TY - JOUR. T1 - Gene transfer of neuronal nitric oxide synthase to carotid body reverses enhanced chemoreceptor function in heart failure rabbits. AU - Li, Yulong. AU - Li, Yi Fan. AU - Liu, Dongmei. AU - Cornish, Kurtis G.. AU - Patel, Kaushik P. AU - Zucker, Irving H. AU - Channon, Keith M.. AU - Schultz, Harold D. PY - 2005/8/5. Y1 - 2005/8/5. N2 - Our previous studies showed that decreased nitric oxide (NO) production enhanced carotid body (CB) chemoreceptor activity in chronic heart failure (CHF) rabbits. In the present study, we investigated the effects of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) gene transfer on CB chemoreceptor activity in CHF rabbits. The nNOS protein expression and NO production were suppressed in CBs (P,0.05) of CHF rabbits, but were increased 3 days after application of an adenovirus expressing nNOS (Ad.nNOS) to the CB. As a control, nNOS and NO levels in CHF CBs were not affected by Ad.EGFP. Baseline single-fiber discharge during normoxia and the response to hypoxia were ...

Afferent chemoreceptor activity was recorded from the peripheral cut end of the carotid sinus nerve in pentobarbitone anaesthetized cats. The effects of purines, peptides and ouabain on chemosensory activity were studied. Purines. It was found that intracarotid injections of adenosine: AMP; ADP; ATP; CoA;Me-adenosine analogues: N6-methyladenosine, 2-chloroadenosine, 3-deoxyudenosine but not 2-deoxyadenosine; cyclic AMP; dibutyryl cyclic AMP increased spontaneous chemoreceptor discharge. The ATP analogues, a-5- methylene ATP decreased spontaneous chemoreceptor discharge, whereas the f-y-methylene ATP caused a slight increase in discharge. Adenine and the purine nucleosides inosine and guanosine had little or no effect on the discharge. The pyrimidine nucleosides cytidine and uridine were also studied and had little or no effect on spontaneous chemoreceptor discharge. Intracarotid injection of theophylline transiently depressed spontaneous chemosensory activity and potentiated the action of ...

The major new finding obtained from conscious rats was the clear-cut demonstration that chemoreceptors, as well as baroreceptors, were transiently activated during combined electric stimulation of the carotid sinus and the carotid sinus nerve in conscious rats. The results have shown that when the carotid bifurcation was intact (ie, in the CONT group), combined electric stimulation of the carotid sinus and the carotid sinus nerve elicited a significant hypotensive response. This finding is in line with results obtained in dogs21,22 and drug-resistant hypertensive patients.1,2 Nevertheless, unlike the results seen in dogs23 and drug-resistant hypertensive patients,4 HR did not significantly decrease in intact conscious rats (the CONT group).. It is of interest to note that bilateral carotid body denervation (as in the CHEMO-X group) hampered the hemodynamic influences of the carotid chemoreceptors during combined electric stimulation of the carotid sinus and the carotid sinus nerve in conscious ...

TY - GEN. T1 - Bicarbonate-regulated soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) mRNA expression and activity in peripheral chemoreceptors. AU - Nunes, A. R.. AU - Monteiro, E. C.. AU - Johnson, S. M.. AU - Gauda, E. B.. PY - 2009/12. Y1 - 2009/12. N2 - Peripheral arterial chemoreceptors in the carotid body (CB) are modulated by pH/CO2. Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is directly stimulated by bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -). Because CO2/HCO 3 - mediates depolarization in chemoreceptors, we hypothesized that sAC mRNA would be expressed in the CB, and its expression and function would be regulated by CO2/HCO3 -. Sprague-Dawley rats at postnatal days 16-17 were used to compare sAC mRNA gene expression between CB and non-chemosensitive tissues: superior cervical (SCG), petrosal (PG) and nodose ganglia (NG) by quantitative real time-PCR. Rat sAC gene expression was standardized to the expression of GAPDH (housekeeping gene) and the data were analyzed with the Pfaffl method. Gene and protein expression, and sAC ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Ventilation- and carotid chemoreceptor discharge-response to hypoxia during induced hypothermia in halothane anesthetized rat. AU - Maruyama, Ryoko. AU - Fukuda, Yasuichiro. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2000/2. Y1 - 2000/2. N2 - It has been hypothesized that respiratory gain to hypoxic stimulus is not depressed in hypothermic animals though ventilation and that metabolic O2 demand (VO2) decreases with reduction in body temperature. The present study addressed this hypothesis by quantitative analysis of ventilatory and carotid chemoreceptor responsiveness to hypoxia during induced hypothermia in halothane anesthetized and spontaneously breathing rats. Rectal temperature was lowered from 37 °C (normothermia) to 30 and 25 °C by cooling body surface at comparable anesthetic depth without inducing shivering. Ventilation (VE), VO2, Pao2 and carotid chemoreceptor afferent discharges were measured during hyperoxic and hypoxic gas breathing. ...

The study was approved by the Local Animal Care and Use Committee of the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Seven adult New Zealand White rabbits weighing 3860 +/− 270 g (mean +/− SD) were included. After an initial dose of intravenous thiopental, 75-100 mg, given via a marginal ear vein, a tracheostomy was performed after an anterior midline skin incision. Mechanical ventilation (ETCO(2), 4.0-5.0%) was initiated at a rate of 33 breaths/min using a mixture of oxygen and air (FIO(2) 0.30), whereas the inspired tidal volume was adjusted to maintain isocapnia throughout the experiment. Anesthesia was maintained with a continuous thiopental infusion of 10.5 +/− 0.9 mg [middle dot] kg-1[middle dot] h-1(range, 9.4-12.0) given via a right femoral vein catheter. The right femoral artery was cannulated for continuous arterial blood pressure monitoring and arterial blood gas analysis (ABL 300 Laboratory [registered sign], Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark). On-line analysis of inspired and ...

Looking for chemoreceptive? Find out information about chemoreceptive. The ability of organisms to detect changes in the chemical composition of their exterior or interior environment. It is a characteristic of every living... Explanation of chemoreceptive

Background. Peripheral chemoreceptors residing predominantly in the carotid body monitor changes in arterial blood oxygen and are mechanistically linked to the cardiorespiratory control by the autonomic nervous system. Enhanced sympathetic activation is common in end-stage renal disease and kidney transplantation has been shown to improve cardiorespiratory reflex measures of autonomic function.. Objective. The aim of the present study was to test whether improvement in renal function following kidney transplantation is related to an improvement in chemosensory function.. Methods and Results. We compared hyperoxic chemoreflex sensitivity (CHRS) in patients after renal transplantation (RTX) to that in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD), and that of age- and gender-matched healthy controls. In addition, we investigated the impact of common confounding factors including pharmacological neurohumoral modulation and diabetes mellitus. The difference in the R-R intervals divided by the difference ...

The pH of the extracellular fluids can thus be controlled by separately regulating the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (which determines the carbonic acid concentration), and the bicarbonate ion concentration in the extracellular fluids. There are therefore at least two homeostatic negative feedback systems responsible for the regulation of the plasma pH. The first is the homeostatic control of the blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide, which determines the carbonic acid concentration in the plasma, and can change the pH of the arterial plasma within a few seconds.[5] The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood is monitored by the central chemoreceptors of the medulla oblongata, and so are part of the central nervous system.[5][19] These chemoreceptors are sensitive to the pH and levels of carbon dioxide in the cerebrospinal fluid.[13][11][19] (The peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic bodies and carotid bodies adjacent to the arch of the aorta and to the ...

Site-specific mutagenesis was used to replace an alanine with a lysine residue and to create a deletion of seven amino acids into the first transmembrane region (TMI region) of the aspartate chemoreceptor in Escherichia coli. The mutations resulted in the loss of aspartate chemotaxis on tryptone motility plates. However, both mutant proteins were able to associate with the membrane and to bind aspartate. They were both refractory to methylation or to modification of the C-terminal region of the protein by the cheB gene product. These results suggested that the integrity of the TMI domain of the protein was required to maintain the function of the cytoplasmic portion of the receptor. The Lys-19 mutant retained the ability to generate a repellent response. Analysis of suppressor mutations of the Lys-19 mutation suggested that formation of an ion pair or specific changes in a 40 amino acid stretch in the cytoplasmic region of the protein (from amino acid 264 to amino acid 303) could suppress the ...

The carotid body (CB) is the main arterial chemoreceptor in charge of adjusting ventilatory and cardiovascular function during changes in arterial blood gases. Regardless this essential function, the CB has been implicated in the sensing of other physiological signals such as changes in blood flow and glucose levels. More important, malfunction of the CB chemoreceptors has been associated with the progression and deterioration of several disease states such as hypertension, heart failure, renal failure, insulin resistance, diabetes and sleep apnea. Although the mechanisms involved in the alterations of the CB function in pathophysiology are currently under intense research, the development of therapeutic approaches to restore normal CB chemoreflex function remains unsolved. Recently, elegant studies showing the effect of CB neurotomy in pathophysiology have unveiled a key role of these arterial chemoreceptors in the development of autonomic imbalance and respiratory disturbances, and suggest that

TY - JOUR. T1 - Cholinergic chemosensory cells in the trachea regulate breathing. AU - Krasteva, Gabriela. AU - Canning, Brendan J. AU - Hartmann, Petra. AU - Veres, Tibor Z.. AU - Papadakis, Tamara. AU - Mühlfeld, Christian. AU - Schliecker, Kirstin. AU - Tallini, Yvonne N.. AU - Braun, Armin. AU - Hackstein, Holger. AU - Baal, Nelli. AU - Weihe, Eberhard. AU - Schütz, Burkhard. AU - Kotlikoff, Michael. AU - Ibanez-Tallon, Ines. AU - Kummer, Wolfgang. PY - 2011/6/7. Y1 - 2011/6/7. N2 - In the epithelium of the lower airways, a cell type of unknown function has been termed brush cell because of a distinctive ultrastructural feature, an apical tuft of microvilli. Morphologically similar cells in the nose have been identified as solitary chemosensory cells responding to taste stimuli and triggering trigeminal reflexes. Here we show that brush cells of the mouse trachea express the receptors (Tas2R105, Tas2R108), the downstream signaling molecules (α-gustducin, phospholipase Cβ2) of bitter ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - VENTILATORY RESPONSE TO TRANSIENT PERFUSION OF CAROTID CHEMORECEPTORS. AU - FITZGERALD, R. S.. AU - ZAJTCHUK, J. T.. AU - PENMAN, R. W.. AU - PERKINS, J. F.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2018 Medline is the source for the citation and abstract of this record.. PY - 1964/12/1. Y1 - 1964/12/1. KW - ANOXEMIA. KW - ASPHYXIA. KW - CARBON DIOXIDE. KW - CAROTID BODY. KW - DENERVATION. KW - DOGS. KW - EXPERIMENTAL LAB STUDY. KW - HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION. KW - OXYGEN. KW - PERFUSION. KW - PHYSIOLOGY. KW - RECEPTORS, NEURAL. KW - RESPIRATION. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0012110109&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0012110109&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1152/ajplegacy.1964.207.6.1305. DO - 10.1152/ajplegacy.1964.207.6.1305. M3 - Article. C2 - 14251936. AN - SCOPUS:0012110109. VL - 207. SP - 1305. EP - 1313. JO - American Journal of Physiology. JF - American Journal of Physiology. SN - 0002-9513. ER - ...

The basic rythum of breathing is controlled by respiratory centers located in the medulla and pons of the brainstem. This rythum is modified in response to input from sensory receptors and from other regions of the brain. Respiratory centers in the pons modify inspiration and allow for smooth transitions between inspiration and expiation. Expiratory centers in the medulla function during forced expiation stimulating the internal and abdominal muscles. The basic rythum of breathing is modified by input from the central and peripheral chemoreceptors. They respond to changes in the PCO2 and PO2 of arterial blood. Medullary chemoreceptors are located on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata. The medullary chemoreceptors detect changes to the H+ concentration of the brain interstitial fluid, an indirect assessment of arterial PCO2. Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are stimulated by a rise in the PCO2, a rise in the H+ concentration, or a decline in arterial blood PO2. Peripheral ...

KEY POINTS: The carotid body is a peripheral arterial chemoreceptor that regulates ventilation in response to both acute and sustained hypoxia. Type I cells in this organ respond to low oxygen both acutely by depolarization and dense core vesicle secretion and, over the longer term, via cellular proliferation and enhanced ventilatory responses. Using lineage analysis, the present study shows that the Type I cell lineage itself proliferates and expands in response to sustained hypoxia. Inactivation of HIF-2α in Type I cells impairs the ventilatory, proliferative and cell intrinsic (dense core vesicle) responses to hypoxia. Inactivation of PHD2 in Type I cells induces multilineage hyperplasia and ultrastructural changes in dense core vesicles to form paraganglioma-like carotid bodies. These changes, similar to those observed in hypoxia, are dependent on HIF-2α. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a key role for the PHD2-HIF-2α couple in Type I cells with respect to the oxygen sensing functions

The control of ventilation refers to the physiological mechanisms involved in the control of breathing, which is the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Ventilation facilitates respiration. Respiration refers to the utilization of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide by the body as a whole, or by individual cells in cellular respiration. The most important function of breathing is the supplying of oxygen to the body and the removal of its waste product of carbon dioxide. Under most conditions, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) or concentration of carbon dioxide, controls the respiratory rate. The peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide are located in the arterial aortic bodies and the carotid bodies. Central chemoreceptors are primarily sensitive to changes in the pH in the blood, (resulting from changes in the levels of carbon dioxide) and they are located on the medulla oblongata near to the medullar respiratory groups of the ...

Abstract. The carotid body (CB) is in charge of adjusting ventilatory and cardiovascular function during changes in arterial blood gases. Regardless this essential function, the CB has been implicated in the sensing of other physiological signals such as changes in blood flow and glucose levels. More important, malfunction of the CB chemoreceptors has been associated with the progression and deterioration of several disease states such as hypertension, heart failure, renal failure, insulin resistance, diabetes and sleep apnea. Although the mechanisms involved in the alterations of the CB function in pathophysiology are currently under intense research, the development of therapeutic approaches to restore normal CB chemoreflex function remains unsolved. Recent studies showing the effect of CB denervation in pathophysiology have unveiled a key role of these arterial chemoreceptors in the development of autonomic imbalance and respiratory disturbances, and suggest that targeting the CB could ...

Monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors - carotid/aortic bodies. Not sensitive to modest changes in PO2. Arterial PO2 must be , 60 mmHg (40% reduction) for chemoreceptors to send afferent impulses to medullary inspiratory neurons. (happens with severe pulmonary disease, reduced atmospheric pressure). Until you get to 60 mmHg, youre still in plateau range of Hb-O2 dissociation curve (safe). If it werent for peripheral chemoreceptors, the low PO2 would depress respiratory centers à stop breathing. Chemoreceptors respond to PO2, not oxygen content. Anemia, CO poisoning - PO2is normal, but total O2 is too low. ...

Chemosensory receptors are essential for the survival of organisms that range from bacteria to mammals. Recent studies have shown that the numbers of functional chemosensory receptor genes and pseudogenes vary enormously among the genomes of different animal species. Although much of the variation can be explained by the adaptation of organisms to different environments, it has become clear that a substantial portion is generated by genomic drift, a random process of gene duplication and deletion. Genomic drift also generates a substantial amount of copy-number variation in chemosensory receptor genes within species. It seems that mutation by gene duplication and inactivation has important roles in both the adaptive and non-adaptive evolution of chemosensation.

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My research focus is the neural control of breathing in human and nonhuman mammals. My earlier work assessed the role of pulmonary stretch receptors and central chemoreceptors in the genesis and relief of dyspnea or shortness of breath in healthy adults. These studies led to studies in the mammalian (rodent) airway that explored the modulation of upper airway muscles activities by chemical and pulmonary afferent feedback and the potential for selective electrical stimulation of the cranial nerve XII to alter airway geometry and volume (NIH/NIDCD RO3). Beginning in 2005, with the support of an NIH/NIDCD K23 I began work in neural control of upper airway muscles using tungsten microelectrodes to record from single motor units in adult human subjects. This work led in turn, to studies of regional (or segmental) muscle and motor unit activities in human subjects under volitional, state-dependent (i.e., wake/sleep) and chemoreceptor drives, in health and disease (NIH/NIDCD RO1). On the basis of the ...

N-Formylation and N-methylation of the alpha-amino group of L-phenylalanine result in extremely decreased responses of the labellar sugar receptor of the fleshfly, whereas the same structural alteration of L-valine hardly affects the response. Methyl esterification of the alpha-carboxyl group of phenylalanine, on the other hand, maintains the response to some extent, but similar treatment of valine completely diminishes the response. The aromatic structure in phenylalanine is not essential for stimulation. These results suggest a substantial difference in the stereospecificities and functional group specificities of the furnase (F) and aliphatic carboxylate (T) sites in the sugar receptor. The effect of small peptides on the sugar receptor was examined systematically. Their effectiveness depends mainly on the place of the constituent amino acids rather than on their composition, indicating the decisive role that certain aliphatic amino acids in the C-terminal position play in stimulation. ...

The results from these studies demonstrate that afferent input from peripheral chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors contributes little to the systemic hemodynamic and sympathetic responses after term delivery by cesarean section. Furthermore, birth-related increases in circulating norepinephrine but not epinephrine appear dependent on afferent input from the carotid sinus or aortic depressor nerves, which carry both chemo- and baroreceptor afferents from the carotid sinus and aortic arch, respectively. Finally, we observed that vagal afferent activity regulates basal fetal plasma ANG II levels and exerts a tonic inhibitory effect on AVP release after birth.. Both peripheral chemoreceptors and baroreceptors have been shown to be functional during fetal life. The fetal cardiovascular response to acute hypoxemia is well described, consisting of a decrease in heart rate and increase in peripheral vascular resistance (7). Carotid denervation abolishes these responses to hypoxemia and NaCN, a chemical ...

Haldane and Priestley (1905) discovered that the ventilatory control system is highly sensitive to CO2. This CO2 chemoreflex has been interpreted to dominate control of resting arterial PCO2/pH (PaCO2/pHa) by monitoring PaCO2/pHa and altering ventilation through negative feedback. However, PaCO2/pHa varies little in mammals as ventilation tightly couples to metabolic demands, which may minimize chemoreflex control of PaCO2. The purpose of this synthesis is to (1) interpret data from experimental models with meager CO2 chemoreflexes to infer their role in ventilatory control of steady-state PaCO2, and (2) identify physiological causes of respiratory acidosis occurring normally across vertebrate classes ...

Soluble proteins containing 4 conserved cysteines which abundantly exist in the chemoreceptive organs and transmit chemical signals to nervous system . The CSP

This review introduces the self-oscillating behavior of two types of nonthermoresponsive polymer systems with Ru catalyst moieties for the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction: one with a poly-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP) main chain, and the other with a poly(2-propenamide) (polyacrylamide) (PAM) main chain. The amplitude of the VP-based self-oscillating polymer chain and the activation energy for self-oscillation are hardly affected by the initial concentrations of the BZ substrates. The influences of the initial concentrations of the BZ substrates and the temperature on the period of the swelling-deswelling self-oscillation are examined in detail. Logarithmic plots of the period against the initial concentration of one BZ substrate, when the concentrations of the other two BZ substrates are fixed, show good linear relationships. The period of the swelling-deswelling self-oscillation decreases with increasing temperature, in accordance with the Arrhenius equation. The maximum frequency (0.5 Hz) of the poly(VP

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are single nucleotide variations which comprise the most wide spread source of genetic diversity in the genome. Currently, SNPs serve as markers for genetic predispositions, clinically evident disorders and diverse drug responses. Present SNP diagnostics are primarily based on enzymatic reactions in different formats including sequencing, polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) and microarrays. In these assays, the enzymes are applied to address the required sensitivity and specificity when detecting SNP. On the other hand, the development of enzyme-free, simple and robust SNP sensing methods is in a constant focus in research and industry as such assays allow rapid and reproducible SNP diagnostics without the need for expensive equipment and reagents. An ideal method for detection of SNP would entail mixing a DNA or RNA target with a probe to directly obtain a signal. Current assays are still not fulfilling these requirements, although remarkable progress has been

The 9th Catalysis and Sensing for our Environment Symposium (CASE 2019) and 2nd C5 Symposium on Supramolecular Chemistry will be held in Xian 14-16 April 2019 at Northwest A&F University http://en.nwsuaf.edu.cn/events/87816.htm http://en.nwsuaf.edu.cn/events/87815.htm. ...

The carotid body located in the bifurcation of the carotid arteries is able to detect gas changes in blood composition (PO2, PCO2/pH) and to transduce them into afferent nerve signal. The intimate...

An increase in the internal diameter of an artery, triggered by vasomotor suppression, during the chemoreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.

CO2/H+-dependent purinergic signaling by astrocytes provides specialized control of vascular tone in a brainstem respiratory center in a manner that contributes to respiratory behavior.

CO2/H+-dependent purinergic signaling by astrocytes provides specialized control of vascular tone in a brainstem respiratory center in a manner that contributes to respiratory behavior.

how to activate medulla oblongata Review of the functional areas of the brain part 1 by professor fink Central chemoreceptors respiratory system physiology nclex rn khan academy Midbrain, simplified sections of internal structure Baroreflex regulation of blood pressure, animation.

Bargmann, C., Callaway, E., Chklovskii, D. (2010) NEURONAL CIRCUITS. In: 2010 Meeting of Neuronal Circuits, March 10-March 13, 2010, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. ...

Chapter 22. Respiratory System. Overview. Respiratory anatomy Respiration Respiratory musculature Ventilation, lung volumes and capacities Gas exchange and transport O 2 CO 2 Respiratory centers Chemoreceptor reflexes Respiratory Diseases. Oxygen. Slideshow 163870 by benjamin

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a research laboratory at UCF College of Medicine in Lake Nona, FL devoted to the basic cellular, molecular and behavioral analyses of nutrient chemoreception

The mechanism of oxygen sensing in arterial chemoreceptors is unknown but has often been linked to mitochondrial function. A common criticism of this hypothesis is that mitochondrial function is insensitive to physiological levels of hypoxia. Here we investigate the effects of hypoxia (down to 0.5% O2) on mitochondrial function in neonatal rat type-1 cells. The oxygen sensitivity of mitochondrial [NADH] was assessed by monitoring autofluorescence and increased in hypoxia with a P50 of 15 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 133.3 Pa) in normal Tyrode or 46 mm Hg in Ca(2+)-free Tyrode. Hypoxia also depolarised mitochondrial membrane potential (m, measured using rhodamine 123) with a P50 of 3.1, 3.3 and 2.8 mm Hg in normal Tyrode, Ca(2+)-free Tyrode and Tyrode containing the Ca(2+) channel antagonist Ni(2+), respectively. In the presence of oligomycin and low carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP; 75 nm) m is maintained by electron transport working against an artificial proton leak. Under these

Abstract: Carbon dioxide retention is common in divers during water immersion. This puts divers at risk for carbon dioxide toxicity. The carotid body chemoreceptors contribute to the control of ventilation and when blood oxygen content is high, ventilation decreases. This results in the increased risk of carbon dioxide retention. Therefore, we are investigating the role of the carotid body chemoreceptors in ventilatory control during hyperbaric exposures when blood oxygen content is elevated ...

Electroplating industry. Get Sodium Cyanide market Sample Research Report with complete TOC at https://market.biz/report/global-sodium-cyanide-market-gir/25773/#requestforsample. This research report is divided into subsequent fragments:. Fragment 1, focuses on objective of Sodium Cyanide market covering the definition, product classification, type, product images, growth statistics and presence of Sodium Cyanide market on global scale;. Fragment 2, studies the Sodium Cyanide market player, their sales volume, supply and demand analysis, profile information and their market dividend in 2016 and 2017;. Fragment 3, comprehensive market scenario of the top dominant market players of Sodium Cyanide market based on their annual revenue;. Fragment 4, Sodium Cyanide market segmentation based on regions and sales volume in each region and market profits from 2012 to 2017;. Fragment 5,6,7,8 and 9 chief countries with their Sodium Cyanide market profits 2017;. Fragment 10 and 11 studies the different ...

The inappropriate sustained SNA increase in OSA patients likely contributes to hypertension, organ damage, and mortality; however, it is unclear how excessive SNA develops in these patients. Several factors, including obesity and increased carotid body chemoreceptor sensitivity due to intermittent hypoxia, have been considered. Obesity could mechanically obstruct the airway and increase SNA through leptin, insulin, angiotensin, and cytokine actions; however, many OSA patients are not obese (23). Carotid body hypersensitivity as a result of intermittent hypoxia has been confirmed in animal models of OSA. In fact, plasticity of the carotid body glomus cells with long-term sensory facilitation and sensitization have been reported (18, 24) and associated with ROS and NOX2-dependent accumulation of HIF1 and the transcriptional coactivator CREB-binding protein (25). Central neuroplasticity. A provocative possibility for OSA-associated SNA dysfunction is that excessive activation of CNS nuclei induces ...

Effects of long-term hypoxia of intracellular pH and membrane potential of cultured rat carotid body glomus cells. He Shufang. Shanghai Brain Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Shanghai 200031. Abstract. Spraque-Dawley(SD) rats(weighing about 100 g) were kept in a decompression chamber for 7--10 days. Then the carotid bodies were removed from the anesthetized animals and dissociated to obtain individuals or small clusters of glomus cells. These cells were cultured under hypoxic condition(11% O_(2), 5% CO_(2), 84% N_(2))for 2--3days. Control samples from normal SD rats(normoxic rat)were cultured in normoxic(21% O_(2), 5% CO_(2), 74%N_(2))or hypoxic conditions. Intracellular pH(pHi) and membrane potential(MP)of glomus cells of both the groups were simultaneously measured with pH-sensitive and conventional microelectrodes. Long-term hypoxia decreased pHi and increased MP of the cultured glomus cells to a degree far greater than acute hypoxia did; The mean pHi and MP of the glomus ...

Intoduction: Sympathetic activation contributes to both the initiation and progression of heart failure. The role of anemia in determining sympathetic overactivity in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that, in CHF patients, anemia could lead to increased sympathetic activity through tonic activation of excitatory chemoreceptor afferents.. Methods: We conducted a double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study to examine the effect of chemoreflex deactivation on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in CHF patients with and without anemia. We compared the effect of breathing 100%; oxygen for 15 minutes in 18 stable CHF patients with anemia and 18 control CHF patients matched for age, sex, blood pressure, and body mass index.. Results: Baseline muscle sympathetic nerve activity was significantly elevated in CHF patients with anemia compared with patients with CHF alone (56.0+/−3.2 versus 45.5+/−3.1 bursts per minute; P,0.0237). Administration of 100%; ...

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Running to catch the bus might be the only exercise some of us get during the day, but your leg muscles arent the only muscles getting an unexpected workout. Christina Spengler explains that our respiratory systems also have to rise to the challenge. But when an endurance athlete runs for the bus at the same speed, they hardly get out of breath, because they breathe less. Spengler also knew that the athletes peripheral chemosensory system, the system which constantly monitors the bodys levels of key metabolites as well as carbon dioxide and oxygen, is less sensitive than untrained peoples. Spengler wondered if it was the act of exercising the whole body that reset the chemoreceptors, or could heavy breathing alone reduce the chemoreceptors sensitivity? Working with her team, she tested how endurance athletes respiratory systems responded to six weeks of heavy breathing training, and was astonished to find that the breathing exercises alone had somehow reduced the athletes chemoreceptors ...

Odor signals mediate a variety of behaviors in animals across a diversity of taxa. Despite dramatic morphological differences between animals from different taxa, several important features of olfactory system organization and processing are similar across animals. Because of this similarity, a number of different organisms including mammals, insects, and decapod crustaceans serve as valuable model systems for understanding general principles of olfactory processing. As in other organisms, including both vertebrates and insects, the chemosensory system of decapod crustaceans is organized into multiple anatomically distinct neuronal pathways. The two main pathways (the aesthetasc/ olfactory lobe pathway and non-aesthetasc/ lateral antennular neuropil pathway) originate in different populations of antennular sensilla and project to different neuropils in the brain. The functional significance of this parallel organization is not well understood in crustaceans or in many other species. Although in some

Rhodobacter sphaeroides has multiple homologues of most of the Escherichia coli chemotaxis genes, organized in two major operons and other, unlinked, loci. These include cheA1 and cheW1 (che Op1) and cheA2, cheW2 and cheW3 (che Op2). We have deleted each of these cheA and cheW homologues in-frame and examined the chemosensory behaviour of these strains on swarm plates and in tethered cell assays. In addition, we have examined the effect of these deletions on the polar localization of the chemoreceptor McpG. In E. coli, deletion of either cheA or cheW results in a non-chemotactic phenotype, and these strains also show no receptor clustering. Here, we demonstrate that CheW2 and CheA2 are required for the normal localization of McpG and for normal chemotactic responses under both aerobic and photoheterotrophic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, deletion of cheW3 has no significant effect on McpG localization and only has an effect on chemotaxis to shallow gradients in swarm plates. Under

Background K+ channels of the TASK family are believed to participate in sensory transduction by chemoreceptor (glomus) cells of the carotid body (CB). However, studies on the systemic CB-mediated ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia in TASK1- and/or TASK3-deficient mice have yielded conflicting results. We have characterized the glomus cell phenotype of TASK-null mice and studied the responses of individual cells to hypoxia and other chemical stimuli. CB morphology and glomus cell size were normal in wild-type as well as in TASK1/ or double TASK1/3/ mice. Patch-clamped TASK1/3-null glomus cells had significantly higher membrane resistance and less hyperpolarized resting potential than their wild-type counterpart. These electrical parameters were practically normal in TASK1/ cells. Sensitivity of background currents to changes of extracellular pH was drastically diminished in TASK1/3-null cells. In contrast with these observations, responsiveness to hypoxia or ...

Symposium on Signalling pathways in acute oxygen sensing, held at the Novartis Foundation, London, 25-27 January 2005. Editors: Derek J. Chadwick (Organizer) and Jamie Goode.. This symposium is based on a proposal made by Jeremy Ward.. Michael Duchen Chairs introduction.. Gregg L. Semenza, Larissa A. Shimoda and Nanduri R. Prabhakar Regulation of gene expression by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor.. Discussion.. Ineke P. Stolze, David R. Mole and Peter J. Ratcliffe Regulation of HIF: prolyl hydroxylases.. Discussion.. General discussion I.. Daniel Peet and Sarah Linke Regulation of HIF: asparaginyl hydroxylation.. Discussion.. José López-Barneo, Patricia Ortega-Sáenz, José I. Piruat and María García-Fernández Oxygen-sensing by ion channels and mitochondrial function in carotid body glomus cells.. Discussion.. Keith J. Buckler, Beatrice A. Williams, Rodrigo Varas Orozco and Christopher N. Wyatt The role of TASK-like potassium channels in oxygen sensing in the carotid body.. Discussion.. Nanduri ...

The bacterial chemotaxis receptors are transmembrane receptors with a simple signalling pathway which has elements relevant to the general understanding of signal recognition and transduction across membranes, how signals are relayed between molecules in a pathway, and how adaptation to a persistent signal is achieved. Bacterial chemotaxis receptors are composed of a ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane domain consisting of two helices TM1 and TM2, and a cytoplasmic domain. All known bacterial chemotaxis receptors have a highly conserved cytoplasmic domain, which unites signals from different ligand domains into a single signalling pathway to flagella motors. ...

An easy access to amine appended spiro[indoline-3,4-pyridine] ON-OFF chemosensor by one pot four-component reaction using commercially available and environmentally benign catalytic amount of molecular I2 (10 mol %) in aqueous ethanol at ambient temperature is described. The generated system can be utilized

Ablation of NK1 receptor bearing neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract blunts cardiovascular reflexes in awake rats.. Abdala AP, Schoorlemmer GH, Colombari E.. Brain Res 1119(1):165-173, 2006.. Cardiovascular function is largely controlled by the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS). This work focuses on the baroreflex, cardiopulmonary chemoreflex, and arterial chemoreflex. Rats were injected with either 20 nl of 2 µM SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07) into the subpostremal NTS, or 200 nl into the subpostremal and commissural NTS. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. It was established that NK-1 receptor-expressing neurons in the NTS are critical for these reflexes.. Noradrenergic inputs to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus underlie hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis but not hypophagic or conditioned avoidance responses to systemic yohimbine.. Banihashemi L, Rinaman L.. J Neurosci 26(44):11442-11453, 2006.. Yohimbine (YO) is an α2 ...

Normally breathing is controlled by a reflex that responds to the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. The change in breathing that results from a change in the bloods CO2 concentration is called the chemoreflex.. In heart failure, a condition where the heart muscle is damaged and can not pump as well, this reflex is exaggerated. The result of this can be breathing conditions characterised by patients hyperventilating at times and at other times taking very shallow breaths or even stopping altogether. In the past the only way of measuring this chemoreflex was to get patients to breathe into a large container and to rebreathe their exhaled air and allow the CO2 to rise over time, whilst keeping the oxygen constant. The proportion by which the ventilation increases with increasing carbon dioxide is the chemoreflex gain. Unfortunately, because this test takes a long time to conduct, requires specialist knowledge and equipment it has not been possible to measure this reflex on exercise. ...

Sodium cyanide | NaCN or CNNa | CID 8929 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more.

Lose weight by eating right for your body type. The body type diet allows you to achieve your ideal body shape and eliminate food cravings forever. Take the body type test to discover your body type diet today.

Methods and percutaneous devices for assessing, and treating patients having sympathetically mediated disease, involving augmented peripheral chemoreflex and heightened sympathetic tone by reducing chemosensor input to the nervous system via percutaneous carotid body ablation.

Portal de Revistas Académicas Chilenas proporciona acceso abierto a las publicaciones editadas por universidades, sociedades científicas, organismos gubernamentales y ONGs editadas e Chile

Astrocytes (or glial cells), previously assumed to be passive players in brain physiology, may play a functional role in a number of complex behaviors. The central chemosensory control of breathing involves highly specialized neuronal populations in the brainstem, but what about astrocytes? Gourine et al. now present evidence that glial cells may help to control breathing. A number of techniques were used to reveal glial calcium rises in vitro that elicit a depolarization of neurons in the primary locus for central respiratory chemosensitivity. The depolarization in these neurons is evoked by vesicular release of ATP in neighboring astrocytes in response to the fall in extracellular pH. Thus, brainstem astrocytes have the ability to sense changes in blood and brain CO2, and pH directly, and may control the activity of the respiratory neuronal networks to regulate breathing.. A. V. Gourine, V. Kasymov, N. Marina, F. Tang, M. F. Figueiredo, S. Lane, A. G. Teschemacher, K. M. Spyer, K. Deisseroth, ...

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of animals is capable of sensing various kinds of nutrients via G-protein coupled receptor-mediated signaling transduction pathways, and the process is known as gut nutrient chemosensing. GPR40, GPR41, GPR43 and GPR119 are chemoreceptors for free fatty acids (FFAs) and lipid derivatives, but they are not well studied in small ruminants. The objective of this study is to determine the expression of GPR40, GPR41, GPR43 and GPR119 along the GIT of kid goats under supplemental feeding (S) v. grazing (G) during early development. In total, 44 kid goats (initial weight 1.35±0.12 kg) were slaughtered for sampling (rumen, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum) between days 0 and 70. The expression of GPR41 and GPR43 were measured at both mRNA and protein levels, whereas GPR40 and GPR119 were assayed at protein level only. The effects of age and feeding system on their expression were variable depending upon GIT segments, chemoreceptors and ...

We all know sushi rolls, but just to be sure here is an easy definition: a wrapper encircles rice which holds a precious bit of fish. To make a sushi role is an art and the same holds true for molecular sushi that is made of two lipoproteins as wrapper, lipids as rice, and membrane proteins as filling. Sushi rolls are for eating. Molecular sushi roles are for holding membrane proteins in place for physical analysis; they actually come only in sliced form, one disc at a time. Due to their size, the discs are called nanodiscs. Since membrane proteins are notoriously difficult to study experimentally due to their need to be in a native membrane environment, nanodiscs are a great tool, furnishing a membrane environment that has been used to embed a variety of membrane proteins for biochemical assay, including cytochrome P450s, rhodopsin, bacterial chemoreceptors, blood clotting factors, and translocation proteins. Unfortunately, it is difficult to make either real or molecular sushi rolls ...

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Study on Different Body Types between Korean-Chinese and Han-Chinese Women in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and the Social Environmental Factors - With the Focus on the Women in their 60s - - body type;social environmental factors;the Han-Chinese;the Korean-Chinese;women in their 60s;

The ore characteristic of this project is simple after mineral processing experiment the process flow was determined as raw ore grinding to 85 200 mesh lime as protective alkali and add sodium cyanide agitating and leaching under the consider that pulp concentration is 40 lime is 7kgt and sodium cyanide is 4kgt leaching for 24 hours the final leaching rate of gold is. ...

Advances in experimental medicine and biology.; Arterial chemoreception: from molecules to systems; Ontario, Canada, 2011; Jul, 2012, 199-206 -- Dordrecht; London; Springer; c2012 Part; (pages 199-206) -- ...

General senses Widely distrubuted|pain touch pressure proprioceptionSpecial senses Localized area|taste smell hearing sight5 type of senses receptors|chemoreceptors mechanoreceptors nocieptors thermoreceptorssteps in sensory perception|stimulus receptor conducted translated interpreted

Cyprid larva of a Barnacle (Cypris). During this stage the larva does not feed but uses its specialized chemoreceptors to search for a place to settle. Darkfield, LM X100. - Stock Image C008/6400

TY - JOUR. T1 - P53 and chemosensitivity. AU - Ferreira, C.G.. AU - Tolis, C.. AU - Giaccone, G.. PY - 1999. Y1 - 1999. U2 - https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008361818480. DO - https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008361818480. M3 - Article. VL - 10. SP - 1011. EP - 1021. JO - Annals of Oncology. JF - Annals of Oncology. SN - 0923-7534. ER - ...