Hybrid causal analysis combining a nonparametric multiplicative regression causality estimator - Aalto-yliopiston...
Industrial processes are often subjected to abnormal events such as faults or external disturbances which can easily propagate via the process units. Establishing causal dependencies among process measurements has a key role in fault diagnosis due to its ability to identify the root cause of a fault and its propagation path. This paper proposes a hybrid nonlinear causal analysis based on nonparametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) for identifying the propagation of an oscillatory disturbance via control loops. The NPMR causality estimator addresses most of the limitations of the linear model-based methods and it can be applied to both bivariate and multivariate estimations without any modifications to the method parameters. Moreover, the NPMR-based estimations can be used to pinpoint the root cause of a fault. The process connectivity information is automatically integrated into the causal analysis using a specialized search algorithm. Thereby, it enables to efficiently tackle industrial ...
Top-down working memory reorganization of the primary visual cortex: Granger Causality analysis | JOV | ARVO Journals
Background. Our previous studies have implicated the primary visual cortex (V1) as the putative visuo-spatial sketchpad for working-memory, but in a supramodal form. To establish this memory-related role for V1, we need to determine the source of its top-down modulation from higher-order memory mechanisms, including medial-temporal lobe (MTL) structures such as the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex (PRC) (Likova, 2012, 2013), which has direct anatomical connection to V1 (Clavagnier et al., 2004). Indeed, V1 and the hippocampus exhibited correlated changes under a memory-based training intervention (Likova, 2015); moreover, the representations for both memory and perception were confirmed as supramodal in PRC (Cacciamani & Likova, 2016). Now, to address the key question of the direction and significance of influence between these memory areas and V1, we ran Granger Causality analysis. Methods. Using fMRI in blind subjects before and after a unique memory-guided drawing intervention ...
Causal Analysis ( ( (Component 2: Policies, Institutions and Processes,…
Causal Analysis ( ( (Component 2: Policies, Institutions and Processes,…: Causal Analysis ( ( (Component 2: Policies, Institutions and Processes, Policies: of government, different levels of government, NGOs, international bodies, Institutions: political, legislative, traditional, NGOs, civil society, commercial enterprises, Processes: rules of the game, decision-making, social norms & customs, gender/caste/class, language), (Component 3: The vulnerability context, External events which affect assets/capital and livelihoods, Groups which are highly vulnerable: Old people, women and children, disabled, PLHIV), (Component 4: Livelihoods strategy, Activities that households can carry out to improve their food,
nutrition or income security based on the interaction of, Assets/capital, Policies, institutions and processes and vulnerability), (Components 1: Assets/Capital, Financial capital, Human capital, social status, Physical and natural resources), (Component 5: Livelihood outcome , Improvements
The GRADE approach and Bradford Hills criteria for causation | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
It has been proposed that the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) for public health questions should consider the Bradford Hill criteria for causation and that GRADE requires adaptation.1 In this article, we describe the relation of the Bradford Hill criteria to the GRADE approach to grading the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. The primary concern seems that evidence from non-randomised studies may provide a more adequate or best available measure of a public health strategys impact, but that such evidence might be graded as lower quality in the GRADE framework. We would like to reiterate that GRADE presents a framework that describes both criteria for assessing the quality of research evidence and the strength of recommendations. In assessing quality of evidence, GRADE notes that randomisation is only one of many relevant factors. Furthermore, GRADE is not specific to the narrow field of therapeutic interventions. Indeed, it likely is ...
Quantifying causal influences | Papers | Scoop...
Common methods of causal inference generate directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) that formalize causal relations between n variables. Given the joint distribution of all these variables, the DAG contains all information about how intervening on one variable would change the distribution of the other n-1 variables. It remains, however, a non-trivial question how to quantify the causal influence of one variable on another one.Here we propose a measure for causal strength that refers to direct effects and measure the strength of an arrow or a set of arrows. It is based on a hypothetical intervention that modifies the joint distribution by cutting the corresponding edge. The causal strength is then the relative entropy distance between the old and the new distribution.We discuss other measures of causal strength like the average causal effect, transfer entropy and information flow and describe their limitations. We argue that our measure is also more appropriate for time series than the known ones.
1910.14290] Evaluation of Granger causality measures for constructing networks from multivariate time series
Abstract: Granger causality and variants of this concept allow the study of complex dynamical systems as networks constructed from multivariate time series. In this work, a large number of Granger causality measures used to form causality networks from multivariate time series are assessed. These measures are in the time domain, such as model-based and information measures, the frequency domain and the phase domain. The study aims also to compare bivariate and multivariate measures, linear and nonlinear measures, as well as the use of dimension reduction in linear model-based measures and information measures. The latter is particular relevant in the study of high-dimensional time series. For the performance of the multivariate causality measures, low and high dimensional coupled dynamical systems are considered in discrete and continuous time, as well as deterministic and stochastic. The measures are evaluated and ranked according to their ability to provide causality networks that match the ...
Richmond Sunlight » 2020 » Public elementary and secondary school students; suspension and expulsion, sufficient cause. (HB109)
Public elementary and secondary school students; suspension and expulsion; sufficient cause. Provides that in no case shall sufficient cause for the suspension or expulsion of a student from attendance at a public elementary or secondary school include only instances of truancy or nonviolent behavior. Current law provides that in no cases may sufficient cause for suspensions include only instances of truancy.
A simulation study on matched case-control designs in the perspective of causal diagrams | BMC Medical Research Methodology |...
From the perspective of causal diagrams, several studies had claimed that matching on confounders C in matched case-control designs can improve estimation precision for the effect of exposure (E) on outcome (D), though it fails to remove confounding effect of C [8, 9]. Therefore, further adjustment for C using conditional or unconditional logistic regression model after matching is widely used to eliminate the confounding bias of C in analytic epidemiology [13, 14]. When C is exactly a confounder for E and D (scenario 1, Fig. 1a), however, our simulation results did not illustrate distinct improvement of precision for estimating effect of E on D by matching on C (model 3) comparing with by non-matching designs (model 1). Nevertheless, the benefit of matching on C was to greatly reduce the bias for estimating the effect of E on D (model 3) though failed to completely remove the bias (Fig. 2a and b). Further adjusting for C using logistic regression model (model 4 or model 5) after matching almost ...
Causal diagrams and multivariate analysis I: A quiver full of arrows<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Causal diagrams and multivariate analysis I. T2 - A quiver full of arrows. AU - Jupiter, Daniel C.. PY - 2014/9. Y1 - 2014/9. N2 - How do we know which variables we should include in our multivariate analyses? What role does each variable play in our understanding of the analysis? In this article I begin a discussion of these issues and describe 2 different types of studies for which this problem must be handled in different ways.. AB - How do we know which variables we should include in our multivariate analyses? What role does each variable play in our understanding of the analysis? In this article I begin a discussion of these issues and describe 2 different types of studies for which this problem must be handled in different ways.. KW - Confounder. KW - Effect modification. KW - Multivariate analysis. KW - Precision variable. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84906789952&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - ...
Causal Analysis/Diagnosis Decision Information System (CADDIS) | US EPA
The Causal Analysis/Diagnosis Decision Information System, or CADDIS, is designed to help scientists and engineers in the Regions, States, and Tribes conduct causal assessments in aquatic systems. It is organized into five volumes ...
From patterns to pathways. Causal analysis of gene PowerPoint Presentation, Free Online Download PPT GTC5DG
From patterns to pathways. Causal analysis of gene expression data Alexander Kel BIOBASE GmbH Halchtersche Strasse 33 D-38304 Wolfenbuettel Germany
The role of the timeline in Granger causality test in the presence of daily data non-synchronism
Downloadable! The factor of the earlier/later closing market, which appears in pairs of time series with non-synchronism problem exposure, may predetermine the results of the Granger causality test conducted on classic form. The shift in GMT timeline reverses the exposure of the market to the factor of earlier/later closing market, and may change the results of Granger causality test conducted on classic form. Verification of the given assumption on empirical data demonstrated that the US market, having moved from the later closing market to the earlier closing market condition (factor), started to show the behavior similar to other earlier closing markets.
Different Modular Organization Between Early Onset and Late Onset Depression: A Study Base on Granger Causality Analysis
|span||b|Background:|/b| Modular organization reflects the activity patterns of our brain. Different disease states may lead to different activity patterns and clinical features. Early onset depression (EOD) and late onset depression (LOD) share the same clinical symptoms, but have different treatment str|/span| …
Quantifying Individual Level Always-Survivor Causal Effects Under Truncation by Death and Informative Censoring
Abstract: The analysis of causal effects when the outcome of interest is possibly truncated by death has a long history in statistics and causal inference. The survivor average causal effect is commonly identified with more assumptions than those guaranteed by the design of a randomized clinical trial. We demonstrate that individual level causal effects in the `always survivor principal stratum can be identified and quantified with no stronger identification assumptions than randomization. We illustrate the practical utility of our methods using data from a clinical trial on patients with prostate cancer. Our methodology is the first and, as of yet, only proposed methodology that enables detecting and quantifying causal effects in the presence of truncation by death and informative censoring using only the assumptions that are guaranteed by design of the randomized clinical trial.. *All talks will be held virtually through Zoom. Please contact [email protected] for talk links.*. Flyer. ...
Causality, Causality: The relating of the reasons to the effects they produce. Several, Advanced Statistics
Advanced Statistics Assignment Help, Causality, Causality: The relating of the reasons to the effects they produce. Several investigations in medicine seek to establish the causal relations between the events, for instance, which receiving the treatment A causes patients to live longer than takin
Causal Inference - Ulm University
Contents: There are two reasons for a statistical analysis. One is prediction of future data based on what one has learned from past data and accounting for uncertainty. Prediction need not be concerned with understanding cause-effect relationships, but understanding causality is central to our understanding of data and how we use that knowledge. For instance, standard statistical techniques allow to predict the survival probability of a current smoker, typically predicting earlier death compared to non-smokers. But there is no standard statistical technique that analyses the causal effect of smoking on mortality. The difficulty is that smoking is not assigned in a randomized experiment, and there are more differences between smokers and non-smokers than just smoking status. In fact, defining a causal effect is not even part of the usual statistical and mathematical formalism. In the last 30 years or so, there has been a statistical revolution of developing causal inference, motivated by ...
Causal Inference - Universität Ulm
Contents: There are two reasons for a statistical analysis. One is prediction of future data based on what one has learned from past data and accounting for uncertainty. Prediction need not be concerned with understanding cause-effect relationships, but understanding causality is central to our understanding of data and how we use that knowledge. For instance, standard statistical techniques allow to predict the survival probability of a current smoker, typically predicting earlier death compared to non-smokers. But there is no standard statistical technique that analyses the causal effect of smoking on mortality. The difficulty is that smoking is not assigned in a randomized experiment, and there are more differences between smokers and non-smokers than just smoking status. In fact, defining a causal effect is not even part of the usual statistical and mathematical formalism. In the last 30 years or so, there has been a statistical revolution of developing causal inference, motivated by ...
A philosophical analysis of the Hill criteria | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
On the regularity view of causality formulated by Hume, a cause [is defined] to be an object followed by another, and where all the objects, similar to the first, are followed by objects similar to the second.26 In the medical sciences, this view of causality is obviously too simple and Mackies23 more subtle version of the regularity view seems more suitable.27-29. On Mackies account, a causal complex may be seen as a conjunction of factors that only jointly are sufficient for bringing about the effect. There may be several different causal complexes that are all sufficient for bringing about the effect; hence, none of them are necessary. A factor in such a causal complex is an insufficient but necessary condition in an unnecessary but sufficient causal complex, also called an INUS condition. This model has independently been applied to epidemiology as the component-cause model,28,29 and in accordance with standard epidemiological terminology we shall refer to INUS conditions as causal ...
predisposition
Redundant causation from a sufficient cause perspective. Gatto, Nicolle M.; Campbell, Ulka B. // Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations;2010, Vol. 7, p5 Sufficient causes of disease are redundant when an individual acquires the components of two or more sufficient causes. In this circumstance, the individual still would have become diseased even if one of the sufficient causes had not been acquired. In the context of a study, when any... ...
PRIME PubMed | The HFE Cys282Tyr mutation as a necessary but not sufficient cause of clinical hereditary hemochromatosi
PubMed journal article The HFE Cys282Tyr mutation as a necessary but not sufficient cause of clinical hereditary hemochromatosi were found in PRIME PubMed. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone or iPad.
Use of Causal Diagrams to Inform the Design and Interpretation of Observational Studies: An Example from the Study of Heart and...
If Figure 4A represented the truth, then ACR would be an effect mediator, and it would be inappropriate to condition on ACR, because it would block a causal pathway between smoking and ESRD. (If it were done, the effect of this pathway would be removed from the estimate of the total effect of smoking on ESRD.) If Figure 4B represented the truth, however, then ACR would be a collider on one of the two paths between smoking and ESRD, and as such, it would still be inappropriate to adjust for it (because doing so would create a biasing pathway between smoking and ESRD). Specifically, if it were known that someone had an increased level of ACR (the effect of conditioning), then knowing that they were also a smoker would reduce the probability that they have been exposed to the other unknown factors. This is because being a smoker is the more likely cause of their increased value of ACR. In other words, given ACR, smokers will be systematically less likely to have been exposed to the other unknown ...
CAUSALITY 3 Online - Játssz ingyen az oldalunkon: MegaJatek.hu!
Causality 3: Itt játszhatod a következőt Causality 3. - A Causality 3 a válogatott Mutass és kattints kalandjáték Játékok egyike.
Use of causal diagrams to inform the analysis and interpretation of observational studies: An example from the Study of Heart...
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Recent Additions to CADDIS | Causal Analysis/Diagnosis Decision Information System (CADDIS) | US EPA
The CADDIS web site was updated with new material that was still undergoing final review by U.S. EPA. In addition to this new material, sections of the step by step guide were updated, in particular, the in depth sections, multiple causes, and using statistics responsibly were added. The new sections, listed below, include these general topics: candidate causes, analytical tools, an conceptual models.. Common Candidate Causes: Metals, Sediments, Nutrients, Dissolved Oxygen Temperature, Ionic Strength, Flow Alteration, Unspecified Toxic Chemicals, Interactive Conceptual Model for Phosphorus. Download alert: you will be prompted to download and install the latest version of Flash (a freely available program) in order to view this part of CADDIS.. Analyzing Data: Data Analysis Methods: Scatter Plots, Correlation, Box Plots, Conditional Probability Analysis, Regression Analysis, Predicting Environmental Conditions from Biological Observations, Quantile Regression, Classification and Regression ...
MPIDR - Publications
A general concept for thinking about causality facilitates swift comprehension of results, and the vocabulary that belongs to the concept is instrumental in cross-disciplinary communication. The causal pie model has fulfilled this role in epidemiology and could be of similar value in evolutionary biology and ecology. In the causal pie model, outcomes result from sufficient causes. Each sufficient cause is made up of a causal pie of component causes. Several different causal pies may exist for the same outcome. If and only if all component causes of a sufficient cause are present, that is, a causal pie is complete, does the outcome occur. The effect of a component cause hence depends on the presence of the other component causes that constitute some causal pie. Because all component causes are equally and fully causative for the outcome, the sum of causes for some outcome exceeds 100%. The causal pie model provides a way of thinking that maps into a number of recurrent themes in evolutionary ...
Health and wealth of elderly couples: Causality tests using dynamic panel data models
Downloadable (with restrictions)! Author(s): Michaud, Pierre-Carl & van Soest, Arthur. 2008 Abstract: A positive relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and health, the health-wealth gradient, is repeatedly found in many industrialized countries. This study analyzes competing explanations for this gradient: causal effects from health to wealth (health causation) and causal effects from wealth to health (wealth or social causation). Using six biennial waves of couples aged 51-61 in 1992 from the US Health and Retirement Study, we test for causality in panel data models incorporating unobserved heterogeneity and a lag structure supported by specification tests. In contrast to tests relying on models with only first order lags or without unobserved heterogeneity, these tests provide no evidence of causal wealth health effects. On the other hand, we find strong evidence of causal effects from both spouses health on household wealth. We also find an effect of the husbands health on the wifes
What causes disease?: Association vs. Causation and the Hill Criteria
This post is part of The Pump Handles Public Health Classics series. By Sara Gorman Does cigarette smoking cause cancer? Does eating specific foods or working
The danger of systematic bias in group-level FMRI-lag-based causality estimation. - Nuffield Department of Clinical...
Schippers, Renken and Keysers (NeuroImage, 2011) present a simulation of multi-subject lag-based causality estimation. We fully agree that single-subject evaluations (e.g., Smith et al., 2011) need to be revisited in the context of multi-subject studies, and Schippers paper is a good example, including detailed multi-level simulation and cross-subject statistical modelling. The authors conclude that the average chance to find a significant Granger causality effect when no actual influence is present in the data stays well below the p-level imposed on the second level statistics and that when the analyses reveal a significant directed influence, this direction was accurate in the vast majority of the cases. Unfortunately, we believe that the general meaning that may be taken from these statements is not supported by the papers results, as there may in reality be a systematic (group-average) difference in haemodynamic delay between two brain areas. While many statements in the paper (e.g., the final
Causal Inference Course Cluster Summer Session in Epidemiology
New for 2019, we are offering a cluster of courses -Epid 780 Applied Epidemiologic Analysis for Causal Inference (2 credit course) -Epid 720 Applied Mediation Analysis -Epid 721 Applied Sensitivity Analyses in Epidemiology
Causal Inference and Assessment of Risk in the Health Sciences | SpringerLink
This chapter presents fundamental concepts related to risk assessment and causal inference in the health sciences. It discusses the processes involved in the identification of risk and causative...
Joint causal inference on observational and experimental data - NIPS … - English
Joint causal inference on observational and experimental data: https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.10351 NIPS 2016 What If? workshop - https://sites.google.com/site/w…
Causal Inference: The Free eBook
Heres another free eBook for those looking to up their skills. If you are seeking a resource that exhaustively treats the topic of causal inference, this book has you covered.
Peter Rabins on Causality and Evolution
That a construct described 150 years ago is still so central to scientific thinking on the matter is a tribute to Darwins genius and, more importantly, evidence of the power of the proposal that he made.-Peter Rabins This week our featured book is The Why of Things: Causality in Science, Medicine, and Life, by Peter Rabins. Today, we are featuring an essay by Peter Rabins on causality and evolution. You can also enter our book giveaway for a chance to win a free copy of The Why of Things One hundred and fifty years after...
KoreaMed
Establishing a causal relationship between factors at work and disease is difficult for occupational physicians and researchers. This paper seeks to provide arguments for the judgement of evidence of causality in observational studies that relate work factors to disease. I derived criteria for the judgement of evidence of causality from the following sources: the criteria list of Hill, the approach by Rothman, the methods used by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and methods used by epidemiologists. The criteria are applied to two cases of putative occupational diseases; breast cancer caused by shift work and aerotoxic syndrome. Only three of the Hill criteria can be applied to an actual study. Rothman stresses the importance of confounding and alternative explanations than the putative cause. IARC closely follows Hill, but they also incorporate other than epidemiological evidence. Applied to shift work and breast cancer, these results have found moderate evidence for a causal ...
Michael Woodroofe Lecture Series: Peter Buhlmann, Predicting Causal Effects in High-Dimenionsal Settings | U-M LSA Department...
Peter Bühlmann is Professor of Statistics at ETH Zürich. His main research areas are high-dimensional statistical inference, machine learning, graphical modeling, nonparametric meth-ods, and statistical modeling in the life sciences. He is currently editor of the Annals of Statis-tics. He was awarded a Medallion lecture by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in 2009 and read a paper to the Royal Statistical Society in 2010.. Abstract: Understanding cause-effect relationships between variables is of great interest in many fields of science. An ambitious but highly desirable goal is to infer causal effects from observational data obtained by observing a system of interest without subjecting it to interventions. This would allow to circumvent severe experimental constraints or to sub-stantially lower experimental costs. Our main motivation to study this goal comes from applications in biology.. We present recent progress for prediction of causal effects with direct implications on designing ...
Search Results for Psychology and Behavior in Sport/Exercise, identification | Human Kinetics
Fans causal attributions for a game outcome refer to their assessments of the underlying reasons for why things turned out as they did. We investigate the extent to which team identification moderates fans attributional responses to a game outcome so as to produce a self-serving bias that favors the preferred team. Also explored is the ability of team identification to mediate the effect of attributions on the summary judgments of basking in reflected glory (BIRG) and satisfaction with the teams performance. Consistent with a self-serving bias, we found that highly identified fans were more likely to attribute a winning effort to stable and internal causes than were lowly identified fans. Moreover, the extremity of response between winners and losers was greater among highly identified fans than lowly identified fans. Team identification was also found to mediate the influence of (a) stability on BIRGing and (b) internal control on BIRGing. No such mediation effects were observed in the case ...
Causal mechanisms in organization and innovation studies
We outline the guiding ideas behind mechanisms-based theorizing in analytical sociology as a fruitful alternative to economics-inspired research on identification of causal effects, and discuss the potential of mechanisms-based theorizing for further development in organization and innovation studies. We discuss the realist stance on providing broader explanations as an identifying characteristic of the mechanism approach, its focus on the dynamic processes through which outcomes to be explained are brought about, and outline theoretical and methodological implications for organization and innovation studies.. ...
Causal Effect Estimation Methods
Relationship between two popular modeling frameworks of causalinference from observational data, namely, causal graphical model andpotential outcome causal model is discussed. How some popular causaleffect estimators found in applications of the potential outcome causalmodel, such as inverse probability of treatment weighted estimator anddoubly robust estimator can be obtained by using the causal graphicalmodel is shown. We confine to the simple case of binary outcome andtreatment variables with discrete confounders and it is shown how togeneralize results to cases of continuous variables.. ...
Stochastic Trend: June 2016
In my previous blogpost on the p-curve, I showed that the Granger causality tests we meta-analysed in our Energy Journal paper in 2014 form a right-skewed p-curve. This would mean that there was a true effect according to the p-curve methodology. However, our meta-regression analysis where we regressed the test statistics on the square root of degrees of freedom in the underlying regressions showed no genuine effect. Now I understand what is going on. The large number of highly significant results in the Granger causality meta-dataset is generated by overfitting bias. This result is replicable. If we fit VAR models to more such short time series we will again get large numbers of significant results. However, regression analysis shows that this result is bogus as the p-values are not negatively correlated with degrees of freedom. Therefore, the power trace meta-regression is a superior method to the p-curve. In addition, we can modify this regression model to account for omitted ...
Search in Informatica
The paper deals with the causality driven modelling method applied for the domain deep knowledge elicitation. This method is suitable for discovering causal relationships in domains that are characterized by internal circular causality, e.g. control and management, regulatory processes, self-regulation and renewal. Such domains are organizational systems (i.e. enterprise) or cyber-social systems, also biological systems, ecological systems, and other complex systems. Subject domain may be of different nature: real-world activities or documented content. A causality driven approach is applied here for the learning content analysis and normalization of the knowledge structures. This method was used in the field of education, and a case study of learning content renewal is provided. The domain here is a real world area - a learning content is about. The paper is on how to align the existing learning content and current (new) knowledge of the domain using the same causality driven viewpoint and the ...
Causal inference based on counterfactuals | BMC Medical Research Methodology | Full Text
Whether and, if yes, to what extent the degree of an effect differs according to the values of Z depends, however, on the choice of the model and the associated index of effect magnitude. As mentioned above, some effect measures (e.g. the odds ratio) usually serve only to quantify the magnitude of a causal effect supposed to be constant between the individuals.. Moreover, the risk difference is the only measure for which effect heterogeneity is logically linked with causal co-action in terms of counterfactual effects. To explain this, it is necessary to define the causal synergy of two binary factors, X i and Z i (coded as 0 or 1), on a binary outcome Y i in an individual i (at fixed time).. Clearly, if X i and Z i do not act together in causing the event Y i = 1, then. (a) if Y i = 1 is caused by X i only,. Y i = 1 if (X i = 1 and Z i = 0) or. (X i = 1 and Z i = 1). and Y i = 0 in all other cases. Thus, Y i = 1 occurs in all cases where X i = 1 and in no other cases.. (b) if Y i = 1 is caused ...
Neurowiki2012 - Neuropathic Pain
NP is often treated with pharmacological drugs or other therapy in order to alleviate symptoms or target the causal mechanism of pain. However many treatments are still ineffective for a large percentage of those who suffer from NP. Recent research has identified various genes that confer protection or susceptibility to the development of NP. The identification of these genes and the study of the causal mechanisms of pain will allow the development of more effective treatment ...
Adverse effects of vaccines : evidence and causality (圖書, 2012) [WorldCat.org]
從圖書館擷取資料! Adverse effects of vaccines : evidence and causality. [Kathleen R Stratton; Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee to Review Adverse Effects of Vaccines.]
Does a Low-Entropy Constraint Prevent Us from Influencing the Past? - Philsci-Archive
David Albert (2000) and Barry Loewer (2007) have argued that the temporal asymmetry of our concept of causal influence or control is grounded in the statistical mechanical assumption of a low-entropy past. In this paper I critically examine Alberts and Loewers accounts.. ...
NUSAP net
Anyone trying to comprehend the problems of the environment might well be bewildered by their number, variety and complication. There is a natural temptation to try to reduce them to simpler, more manageable elements, as with mathematical models and computer simulations. This, after all, has been the successful programme of Western science and technology up to now. But environmental problems have features which prevent reductionist approaches from having any, but the most limited useful effect. These are what we mean when we use the term complexity.. Complexity is a property of certain sorts of systems; it distinguishes them from those which are simple, or merely complicated. Simple systems can be captured (in theory or in practice) by a deterministic, linear causal analysis. Such are the classic scientific explanations, notably those of high-prestige fields like mathematical physics. Sometimes such a system requires more variables for its explanation or control than can be neatly managed in ...
Struggles over the criticism of the cannabis users and IQ change paper - Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social...
When I originally started looking into this last August, I sent an e-mail to the corresponding author asking for a couple of tables with information on pre-treatment differences between the exposure groups. I did not receive this. This is quite understandable, given that they were experiencing a media-blitz and most likely had their hands full. I therefore turned to past publications on the Dunedin cohort to see if I could find the relevant information there.. It turned out that I could - to some extent. Early onset cannabis use appeared to be correlated with a number of risk factors, and these risk factors were also correlated with poor life outcomes (low and poor education, crime, income etc.). The risk factors were also correlated with socioeconomic status.. The next question was whether these factors could affect IQ. One recent model of IQ (the Flynn-Dickens model) strongly suggested they would. The model sees IQ as a style or habit of thinking - a mental muscle, if you like - which is ...
PPT - Can causal models be evaluated? Isabelle Guyon ClopiNet / ChaLearn PowerPoint Presentation - ID:4332919
Can causal models be evaluated? Isabelle Guyon ClopiNet / ChaLearn http://clopinet.com/causality [email protected]. Acknowledgements and references. Feature Extraction, Foundations and Applications I. Guyon, S. Gunn, et al. Springer, 2006. http://clopinet.com/fextract-book Slideshow...
Please contribute to this list of the top 10 dos and donts for doing better science « Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference...
Andrew,. But not getting results is unhelpful here, right? This is where the p-value thinking hurts in a hidden way - we lose all ability to think about precision as meaningful and useful uncertainty when we think of uncertainty instead as an effect exists or something worked. Im actually not totally sure how similar our thinking is on this. But doesnt this seem more like a case for putting our efforts as much into bounding the possible size of effects as it does about whether or not some regression does or does not produce significant results? That whole bit just needs to disappear. I think we agree up to that point, but how about this as a generic statement of findings for a hypothetical empirical exercise: Our models estimate an effect of a unit change in X on outcome Y of between A and B… then who cares whether there is a zero in between A and B? Just get the best estimates of A and B possible. If you are working in a world where the units dont matter at all or mean ...
CRAN - Package vars
Estimation, lag selection, diagnostic testing, forecasting, causality analysis, forecast error variance decomposition and impulse response functions of VAR models and estimation of SVAR and SVEC models.. ...
Granger Causality Analysis of Steady-State Electroencephalographic Signals during Propofol-Induced Anaesthesia
Changes in conscious level have been associated with changes in dynamical integration and segregation among distributed brain regions. Recent theoretical developments emphasize changes in directed functional (i.e., causal) connectivity as reflected in quantities such as integrated information and causal density. Here we develop and illustrate a rigorous methodology for assessing causal connectivity from electroencephalographic (EEG) signals using Granger causality (GC). Our method addresses the challenges of non-stationarity and bias by dividing data into short segments and applying permutation analysis. We apply the method to EEG data obtained from subjects undergoing propofol-induced anaesthesia, with signals source-localized to the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices. We found significant increases in bidirectional GC in most subjects during loss-of-consciousness, especially in the beta and gamma frequency ranges. Corroborating a previous analysis we also found increases in synchrony in
RRH: Rural and Remote Health article: 6042 - Elders suffering recurrent injurious falls: causal analysis from a rural tribal...
RRH: Rural and Remote Health. Published article number: 6042 - Elders suffering recurrent injurious falls: causal analysis from a rural tribal community in the eastern part of India
Dynamic Regression for Partial Correlation and Causality Analysis of Functional Brain Networks | Springer for Research &...
We propose a general dynamic regression framework for partial correlation and causality analysis of functional brain networks. Using the optimal prediction theory, we present the solution of the...
Download Causality Interpretation And The Mind Oxford Philosophical Monographs
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Financial Development and Economic Growth in Poland in Transition: Causality Analysis - Munich Personal RePEc Archive
1. Abu-Bader S, Abu-Qarn AS (2008): Financial Development and Economic Growth: The Egyptian Experience. Journal of Policy Modeling, 30:887-898. 2. Al-Awad M, Harb N (2005): Financial development and economic growth in the Middle East. Applied Financial Economics, 15:1041-1051. 3. Andrews DWK, Buchinsky M (2000): A Three-Step Method for Choosing the Number of Bootstrap Repetitions. Econometrica, 68:23-52. 4. Baek E, Brock W (1992): A general test for Granger causality: Bivariate model. Technical Report, Iowa State University and University of Wisconsin, Madison. 5. Bagehot W (1873): Lombard Street. Reprinted (1962). Homewood, IL, Irwin, R.D. 6. Beck T, Levine R (2004): Stock Markets, Banks and Growth: Panel Evidence. Journal of Banking and Finance, 28:423-442. 7. Brock W (1991): Causality, chaos, explanation and prediction in economics and finance. In: Casti J, Karlqvist A (Eds.): Beyond Belief: Randomness, Prediction and Explanation in Science. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., pp. 230-279. 8. Deidda ...
Statistical Jokes and Social Effects: Intervention and Invariance in Causal Relations - Oxford Scholarship
The psychological literature on causation includes a variety of proposed analyses of causal relations: simple correlation, mental models, causal powers, etc. Each of these proposals is subject to everyday counterexamples. Correlation accounts confuse intervention with conditioning and yield statistical jokes; mental models fail to capture conditional information; races and voting present difficulties for causal power theories, as do existing philosophical accounts of causal relations among events.
From What If? To What Next? : Causal Inference and Machine Learning for Intelligent Decision Making - Statistical...
Acceptance decisions: November 7, 2017. In recent years machine learning and causal inference have both seen important advances, especially through a dramatic expansion of their theoretical and practical domains. This workshop is aimed at facilitating more interactions between researchers in machine learning, causal inference, and application domains that use both for intelligent decision making. To this effect, the 2017 What If? To What Next? workshop welcomes contributions from a variety of perspectives from machine learning, statistics, economics and social sciences, among others. This includes, but it is not limited to, the following topics ...
Atlas Shrugged Essay Contest Information And Topic Guidelines, Causal Analysis Essay Example
However, a Interesting Atlas shrugged essay contest information and topic guidelines for College. Explore examples and do correct Atlas shrugged essay contest information and topic guidelines for College. Topics like this make it much easier for a student to make a thesis statement
Hackademia Retreat: Just published: From Blickets to Synapses. How brians do causal inference.
How do human infants learn the causal dependencies between events? Evidence suggests that this remarkable feat can be achieved by observation of only a handful of examples. Many computational models have been produced to explain how infants perform causal inference without explicit teaching about statistics or the scientific method. Here, we propose a spiking neuronal network implementation that can be entrained to form a dynamical model of the temporal and causal relationships between events that it observes. The network uses spike-time dependent plasticity, long-term depression, and heterosynaptic competition rules to implement Rescorla-Wagner-like learning. Transmission delays between neurons allow the network to learn a forward model of the temporal relationships between events. Within this framework, biologically realistic synaptic plasticity rules account for well-known behavioral data regarding cognitive causal assumptions such as backwards blocking and screening-off. These models can ...
SAGE Reference - The SAGE Handbook of Regression Analysis and Causal Inference
|p|‘The editors of the new |span class=hi-italic|SAGE Handbook of Regression Analysis and Causal Inference|/span| have assembled a wide-ranging, high-qu
Epistemology of causal inference in pharmacology | SpringerLink
Philosophical discussions on causal inference in medicine are stuck in dyadic camps, each defending one kind of evidence or method rather than another as best support for causal hypotheses. Whereas Ev
Abstract: Impact of Selected Macroeconomic Indicators on Inflation in Kenya
Abstract: Price inflation has continued to manifest itself on the macroeconomic scene becoming an area of concern to many policy makers. This study analyzes the impact of money supply, exchange rate, oil prices and interest rate on inflation using Vector Error Correction Model and monthly data for the period 2003-2013. Johansen Co-integration Analysis was conducted to establish the presence of cointegration. Causality between the variables was ascertained using Granger causality tests. According to the VECM model estimated, all the variables except exchange rate have positive and significant effects on the fluctuation of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in long run. Considering the short run effects of these variables on inflation, only interest rate and money supply are statistically significant. In reference to granger causality, it was observed that changes in CPI granger cause changes in crude oil prices and changes in interest rates granger cause changes in CPI. On the basis of the findings, the
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Abstract The attribution of factors influencing positive and negative phase durations of climate teleconnections is an important problem in climate research. In addition to inferring such an attribution directly from climate models or from the available data, distinguishing the true causality from simple correlations is often hampered by the multiscale nature of the geophysical system. Here we deploy a data-driven multiscale causality inference methodology to extract the statistically most significant Bayesian causality relations between the discretized historical, seasonal climate teleconnections time series in order to quantify the probabilistic causality impacts from the unresolved/weather scales (i.e. beyond and above the synoptic scales). Our results enable us to quantify the leading role of the annular modes (in particular the Southern Annular Mode) and the tropical Pacific on monthly scale causalities, revealing that the joint causality impacts from these modes lead to a Bayesian ...
A Model to Represent Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG) on SQL Databases - CodeProject
Addressing the general problem of representing directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) in SQL databases; Author: Kemal Erdogan; Updated: 14 Jan 2008; Section: Database; Chapter: Database; Updated: 14 Jan 2008
SCEH 2013 Symposium Discussion
Interestingly, Dr. Polito finds that the sense of agency is not unidimensional, but has two underlying factors -- involuntariness and effortlessness, that can be dissociated in hypnosis. Im pretty convinced, but I worry that you get out of factor analysis pretty much what you put into it. Dr. Polito culled his scale items from philosophical discussions of the sense of agency, and this vocabulary might have been unduly influenced by the intuitive theories of the philosophers themselves. He might get very different items, and very different factors, by taking a leaf from the work of Bertram Malle, on attribution theory. Social psychologists have long embraced a distinction between personal and situational attributions, based largely on a misreading of Fritz Heiders work (or so Malle argues), leading to the discovery of such things as the Fundamental Attribution Error and the Actor-Observer Difference in causal attributions. But when Malle performed a content analysis of ordinary peoples ...
Commentary: Mendelian randomization-inspired causal inference in the absence of genetic data. - Nuffield Department of...
Studying the long-term causal effects of alcohol drinking is notoriously difficult. Epidemiological studies that use conventional analytical approaches are likely to be confounded and affected by reporting/recall bias and reverse causality, specifically in the form of the sick quitter effect (individuals quitting or never starting to consume alcohol due to underlying ill health).1 Decades of observational data showing J-shaped relationships of alcohol with risk of disease and in particular cardiovascular disease,2 fuelled by confirmation bias, have resulted in alcohol policies such that individuals are recommended to drink in moderation, due to putative cardioprotective effects. Critically, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to investigate the long-term effects of alcohol drinking are not feasible for reasons including lack of suitable and ethical interventions and extended duration (and hence cost and likely high loss to follow-up).
unstable factor - oi
In causal attribution theory a factor that maybe assumed to change over a period of time; for example, weather conditions, the amount of effort an individual applies to a task, or random chance (luck). Compare stable factor. ...
EconPapers: A CONSISTENT NONPARAMETRIC TEST FOR CAUSALITY IN QUANTILE
By Kiho Jeong, Wolfgang Härdle and Song Song; Abstract: This paper proposes a nonparametric test of Granger causality in quantile. Zheng (1998, Econometric Theory 14, 123-138)
Strokes: Causalities and Logical Fallacies
Author: Christopher Kent. Title: Strokes - Causalities and Logical Fallacies. Summary: Twenty three years ago, while trying to fall asleep, I turned my head to one side. The right side of my body went numb and the room started swirling.
Torah Philosophy: Natural Laws Prove There is a God
Science is based on causality. Causality means that we have to explain why A happened. Not only that, causality means that we have to explain why A and not B happened. This is the whole basis of science. If the universe is fine tuned to accomodate life, then there must be a causal reason why it is, especially if the chances are overwhelmingly against it being able to support life. For example, why are the number of protons and electrons in the universe roughly the same? If they werent life wouldnt be possible because the electomagnetic force would overwhelm gravity and stars couldnt form. Or why is the amount of matter in the universe exactly what it is? If there was slightly more, then the universe would have recollapsed shortly after the big bang. If there was slightly less, then the universe would have expanded too fast for stars to form. It didnt have to be this way. Saying that we just got lucky is ignoring causality, and is therefore unscientific. ...
Torah Philosophy: Natural Laws Prove There is a God
Science is based on causality. Causality means that we have to explain why A happened. Not only that, causality means that we have to explain why A and not B happened. This is the whole basis of science. If the universe is fine tuned to accomodate life, then there must be a causal reason why it is, especially if the chances are overwhelmingly against it being able to support life. For example, why are the number of protons and electrons in the universe roughly the same? If they werent life wouldnt be possible because the electomagnetic force would overwhelm gravity and stars couldnt form. Or why is the amount of matter in the universe exactly what it is? If there was slightly more, then the universe would have recollapsed shortly after the big bang. If there was slightly less, then the universe would have expanded too fast for stars to form. It didnt have to be this way. Saying that we just got lucky is ignoring causality, and is therefore unscientific. ...
CRAN - Package NNS
Nonlinear nonparametric statistics using partial moments. Partial moments are the elements of variance and asymptotically approximate the area of f(x). These robust statistics provide the basis for nonlinear analysis while retaining linear equivalences. NNS offers: Numerical integration, Numerical differentiation, Clustering, Correlation, Dependence, Causal analysis, ANOVA, Regression, Classification, Seasonality, Autoregressive modelling, Normalization and Stochastic dominance. All routines based on: Viole, F. and Nawrocki, D. (2013), Nonlinear Nonparametric Statistics: Using Partial Moments (ISBN: 1490523995).. ...
EconPapers: Generalized Correlation Measures of Causality and Forecasts of the VIX Using Non-Linear Models
By David Allen and Vince Hooper; Abstract: This paper features an analysis of causal relations between the daily VIX, S&P500 and the daily realised volatility (RV)
Emergence - Wikipedia
An emergent behavior or emergent property can appear when a number of simple entities (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviors as a collective. If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales. In other words, there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties.[27] The processes causing emergent properties may occur in either the observed or observing system, and are commonly identifiable by their patterns of accumulating change, generally called growth. Emergent behaviours can occur because of intricate causal relations across different scales and feedback, known as interconnectivity. The emergent property itself may be either very predictable or unpredictable and unprecedented, and represent a new level of the systems evolution. The complex behaviour or properties are not a property of any single such entity, nor can they easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in ...
EPID601 Principles and Methods of Epidemiology | U-M School of Public Health Courses
Description: Epid 601 is a comprehensive course in the basic concepts, principles, and methods of population-based epidemiologic research, which serves as a foundation for subsequent courses in epidemiology, biomedical research, and quantitative methods. Class topics expand on those covered in Epid 600. Emphasis is given to study design, quantitative measures, statistical analysis, data quality, sources of bias, and causal inference. The general approach of this course is both theoretical and quantitative, focusing on the investigation of disease etiology and other causal relations in public health and medicine ...
Analysis of cause-effect inference by comparing regression errors [PeerJ]
We address the problem of inferring the causal direction between two variables by comparing the least-squares errors of the predictions in both possible directions. Under the assumption of an independence between the function relating cause and effect, the conditional noise distribution, and the distribution of the cause, we show that the errors are smaller in causal direction if both variables are equally scaled and the causal relation is close to deterministic. Based on this, we provide an easily applicable algorithm that only requires a regression in both possible causal directions and a comparison of the errors. The performance of the algorithm is compared with various related causal inference methods in different artificial and real-world data sets.
IJERPH | Free Full-Text | Usefulness of Mendelian Randomization in Observational Epidemiology
Mendelian randomization refers to the random allocation of alleles at the time of gamete formation. In observational epidemiology, this refers to the use of genetic variants to estimate a causal effect between a modifiable risk factor and an outcome of interest. In this review, we recall the principles of a
Whats the p-value good for: I answer some questions. « Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science
And now my response:. 1. Yes, I think dichotomous frameworks are usually a mistake in science. With rare exceptions, I dont think it makes sense to say that an effect is there or not there. Instead Id say that effects vary.. Sometimes we dont have enough data to distinguish an effect from zero, and that can be a useful thing to say. Reporting that an effect is not statistically significant can be informative, but I dont think it should be taken as an indication that the true effect as zero; it just tells us that our data and model do not give us enough precision to distinguish the effect from zero.. 2. Sometimes decisions have to be made. Thats fine. But then I think the decisions should be made based on estimated costs, benefits, and probabilities-not based on the tail-area probability with respect of a straw-man null hypothesis.. 3. If scientists in the real world are required to do X, Y, and Z, then, yes, we should train them on how to do X, Y, and Z, but we should also explain why these ...
Causal Inference in Epidemiology: Concepts and Methods | Bristol Medical School | University of Bristol
We provide morning and afternoon refreshment breaks, including tea and coffee, biscuits and fresh fruit. If you have specific dietary needs we ask that you let us know in advance. Lunch is not included. There are a range of local cafes and supermarkets nearby for students to purchase lunch. ...
Cultural evolution: Is causal inference the secret of our success? | Current Biology | Joe Henrich
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.013 A new study investigates hunters causal understandings of bow design and mechanics among the Hadza, one of the last remaining foraging populations. The results suggest that sophisticated technology can evolve without complete causal understanding.
Assessing balance - Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting (IPTW) | Coursera
Video created by University of Pennsylvania for the course A Crash Course in Causality: Inferring Causal Effects from Observational Data. Inverse probability of treatment weighting, as a method to estimate causal effects, is introduced. The ...
First-Year Application Deadlines | Undergraduate Admissions
Early Action is non-binding and non-restrictive. If you apply to Caltech during Early Action, you can apply to as many other schools as you wish as long as you are not violating their policies. You are not required to attend Caltech if you are accepted during the Early Action round.. Potential outcomes from Early Action include: accept, deny, and defer. If you are accepted in Early Action, you are not obligated to attend Caltech. You have until May 1 to give us your matriculation response. If you are denied in Early Action, you may not reapply during Regular Decision. If you are deferred in Early Action, you may opt-in to be reconsidered during Regular Decision. You will be given the opportunity to send in supplemental materials to support your application ...
crusher crusher point inspection standards
Since it was first issued in 1993, the Quality Standards for Inspections has provided ... the significance/impact of potential outcomes, and these points should be....algo-title-news{font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:#1603a1;line-height:23px;text-decoration:none} The Michigan Environmental Compliance Guide for ... https://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/deq-ess-caap-MineralCrusher_255760_7.pdf. Get price ...
Who created God - creation.com
The universe had a beginning and demands a sufficient cause, which must be eternal and therefore non-material, incredibly powerful and intelligent, aka God as described in the Bible.
What Is a Lame-Duck Presidency?
Though there isnt yet a clear winner of the presidential election, its hard not to look a little ahead and consider the different potential outcomes. One of these includes the possibility of approximately three months of a lame-duck presidency, if Joe Biden ends up coming out on top.
Abstracts - Évaluation des interventions de santé mondiale
Realist Evaluation (RE) identifies the causal mechanisms explaining the results of a given intervention in different contexts. Based on the evaluation of the implementation of a health policy in West Africa, this chapter illustrates the different stages of the RE cycle. In the first stage, the research question is formulated. The added value of the RE approach is optimal on questions such as « why, how, for whom, and in what contexts does an intervention work or not? ». The second step is the formulation of the initial program theory, which depends on the nature of the intervention being studied, the objectives, and the nature of the main outputs expected from the evaluation, the resources available and the evaluators familiarity with the object of evaluation The Data collection is method neutral and can be based on a particular form of qualitative interview called « realist interview ». In practice, data collection must adapt to key informants, their perceptions and expectations vis-à-vis ...
The Causal Effect of Education on Population Dynamics | The Effects of Education
By David Baker and William Smith[1] Widespread formal education is shaping population dynamics globally. From new trends in mortality and health disparities in the United States to demographic and epidemiological population transitions in less developed nations, access to schooling is proving to be one of demographys most potent causal factors. Research has repeatedly found education…
Probability and Risk: September 2016
The project exploits Fenton and Neils expertise in causal modelling using Bayesian networks and Osman and Lagnados expertise in cognitive decision making. Previously, psychologists have extensively studied dynamic decision-making without formally modelling causality while statisticians, computer scientists, and AI researchers have extensively studied causality without considering its central role in human dynamic decision making. This new project starts with the hypothesis that we can formally model dynamic decision-making from a causal perspective. This enables us to identify both where sub-optimal decisions are made and to recommend what the optimal decision is. The hypothesis will be tested in real world examples of how people make decisions when interacting with dynamic self-monitoring systems such as blood sugar monitors and energy smart meters and will lead to improved understanding and design of such systems ...
Lists - AMA Manual of Style
Parallel construction is also important in lists, whether run in or set off by bullets or some other device (see Enumerations in , Punctuation, Comma, Semicolon, Colon, Semicolon, and , Numbers and Percentages, Enumerations).After completing this CME exercise, readers should be able to • identify the causal mechanism of the disease; • describe the most common symptoms; • understand the limitations of pharmacologic treatment. |
Lists - AMA Manual of Style
Parallel construction is also important in lists, whether run in or set off by bullets or some other device (see Enumerations in , Punctuation, Comma, Semicolon, Colon, Semicolon, and , Numbers and Percentages, Enumerations).After completing this CME exercise, readers should be able to • identify the causal mechanism of the disease; • describe the most common symptoms; • understand the limitations of pharmacologic treatment. |
Publications | Heidelberg Collaboratory for Image Processing (HCI)
Bengio, Y, Deleu, T, Rahaman, N, Ke, R, Lachapelle, S, Bilaniuk, O, Goyal, A and Pal, C (2019). A Meta-Transfer Objective for Learning to Disentangle Causal Mechanisms. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.10912 ...
Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality : Health and Medicine Division
Immunizations are a cornerstone of the nations efforts to protect people from a host of infectious diseases. Though generally very rare or very minor, there are side effects, or
Download Structural Realism: Structure, Object, And Causality 2012
UWB); Mobile IP; Satellite Networks. specialists; Inference From Small Samples. Department of Land and Resources of Hunan Province, China.
Causality in Miracle Hunting
It is understandable that naturalistic thinkers are uneasy with the concept of miracles. So should we all be watchful not to believe too quickly because its easy to get caught up in private reasons and ignore reason itself. Thus has more than one intelligent person been taken by both scams and honest mistakes. By the the same token it is equally a danger that one will remain too long in the skeptical place and become overly committed to doubting everything. From that position the circular reasoning of the naturalist seems so reasonable. Theres never been any proof of miracles before so we cant accept that there is any now. But thats only because we keep making the same assumption and thus have always dismissed the evidence that was valid. At this point most atheists will interject the ECREE issue (or ECREP-extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, or proof). That would justify the notion of remaining skeptical about miracle evidence even when its good. The ...
Electrical Discharges on EEG - causality? | Mayo Clinic Connect
Ive been feeling very unwell for the past 2 months. My main symptoms are dizzines, nausea, ocasionally im struggling to finish my sentences and my […]