Coccidiosis is a protozoan cattle disease that most cattle develop some immunity to, while continuing to shed a few oocysts in their feces. Calves are the most vulnerable because they have the least immunity, particularly if they ingest a high number of immature protozoa in a dirty environment that overwhelm their immune system.

Coccidiosis is a protozoan cattle disease that most cattle develop some immunity to, while continuing to shed a few oocysts in their feces. Calves are the most vulnerable because they have the least immunity, particularly if they ingest a high number of immature protozoa in a dirty environment that overwhelm their immune system.

Start Over You searched for: Collections Medicine in the Americas, 1610-1920 ✖Remove constraint Collections: Medicine in the Americas, 1610-1920 Languages English ✖Remove constraint Languages: English Copyright Public domain ✖Remove constraint Copyright: Public domain Subjects United States ✖Remove constraint Subjects: United States Subjects Cattle Diseases -- prevention & control ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Cattle Diseases -- prevention & control Genre Address ✖Remove constraint Genre: Address Titles Cattle disease: speech ✖Remove constraint Titles: Cattle disease: speech Dates by Range 1850-1899 ✖Remove constraint Dates by Range: 1850-1899 ...

Latest Cattle industry news, Cattle farming features and cattle related recipes plus detailed information on managing cattle health, treating cattle diseases and much more. Quality information for the cattle vet, producer and enthusiast.

Another area would be to look at normal non-disease producing viruses in ancient cattle digs like some of the Herpesviruses of cattle, Chase adds. Most every species has its own Herpesviruses; cattle have five. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) was not recognized as a clinical entity until the 1950s, Chase explains. What changed in the non-disease IBR virus to make it become a pathogen? One then could see if those new or different viral genes would be good targets for vaccines or preventive therapies ...

Waggoner Cattle Co. LLC Angus and Hereford Cattle Breeder, Angus Cattle, Hereford Cattle, Mississippi Registered Angus and Hereford Cattle, Livestock Sales, Bulls for Sale, Cattle for Sale, Registered Cattle Breeder, Performance Cattle, Cattle for Sale.

The European Union (EU) overviews the control, eradication and surveillance of many cattle diseases especially those that are detrimental to animal or human health, cause huge economic losses or are subjected to trade restrictions. Other cattle diseases are left to be controlled by each Member State (MS). However, these diseases can also cause economic losses, which are usually hidden at first glance, as they often have subclinical or chronic courses. Trade of live cattle can introduce those diseases into countries that have already eradicated or have never even had them. Therefore, there is a gap in knowledge of how different EU countries control each disease and what their current disease status is. A team of 76 veterinarians, epidemiologists, statisticians, economists, sociologists, stakeholders etc. from 30 different countries have come together to participate in an action called Standardizing output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the EU (SOUND control) ...

Texas British White Cattle Breeder - British White Cattle ranch in East Texas breeding for excellence in Grassfed British White cattle. All cattle dual registered with the BWCAA and the American British White Park Cattle Association. British White cattle are an ancient polled breed, long revered for their beauty, gentle disposition, and beef quality. This British White Cattle Ranch in SouthEast Texas is raising registered British White replacement heifers, bulls, and seedstock cows. British White cattle are noted for outstanding Fertility, Longevity, Milkiness, Calving Ease, Disposition, and Carcass. This Texas British White site offers indepth research into the history of the polled British White cow and the horned White Park breed, both referred to as Park cattle, White Forest cattle, Wild White Cattle, and White Park Cattle over the lapse of centuries of breeding and adoration by British White cattle breeders.

Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat production (as distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk production). The meat of adult cattle is known as beef. In beef production there are three main stages: cow-calf operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations. When raised in a feedlot, cattle are known as feeder cattle. Many such feeder cattle are born in cow-calf operations specifically designed to produce beef calves. While the principal use of beef cattle is meat production, other uses include leather, and products used in shampoo and cosmetics. Besides breeding to meet the demand for beef production, owners also use selective breeding to attain specific traits in their beef cattle. An example of a desired trait could be leaner meat or resistance to illness. Breeds known as dual-purpose breeds are also used for beef production. These breeds have been selected for two purposes at once, such as for both beef and dairy production, or both beef and draught. Dual-purpose breeds include the ...

Looking for online definition of production losses in the Medical Dictionary? production losses explanation free. What is production losses? Meaning of production losses medical term. What does production losses mean?

BACKGROUND: Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a primary cause of neonatal calf diarrhea worldwide, and is also associated with acute diarrhea in adult cattle during the winter season, resulting heavy economic losses to both dairy and beef industry throughout the world. OBJECTIVE: The Objective of the present study was to screen the fecal samples for BCoV collected from diarrhea from six geographic region of Iran, with the aim to deepen the knowledge of BCoV prevalence and epidemiology in Iran. MEETHODS: 194 fecal samples from diarrheic calves up to one-month age, based on the geographic area were collected. Samples from all the cases were screened for the presence of BCoV by commercially available ELISA kit. Furthermore, all positive samples were subjected to RT-PCR for confirmation. RESULTS: ELISA examination revealed that 7.2 % of taken samples, were positive. All positive samples in ELISA were also positive in RT-PCR. All samples from northwest, northeast, and west, were negative. The average ages of

Raising Beef Cattle For Dummies provides you with an introduction to all aspects of raising beef cattle. Raising Beef Cattle For Dummies provides you with an introduction to all aspects of raising beef cattle. Everyone knows that reading Raising Beef Cattle For Dummies is effective, because we are able to get a lot of information from the resources. Facebook 17 Twitter 4 Linkedin 7 Pinterest 8 Email 23 Print 70. Prepare Fencing Before Cows Arrive . Book Condition: New. Paperback. Download PDF Raising Beef Cattle For Dummies. Ship out in 2 business day, And Fast shipping, Free Tracking number … Book Condition: new. FFHJM1WXB9XP » PDF » Raising Beef Cattle For Dummies Get eBook RAISING BEEF CATTLE FOR DUMMIES John Wiley and Sons Ltd. raising beef cattle for dummies Sep 21, 2020 Posted By Alistair MacLean Public Library TEXT ID 4315746e Online PDF Ebook Epub Library raiser the tools needed to increase the quantity and quality of your farms output and maintain a healthy herd raising beef cattle ...

The Vegetarian Societys fact sheets about cattle - dairy cows and welfare, supermarket policies and soil association, beef cattle and welfare, disease and slaughter.

Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome (HBS) is a newly emerging, highly fatal intestinal disease of adult dairy cows in the United States. This disease has also been called Jejunal Hemorrhage Syndrome, bloody gut, or clostridial enteritis. The disease is seen most commonly in adult dairy cows early in lactation, although cases occasionally occur in late lactation or the dry period. It commonly occurs as an occasional disease on most dairies, although several cows may be affected in a relatively short period of time, and some dairies struggle with this disease on virtually a continual basis. Affected cows are rapidly debilitated by the combined effects of sudden and massive hemorrhage into the small intestine. As a result, affected cows may simply be found dead or dying. The cows extremities are often cool and the rectal temperature is often subnormal, reflecting the loss of blood into the intestine and the resulting shock. The feces of affected cows is dark, tar-like, and may contain dark red to black ...

Kanwar N, Scott HM, Norby B, Loneragan GH, Vinasco J, McGowan M, Cottell JL, Chengappa MM, Bai J, Boerlin P. Effects of ceftiofur and chlortetracycline treatment strategies on antimicrobial susceptibility and on tet(A), tet(B), and bla CMY-2 resistance genes among E. coli isolated from the feces of feedlot cattle. PLoS One. 2013; 8(11):e80575 ...

Latest Cattle industry news, Cattle farming features and cattle related recipes plus detailed information on managing cattle health, treating cattle diseases and much more. Quality information for the cattle vet, producer and enthusiast.

(Phys.org) -Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a disease that is almost always fatal in cattle. Cows contract MCF after coming into contact with wildebeest carrying a form of herpes virus known as alcelaphine herpesvirus ...

Dairy Cattle Herd Health Updates, Advice and Tips. Devoted Vets is a modern Vet Clinic for dairy farmers servicing the Warragul, Drouin, Bunyip, Neerim South, Yarragon, Trafalgar and West Gippsland areas with 24 hour emergency service.

T.O.Abuom, Njenga MJ, J.K.Wabacha, Tsuma VT, G.K.Gitau. Incidence and risk factors of periparturient conditions in smallholder dairy cattle herds in Kikuyu Division of Kiambu District, Kenya. Ethiop. Vet. J.. 2012;16:85-102 ...

Tuli is the name of a beef cattle breed that originated from Zimbabwe. It is a form of Sanga cattle closely related to the Tswana breed from Botswana. Tuli cattle have a small thoraco-cervical hump and are uni-coloured: yellow, golden-brown or red. It has been exported to Argentina, Mexico and the United States. In South Africa a composite of Tuli and Limousin cattle has recently been developed, named Tulim cattle. When Australia decided to import the breed, it used embryo transfer in order to limit the possible transfer of African cattle diseases and parasites. The Tuli breed was founded by the Rhodesian Government at a Government station situated on the Banks of the Tuli River. The purpose was to establish an indigenous breed suited to the prevailing hot dry conditions. The person charged with the task of establishing this was Len Harvey, a member of the Department of Conservation and Extension under the auspice of the Ministry Of Agriculture. It was originally established in 1949/50. The Tuli ...

As temperatures continue to increase, so does the anticipation for summer shows and fairs. When planning to exhibit any animal species, the most important requirement is having a healthy animal. Raising a healthy animal involves nutrition,

Rinderpest was initially addressed through stamping out - the slaughter of all infested or exposed animals. Later, it was brought under control by vaccination, which has been the key to its eradication in Africa, the Middle East and Asia. For vaccination to work, diagnostic tests had to be developed to identify the location and spread of the disease, which animals were infected, and to monitor the efficiency of the vaccination campaigns. The IAEA, working with the OIE and the FAO, made an important technical contribution to rinderpest eradication by developing and distributing immunological and molecular nuclear and nuclear-related technologies for the diagnosis and control of the disease. To identify the virus in animals, a nuclear related enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technology was developed. It evolved gradually from a research tool into a safe, cost efficient and simple to use laboratory technology. In its final stage, the assay could be used to detect viral antigen in ...

Managing staff on dairy farms can be understood to mean clear fixing of areas of responsibility, defining tasks plainly, structuring and standardizing work processes, coordinating operational activities and cycles, and clear communication. While structured work organization is already firmly established in industry, it has only become increasingly important in milk production as a result of farms specializing, enlarging their herd sizes and employing more workers. The results of working time evaluations on dairy farms of widely varying sizes show that the farms differ substantially in their working time requirements. For example, the results of evaluations range between 35 man-hours and 65 man-hours per cow and year including youngstock (DLG-Spitzenbetriebe Milcherzeugung 2012). Taking a herd size of 150 cows and an hourly rate of Euro 15.- (DLG-Spitzenbetriebe Milcherzeugung 2012) as a basis, this leads to a difference of Euro 67,500.- between farms with a working time requirement of 35 ...

U.S. cattle on feed were down 5% from a year ago, a trend that resurfaced in the Iowa Cattle on Feed report as well. In the 11 major states, cattle on feed were down 5% April first at 10.9 million head, which was a larger than expected figure.

The Cattle Industry Convention is the oldest and largest convention for the cattle business. The 2015 convention will be the 117th annual convention. The convention and trade show create a unique, fun environment for cattle industry members to come together to network, create policy for the industry and to have some fun!

Cattle Fence Tagged cattle fence, cattle fence construction, cattle fence installation, cattle fence line feed bunks, cattle fence panels, cattle fence panels in bc, cattle fence rental, cattle fences for sale alberta,

Aside from Chicago MercantileExchange spot February live cattle futures, remaining contractsdrew support on Monday from last weeks bullish biannual cattleinventory report, analysts and traders said. Fridays data showed tighter cattle numbers ahead with theU.S. cattle herd at the smallest in 61 years after drought drovefeed costs to record highs last summer. CME live cattle spot February settled down slightlyon cash cattle price caution. Also, some traders exited the contract to avoid likelydeliveries. Monday was the first notice day for cattledeliveries against the spot month that will expire on Feb. 28. CME spot February live cattle closed at 127.075cents per lb, down 0.025 cent. April ended up 0.100 centto 132.275 cents and June finished at 128.000 cents,0.250 cent higher. Investors wait for cattle in the cash market to changehands. Cash cattle last week moved at mostly $122 to $124 percwt, feedlot sources said. Wintry weather in the western Plains reduced the movement

One of the main attractions for guests, often bringing them back year after year, is the opportunity to work with Rocco and Annies cattle from the cattle ranch. Since the cattle typically graze on Sweet Grass Ranch lands for a portion of the summer, Sweet Grass Ranch guests have the opportunity to learn first hand about the challenges and joys of caring for a herd of grass-fed, range cattle, monitoring their health and moving them to new grazing grounds as water and grass vitality dictates.. We may do some cattle work on any given week, and are sometimes checking fences, grass conditions, and putting out salt and minerals. On these working rides, guests are always invited to join in whenever they desire a taste of the cowboy life. Please be aware that we do not work cattle every week, so if this is an important part of your vacation, you must verify cattle work with us in advance when booking.. For those looking for that working ranch experience of a cattle drive, there are certain weeks we are ...

Kerstin-Elisabeth Mueller is a PeerJ user. Bio: Curriculum vitae Name, Surname: Prof. Dr. Müller, Kerstin E. (PhD) Year of birth: 1959 Current position: Managing Director of the Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin Other positions: Board Member of the WBC Chair of the German Buiatric Association Editorial Board Member of the Tierärztliche Praxis Prof. Career: 1984 Final degree as a Veterinarian at the Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Germany 1985 - 1991 Member of the scientific staff; Doctors Degree at the Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Germany in 1986 1989 German Cattle Specialist 1991 - 1998 Lecturer for Internal Medicine of Ruminants and Horses at the University of Utrecht 1995 PHD-Thesis „Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency - Clinical and Immunological Aspects

USING DATA FROM AUTOMATIC MILK FEEDERS TO DETECT DISEASE IN CALVES was the focus of research conducted at the University of Guelph in Canada. Eight farms participated in the study to determine whether feeding-behavior data could aid in detecting neonatal calf diarrhea, bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and general disease in preweaned group-housed calves. Calves with BRD consumed 63% less of their daily allotment of milk, had two fewer unrewarded visits to the automated milk feeder and drank milk 152 mL (5.14 oz.) per minute slower compared with calves without BRD. Calves with neonatal calf diarrhea consumed 57% less of their daily milk allotment, consumed 758 mL (3.16 cups) less per day, and drank 92 mL (3.11 oz.) per minute slower than calves without neonatal calf diarrhea. Results suggest farmers can use data from automated milk feeders to identify calves requiring further inspection. Read the full study here. ...

The bacteria, which cause severe gastrointestinal illness and even death in humans, are spread by consuming contaminated food and water, or by contact with livestock faeces in the environment. Cattle are the main reservoir for the bacterium. The study, published online in the journal PNAS, used veterinary, human and molecular data to examine the risks of E. coli O157 transmission from cattle to humans, and to estimate the impact of vaccinating cattle. The risk of E. coli O157 infection is particularly significant when the cattle are super-shedding - excreting extremely high numbers of bacteria in their faeces for a limited period of time. Vaccines against the bacteria exist that can reduce super-shedding. As a consequence, the researchers predict that vaccinating cattle could reduce human cases by nearly 85%, far higher than the 50% predicted by studies simply looking at the efficacy of current vaccines in cattle. The research was led by a team of researchers at the University of Glasgow in ...

This week, feedlots in the U.S. Plains have priced their market-ready, or cash, cattle over $165 per hundredweight (cwt), with no bids from packers, feedlot sources said. Last week, cash cattle in the Midwest traded at mostly $162.. Wednesday afternoons choice wholesale beef price, or cutout, rose $2.67/cwt from Tuesday to $246.55. Select climbed $2.22 to $234.48, the U.S. Department of Agriculture said.. Beef packer margins for Wednesday were a negative $55.70 per head, compared with a negative $74 on Tuesday and a negative $74.25 a week ago, according to Colorado-based analytics firm HedgersEdge.com.. Expectations for tighter cattle numbers in the coming months boosted deferred CME live cattle contracts.. CME feeder cattle futures drew support from live cattle market buying. Traders cited the exchanges feeder cattle index for Oct. 7 at 238.01 cents, up from 237.57 for Oct. 6.. October closed 0.85 cent/lb. higher at 242.325 cents, and November up 0.5 cent at 242.925 cents.. Hogs turn ...

Cattle on Feed Report : USDA Actual Average Guess Range. Cattle on Feed January 1 108.0% 107.5% 107.0-108.0%. Placed in December 101.0% 97.0% 93.5-100.5%. Marketed in December 99.0% 98.5% 98.0-100.5%. The Jan. 1 on-feed report just released looks generally well anticipated. The December placement total turned out to be a bit larger than anticipated, but probably not seen as a greater shocker. With the 2017 placement record now complete, only February of last year saw feedlot in-movement fall below the previous year. December marketing did fall somewhat below late 2016, but keep in mind that last month contained one fewer business days than the year before. We see little here that will push futures one way or the other when business resumes on Monday.. Listen Here: http://krvnam.streamon.fm/listen-pl-3338. ...

Calf pneumonia can have a significant impact on the productivity and profitability of both dairy and beef herds.. The disease leads to reduced growth rates in cattle, increased calf mortality, increased labour requirements to look after affected calves and added costs from treatment.. And even if the animals do survive an outbreak, pneumonia can cause long-term problems because lung function is impaired.. By and large the disease affects younger animals, but it can also pose a threat to adult cattle, particularly in the dairy herd.. By understanding the factors which initiate pneumonia, farmers can take steps to minimise them and reduce infection rates across the herd.. What is pneumonia?. Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs, which can cause permanent damage and even death in cattle. Pneumonia can be viral or bacterial in origin, but most often viral infection is first followed by bacterial infection.. The virus or viruses impair the animals ability to get rid of the bacteria they are ...

Cattle for Sale in Utah, Utah Cattle, Utah Cattle Classifieds. Browse Utah cattle for sale or sell Utah cattle on Ranch World Ads photo ranch classifieds.

USDAs September Cattle on Feed report had some surprises in it, says Ron Plain, University of Missouri extension economist. The trade was looking for placements to be down a bit from a year ago, but USDA said we placed 7.1% more cattle on feed during the month of August then we did a year ago. ...

Chicago Mercantile Exchangelive cattle futures notched their biggest gains in 11months on Wednesday, boosted by optimism for higher cash cattleprices and technical buying, traders and analysts said. Higher cattle sales at a weekly online auction helped totrigger the rally. Feeder cattle and lean hog futures also were mostly higher. Front-month October live cattle jumped by their dailyprice limit of 3.000 cents before settling up 2.975 cents higherat 110.950 cents per pound, highest since Aug. 8. The percentagegains of 2.8 were the largest since Oct. 20, 2016. The Fed Cattle Exchange hasnt been too big of a focuslately but today it did trade some volume - that was thecatalyst, said U.S. Commodities president Don Roose. Out of 1,450 cattle on offer at the online auction, 636 headsold for an average price of $106.67 per cwt, according to theauction website. That is up from last weeks sales of 128 headat $104.75 per cwt. The higher prices suggested beef

FAIRPLAY, Colo.-A Park County District Court judge has barred a rancher who had dead animals on his property from owning, managing, controlling or possessing cattle in the county. Rancher Vernon E. Wagner said Monday he plans to appeal. Colorado agriculture department staff last year seized 379 cattle from Wagner, saying they had found about 140 dead cattle on his land. Last week, a judge ordered a permanent injunction barring Wagner from having cattle, saying there was evidence he hadnt provided adequate nutrition for them. A court-appointed receiver is caring for his surviving cattle until they are sold. Wagner continues to raise horses. The 78-year-old says his land has lush grass and water for cattle. He contends he was targeted because he has 130,000 acres that others want to control.. ...

Some cattle grow like weeds; some hit the high-grade targets. Some do both, some neither. Thats the way it goes in the world of commodity cattle. But cattle can be so much more, adding profit throughout the supply chain.

TY - ABST. T1 - Microbiological investigations on trans-tracheal aspirated bronchoalveolar fluid from clinically normal calves and calves with pneumonia. AU - Angen, Øystein. AU - Enemark, J. M.. AU - Larsen, Lars Erik. AU - Thomsen, J.. PY - 2004. Y1 - 2004. M3 - Conference abstract for conference. T2 - ASM General Meeting. Y2 - 1 January 2004. ER - ...

Cattle refers to a domesticated species of large hoofed bovine mammals. A common error is to refer to all cattle as cows, but this is incorrect; male cattle are called bulls. Cow is the term for female cattle (as well as females of several other species, such as some marine mammals). Cows usually have prominent pink breasts on their underbellies called udders. Cattle are highly social animals, bonding to their herdmates (or, particularly if isolated, to human caregivers). They engage in social grooming and play. ...

Any one who has ever taken cattle off pasture and started them on full feed knows that making this transition can be challenging. Whether you are receiving new cattle out of the sale barn and starting them on a preconditioning or finishing program, developing bulls or heifers or possibly simply starting a show steer, how these cattle are handled as they make these dietary and management changes can have huge effects on long-term performance.

DENVER - Despite a secretly taped video showing workers at a Southern California slaughterhouse abusing sick or crippled animals, nearly all cattle bound for American dinner tables are treated humanely, a cattle industry spokesman said Monday.

AUSTRALIA - The peak body for Australias cattle industry considers calling for reforms to prevent lab-grown meat from being labelled "meat".

Once upon a time, cows lived in pastures and grazed on grass, living a life that was as quiet and peaceful as their bovine nature. But then, somebody discovered that feeding cattle cheap, subsidized corn would fatten them up two to three times as fast as grass and that you could raise hundreds of cattle in the same pastoral space that would only support a few. Thus began the era of modern feedlot cattle.. The truth is, a cows stomach is made to eat grass - and only grass. Corn is a grain (not a vegetable, as many think) and is harmful to a cows health and digestion. Corn-fed cows raised on a feedlot are kept in cramped, dirty conditions and because of their grain diet become sick so quickly that they need to be given frequent doses of antibiotics just to keep them alive long enough to make it to slaughter. (Heres one heart-breaking image you wont soon forget.). That sounds pretty awful, but for an industry focused on profit, the equation of corn plus growth hormones makes for fast-fattening ...

Wagyu (pronounced wag-you) is a breed of cattle native and unique in their genetics to Japan. The beef is highly marbled, tender and has a unquie flavour.

Alterations in early pre-natal nutrition of Japanese Black calves influence the glucose and lipid metabolism after weaning. However, the effects of early nutritional st..

CHECKLIST FOR THE HOST DAIRY Record Number of Cows in Each Shipment - The trailer driver and a dairy employee of the host facility should agree on the number of cows being received in each shipment. Separate Evacuated Cows from Resident Cows - Evacuated cows should be kept in pens separate from resident cows. Ensure that evacuated cows can be individually distinguished from cows on the host dairy; cow identification might be unique (different color ear tags) but marking chalk can be used in a pinch. Visiting cows should be monitored daily and closely for signs of illness.. Visiting Cows Should be Milked Separately - CDFA allows for the milk of visiting cows to be co-mingled with that of resident cows. Visiting cows however should be milked last, after the resident cow strings, but before the hospital strings of both herds. Insure Evacuated Hospital Pen Cows are Isolated - To prevent residues it is critical treated cows from the evacuated farm not accidentally end up in a milking string. ...

PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

A modified-live and killed virus for the vaccination of healthy cattle of any age, including pregnant cows, as an aid in preventing abortion caused by IBR, persistently infected calves caused by BVD Types 1 & 2, and disease caused by IBR, BVD Types 1 & 2, PI3 and BRSV. CattleMaster Gold FP 5 contains new, innovative next-generation PreZent-A adjuvant system - Quil A, cholesterol, Amphigen - delivers unprecedented protective levels. Stimulates both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses; long duration of immunity; reduced injection-site irritation; excellent syringeability - at least 2X better than leading killed BVD vaccines. Dosage: 2 ml subcutaneously to healthy cattle, repeat in 3 weeks. As an aid in preventing IBR-induced abortion and BVD persistently infected calves, administer 2 ml dose at approx 5 weeks and 2 weeks prior to breeding. Calves vaccinated before 6 months of age should be revaccinated after 6 months. Revaccinate annually. 21 day slaughter withdrawal. Anaphylactoid