from root tissues of Panicum turgidum, in controlling the R. solani damping-off and growth promotion of tomato (cv. Marmande) seedlings. The isolate PTL2 was characterised for in vitro biocontrol and plant growth-promoting traits. It exhibited remarkable positive results in all trials, including production of hydrogen cyanide, siderophores, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase and phytohormones, chitinolytic activity and inorganic phosphate solubilisation ...

S. Vincenzi, Bierma, J., Wickramasekara, S. I., Curioni, A., Gazzola, D., and Bakalinsky, A. T., Characterization of a grape class IV chitinase., J Agric Food Chem, vol. 62, no. 24, pp. 5660-8, 2014. ...

S. Vincenzi, Bierma, J., Wickramasekara, S. I., Curioni, A., Gazzola, D., and Bakalinsky, A. T., Characterization of a grape class IV chitinase., J Agric Food Chem, vol. 62, no. 24, pp. 5660-8, 2014. ...

Loper, J.E., Henkels, M.D., Rangel, L.I., Olcott, M.H., Walker, F.L., Bond, K.L., Kidarsa, T.A., Hesse, C.N., Sneh, B., Stockwell, V.O., Taylor, B.J. 2016. Rhizoxin analogs, orfamide A and chitinase production contribute to the toxicity of Pseudomonas protegens strain Pf-5 to Drosophila melanogaster. Environmental Microbiology. 18(10):3509-3521. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.13369 ...

Vibrio cholera survival in an aquatic environment depends on chitin utilization pathway that requires two factors, chitin binding protein and chitinases. The chitinases and the chitin utilization pathway are regulated by a two-component sensor histidine kinase ChiS in V. cholerae. In recent studies these two factors are also shown to be involved in V. cholerae pathogenesis. However, the role played by their upstream regulator ChiS in pathogenesis is yet to be known. In this study, we investigated the activation of ChiS in presence of mucin and its functional role in pathogenesis. We found ChiS is activated in mucin supplemented media. The isogenic chiS mutant (ChiS-) showed less growth compared to the wild type strain (ChiS+) in the presence of mucin supplemented media. The ChiS- strain also showed highly retarded motility as well as mucin layer penetration in vitro. Our result also showed that ChiS was important for adherence and survival in HT-29 cell. These observations indicate that ChiS is ...

Vibrio cholera survival in an aquatic environment depends on chitin utilization pathway that requires two factors, chitin binding protein and chitinases. The chitinases and the chitin utilization pathway are regulated by a two-component sensor histidine kinase ChiS in V. cholerae. In recent studies these two factors are also shown to be involved in V. cholerae pathogenesis. However, the role played by their upstream regulator ChiS in pathogenesis is yet to be known. In this study, we investigated the activation of ChiS in presence of mucin and its functional role in pathogenesis. We found ChiS is activated in mucin supplemented media. The isogenic chiS mutant (ChiS-) showed less growth compared to the wild type strain (ChiS+) in the presence of mucin supplemented media. The ChiS- strain also showed highly retarded motility as well as mucin layer penetration in vitro. Our result also showed that ChiS was important for adherence and survival in HT-29 cell. These observations indicate that ChiS is ...

Induced resistance by chemicals such as benzothiadiazole BTH (Syngenta Inc) mimics the biological activation of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) by necrogenic pathogens, taking the place of salicylic acid (SA) in the SAR signal pathway, inducing the same molecular markers and range of resistance. Previous work in our laboratory found that BTH activates resistance against late blight caused by P. infestans, on petunias and tomatoes while it did not activate resistance against the same pathogen on potatoes, suggesting that the spectra of resistance activated by BTH are very crop and pathogen specific. My goal was to understand the molecular mechanism by which BTH mimics the SAR response and further understanding why BTH works in some plants and not others. To address this question I used microarray technology to identify the genes expressed in response to BTH in petunias, tomatoes and potatoes. I selected three candidate genes (cysteine protease, acidic chitinase and PR1-a) to characterize ...

Eritadenine is a substance that might help the Western world to overcome one of the biggest cause of death, cardiovascular disease, by lowering the levels of cholesterol in blood by an accelerated excretion of ingested cholesterol. The aim of this thesis work was to elucidate if enzymatic pre-treatment of shiitake mushrooms increases the yield of the extraction process of the valuable substance eritadenine by increasing the degradation of the fungal cell walls. The enzymes used in this study, had glucanase and chitinase activity and was a gift from Novozymes, Denmark. The extraction process involves treatment with methanol followed by extraction with ether and finally ion exchange in order to obtain a sample as pure as possible for analysis. In contrast to previously used methods the mushrooms are treated with enzymes before the methanol extraction, which hopefully facilitate the degradation of the cell walls. The results obtained with enzymatic pre-treatment showed a deterioration compared to ...

Almost 5 cups in some of them! Chia is a warm season annual and requires frost-free growing conditions. All rights reserved. Chia seeds can also be added to smoothies, juices, thirst quenchers, oat meals, granolas, cereals, salads, pastas, stir-fries and baked goods. Illian TG, Casey JC, Bishop PA. Omega 3 Chia seed loading as a means of carbohydrate loading. Size 175g Brand Chia Seed Jelly Country of Origin Japan Ingredients Beet Sugar, White Chia Seed… ROOTS CIRCLE CHIA SEEDS COME STORED IN AN AIRTIGHT CONTAINER FOR ADDED FRESHNESS: Unlike other chia seed packets or bulk chia seeds that are stored in bags, these chia seeds maintain their freshness for a long time. Strawberries and Cream Chia Pudding. Theyre also high in a variety of antioxidants, vitamins and mineral, making them a great addition to your diet. Chia seeds are the tiny black seeds from the Salvia hispanica plant, a member of the mint family which comes from Central and South America. While we are all familiar with chia seeds, ...

Chitin can easily be digested by humans whereas cellulose cannot be digested by humans but a suitable source of fibers. Your body cant digest or absorb fiber. The content is provided for information purposes only. Can Humans Digest Chitin? According to Wikipedia, humans have some ability to digest Could COVID-19 have wiped out the Neandertals? The structure of chitin is most similar to that of cellulose. What they discovered is that while most living primates have only one copy of the CHIA gene, early primates, which tended to be very small, had at least three working copies. Exoskeletons: Exoskeletons are the hard, chitinous coverings on the bodies of arthropods. This dietary fiber is beneficial because it takes longer to digest and reaches further into your colon than most other fiber. Chitin is a structural component of arthropod exoskeletons, fungi cell walls, mollusk shells, and fish scales. Chitin is the second most abundant natural polymer after cellulose. You can be assured our editors ...

The pGEX-6P-1 constructs allowed for IPTG-inducible production of ChiX and variants as N-terminal GST fusion proteins with PreScission protease sites located between the GST and target proteins. Escherichia coli BL21 (GOLD) harbouring the plasmids was grown at 37°C in LB medium to an OD600 of 0.7. Protein production was induced by the addition of IPTG to a final concentration of 2 mM, the temperature reduced to 21°C and growth allowed to continue for a further 17 h. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 4500×g for 40 min at 4°C and the cell pellet was suspended in 10 ml of TBS (Tris-HCl-buffered saline, pH 7.6) buffer supplemented with DNAse (Sigma-Aldrich). Cells were lysed by passage through a homogeniser (EmulsiFlex-C3) three times. The cell lysate was then clarified by centrifugation (40 000×g at 4°C) for 45 min. The supernatant was passed through a 0.45 µM filter to remove remaining particulates before incubation with 1 ml of TBS equilibrated glutathione 48 sepharose 4B beads (GE ...

The overall model can be seen in figures in the main page of Aliivibrio/Streptomyces. ChiP: Chitoporin is a specific channel that allows N-acetylglucosamine dimers to cross the outer membrane to the periplasmic space, ChiA: Chitinase is an hydrolase that cleaves the glycosidic bonds on the chitin polymer. ChiS: The histidine-kinase sensor is part of a two-component signalling system, that activates a promoter, in this case pChitin. CBP: Chitin-binding protein is able to bind the N-acetyl glucosamine dimers in the periplasmic space. The complex CBP+(GlcNAc)2 serves as an activator of the signalling from chiS to the promoter. pChitin: This 100bp region upstream of chiP is thought to be activated by the activation of chiS. ...

The overall model can be seen in figures in the main page of Aliivibrio/Streptomyces. ChiP: Chitoporin is a specific channel that allows N-acetylglucosamine dimers to cross the outer membrane to the periplasmic space, ChiA: Chitinase is an hydrolase that cleaves the glycosidic bonds on the chitin polymer. ChiS: The histidine-kinase sensor is part of a two-component signalling system, that activates a promoter, in this case pChitin. CBP: Chitin-binding protein is able to bind the N-acetyl glucosamine dimers in the periplasmic space. The complex CBP+(GlcNAc)2 serves as an activator of the signalling from chiS to the promoter. pChitin: This 100bp region upstream of chiP is thought to be activated by the activation of chiS. ...

Hello，Did somebody use EnzChek Lysozyme Assay Kit(invitrogen,molecular probes)? I meet some difficulty in determining lysozyme activity using the EnzChek Lysozyme Assay Kit(invitrogen,molecular probes). the fluorescence of samples is very low and out of standard curve. I dont know why. principles of kit are as follows ...

Trichoderma harzianum QID74 protein: inducible cell wall protein isolated from Trichoderma harzianum; 25.3% identical to BR3 protein; amino acid sequence in first source

Distinct expression patterns of β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases during the germination of Solanaceous seeds - Volume 13 Issue 2 - Luciana Petruzzelli, Kerstin Müller, Katrin Hermann, Gerhard Leubner-Metzger

The human genome expresses 6 proteins of the family 18 chitinases, whereof YKL-40 (CHI3L1) is the most extensively studied. This protein binds chitin-derived oligosaccharides (ChOS) with micromolar affinity, but lacks the ability to degrade chitin. Besides possessing a chitin binding site, YKL-40 is also known to bind to heparin and collagen. Knowledge on the biological role of YKL-40 is still superficial but its function has mostly been related to immune signaling, embryonic development and remodeling of tissues and extracellular matrixes. This is particularly relevant in pathological conditions involving inflammation and connective tissue remodeling; such as in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, liver fibrosis and many cancer diseases. Severity of the disease is usually directly linked to increased serum concentration of YKL-40. Currently, the focus in YKL-40 research is gradually shifting from diagnostic marker to a putative therapeutic target in various diseases. For a better understanding of the

The human genome expresses 6 proteins of the family 18 chitinases, whereof YKL-40 (CHI3L1) is the most extensively studied. This protein binds chitin-derived oligosaccharides (ChOS) with micromolar affinity, but lacks the ability to degrade chitin. Besides possessing a chitin binding site, YKL-40 is also known to bind to heparin and collagen. Knowledge on the biological role of YKL-40 is still superficial but its function has mostly been related to immune signaling, embryonic development and remodeling of tissues and extracellular matrixes. This is particularly relevant in pathological conditions involving inflammation and connective tissue remodeling; such as in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, liver fibrosis and many cancer diseases. Severity of the disease is usually directly linked to increased serum concentration of YKL-40. Currently, the focus in YKL-40 research is gradually shifting from diagnostic marker to a putative therapeutic target in various diseases. For a better understanding of the

Vintage chic bridesmaid dresses. Find your perfect vintage style wedding dress or gown. Browse unique vintage s own brand of unique vintage dresses swimwear and separates for the vintage loving gal on a budget. Both registration and sign in support using google and facebook. Or you can select an extra special gown that denotes her extra special place in your wedding party and heart. Azazie loves to showcase the beauty of lace by adding extra accents through the skirts sleeves and bodices of our gowns. She can wear the same dress as your other bridesmaids true. The martinique swing dress is a classic style that pops up at formal affairs again and again. Chic bridesmaid dresseswith so many styles sizes and colors to choose from you re sure to find the bridesmaid dresses of your dreams at modcloth. Beginning of a dialog window including tabbed navigation to register an account or sign in to an existing account. David s bridal offers a unique selection of vintage wedding dresses including vintage ...

Provence Chic, Newly Renovated 2 Bedroom Rental with WiFi, Vaison La Romaine: Extremely comfortable place to stay in a gorgeous Provencal town - See 13 traveller reviews, candid photos, and great deals for Provence Chic, Newly Renovated 2 Bedroom Rental with WiFi, Vaison La Romaine at TripAdvisor.

This dataset contains the MD trajectories of complexes of Trichoderma harzianum GH7 (Cel7B) in complex with a variety of substrates/ligands

Chia plants may have been popular in the 1980s (ch-ch-ch-chia!), but its their seeds that are considered pretty valuable these days. Once a staple in ancient Aztec diets, the seeds have been rediscovered. Chia seeds offer a myriad of health benefits. Theyre rich in antioxidants and omega-3 fats. Theyre loaded with minerals and fiber. Chia seeds are even a great source of plant-based protein. Heres an in-depth look at ten health benefits of chia seeds ...

Chia water. One of the simplest ways to include chia seeds in your diet is to add them to water. To make chia water, soak 1/4 cup (40 grams) of chia seeds in 4 cups (1 liter) of water for 20-30 minutes. To give your drink some flavor, you can add chopped fruit or squeeze in a lemon, lime, or orange.. ...

1. How do we know plants make their own food? 2. Why can we as humans not make food from carbon dioxide, water and sunlight? 3. How do water and mineral absorbed by roots reach the leaves? 4. Why do leaves only make food and not any other part of the plant does not? 5. How do we come to know that leaves make food for the plant? 6. What would happen if stomata closed completely at night? 7. Why are parasitic plants called plants when they are dependent on others for foods? 8. How are nutrients replenished in soil by crop rotation ...

Name the following (a) The process in plants that links light energy with chemical energy (b) Organisms that can prepare their own food (c) The cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs (d) Cells that surround a stomatal pore (e) Organisms that cannot prepare their own food (f) An enzyme secreted from g Five Kingdom Classification. CLASS IX This paper consists of 10 printed pages. ... Respiration In Plants. Given below is the definition of respiration with a few blanks to be filled in. You can use these solutions to prepare for your studies and ace in exams. Selina solutions for Concise Science Biology 1 Class 9 ICSE chapter 7 (Respiration in Plants) include all questions with solution and detail explanation. The Selina Biology Chapter 7 Respiration in Plants Solutions Class 9 focus on answering the questions in the right way to encourage students to fetch full marks in the examination. In ICSE Class 9, Biology is one of the challenging subjects of all as it includes all chapters. Free download ...

Chaga is indigestible by humans in its unprocessed state and has virtually no antioxidant value. This is because humans lack the enzyme chitinase, which is necessary for digesting the chitin cell walls (which is where the bioactive compounds are found). To further complicate things, the antioxidant properties of the fungus can vary immensely based on the particular source and batch. That fact, along with product manufacturers using different processes and concentrations, has led to ORAC values purportedly ranging from 5,200 to 146,700 depending on the specific product and its manufacturer. More on this at bottom of page ...

Modules of approx. 50 residues found attached to various enzymes from families GH18, GH19, GH23, GH24, GH25 and GH73, i.e. enzymes cleaving either chitin or peptidoglycan. Binding to chitopentaose demonstrated in the case of Pteris ryukyuensis chitinase A [Ohnuma T et al. (2008) J. Biol. Chem. 283:5178-87 (PMID: 18083709)]. CBM50 modules are also found in a multitude of other enzymes targeting the petidoglycan such as peptidases and amidases. These enzymes are not reported in the list below ...

Dr. Jack Elias, dean of medicine and biological sciences at Brown University, has been studying the role of a protein called chitinase 3-like-1 in fibrosis and asthma for years. And now he says that new animal research indicates that this could also be a good target for cancer metastasis.

Wholesale Chia Seeds ☆ Find 326 chia seeds products from 145 manufacturers & suppliers at EC21. ☆ Choose quality chia seeds manufacturers, suppliers & exporters now - EC21

Column of colour tips for medium high value contrast but look better in inner dark column. Shabby chic style for high value contrast. Necklace for large bust.

Health,(PRWEB) June 08 2013 Everyone dreams of waking up rolling out of bed and volla perfect frizz-free curls. Realistically that is not what the morning of a curly haired goddess usually looks like. TheBeautyPlace.com offers tips and steps to show those curly haired beauties how they can finally set their gorgeous manes free! ,TheBeautyPlace.com,Features,How,to,Tame,Curly,Hair,This,Summer,for,the,Product,Connoisseur,,the,Hands,on,Chic,and,the,Minimalist,medicine,medical news today,latest medical news,medical newsletters,current medical news,latest medicine news

I found this metal frame with a glass votive holder at a thrift shop for $1.00 and decided to turn it into a shabby chic embellishment holder! I thought it would look cute on anyones craft table holding crafty embellishments. I wanted to change the color of the bronze metal stand so I mixed Delta acrylic paint in Oyster White with a fine grain sand (for texture) and used this to paint my base. I also used this for texture on top of all my embellishments to tie it all together. I loved the shape of the glass votive holder so I didnt do much decoration to it. I just added some pink lace and sheer pink ribbon at the top and then a Prima zipper pull in the center. I wanted to create a garden at the bottom and every garden needs a swing! So, I handmade a little swing and used a cotton crochet thread to hang it just under the glass votive holder. I think it turned out cute! In my garden, (and on the swing) I used tons of Wild Orchid craft flowers and a few Prima flowers from the Jodi Lee Butterfly ...

An important objective of the CHIC project is the formation of a Symposium Programme Committee (SPC), a group of international experts focused on convening a community of practice through three symposia series to accelerate progress in HPV vaccine introduction, access, and program optimization in Gavi-eligible countries. HPV Vaccine Symposia Series & Technical Meeting The University of Antwerp, with its prior valuable experience from the organization and management of HPV Prevention and Control Board (www.hpvboard.org), will work in partnership with LSHTMs Vaccine Confidence Project (VCP) to leverage existing involvement in global policy projects and to lead the agenda, planning and execution of the 3-part global symposia series. The University of Antwerp and the VCP will bring together a multidisciplinary Symposium Program Committee (SPC) to convene the global community of practice in a way that elevates global south voices and provides a platform to foster consensus and shared action toward ...

Pay when you receive your order with Cash on Delivery.Cash On Delivery is currently available for UAE, KSA, Kuwait, and Qatar.Pay online with Visa Card, Master Card, Paypal. ...

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The Sephora by OPI range is very affordable at US$9 for a 15ml bottle. The formula is free of DBP, toluene, and formaldehyde. Sephora describes it as an opaque dark smoke with a hint of purple. On me, it looks like a purple-toned grey. I found the Metro Chic formula to be slightly watery and it needed three coats instead of the usual two for a truly opaque finish. The first coat was highly translucent unless you dont skim off the excess nailpolish against the bottle opening before applying. Nevertheless, it does apply smoothly and even when I was layering on the third coat, there was no uneven clumping ...

Chic Microfibre Coverlet / Bedspread Set Comforter Patchwork Quilt for King & SuperKing Size bed 270x250cm Y20 - 5180492 For Sale, Buy from King Bedspreads & Comforters collection at MyDeal for best discounts.

Refinery29 is feeling a geriatric moment in style and has curated a collection of granny chic pieces to wear anywhere but the old folks home!

I moved today! My new office is wonderful. Roy made fun of me because I went to 4 paint stores and test drove 8 different shades of tan, finally settling on Shabby Chic (tan). Its perfect and it goes nicely with the mushroom colored carpeting that was being installed at 4 pm yesterday ...

What a chic outfit! One of our favorite #antandre girls we know! @antandreco #Repost @palomi_m...Instagram photo | Websta (Webstagram)