Lysozymes have primarily a bacteriolytic function; those in tissues and body fluids are associated with the monocyte-macrophage system and enhance the activity of immunoagents. In the intestine they may also have a digestive function.

Lysozymes have primarily a bacteriolytic function; those in tissues and body fluids are associated with the monocyte-macrophage system and enhance the activity of immunoagents.

SWISS-MODEL Template Library (SMTL) entry for 2la2.1. Solution structure of papiliocin isolated from the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus

Rhopalocera Exotica, being Illustrations of New, Rare, and Unfigured Species of Butterflies Rhop. Exot. [1] 1: (Ornithoptera) 1-2, pl. 1 (1887), [1] 2: (Ornithoptera) 3-4, pl. 2 (1892), [1] 3: (Ornithoptera) [5-6] 1-2, pl. 3 (1900), [1] 3: (Ornithoptera) 7-8, pl. 4 (1901), [1] 1: (Papilio) 1-2, pl. 1 (1887), [1] 1: (Papilio) 3-5,7-14, pl. 2-6 (1888), [1] 1: (Papilio) 15-20, pl. 7-9 (1890), [1] 1: (Papilio) 21-25, pl. 10-11 (1891), [1] 2: (Papilio) 27-31, pl. 12-13 (1893), [1] 2: (Papilio) 33-35, pl. 14 (1894), [1] 2: (Papilio) 37-38, pl. 15 (1895), [1] 2: (Papilio) 39-40, pl. 16 (1897), [1] 3: (Papilio) 41-46, pl. 17-19 (1899), [1] 3: (Papilio) 47-48, pl. 20 (1900), [1] 3: (Papilio) 49-50, pl. 21 (1901), [1] 3: (Papilio) 51-55, pl. 22-23 (1902), [1] 1: (Delias) 1-3, pl. 1 (1889), [1] 2: (Delias) 5-7, 9-11, pl. 2-3 (1893), [1] 2: (Delias) 12-18, pl. 4-5 (1895), [1] 2: (Delias) 20-22, pl. 6 (1896), [1] 3: (Delias) 24-26, pl. 7 (1897), [1] 3: (Delias) 28-35, pl. 8-9 (1901), [1] 3: (Delias) 36-38, ...

Rhopalocera Exotica, being Illustrations of New, Rare, and Unfigured Species of Butterflies Rhop. Exot. [1] 1: (Ornithoptera) 1-2, pl. 1 (1887), [1] 2: (Ornithoptera) 3-4, pl. 2 (1892), [1] 3: (Ornithoptera) [5-6] 1-2, pl. 3 (1900), [1] 3: (Ornithoptera) 7-8, pl. 4 (1901), [1] 1: (Papilio) 1-2, pl. 1 (1887), [1] 1: (Papilio) 3-5,7-14, pl. 2-6 (1888), [1] 1: (Papilio) 15-20, pl. 7-9 (1890), [1] 1: (Papilio) 21-25, pl. 10-11 (1891), [1] 2: (Papilio) 27-31, pl. 12-13 (1893), [1] 2: (Papilio) 33-35, pl. 14 (1894), [1] 2: (Papilio) 37-38, pl. 15 (1895), [1] 2: (Papilio) 39-40, pl. 16 (1897), [1] 3: (Papilio) 41-46, pl. 17-19 (1899), [1] 3: (Papilio) 47-48, pl. 20 (1900), [1] 3: (Papilio) 49-50, pl. 21 (1901), [1] 3: (Papilio) 51-55, pl. 22-23 (1902), [1] 1: (Delias) 1-3, pl. 1 (1889), [1] 2: (Delias) 5-7, 9-11, pl. 2-3 (1893), [1] 2: (Delias) 12-18, pl. 4-5 (1895), [1] 2: (Delias) 20-22, pl. 6 (1896), [1] 3: (Delias) 24-26, pl. 7 (1897), [1] 3: (Delias) 28-35, pl. 8-9 (1901), [1] 3: (Delias) 36-38, ...

ID A0A194QD04_PAPXU Unreviewed; 839 AA. AC A0A194QD04; DT 05-OCT-2016, integrated into UniProtKB/TrEMBL. DT 05-OCT-2016, sequence version 1. DT 07-JUN-2017, entry version 6. DE RecName: Full=V-type proton ATPase subunit a {ECO:0000256,RuleBase:RU361189}; GN ORFNames=RR46_02787 {ECO:0000313,EMBL:KPJ02860.1}; OS Papilio xuthus (Asian swallowtail butterfly). OC Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; OC Pterygota; Neoptera; Holometabola; Lepidoptera; Glossata; Ditrysia; OC Papilionoidea; Papilionidae; Papilioninae; Papilio. OX NCBI_TaxID=66420 {ECO:0000313,EMBL:KPJ02860.1, ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000053268}; RN [1] {ECO:0000313,EMBL:KPJ02860.1, ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000053268} RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. RC STRAIN=Yaa_city_454_Px {ECO:0000313,EMBL:KPJ02860.1}; RC TISSUE=Whole body {ECO:0000313,EMBL:KPJ02860.1}; RX PubMed=26354079; DOI=10.1038/ncomms9212; RA Li X., Fan D., Zhang W., Liu G., Zhang L., Zhao L., Fang X., Chen L., RA Dong Y., Chen Y., Ding ...

This comprehensive database for antimicrobial peptides is manually curated based on a set of data-collection criteria. There are 139 human host defense peptides, 305 from mammals annotated, 1087 active peptides from amphibians (1018 from frogs), 134 fish peptides, 45 reptile peptides, 42 from birds, 559 from arthropods, [310 from insects, 69 from crustaceans, 7 from myriapods, 171 from chelicerata, (43 from spiders, 88 from scorpions)], 45 from molluscs, 6 AMPs from protozoa, and more. Of the 428 unique NMR/X-ray diffracted 3D structures annotated for host defense peptides in the APD, 301 with coordinates deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) can be directly rotated, zoomed, and viewed. Top left: Amphibian α-helical magainin II; Top right: bovine β-sheet lactoferricin; Bottom left: plant αβ-PsD1; Bottom right: bovine non-αβ indolicidin. This original database consists of a pipeline of search functions for innate immune peptides. You can search for peptide information using APD ID, ...

This comprehensive database for antimicrobial peptides is manually curated based on a set of data-collection criteria. There are 141 human host defense peptides, 328 from mammals annotated, 1117 active peptides from amphibians (1037 from frogs and 76 from toads), 136 fish peptides, 45 reptile peptides, 43 from birds, 577 from arthropods, [323 from insects, 71 from crustaceans, 8 from myriapods, 175 from chelicerata, (43 from spiders, 88 from scorpions)], 47 from molluscs, 6 AMPs from protozoa, and more. Of the 443 unique NMR/X-ray diffracted 3D structures annotated for host defense peptides in the APD, 316 with coordinates deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) can be directly rotated, zoomed, and viewed. Top left: Amphibian α-helical magainin II; Top right: bovine β-sheet lactoferricin; Bottom left: plant αβ-PsD1; Bottom right: bovine non-αβ indolicidin. This original database consists of a pipeline of search functions for innate immune peptides. You can search for peptide information ...

Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute demonstrated for the first time that the Anopheles mosquitos innate immune system could be genetically engineered to block the...

The over-expression of Arabidopsis CAX1 and CAX2 causes transgenic tomato plants to reveal severe Ca2+ deficiency-like symptoms such as tip-burn and/or blossom end rot, despite there being sufficient

TY - JOUR. T1 - Improvement of outer membrane-permeabilizing and lipopolysaccharide- binding activities of an antimicrobial cationic peptide by C-terminal modification. AU - Piers, K. L.. AU - Brown, M. H.. AU - Hancock, Robert. PY - 1994/1/1. Y1 - 1994/1/1. N2 - Antimicrobial cationic peptides have been discovered in many different organisms and often possess a broad range of activity. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of actions of melittin and two synthetic peptides, CEME (a cecropin-melittin hybrid) and CEMA, against gram-negative bacteria. CEMA was produced by recombinant DNA procedures and is an analog of CEME with a modified C terminus resulting in two additional positive charges. All three peptides showed good antimicrobial activity against four different gram-negative bacteria, but only CEMA was able to somewhat augment the activity of some conventional antibiotics in synergy studies. Studies using the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae showed that the ...

Scientists have discovered how the mosquito immune system detects and kills the deadly malaria parasite. The discovery could help researchers develop innovative methods to block transmission of the disease from mosquitoes to humans.

A large butterfly found in India and other countries. This is predominant in heavy rainfall areas with evergreen forests. 120-150 mm. Large black butterfly with pale blue markings. ...

The University of Naples Frederick II (UNINA) was established in 1224 through an Imperial Charter of Frederick II Hohenstaufen, King of Sicily and Holy Roman Emperor. We are the first publicly funded university in Europe. Today, the University offers courses in all academic disciplines, leading to over one hundred and fifty-five postgraduate degrees. Research facilities provide support for all these courses. Students have the opportunity to develop intellectually and acquire professional skills.. The current number of enrolled students is close to 86,000 and the academic staff, at the moment, is 2532. Federico II University strives to consolidate and develop its role at international level and, to this end, gives the highest priority to fostering relationships both within Italy and globally. Our students are tirelessly encouraged in the pursuit of excellence, at home and abroad. Our staff and students participate in a variety of exchange programmes, within Europe, America and Asia.. Our ...

Synonyms for Musca domestica in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for Musca domestica. 2 synonyms for Musca domestica: house fly, housefly. What are synonyms for Musca domestica?

Looking for Musca domestica? Find out information about Musca domestica. common name of the fly fly, name commonly used for any of a variety of winged insects, but properly restricted to members of the order Diptera, the true... Explanation of Musca domestica

We suggest that both the multiplicity of AMPs and the specific mechanisms of action of the complex constituents are equally important for resistance prevention. C. vicina AMP complexcomprises four major cationic AMP families, which kill bacteria directly: defensins, cecropins,diptericins and proline-rich peptides. Calliphora defensin, as well as defensins of other insectsand vertebrates, is a peptide with a 3D structure containing α-helix/β-sheet elements coordi-nated by 3 disulfide bridges and is predominantly active against Gram-positive bacteria. Alldefensins cause bacterial cell wall disruption/permeabilization although inhibition of the cellwall biosynthesis was demonstrated as well [, ]. Calliphora cecropin is a linear amphi-pathic α-helical peptide particularly active towards Gram-negative bacteria. All insect cecro-pins are known to have pore-forming and cell membrane permeabilizing activity Calliphora diptericins are members of a glycine-rich AMP family selectively toxic to ...

We present the isolation and functional analysis of a transformer2 homologue Mdtra2 in the housefly Musca domestica. Compromising the activity of this gene by injecting dsRNA into embryos causes complete sex reversal of genotypically female individuals into fertile males, revealing an essential func …

Although substrate-specific CYP6B1 and CYP6B3 enzymes in Papilio polyxenes contribute to specialization on furanocoumarin-containing host plants, CYP6B4 and CYP6B17 enzymes in the polyphagous Papilio glaucus and Papilio canadensis have a broader range of substrates. Papilio multicaudatus, an oligophage with one furanocoumarin-containing host, is putatively ancestral to polyphagous Papilio species. Furanocoumarin-inducible CYP6B33-CYP6B37 and CYP6AB6 were characterized from this species. Heterologous expression of CYP6B33 revealed furanocoumarin metabolism resembling that of CYP6B4-CYP6B17 enzymes from P. glaucus and P. canadensis. Molecular models of CYP6B33 and CYP6B4 indicate that seven conserved aromatic side chains stabilize their hydrophobic catalytic sites and that a Lys484-Ser484 substitution enlarges the CYP6B4 active site pocket to increase the predicted distance between the substrate and reactive oxygen relative to CYP6B1. Loss of specialization in this lineage may have resulted from ...

Hybrid Peptide Design. Hydrogen Bonded Conformations in Peptides Containing the Stereochemically Constrained γ-Amino Acid Residue, Gabapentin

The mosquito has multiple lines of defense against invading pathogens, but the most potent is found in its blood, called hemolymph. Parasites migrate through the gut epithelium in order to escape the harsh digestive conditions of the gut lumen. Here they come into contact with the hemolymph. Two leucine-rich repeat (LRR) containing proteins, LRIM1 and APL1C, are essential for mosquito immune defense in this compartment. We recently found that these proteins circulate in the mosquito hemolymph in a disulfide-bonded multimeric complex [1]. If either LRIM1 or APL1C is knocked-down by RNAi, the entire complex is lost and parasite survival is increased. Before parasites are killed, the complement-like protein TEP1 is localized on their surface, marking them for destruction. The LRIM1/APL1C complex interacts with TEP1 and is required for its localization to parasites during midgut invasion. When the LRIM1/APL1C complex is knocked-down, TEP1 fails to localize and the invading parasites are not killed. ...

Microhabitats and Pathogens of Houseflies (Musca domestica): Public Health Concern, Ahmadu YM, Goselle ON, Ejimadu LC, James Rugu NN

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1D9M: NMR structural characterization of cecropin A(1-8) - magainin 2(1-12) and cecropin A (1-8) - melittin (1-12) hybrid peptides.

abstract = {During the development of Plasmodium sp. within the mosquito midgut, the parasite undergoes a series of developmental changes. The elongated ookinete migrates through the layers of the midgut where it forms the oocyst under the basal lamina. We demonstrate here that if Aedes aegypti or Anopheles gambiae, normally susceptible to Plasmodium gallinaceum and P. berghei, respectively, are immune activated by the injection of bacteria into the hemocoel, and subsequently are fed on an infectious bloodmeal, there is a significant reduction in the prevalence and mean intensity of infection of oocysts on the midgut. Only those mosquitoes immune activated prior to, or immediately after, parasite ingestion exhibit this reduction in parasite development. Mosquitoes immune activated 2-5 days after bloodfeeding show no differences in parasite burdens compared with naive controls. Northern analyses reveal that transcriptional activity for mosquito defensins is not detected in the whole bodies of Ae. ...

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Many insect species have a well-developed visual system with the capacity to see colour, i.e. objects in their environment are discriminated by their spectral content. Butterflies are considered to be highly visual animals and are generally believed to possess colour vision. Nevertheless, definitive evidence for colour vision was only recently obtained for two papilionid species, the Japanese yellow swallowtail Papilio xuthus (Kinoshita et al., 1999) and the Australian orchard butterfly Papilio aegeus (Kelber and Pfaff, 1999). In the classical example of insect colour vision, the honeybee Apis mellifera, three photoreceptors form the standard set of photoreceptors underlying colour vision, with spectral sensitivities in the ultraviolet, blue and green, respectively (Menzel and Backhaus, 1989), corresponding well with the absorption spectra of three identified rhodopsins (Townson et al., 1998). These rhodopsins are assumed to be expressed in anatomically well-defined photoreceptors (Menzel and ...

Dear group, I have some H.papilio, a Dutch strain, which are blooming now. While I read on Thad Howards and the recent Veronica Reads books this species carries 2-3 flowers per scape, the first one of mine has 4 and 6 and a third scape is still growing; all the other bulbs have 2 or 3 scape emerging too. But the shape of flowers is different and they dont have those two wide tepals as shown on the photos on those books and from photos of all US folks, but they look rather like the cybister hybrid Lima. On the other hand, this hybrid isnt thought to be so vigorous, according on V.Read. I wonder if it is the true species or an hybrid now. The seller is a reputable source and the bulbs where extra large (28cm+ girt) and they also listed Lima among the hybrids, but papilio was listed separately. Last year I got a papilio and Lima from an Italian retail company, but I thought I had mixed the labels when I saw this flower. http://pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/… Oh, BTW this photo ...

ICZN 2011: OPINION 2279 (Case 3488) Papilio danae Fabricius, 1775 (currently Colotis danae; Insecta, Lepidoptera, PIERIDAE): usage conserved by the suppression of Papilio danae Hufnagel, 1766. Bulletin of zoological nomenclature, 68 (3): 222-223. abstract only seen ...