Neuron-glia cell adhesion molecule (Ng-CAM) mediates cell adhesion between neurons homophilically and between neurons and glia heterophilically; it also promotes neurite outgrowth. In the chick brain, Ng-CAM is detected as glycoproteins of 190 and 210 kD (Ng-CAM200) with posttranslational cleavage products of 135 kD (F135, which contains most of the extracellular region) and 80 kD (F80, which includes the transmembrane and the cytoplasmic domains). To examine the functions of each of these components, we have expressed Ng-CAM200, F135, and F80 in murine L cells, and F135 and F80 as GST fusion proteins in the pGEX vector in bacteria. Appropriately transfected L cells expressed each of these proteins on their surfaces; F135 was also found in the media of cells transfected with Ng-CAM200 and F135. In addition to binding homophilically, cells transfected with Ng-CAM200 and F135 bound heterophilically to untransfected L cells, suggesting that there is a ligand for Ng-CAM on fibroblasts that may be ...

An interaction of growth cone axonin-1 with the floor-plate NgCAM-related cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM) was shown to play a crucial role in commissural axon guidance across the midline of the spinal cord. We now provide evidence that axonin-1 mediates a guidance signal without promoting axon elongation. In an in vitro assay, commissural axons grew preferentially on stripes coated with a mixture of NrCAM and NgCAM. This preference was abolished in the presence of anti-axonin-1 antibodies without a decrease in neurite length. Consistent with these findings, commissural axons in vivo only fail to extend along the longitudinal axis when both NrCAM and NgCAM interactions, but not when axonin-1 and NrCAM or axonin-1 and NgCAM interactions, are perturbed. Thus, we conclude that axonin-1 is involved in guidance of commissural axons without promoting their growth. ...

Techniques and devices for detecting and analyzing controlled substances and the like are discussed including highly reactive sensor molecules which are coated on a spectroscopic sample surface (4) and which may chemically react with a given analyte to form a covalently bonded adduct with spectral characteristics unique to the new adduct. The techniques provide the basis of a detection system with high sensitivity and high specificity in which the surface can even be washed to remove interfering or nonreactive compounds. The sensor molecules which comprise the coating (8) may have three major components: a central molecular scaffold (

I started my research path as an organic chemist focused on the synthesis of conjugated chiral molecules. His PhD project was focused on the design and synthesis of novel acetylene- and azido-functionalised precursors and the development of protective groups strategies towards well-defined macromolecular structures. The second part of my PhD project was the study of catalytic activity of macrocycles using dye sensor molecules. Tailor-made changes to the core structure of dye molecules resulted in selective reporter molecules for visualization of catalytic processes. My subsequent research was focused on electrochemical sensors, where specific enzymes embedded in polysaccharide coatings were able to detect trace amounts of analyte such as glucose or lactate and translate this into electrochemical signal. The research was focused on the development and process optimisation of the sensor technology. I am currently working on the study of nano scale interactions of synthetic biomimetic extracellular ...

Plants have multiple physiological and biochemical systems that enable them to tolerate environmental stresses. Water deficit is the most serious factor limiting plant growth and productivity, and it occurs not only during drought but also with high salinity and low temperature. A change in osmotic potential in cells caused by water loss triggers various molecular responses in plants (Bray, 1997). To date, many genes induced by drought, salinity, or cold stress have been identified and studied (Ingram and Bartels, 1996; Shinozaki and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, 1996, 1997). However, little is known about how plant cells detect water deficits.. In bacteria, histidine kinases function as sensor molecules that transduce extracellular signals (including chemotactic factors, changes in osmolarity, and nutrient deficiency) to the cytoplasm. This transduction is mediated by phosphotransfer to the cognate response regulator (Parkinson and Kofoid, 1992; Parkinson, 1993; Alex and Simon, 1994; Swanson et al., ...

Plants have multiple physiological and biochemical systems that enable them to tolerate environmental stresses. Water deficit is the most serious factor limiting plant growth and productivity, and it occurs not only during drought but also with high salinity and low temperature. A change in osmotic potential in cells caused by water loss triggers various molecular responses in plants (Bray, 1997). To date, many genes induced by drought, salinity, or cold stress have been identified and studied (Ingram and Bartels, 1996; Shinozaki and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, 1996, 1997). However, little is known about how plant cells detect water deficits.. In bacteria, histidine kinases function as sensor molecules that transduce extracellular signals (including chemotactic factors, changes in osmolarity, and nutrient deficiency) to the cytoplasm. This transduction is mediated by phosphotransfer to the cognate response regulator (Parkinson and Kofoid, 1992; Parkinson, 1993; Alex and Simon, 1994; Swanson et al., ...

Jorunn B. Jorgensen. 8.1 Introduction 85. 8.2 Innate Immunity: A Sensing and an Effector Arm 86. 8.3 Professional Phagocytes: The Macrophages and the Neutrophilic Granulocytes 86. 8.4 Natural Killer (NK)-Like Cells 88. 8.5 The Sensing Arm of Innate Immunity 88. 8.6 TLRs are the Best Studied PRRS in Fish 89. 8.7 NOD-Like and RIG-I Receptors are Found in Fish 90. 8.8 Lectins are Multifunctional Sensor Molecules for Carbohydrate Ligands 91. 8.9 PRRs and the Induction of Immunity 92. 8.10 Cytokines in Innate Immunity 92. 8.11 Interferons 94. 8.12 The Complement System 95. 8.13 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives 97. 9 The Adaptive Immune Response in Fish 104 ...

Epithelial cells and neurons polarize into distinct plasma membrane domains - apical and basolateral domains, and axonal and somatodendritic domains, respectively. Transmembrane proteins are known to be secreted in a polarized manner in such cells, but the molecular bases for this polarized membrane trafficking are unclear. This group previously showed that the cell-adhesion molecule NgCAM, which is largely delivered to axons in neurons and to the apical surface in epithelia, travels to axons through an indirect transcytotic pathway via somatodendritic endosomes. Here, Bettina Winckler and colleagues (p. 1514) identify and characterize the signals that are used by NgCAM as it travels through this pathway. The authors determine that a previously identified basolateral tyrosine-based signal of NgCAM is also a sufficient somatodendritic targeting signal. Moreover, they identify a second, novel, axonal targeting signal in the cytoplasmic tail of NgCAM that is cis-dominant and must be inactivated for ...

This Histri was built automatically but not manually verified. As a consequence, the Histri can be incomplete or can contain errors ...

In figure 1 there is an oversight of the alkane sensing system as it is found in P. putida. The sensor molecule of this system is AlkS. AlkS can bind to alkanes and form the complex AlkS-HC (HC is short for hydrocarbon). In reality this happens in the membrane and the complex then migrates into the cell and binds to DNA. In the model however everything is assumed to happen in the cytosol. The AlkS has a self-regulation through two promoters, pAlkS1 and pAlkS2. pAlkS1 is inhibited by binding to any form of AlkS and pAlkS2 is induced by binding to AlkS-HC. The promoters are independent of each other. The alkane degradation pathway the AlkBFGHJKLT operon (AlkB for short) is regulated by the pAlkB promoter and is also induced by AlkS-HC. This resulting logic is displayed in table 1. ...

A homologue of the axonally secreted protein axonin-1 is an integral membrane protein of nerve fiber tracts involved in neurite fasciculation.

This protocol presents a novel method for derivation of floor-plate progenitor cells for the later derivation of human dopaminergic neurons that can be efficiently engrafted in vivo. The progenitor cell name reflects the specific growth factor mixture used in the protocol.. ...

Pertubation of neurite fasciculation with species-specific anti-NgCAM antibodies. Cultured mouse DRG explants were infected with the adenoviral vector AdCMV

TY - JOUR. T1 - Neuron-glia synapses in the brain. AU - Bergles, Dwight E. AU - Jabs, Ronald. AU - Steinhäuser, Christian. PY - 2010/5. Y1 - 2010/5. N2 - The ability to investigate the electrophysiological properties of individual cells in acute brain tissue led to the discovery that many glial cells have the capacity to respond rapidly to neuronal activity. In particular, a distinct class of neuroglial cells known as NG2 cells, which exhibit many of the properties that have been described for glial subtypes such as complex cells, polydendrocytes, synantocytes and GluR cells, express ionotropic receptors for glutamate and GABA. In both gray and white matter, NG2 cells form direct synaptic junctions with axons, which enable transient activation of these receptors. Electrophysiological analyses have shown that these neuron-glia synapses exhibit all the hallmarks of classical neuron-neuron synapses, including rapid activation, quantized responses, facilitation and depression, and presynaptic ...

We have identified a 95 kd cell surface protein, DM-GRASP, that is expressed on a restricted population of axons. Its expression begins early in chick embryogenesis, and within the spinal cord it is localized to axons in the dorsal funiculus, midline floorplate cells, and motoneurons. Antibodies to …

کنترل زمان گل‌دهی یکی از مهم‌ترین اجزای اثر متقابل بین گیاهان و محیط رشد آن‌ها می‌باشد که نه تنها برای میزان محصول تولیدی بلکه برای کیفیت دانه برنج نیز عامل مهمی به‌-حساب می‌آید. در این تحقیق مطالعات فنوتیپی و مولکولی بر روی 45 رقم برنج محلی و اصلاح شده انجام شد. ابتدا چندشکلی ژن‌های Ehd1 و Ehd3 در بین ارقام و سپس ارتباط این دو ژن با زمان خوشه‌دهی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج مطالعات فنوتیپی حاکی از وجود تنوع بیشتر در ارقام محلی نسبت به ارقام اصلاح شده بود. ارقام محلی به‌طور متوسط 8 روز زودرس‌تر از ارقام اصلاح شده بودند و تفاوت زمان خوشه‌دهی آن‌ها معنی‌دار

The initial strategies for generation of DA neurons from hESCs were based on previous experience with mouse ESCs, which commonly used the developmental cues known at the time (Kawasaki et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2002). Several of these early differentiation protocols did indeed produce a relatively high number of cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis and most commonly used marker for DA neurons), yet the midbrain properties of these neurons were not clear and their in vivo performance after grafting in standard animal models of PD was modest. A breakthrough in optimization of the differentiation protocols came when our understanding of how midbrain DA neurons are formed during normal development radically changed. In 2007 and 2008, two ground-breaking studies were published, both reporting that midbrain DA neurons were not derived from neuroepithelial cells (like all other neurons) but were in fact derived from floor-plate cells expressing ...

Neurofascin-155 (NF155) and caspr are transmembrane proteins found at discrete locations early during development of the nervous system. NF155 is present in the oligodendrocyte cell body and processes, whereas caspr is on the axonal surface. In mature nerves, these proteins are clustered at paranode …

Accumulation of glia, gliosis, in various neurological disorders is not a static scar, but actively involved in pathogenesis of various neurological and psychiatric disorders, where glial cells produce both inflammatory and neurotrophic factors. These factors may play a role in neuronal damage, but.... Full description. ...

The arrest of body axis elongation seems intimately associated with the differentiation process, as both involve the downregulation of FGFs and Wnts. A key signalling pathway that regulates both processes is that mediated by RA. During somitogenesis stages, cells are exposed to endogenous RA as they leave the CLE and the NSB or later tail bud. This is provided by the activity of the RA synthesising enzyme Raldh2, which is expressed in the newly segmenting mesoderm. RA signalling drives the expression of neural and mesodermal differentiation genes in axial tissues (Diez del Corral et al., 2003; Molotkova et al., 2005; Moreno and Kintner, 2004; Ribes et al., 2008). This includes neuronal differentiation genes, which promote neuron production, the floor-plate expression of sonic hedgehog (Shh), the key orchestrator of ventral patterning and hence of neuronal cell-type specification (Diez del Corral et al., 2003), and mesodermal differentiation genes such as Mesp2, a key segmentation gene that helps ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Neurite outgrowth on electrospun nanofibers with uniaxial alignment. T2 - The effects of fiber density, surface coating, and supporting substrate. AU - Xie, Jingwei. AU - Liu, Wenying. AU - Macewan, Matthew R.. AU - Bridgman, Paul C.. AU - Xia, Younan. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2014 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2014/2/25. Y1 - 2014/2/25. N2 - Electrospun nanofibers with uniaxial alignment have recently gained its popularity as scaffolds for neural tissue engineering. Many studies have demonstrated that the nanofibers could guide the neurites to extend along the direction of alignment, resembling the native hierarchy of the nerve tissue. However, the contact cues provided by the nanofibers can be far more complicated than just guiding the neurites to extend along them. In the current study, we used dorsal root ganglia as a model system to systematically investigate the interactions between neurites and uniaxially aligned nanofibers. We demonstrated, for the first ...

Not all proteins that accumulate in a specific subcellular compartment undergo processes of selective sorting and transport. Some proteins seem to be localized by a mechanism known as selective retention, which describes that cargoes are transported nonselectively to both axons and dendrites, but are eliminated at one side by selective endocytosis and retained at the other, where endocytosis is prevented. Prominent examples for this process are the proteins VAMP2 and NgCAM. NgCAM is sorted into carriers that preferentially deliver their cargo proteins to the axonal membrane. In contrast, VAMP2 is delivered to the surface of both axons and dendrites; however it is preferentially endocytosed from the dendritic membrane, a process, which also results in an axonal enrichment31. Indeed, VAMP2 harbors an endocytosis signal in its cytoplasmic domain, and mutation of this sequence consistently results in an evenly distribution of VAMP2 to cell body, dendrites, and axon. Although such process initially ...

I have about 3 twitches a day in my tongue. I asked a neurologist if this could be the start of als, or if its too infrequent. He just said als fasciculations could start more infrequent and slowly becomming more frequent. Does anyone know anything about this ...

Author: Medas, A Paulo ; Salins, Veronique ; Danforth, Jeff Series: How-To-Note No. 16/01 Date: September 27, 2016 Subject: Asia and Pacific Canada Capital expenditure Chile Commodity boom Commodity price shocks Commodity prices Expenditure policy Fiscal adjustment Fiscal deficits Malaysia Natural resources Nigeria Sub-Saharan Africa Western Hemisphere ...

If youre feeling and seeing the twitches, its no surprise at all that an EMG would actually record those twitches. Thats why were all here on this board!! The only reason Im guessing that some others have EMGs without fasciculations is that they happened to not fasciculate while the EMG was being performed. I had lots and lots of them (on my legs). When I asked the doctor if he saw fasciculations, he looked at me like I was crazy. With a look that basically said um, isnt that why youre here ...

Rapid signaling between vertebrate neurons occurs primarily at synapses, intercellular junctions where quantal release of neurotransmitter triggers rapid changes in membrane conductance through activation of ionotropic receptors. Glial cells express many of these same ionotropic receptors, yet little is known about how receptors in glial cells become activated in situ. Because synapses were thought to be the sole provenance of neurons, it has been assumed that these receptors must be activated following diffusion of transmitter out of the synaptic cleft, or through nonsynaptic mechanisms such as transporter reversal. Two recent reports show that a ubiquitous class of progenitors that express the proteoglycan NG2 (NG2 cells) engage in rapid signaling with glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons through direct neuron-glia synapses. Quantal release of transmitter from neurons at these sites triggers rapid activation of aminomethylisoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) or GABA(A) ...

I have heard it said that fasciculations appear in ALS some time after the muscle has been damaged due to denervation. As a result, I have been told that an ALS sufferer would experience profound weakn...

Complete information for BARX1 gene (Protein Coding), BARX Homeobox 1, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium