The ability to regenerate whole-body structures has been studied for many decades and is of particular interest for stem cell research due to its therapeutic potential. Several vertebrate and invertebrate species have been used as model systems to study pathways involved in regeneration in the past. Among invertebrates, cephalopods are considered as highly evolved organisms, which exhibit elaborate behavioral characteristics when compared to other mollusks including active predation, extraordinary manipulation, and learning abilities. These are enabled by a complex nervous system and a number of adaptations of their body plan, which were acquired over evolutionary time. Some of these novel features show similarities to structures present in vertebrates and seem to have evolved through a convergent evolutionary process. Octopus vulgaris (the common octopus) is a representative of modern cephalopods and is characterized by a sophisticated motor and sensory system as well as highly developed cognitive

ABSTRACT: Coleoid cephalopods (squid, cuttlefish, and octopus) have the largest and most complex brains of all invertebrates and show behavioral abilities similar to those of vertebrates. Among the coleoids, the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana forms well-structured schools that are indicative of sociality. These behaviors are reflected in aspects of the well-developed brain. In this study, we focused on the role of the cephalopod brain in complex behavior. In order to reveal the network of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in coleoids, we examined the immunohistochemical localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which is the synthetic enzyme of GABA, in the brain of young S. lessoniana. We found that GABAergic neurons and their axons were distributed throughout the brain. GABA neurons were abundantly localized in the inferior frontal lobe, which is involved in controlling arm motions, and in the subesophageal masses, which are lower and intermediate centers of action. GABAergic fibers were ...

Abbott, J., R. Williamson, and L. Maddock (editors). 1995. Cephalopod Neurobiology. Oxford University Press, New York. 542 pp.. Beesley, P.L., Ross, G.J.B. & Wells, A. (eds). 1998. Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia. Vol. 5. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Part A 563 pp., Part B 565-1234 pp. Cephalopods presented in Chapters 11, 12, 13, pages 451 563.. Boletzky, S. v. (editor). 1995. Mediterranean Sepiolidae. Bulletin de lInstitut océanographique, Monaco. Special Number 16:105 pp.. Boletzky, S.v., P. Fioroni and A. Guerra (Eds.). 1997. Proceedings of the Second international Symposium on Functional Morphology of Cephalopods. Vie Milieu, 47: 87-187.. Boucaud-Camou, E. (editor). 1991. La Sieche. The Cuttlefish. Centre de Publications de lUniversite de Caen, France, 358 pp.. Boyle, P. R. (editor). 1983. Cephalopod Life Cycles, Volume I, Species Accounts. Academic Press, London, 475 pp.. Boyle, P. R. (editor). 1987. Cephalopod Life Cycles, Volume II, Comparative Reviews. Academic ...

Aldred, R. G., M. Nixon and J. Z. Young. 1983. Cirrothauma murrayi Chun, a finned octopod. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., 301: 1-54.. Nesis, K. N. 1982/87. Abridged key to the cephalopod mollusks of the worlds ocean. 385+ii pp. Light and Food Industry Publishing House, Moscow. (In Russian.). Translated into English by B. S. Levitov, ed. by L. A. Burgess (1987), Cephalopods of the world. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ, 351pp.. OShea, Steve. 1999. The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Octopoda (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 112: 280pp.. OShea, S. and C. C. Lu. 2002. A New Species of Luteuthis (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Cirroctopoda) from the South China Sea. Zoological Studies, 4: 119-126.. Pereya, W. T. 1965. New records and observations on the flapjack devilfish Opisthoteuthis californiana Berry. Pacif. Sci., 19: 427-441.. Voss, G. L. 1988. Evolution and phylogenetic relationships of deep-sea octopods (Cirrata and Incirrata). P. 253-276. In: Clarke, M. R. and E. R. Trueman ...

Cephalopods possess the most complex centralized nervous system among molluscs and the molecular determinants of its development have only begun to be explored. To better understand how evolved their brain and body axes, we studied Sepia officinalis embryos and investigated the expression patterns of neural regionalization genes involved in the mediolateral patterning of the neuroectoderm in model species. SoxB1 expression reveals that the embryonic neuroectoderm is made of several distinct territories that constitute a large part of the animal pole disc. Concentric nkx2.1, pax6/gsx, and pax3/7/msx/pax2/5/8 positive domains subdivide this neuroectoderm. Looking from dorsal to ventral sides, the sequence of these expressions is reminiscent of the mediolateral subdivision in model species, which provides good evidence for mediolateral patterning conservation in cephalopods. A specific feature of cephalopod development, however, includes an unconventional orientation to this mediolateral ...

Cephalopods can inflict a nasty bite. On their underside, at the conjunction of their arms, they have a structure called the beak which does look rather like a birds beak, and which can close with enough force to crush shellfish. Many also dribble toxins into the wound that can cause pain, tissue necrosis, and paralysis. They arent the best animals to play with.. If you think about it, though, cephalopods dont have a rigid internal skeleton. How do they get the leverage to move a pair of sharp-edged beaks relative to one another, and what the heck are they doing with a hard beak anyway? Theres a whole paper on the anatomy of just the buccal mass, the complex of beak, muscle, connective tissue, and ganglia that powers the cephalopod bite.. The beak itself is made up of a combination of chitin (a carbohydrate, the same stuff that makes up insect exoskeletons) and proteins. The buccal mass is a roughly spherical lump of tissues with a fair amount of motility and independence-the beak can be ...

Find the fascicles article Description des rhyncholites des Nautiles (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) du Paléogène des bassins de Paris et dAquitaine et des Corbières (France) on the website of Scientific Publications of the Muséum national dHistoire naturelle, Paris

Adamo, S.A. & Hanlon, R.T. (1996). Do cuttlefish (Cephalopoda) signal their intentions to conspecifics during agonistic encounters? Animal Behaviour 52, 73-81.. Barata, E.N., Serrano, R.M., Miranda, A., Nogueira, R., Hubbard, P. C. & Canário, A.V.M. (2008). Putative pheromones from the anal glands of male blennies attract females and enhance male reproductive success. Animal Behaviour 75, 379-389.. Boal, J.G. (1997) Female choice of males in cuttlefish (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Behaviour 134, 975-988.. Boal, J.G. (2006) Social recognition: A top down view of cephalopod behaviour. Vie et Milieu-Life and Environment 56, 69-79.. Boal, J.G. & Golden, D.K. (1999) Distance chemoreception in the common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 235, 307-317.. Chybicki, I.J. & Burczyk, J. (2009). Simultaneous estimation of null alleles and inbreeding coefficients. Journal of Heredity 100 (1), 106-113.. Conte, F.S. (2004). Stress and the ...

Judgment on the Ammonites - Concerning the Ammonites. Thus says the LORD: Has Israel no sons? Has he no heir? Why then has Milcom dispossessed Gad,

The Sprinting Cephalopod is a community-created cosmetic item for the Scout. They are a pair of floppy team-colored octopus tentacles that replace the Scouts default shoes. Equipping this item replaces the footstep sound for the Scout with a wet squish sound. This item can only be worn around Halloween or during a Full Moon; at other times of the year, it does not appear in gameplay, unless the server has Halloween mode enabled. However, it can be equipped at any time and can still be viewed on the loadout screen even when it is not visible during games. The Sprinting Cephalopod was contributed to the Steam Workshop. ...

Octopuses can learn. They can make discriminations based on visual, tactile, and chemical cues. Octopus vulgaris keeps its home hidden. The females find a hole, a crevice or sheltered place ad they often protect their homes with shells, stones, and other solid objects they gather.. Members of this species are perfectly adapted to live in very different habitats. Their capacity to conceal themselves on any substrate by varying colour, skin, texture, and posture is challenged by few other cephalopod species. In the Catalonian Sea, more particularly in the area of Banyuls and Port Vendres, Octopus vulgaris seems to undergo seasonal migrations, mainly of vertical orientation. In the early spring, large animals move inshore for spawning. The females tend to disappear during the summer; they lay eggs, brood, and die. From late summer onwards, the largest size class consists mainly of males. They leave the coastal waters in autumn or early summer; at this time the males are mature, and the females at ...

The cephalopods first appeared in the late [[Cambrian]]. The first forms had gently curved shells. During the [[Ordovician]] the group underwent an astonishing evolutionary radiation, possibly due to the new ecological niches made possible by the extinction of [[Anomalocarida,anomalocarids]] at the end of the Cambrian. Some eight new orders appeared. There was tremendous diversity among them. Some had long straight shells, short straight ones, curved, lightly coiled, and tightly coiled ones evolved. The internal structure of the shell differed greatly as well, mostly in the structure of the [[siphuncle]]. Most were probably relatively slow movers, at least compared to todays forms. The largest ones had huge straight shells that reached 3 to 5 or even 10 metres in length. All these early forms are classed under the [[paraphyletic]] and probably [[artificial taxon]] Nautiloidea ...

The cephalopods first appeared in the late [[Cambrian]]. The first forms had gently curved shells. During the [[Ordovician]] the group underwent an astonishing evolutionary radiation, possibly due to the new ecological niches made possible by the extinction of [[Anomalocarida,anomalocarids]] at the end of the Cambrian. Some eight new orders appeared. There was tremendous diversity among them. Some had long straight shells, short straight ones, curved, lightly coiled, and tightly coiled ones evolved. The internal structure of the shell differed greatly as well, mostly in the structure of the [[siphuncle]]. Most were probably relatively slow movers, at least compared to todays forms. The largest ones had huge straight shells that reached 3 to 5 or even 10 metres in length. All these early forms are classed under the [[paraphyletic]] and probably [[artificial taxon]] Nautiloidea ...

AMMONITE WITH BITE MARKS Placenticeras meeki Late Cretaceous, Pierre Shale South Dakota, USA - Available at 2014 September 28 Nature &...

Material: Ammonite. Region: Madagascar. It is not an antique but a symbol of ancient Chinese art as a collection, hope we can communicate with art and culture of ancient China. A great and significative collection or gift!

This site is part of the Jurassic World Heritage Coastline, so follow the Fossil Code of Conduct. This is an SSSI, so the use of hammers on the bedrock and cliffs is not allowed. In addition, the cliffs are extremely dangerous, so collecting directly from them is extremely inadvisable. However, fossils are found washed up on the foreshore and so hammers are not required.. The ammonite, Pavlovia rotunda can also be found flattened in the foreshore clays. We do not recommend collecting this ammonite, as it is too fragile and best left for others to see. Instead, try to find nodules (Rotunda Nodules), as these can contain superb ammonites, but these are not a common as they once were. However, large ammonites have been found loose, which have fallen out of boulders and many fragments can lie scattered along the beach.. If you carry on to Freshwater Steps, which is about 2.5km from the pool, the foreshore and cliff yields the crinoid Saccocoma, which is pyritised. Freshwater Steps is equal distance ...

Fuchs_et_al_2015_PZ.pdf @TqB @belemniten @PFOOLEY @DPS Ammonite and perhaps a host of others? The list of authors read like a whos who of paleomalacology /RECOMMENDED!!!!!! ___________________________________________________________________________ A nearly complete respiratory, circulatory, and excretory system preserved in small Late Cretaceous octopods (Cephalopoda) from Lebanon Dirk Fuchs • Philipp R. Wilby • Sigurd von Boletzky • Pierre Abi-Saad • Helmut Keupp • Yasuhiro Iba Palaontol Z. DOI 10.1007/s12542-015-0256-6 ...

New research indicates that the acidification and warmer temperatures caused by climate change negatively impact marine food webs and biodiversity.

Abaca (n.) The Manila-hemp plant (Musa textilis); also, its fiber. See Manila hemp under Manila.. Abigail (n.) A ladys waiting-maid.. Abreast (adv.) Side by side; also, opposite; over against; on a Abstain (v. i.) To hold ones self aloof; to forbear or refrain voluntarily, and especially from an indulgence of the passions or appetites; -- with from.. Acciaccatura (n.) A short grace note, one semitone below the note to which it is prefixed; -- used especially in organ music. Now used as equivalent to the short appoggiatura.. Acerate (a.) Acerose; needle-shaped.. Acetabular (a.) Cup-shaped; saucer-shaped; acetabuliform.. Acetabulifera (n. pl.) The division of Cephalopoda in which the arms are furnished with cup-shaped suckers, as the cuttlefishes, squids, and octopus; the Dibranchiata. See Cephalopoda.. Acetabuliform (a.) Shaped like a shallow cup; saucer-shaped; as, an acetabuliform calyx.. Acetanilide (n.) A compound of aniAchlamydate (a.) Not possessing a mantle; -- said of certain ...

Craspedites is a ammonoid cephalopod included in the Perisphinctaceae that lived during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, found in Canada, Greenland, Poland, and the Russian Federation. Craspedites, described by Aleksei Petrovich Pavlow in 1892, is characterized by a small, up to about 5cm in diameter, smooth, essentially involute shell with simple ammonitic sutures. Whorl section is rounded, venter smooth; umbilicus small, exposing the dorsal portion of the inner whorls. Main sutural elements, primary saddles and lobes, are modified by small secondaries. Craspedites was thought to be restricted to the Upper Jurassic Tithonian until discovery of a new species, C. sachsi, described from the Berriasian age of Russia by A. E. Igolnikov in 2012, named in honour of paleontologist V.N. Sachs. C. ivanovi Gerasimov, C. pseudofragilis Gerasimov, 1960 C. shulginae Alifirov, 2009 C. singularis C. mosquensis Gerasimov, 1960 C. nodiger (Eichwald, 1868) C. unshensis C. jugensis Prigorovsky, 1906 C. ...

Jorgensen, E. M. 2007. Identification, distribution and relative abundance of paralarval gonatid squids (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida: Gonatidae)from the Gulf of Alaska, 2001-2003. Journ. Molluscan Studies, 73: 155-165. Katugin, O. N. 1993. Study of relationships between different species of squid, family Gonatidae, by protein electrophoresis. In: Biology and Rational Use of Hydrobionts. Their role in ecosystems. Abstracts of communications of the TINRO Young Scientisit Conference, Vladivostok, p. 14-15. In Russian.. Katugin, O. N. 1995. Morphology, genetic difference, and evolution of Berryteuthis magister, Berriteuthis anonychus, and Gonatopsis borealis (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida). In: Unitas Malacologica. 12th International Malacological Congress. Vigo, Spain. Abstracts. p. 312-313.. Katugin, O. N. 2004. Squids of the family Gonatidae from the North Pacific Ocean and their genetic differentiation: controversial issues in the systematics and phylogeny.Ruthenica 14(1): 73-87. In Russian with English ...

The oegopsid squid Illex illecebrosus was selected for consideration by reason of the limited knowledge which surrounds the cellular elements of its blood and the potential significance these answers might have on its unique phylogeny. -- Standard blood smear preparations were utilized to define a working image of those elements, later to be described as eosinophilic granulocytes. Incorporated within this study was the application of Villanueva stain which, having imparted greater contrast between nucleus and cytoplasm, made microvideomat analysis possible. Relationships between selected nuclear configurations and their areas, selected nuclear configurations and the associated cytoplasmic areas, and thirdly, between the nuclear and cytoplasmic areas were derived from such data. -- Living preparations stained supravitally provided correlative information as to the nature and/or presence of cell organelles observed at the levels of light and electron microscopy. -- Experiments were devised to ...

Posterior salivary glands. As the gland described above, posterior salivary glands are simple branched tubular glands. They are covered by a connective capsule with muscular fibers surrounding the glandular tubules like thin connections. Each tubule presents two zones formed by different cells. The first or proximal zone (A) consists of globular mucous cells with flattened basal nuclei (Figure 5b). The supranuclear cytoplasm contains high level of PAS (+) and alcian blue (+) pH = 3.5, vesicles denoting the presence of weakly sulphated glycosaminoglycans content. Cylindrical cells with a basal spherical nucleus surrounded by a basophilic cytoplasm are also seen. The second or distal zone (B) present cylindrical cells characterized by its weakly eosinophilic cytoplasm. The nucleus with basal or apical location is observed (Figure 5b). The PAS (+) and Alcian Blue (-) pH = 3.5 reaction in the cytoplasm, suggests the presence of neutral carbohydrates.. Animals kept in the aquarium without food for ...

The Squid, Octopus, and Nautilus ClipArt gallery includes 132 illustrations of squid, octopus, nautilus, and ammonites. These animals are members of the mollusk (or mollusc) class of cephpalopods, named cephalopoda.. ...

The CR-2 Plus AF is an Auto focusing Non Mydriatic Camera with Fundus AutoFluorescence (FAF) With the added auto functions, taking images with a Canon retinal camera has never been easier! The FAF photography mode will provide information on changes of the retina that cant be made visible with standard colour photography. The 5 photography modes: Color, Red Free, Cobalt, FAF and Anterior Segment make the CR-2 Plus AF a very versatile retinal camera. It is equipped with a unique dedicated EOS camera for the highest image quality.. ...

by the way, when are you returning my shoe vest, its my favorite. and yes I am a celebrity....in my own head so, but seriously, no one has followed that rule Newsy put in red so I guess its a resistence now. try putting the rules in flashing banner graphics that scream at us Newsy ...

Fig. 4. Detailed views of the deeper-water carbonates (Units A, B, C) and the calcareous marls to marlstones of the Marlstone member from the Kasımlar Formation of the Aşağiyaylabel (AS I, AS IV) and Karapinar (KA I-II & IV) sections. Well-bedded Kasimlarceltites beds at the base of the Kasımlar Formation (Carbonate member, Unit A) at the sections (a) AS I, (b) AS IV, (c) KA I and (d) KA II. Julian/Tuvalian boundary (Lower/Upper Carnian boundary) at the carbonate/marl transitional intervals at the sections (e) AS I and (f) KA IV within the Kasımlar Formations at the top of Unit C, below the Marlstone member. (g) Characteristic marls of the Marlstone member (AS I) within the Kasımlar Formation bearing the abundant Tuvalian ammonoid Paratropites cf. hoetzendorfii. (h) Layer with accumulation of the bivalve Halobia and pyrite cubes within the Marlstone member from AS I. (i) Sandstone layer of the Marlstone member, AS I. (j) Breccia layer with shallow-water components within the Marlstone ...

Like other cephalopods, octopuses can distinguish the polarisation of light. Colour vision appears to vary from species to species, for example being present in O. aegina but absent in O. vulgaris.[49] Researchers believe that opsins in the skin can sense different wavelengths of light and help the creatures choose a coloration that camouflages them, in addition to light input from the eyes.[50] Other researchers hypothesise that cephalopod eyes in species which only have a single photoreceptor protein may use chromatic aberration to turn monochromatic vision into colour vision, though this sacrifices image quality.[51] This would explain pupils shaped like the letter U, the letter W, or a dumbbell, as well as explaining the need for colourful mating displays.[52] Attached to the brain are two special organs called statocysts (sac-like structures containing a mineralised mass and sensitive hairs), that allow the octopus to sense the orientation of its body. They provide information on the ...

Nature is endless fascinating and often beautiful, but crikey its cruel. This is one of the things that led me away from religion. Why would an omnipotent, omniscient creator make so much pain and suffering such a large part of most creatures lives, when he could easily have set it up differently? Every day millions, maybe billions, of creatures are eaten alive by other creatures. Throw in ichneumon wasps, loa loa worms, ebola…and I honestly dont see why everyone doesnt realize such a creator would necessarily be, you know, evil.. ...

Hello, My name is Andrew and Im student taking my first geology class. One of my labs requires us to do research on a rock/fossil that was randomly...

The mantle cavity is a central feature of molluscan biology. This cavity is formed by the mantle skirt, a double fold of mantle which encloses a water space. This space contains the molluscs gills, anus, and organs for taste, excretion and reproductive organs. The mantle cavity functions as a respiratory chamber in all molluscs. In bivalves it is usually part of the feeding structure. In some mollusks the mantle cavity is a brood chamber, and in cephalopods and some bivalves such as scallops, it is a locomotory organ. The mantle is highly muscular. In cephalopods the contraction of the mantle is used to force water through a tubular siphon, and this propels the animal rapidly through the water. In other molluscs, it is used as a kind of foot for locomotion. ...

Rain long foretold takes a long time to pass; if it arrives on short notice, it soon will pass. For the folks I go out collecting with all hikes, digs and kayak trips are rain or shine. Safety is always top of mind and prepping for the weather is paramount. Keep yourself safe whatever part of the world you choose to explore. For forecasts of marine weather in Vancouver call 604.666.3655 or visit http://www.weatheroffice.com/ ...

These Cenomanian representatives (Figs 3A-J, 4A-C) are all very involute at small diameters, becoming progressively more evolute as size increases. The umbilicus is ofmoderate depth, with a flattened, undercut wall and narrowly rounded umbilical shoulder. The whorl section is invariably depressed, reniform, with a whorl breadth to height ratio of 1.1 to 1.32, the greatest breadth below mid-flank in the smaller specimens. Most specimens are weathered, and show neither ornament nor constrictions. SAM PCZ022454, (ex D994) is a particularly evolute juvenile, and although rather worn, has broad, distant, linguoid ventral ribs.. SAM-PCZ022449a (ex A599) is a well-preserved internal mould 68 mm in diameter. There are 6-7 strong flexuous constrictions per halfwhorl. SAM-PCZ022458 (exD2491) is the largest specimen with the shell well preserved, and bears 6-7 distinct collar-ribs per whorl. These arise at the umbilical seam, and are prorsiradiate and flexuous, straight to feebly convex on the inner flank, ...

Types.- Holotype is UWBM74501(Figure 39.2) from Member IV, Zumaya, Spain. Paratype UWBM76079 (Figure 40.9) is from Member IV, Bidart, France. Paratype UWBM76096 (Figure 41) is from Member IV, Hendaye, France. Etymology. - Terminus (Latin), the Roman deity who presided over boundaries or landmarks. Discussion. - Anapachydiscus terminus n. sp. differs from A. fresvillensis in the much higher rib density in early and middle growth stages (more than 60 vs. 31-32, increasingto 40). Later stages are very similar in that the massive involute shell of both species has ventral ribbing only, but flank ribs persist in A. terminus at a stage where they are effacing in A. fresvillensis (compare Figure 40.9 and Figure 35.6). The high rib density immediately distinguishes A. terminus from other European Campanian Anapachydiscus, such as A. wittekindi (Schl ter, 1872) (see Blaszkiewicz, 1980, p. 50, Pl. 42, figs. 1, 2, Pl. 43, fig. 2, Pls. 44-47, Pl. 48, figs. 3, 4, Pl. 49, figs. 1, 3, Pl. 50, figs. 2, 3, Pls. ...

Description. The earliest growth stages are shown bythe inner whorl of SAM-PCZ22207 (Fig. 7K,L) at a whorl height of 7.7 mm.. This 120° whorl fragment has parts of four primary ribs preserved. They arise at the umbilical seam and strengthen across the umbilical wall and shoulder, and are narrow, prorsiradiate, and very slightly flexuous. They alternate with single short intercalated ribs. All ribs strengthen across the ventrolateral shoulder, and bear a small rounded-transversely elongated ventrolateral tubercle, from which a broad rib projects across the fastigiate venter to form an obtuse chevron, the apex accentuated into an incipient siphonal tubercle. The succeeding fragment ofthis specimen (Fig. 7J,N) has a maximum preserved whorl height of 16.4 mm, and a slightly depressed reniform whorl section, with convex flanks, broadly rounded ventrolateral shoulders and a broad, feebly convex venter. There are four narrow, high primary ribs, alternating with single intercalated ribs, the ribs ...

As senior Alexa Warburton opens the door to the cephalopod lab, a pungent smell escapes into the third-floor hallway of Middlebury Colleges McCardell Bicentennial Hall. It smells like the ocean, she comments. And it should. Warburton, a senior biology major from Hopkinton, N.H., is spending her summer studying a member of the cephalopod family, Octopus bimaculoides . Her goal is to study the way these saltwater creatures learn, thereby furthering the already-extensive body of research on invertebrate intelligence. ...

MetaFilter is a weblog that anyone can contribute a link or a comment to. A typical weblog is one person posting their thoughts on the unique things they find on the web. This website exists to break down the barriers between people, to extend a weblog beyond just one person, and to foster discussion among its members.. ...

In particular niches of the marine environment, such as abyssal trenches, icy waters and hot vents, the base of the food web is composed of bacteria and archaea that have developed strategies to survive and thrive under the most extreme conditions. Some of these organisms are considered

Preservation. The Gonatitida originated from within the more primitive anarcestine ammonoids in the Middle Devonian some 390 million years ago. The tubarium has a variable number of branches or stipes and different arrangements of the theca, these features are important in the identification of graptolite fossils. In Rhabdopleura, the colonies bear male and female zooids but fertilized eggs are incubated in the female tubarium, and stay there until they become larvae able to swim (after 4-7 days) to settle away to start a new colony. 1 GEOL 3130: PALEOBIOLOGY LABORATORY PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA SUMMARY OF CLASSIFICATION: PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA CLASS GRAPTOLITHINA ORDER DENDROIDEA Dendrograptus Dictyonema ORDER GRAPTOLOIDEA Tetragraptus Phyllograptus Didymograptus Dicellograptus Climacograptus Diplograptus Monograptus NOTE ABOUT SPECIMEN LABELS: Many of … Sato, A. On the other hand, Cephalodiscida is considered to be a sister subclass of Graptolithina. These new organisms break a hole in the tubarium wall and

One of the coils in a molluscan shell. Whorls are most noticeable among Gastropoda and Cephalopoda, in which the shell is a hollow cone that grows only at the apertural end and tends to curl about its vertical axis. In most molluscs the coils form a helix in which each whorl is attached to the next, but in some the coiling is loose. ...

Read Genetic diversity of isolated populations of Nautilus pompilius (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) in the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.

Prof. Klaus Bandel, University of Hamburg (Germany) has provided this report on the paleobiological research on molluscs by him and his colleagues mainly at the University of Hamburg, the Free University Berlin and the Natural History Museum, Berlin. Cephalopods: Paleobiology of ammonites - especially shell traumata, ontogeny and shell composition in Mesozoic ammonites, siphon construction and early ontogeny in Palaeozoic species and observations on, and interpretation of, muscle scars (Helmuth Keupp, Thomas Becker, Wolfgang Weitschat, Klaus Bandel, with Rudolf Fischer, Univ. Hanover). The evolution of the Neocephalopoda in the late Silurian (largely based on orthoceratids housed at the N.H. Museum in Berlin; T. Engeser and T. Becker). Also planned: - construction of shells older than late Silurian and the evolution of the shelled coleoids in the late Cretaceous and Tertiary. Ontogeny of modern Cephalopoda as a model to interpret the fossil species (Kerstin Warnke, Berlin, and Andreas ...

Ancient Lightning Dragon, Ammonite is a light element monster. It is a 5 stars dragon, machine monster which costs 20 units and it has 2 skills in Puzzle & Dragons. The skill calls Curse of the Lightning. Counter 3x damage taken with Light for 4 turns. Change Water orbs to Light orbs. The leader skill calls Lightning Dragons Mainspring Key. Machine type cards HP x2, ATK x1.5. 50% chance to deal counter Light damage of 2x damage taken.

You can find them in a bird or reptile section of a pet source or online from Amazon or Chewy. Here are some cuttlefish care tips for a thriving aquarium. Try feeding the snail something other than algae wafers. B4 I do this I want to make sure it is safe for my goldies as I am sure they are going to want to taste it.. lol LFS guy said it was OK but I thought I would ask here too just to be sure. Help. Animals and Nature › Squid, snails, and shellfish › Octopuses and squid › Cuttlefish › 99 (£3.50/count) Get it Tomorrow, Oct 25. Each cuttlebone will provide necessary minerals for up to 30 gallons of water. 10. of 11. Cuttlefish or cuttles are marine molluscs of the order Sepiida.They belong to the class Cephalopoda, which also includes squid, octopuses, and nautiluses.Cuttlefish have a unique internal shell, the cuttlebone, which is used for control of buoyancy.. Cuttlefish have large, W-shaped pupils, eight arms, and two tentacles furnished with denticulated suckers, with which they ...

Sweeney, M. J. and C. F. E. Roper / N. A. Voss, M. Vecchione, R. B. Toll and M. J. Sweeney, eds. (1998) Classification, type localities and type repositories of recent Cephalopoda, Systematics and Biogeography of Cephalopods. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 586 (I-II) ...

Animals benefit from a variety of unique eye designs, but where did they come from? Two clearly seen eye observations point to Genesis origins.. First, animals within a single, broad group often use different eye designs. For example, most vertebrates have the classic camera eye. They use a transparent cornea and convex lens to refract (i.e., bend) images onto a light-sensitive layer of tissue lining the back of the eye called the retina.. The supposed evolutionary ancestor of all vertebrates should have passed its specific camera eye design down to its descendants-modern vertebrates. But certain vertebrates use completely different eyes. For example, the deep sea spookfish uses reflective mirror lenses, not refractive lenses.1 Also, the chameleons pinhole eye design uses concave lenses that spread out a narrow section of incoming light onto a broader retina.. Now for the second observation. Similar eye designs occur in animals from very different groups. Eye designs crisscross imagined ...

Humans have five senses-sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing-that help them gather and interpret information about their environment. Sharks have these senses as well as others (see Figure below). Of their five basic senses, smell plays the largest role, and hearing plays the smallest. Sharks smell by detecting molecules in the water, similar to the way air-breathing vertebrates detect odor molecules. The sense of smell in sharks is so keen that they can distinguish one drop of blood in 25 gallons (115 l) of water. Some species have sensory barbels near their mouths that can pick up tastes in the seawater. After a shark senses prey, it homes in by traveling up the preys smell corridor, moving side to side to read clues in the water. As the shark gets closer, the corridor of clues narrows. Once the prey is found, the shark grabs it, unhinging its jaw if necessary to get its mouth around large animals. Since prey thrash around and can injure their attackers, some sharks have spec ...

Chromatophores are not independent, free-living organisms, which might explain why its been difficult to find info. regarding their diet & lifespan. However, there are also several very different types of chromatophores that exist within a variety of different organisms, which could certainly lead to confusion over their exact function(s), as well.. The most widely known type of chromatophore is the pigment cells of cold-blooded animals, including amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans, and cephalopods, some of which can amazingly change their color by expansion or contraction. An excellent illustration of a Cephalopod Chromatophore (i.e. from octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish) is found in the Tree of Life Web Project.. Chromatophores generally known as melanocytes are also present as pigment cells in warm-blooded mammals and birds, but they cannot alter their pigmentation through expansion or contraction.. Within plant cells, small pigment-bearing organelles known as plastids (e.g. ...

▲Products The one in the photo is the exact one you will receive. Physical objects as shown.They come from nature. So there may be some flaws in them, just as the saying goes: there is no perfect thing in the world. Natural is beautiful.love nature, love beauty. ▲Payment Method ●We only

Bulletin de lInstitut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique - Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, 63:99-131.. ...

The eyes of the colossal squid are believed to be the most highly developed and the most remarkable in the animal kingdom and are probably the largest, measuring about 27 centimetres across and being about the size of a football. Unlike any other type of squid, the eyes of the colossal squid are forward facing and have binocular vision. Their eyes are a little like the human eye with a lens and an iris that filters light back to the retina. The lens is in 2 pieces and has optic nerves to relay visual information back to the optic lobe in the brain.. What makes the eyes of cephalopods so remarkable is the position of the optic nerves. The eyes of vertebrates, such as human eyes, have optic nerves that block some of the photoreceptors detecting light, creating what we know as a blind spot. Cephalopods dont have this blind spot at all because their eyes are arranged in such as way that the nerves never block the light. This is a clever evolutionary ploy in a world thats visually challenging at ...

The Lost Cavern and Other Stories of the Fantastic (Vanguard Press, 1948) by H.F. Heard (a.k.a. Gerald Heard) is a collection of four short stories: The Lost Cavern, The Cup, The Thaw Plan, and The Chapel of Ease. (Synopses with spoilers follow...). My initial interest was in The Thaw Plan because it briefly mentions a tree octopus, but the storys setting and nascent-Cold-War perspective are interesting in their own right: induced global warming is used by both super powers as a strategic weapon, resulting in a future Earth where humanity has split into two separate species living at either pole, separated from any interaction by an impenetrable, primeval, equatorial jungle -- home to tree octopuses, naturally.. The first part of the story sets the world-building in motion. The year is 1975, 30 years into W.W.2.A. (World War Second Armistice). The world is divided into two super powers, the US and the USSR. The seat of power in the Soviet Union has moved East, to the city of ...

Just didnt care about this one at all. I know that there are people who will marvel at it, but once I got to FIBONACCI SERIES, all I could think was a. ugh, how do you spell FIBONACCI?; b. its a FIBONACCI ... something ... number? oh, SERIES, OK; and c. ugh, this is that Da Vinci Code thing (The Da Vinci Code being something else I care nothing about). I didnt even notice the note on the puzzle, or what the circles were supposed to be doing-they were random letter pairs, as far as I could tell. Wasnt til after I was finished that I noticed (before ever seeing the note) that the circles made a spiral spelling out GOLDEN RATIO. Not all spirals are golden (right?), so the connection between the theme answers and the mathematical concept is pretty loose, as far as I can tell. But I imagine math nerds (roughly half of crossword-dom) loved this, and why shouldnt they? Its imaginative. It did nothing for me, but thats just a matter of taste. I dont like sour cream. Some people do. More ...

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Cephalopoda have extreme nervous development, predacious and a closed circulatory system.. Order Teuthida. All organisms in the order Teuthida are marine squid.. Family Loligidae. Consists of mostly of squid that occupy waters that cover the continental shelves. They all have a cornea that covers the lens of each eye. Genus Sepioteuthis. Broad, posterior rounded mantle and fins that extend the full length of the mantle. Compared to other Loliginids, Sepioteuthis lay much larger eggs. Species Sepioteuthis lessoniana. One of three Sepioteuthis species. For more information please visit zipcodezoo.com for a look into a favorite species of your own!. ...

Les différents types de camouflages utilisés par les animaux terrestres, aériens et aquatiques, ainsi que dans le domaine militaire, sont comparés dans le tableau. Les méthodes sont souvent combinés, comme chez le Guib harnaché qui mélange la contre-illumination (sur lensemble de leur corps) avec des couleurs disruptives (petites taches pâles). Jusquà lidentification de la contre-illumination dans les années 1890, lutilisation des couleurs dans le camouflage de protection été considérée comme étant essentiellement une question de correspondance des couleurs, et même si cette spécificité est importante, de nombreuses autres méthodes pour fournir un camouflage efficace existent. Une donnée marquée comme Dominante, indique que cette méthode est utilisée majoritairement dans le dit environnement. Par exemple, la contre-illumination est très répandue chez les animaux terrestres, mais rare pour les camouflages militaires ...

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No, it doesnt. Behe shows his colours by giving a bad rehash of a bad creationist argument. Ive briefly blogged the blood supply argument before, but Ill put in a bit of detail this time.. Just to recap, vertebrates (like ourselves), Squid and Octopi have camera eyes. They differ in how the photoreceptors in the retina, the part of the eye that receives the image, is wired up to the brain. The vertebrate wiring system is often cited as an example of bad, or at least quirky, design that is explainable by evolution.. The vertebrate retina is wired backwards. That is the photoreceptors point to back of the retina, away from incoming light, and the nerves and blood vessels are on the side of the incoming light, this means that any image formed on the vertebrate retina has to pass though layers of blood vessels and ganglion cells, absorbing and distorting the image.. To get decent visual acuity, vertebrates must focus light on a small patch of retina where the blood vessels and nerves have ...

Other articles where Loligo is discussed: cephalopod: Reproduction and life cycles: …(the squids of the genus Loligo) or opaque and leathery (Octopus and cuttlefishes). The eggs of oceanic species may be laid in large sausagelike gelatinous masses or singly. The eggs of most coastal species are laid inshore and are attached singly or in clusters, primarily to rocks and shells on…

Wait a minute. Many cephalopods (octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish) are considered very intelligent though it is unclear how they got to be so. So, not only is this another instance of stasis (complex life forms emerge early and remain complex) but there is a real possibility that a high level of intelligence emerged early. Assuming that any intelligence at all could originate via a Darwinian mechanism, early origin followed by stasis does not sound like a Darwinian program for intelligence.. ...

If, like me, you enjoy soccer youll have been excitedly following the World Cup games. You will probably have caught some of the other hoop-la - including the news coverage of an octopus that purportedly predicted the outcome of games involving the German team. Now, Ive been bemused by the coverage accorded to this cephalopod psychic - does the press really think Paul the octopus can predict the outcome of a soccer game? Id like to be charitable & think its just reporters looking for a feel-good story, or misunderstanding the nature of probability.... After all, lets look at what the octopus is doing. Offered 2 flag-bearing boxes (one with the German flag, one with the opponents), each containing a mussel, he chooses one of them. For the 6 matches involving the German team he appeared to select the winner of each game, including the one that saw Germany go home & Spain progress to the final of the world cup. (A rather tedious game, I have to say...). Gasp! Surely this is due to ...

Six full size fossil replicas: Allosaurus [largest predator of the Jurassic Period] claw fragment -- Ammonite [ancient marine mollusk] -- Cave bear tooth -- Crinoid [flower-like marine animal] -- Saber tooth tiger tooth fragment -- Trilobite ...

Six full size fossil replicas: Allosaurus [largest predator of the Jurassic Period] claw fragment -- Ammonite [ancient marine mollusk] -- Cave bear tooth -- Crinoid [flower-like marine animal] -- Saber tooth tiger tooth fragment -- Trilobite ...

This study constitutes the first direct observations of a cephalopod manipulating air obtained from the water surface as a means of attaining neutral buoyancy. The method by which the female argonaut captures and manages air is a complex, multi-phase behavioural sequence. By rocking the shell at the surface to capture air and then sealing off the air with the arms, the female argonaut is capable of capturing a larger volume of air than would be possible with a passive shell at the surface. This larger volume of air allows argonauts to maximize the depth at which they attain neutral buoyancy. This increase in depth may allow the argonaut to avoid surface wave action and predation from above (i.e. from birds).. It is proposed here that previous captive observations may have failed to reveal the specific mechanism by which argonauts attain neutral buoyancy because the aquaria used to house the argonauts have been too shallow. Female argonauts attain neutral buoyancy by capturing a large volume of ...

Octopus (Wikipedia.org)It has two eyes and four pairs of arms and, like other cephalopods, it is bilaterally symmetric. It has a beak, with its mouth at the center point of the arms. It has no internal or external skeleton (although some species have a vestigial remnant of a shell inside their mantles),[3] allowing it to squeeze through tight places.[4] Octopuses are among the most intelligent and behaviorally diverse of all invertebrates ...

Induan ICS Stage (Feixianguanian) From 251 +/- 0.4 To 249.7 +/- 0.7 Ma Start Defined By: Conodont, lowest occurrence of Hindeodus parvus; termination of major negative carbon-isotope excursion. About 1 myr after peak of Late Permian extinctions. End Defined By: Near lowest occurrence of Hedenstroemia or Meekoceras gracilitatis ammonites, and of the conodont Neospathodus waageni. Start Based On: Gradstein, Ogg, Smith, _A Geologic Time Scale 2004_ End Based On: Gradstein, Ogg, Smith, _A Geologic Time Scale 2004_ Global Stratotype Section and Point: Meishan, Zhejiang, China -- A Substage of -- Eon: Phanerozoic (542 - -5.5012e-005) Era: Mesozoic (251 - 65.5) Period: Triassic (251 - 199.6) Epoch: Early Triassic (251 - 245) -- Preceeded By -- Era: Paleozoic (542 - 251) Period: Permian (299 - 251) Epoch: Late Permian (260.4 - 251) ICS Stage: Changhsingian (253.8 - 251) New Zealand Stage: Makabewan (253.8 - 251) North American Stage: Ochoan (260.4 - 251) Regional Stage: Thuringian (270.6 - 251) -- ...

Look with me at Nehemiah 13:1-3: On that day they read from the Book of Moses in the hearing of the people. And in it was found written that no Ammonite or Moabite should ever enter the assembly of God, [2] for they did not meet the people of Israel with bread and water, but…

Even a hypothetical virus that could infect and get rid of all dinosaurs, sixty five million a long time back, could not have infected the ammonites or foraminifera that also went extinct at the same time. Alternatively, due to url the fact viruses can transfer genetic content between diverse species of host, they are extensively Employed in genetic engineering. Viruses also carry out organic genetic engineering: a virus could incorporate some genetic content from its host as it can be replicating, and transfer this genetic details to a whole new host, even to a number unrelated into the former host. This is named transduction, and in some instances it may function a way of evolutionary adjust -- although it isnt distinct how crucial an evolutionary system transduction in fact is ...

madagascar minerals best_Madagascar Minerals madagascarminerals Source for Minerals amp Fossils from Madagascar Carvings, Spheres, Hearts, Bookends, Tables, Rough and more Labradorite, Ammonites, Petrified WoodRough

Near rhymes (words that almost rhyme) with aconite: aragonite, catamite, ammonite, selenite... Find more near rhymes/false rhymes at B-Rhymes.com

Near rhymes (words that almost rhyme) with catamite: aragonite, aconite, ammonite, stalagmite... Find more near rhymes/false rhymes at B-Rhymes.com

Ammonite (Dactylioceras sp.) Bob Campbell Geology Museum 180 million years old; Formation: Upper Lias Clay; Donated: Kermit Watson. ...

When most people think of colour change, they think of octopuses or chameleons - but the ability to rapidly change colour is surprisingly widespread. Many species of crustaceans, insects, cephalopods (squid…

Why dont animals use wheels in locomotion? Why arent blue whales bigger? Why are there no freshwater starfish? Why are there no tree dwelling cephalopods?

Linnaeus was not an evolution proponent, having died eighty years before Darwin publicized his theory. But his classification system offers great support for the theory of evolution and a universal common ancestor. A designer who made every species as one-offs, with no required connection to each other would not have included such similarities. Sure, in the smaller classification levels - Genus or maybe Family - two animals that live in similar ways can be expected to look similar. This explanation falls apart at the higher levels,though. Fish and cephalopods both live in the ocean, at a wide variety of depths. They are both cold-blooded although their bloods are very different. Of interest here, we mammals, and all vertebrates all share the same kind of eye as fish while squid, which live in the same conditions as fish, have a different architecture for their eyes. ...

Hardly any group of fossil organisms illustrates parallel trends in evolution any more strikingly than some of the pelecypods. Progressive characters, i.e., characters in which the direction of evolution is in some degree inevitable and, therefore, likely to be repeated in parallel lines along a number of separate lines of descent, are well known in graptolites, corals, cephalopods, brachiopods, foraminifers, and mammals, and can be demonstrated in many other animal groups. Homeomorphy is so common in certain tribes as to suggest that there is a marked preference for certain kinds of variation. Certainly the fossil record is replete with illustrations of evolution that seem to be unidirectional as regards specific structures. Some progressive characters, such as increase in maximum size of individuals, and increase in specialization, whether or not obviously adaptive, have affected all sorts of animals during their history. There are a few kinds of progressive modifications that have affected ...

Distribution Distribution: Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Dorsal fins 2, spineless; anal fins lacking. Large spiracles; 5 gill openings. Mouth nearly terminal; eyes dorsal; nostrils terminal bearing barbels on anterior margin. Batoid-like shape. Maximum length up to 2 m. They feed on a variety of small bony fishes, crustaceans, cephalopods, gastropods and bivalves. They use their highly protrusible, traplike jaws to suddenly snap up prey at high speed. [details] ...

The distribution, diversity, and importance of cephalopods in top predator diets from offshore habitats of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, Staudinger, Michelle D., Juanes F., Salmon B., and Teffer A.K. , Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 6/2012, p.182-192, (2013) ...

The distribution, diversity, and importance of cephalopods in top predator diets from offshore habitats of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, Staudinger, Michelle D., Juanes F., Salmon B., and Teffer A.K. , Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 6/2012, p.182-192, (2013) ...

Spirula definition, any cephalopod of the genus Spirula, having a flat, spiral shell that is partly inside and partly outside the posterior part of the body. See more.

The card game about the amazing numbers of the animal world.. Have you ever wondered how much honey a bee produces in its lifetime? Or how much a whales tongue weighs? Or maybe youve wondered what is the record for words spoken by a parrot?. Do You Realize How Much? The Animal Edition is a card game that explores the unbelievable numbers of the animal world. 200 questions and answers about the nature of ordinary animals and their most exotic counterparts. Birds, mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles, insects, arachnids, crustaceans, cephalopods, echinoderms, nematodes and other living creatures you didnt know existed.. This card game is extremely easy to play, either in a couple or in a group, and the player who gets nearest to the correct figure wins. Its The Cats Meow.. The deck of cards is also a flip book! Just sort the cards in the order of the numbers that appear in the top left-hand corner on the side of the questions and use your thumb to flip the cards to reveal the animation.. ...

Atlanteans have a wide variety of appearances. While some look much like normal humans do, they have also been depicted with cephalopod heads, fish-like bodies, and several have been shown that are human in appearance in the upper half of their bodies while their legs were replaced by fish or dolphin tails. Some have visible gills on the sides of their necks. Aqualad is also seen with webbed hands. Atlanteans have the ability to breathe underwater, and some have the ability to manipulate water at will. Although how many Atlanteans have these powers are unknown, it is possible this power is a result of Magic and Sorcery, although not all Atlanteans may possess the cabailities of using it; as some were not seeing using it but rather energy weapons ...

The psychic pig made its first predictions about upcoming games on Friday, picking Poland and Russia as winners. Paul, who has since passed away, shot to fame at the 2010 World Cup after his feeding behaviour was used to correctly predict the winner of each of the Germanys seven matches. The German cephalopod also tipped World Cup winners Spain to beat the Netherlands in the final in South Africa from his tank at an aquarium in Oberhausen. Similarly, the pig, which now lives in the fan zone in downtown Kiev, made its predictions on Friday by choosing between pairs of bowls containing corn pops.. ...

Question 3: Another so-called radula has been reported from the early Cambrian in 1974, this one preserved with fragments of the mineral ________ suspended in a quartz matrix, and showing similarities to the radula of the modern cephalopod Sepia. ...