Two mechanisms of passive Ca2+ transport, Na+-Ca2+ exchange and Ca2+-Ca2+ exchange, were studied using highly-purified dog heart sarcolemmal vesicles. About 80% of the Ca2+ accumulated by Na+-Ca2+ exchange or Ca2+-Ca2+ exchange could be released as free Ca2+, while up to 20% was probably bound. Na+-Ca2+ exchange was simultaneous, coupled countertransport of Na+ and Ca2+. The movement of anions during Na+-Ca2+ exchange did not limit the initial rate of Na+-Ca2+ exchange. Na+-Ca2+ exchange was electrogenic, with a reversal potential of about -105 mV. The apparent flux ratio of Na+-Ca2+ exchange was 4 Na+:1 Ca2+. Coupled cation countertransport by the Na+-Ca2+ exchange mechanism required a monovalent cation gradient with the following sequence of ion activation: Na+ much greater than Li+ greater than Cs+ greater than K+ greater than Rb+. In contrast to Na+-Ca2+ exchange, Ca2+-Ca2+ exchange did not require a monovalent cation gradient, but required the presence of Ca2+ plus a monovalent cation on both sides

Date Published: March 22, 2018 Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg Author(s): Paolo Bollella, Yuya Hibino, Kenji Kano, Lo Gorton, Riccarda Antiochia. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-0991-0 Abstract We report on the influence of pH and monovalent/divalent cations on the catalytic current response, internal electron transfer (IET), and structure of fructose dehydrogenase (FDH) by using amperometry, spectrophotometry, and circular dichroism (CD).…

Gramicidins bactericidal activity is a result of increasing the permeability of the bacterial cell wall allowing inorganic monovalent cations (e.g. H+) to travel through unrestricted, thereby destroying the ion gradient between the cytoplasm and the extracellular environment. That gramicidin D functions as a channel was demonstrated by Hladky and Haydon, who investigated the unit conductance channel. In general, gramicidin channels are ideally selective for monovalent cations and the single-channel conductances for the alkali cations are ranked in the same order as the aqueous mobilities of these ions. Divalent cations like Ca-2+ block the channel by binding near the mouth of the channel. So it is basically impermeable to divalent cations. It also excludes anions. Cl- in particular is excluded from the channel because its hydration shell is thermodynamically stronger than that of most monovalent cations. The channel is permeable to most monovalent cations, which move through the channel in ...

In aqueous solutions, an elongated, negatively charged DNA chain can quickly change its conformation into a compacted globule in the presence of positively charged molecules, or cations. This well-known process, called DNA compaction, is a highly potential method for gene therapy and delivery. Experimental c

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We showed that both Ca2+ and Mg2+ exhibit anomalous mole-fraction effects at normal physiological pH. The apparent affinity of TRPM7 is 47.1 μM for Ca2+ and 5.4 μM for Mg2+, similar to the previously reported Ca2+ (20 μM, at −120 mV) (Fomina et al., 2000) and Mg2+ affinity (3 μM, at −120 mV) to native MIC/MagNuM channels (Kerschbaum et al., 2003). Under normal physiological Ca2+ (2 mM) and Mg2+ (0.7-1.1 mM) concentrations (Konrad et al., 2004), we showed that monovalent cations contribute to the inward currents of TRPM7 (Fig. 3), and the contribution of monovalent currents becomes more pronounced under acidic conditions (pH 4.0, Fig. 4).. Several lines of evidence shown in the present study indicate that external protons increase TRPM7 inward currents by competing with divalent cations for binding sites in the TRPM7 pore, thereby enhancing monovalent cation permeability. First, there was a concentration-dependent increase in monovalent cation conductance and reversal potential for Na+, ...

mode, was anticipated by work with more intensively These additional catalytic modes, which will be detailed studied Tet proteins and was confirmed by Yamaguchi et further below, have in common the use of cationic al. (1995) and Guffanti and Krulwich (1995). Modes II and substrates with single net charge, but the cytoplasmic III, the Monovalent cation/H+ Antiport and Monovalent substrates range from a Tc- -Me2+ complex that has regions cation or Tc- -Me2+/K+ Antiport (the Net K+ Uptake Mode), with highly non-polar features to highly hydrated respectively, were unanticipated, although Ives and Bott monovalent cations. The substrate diversity of Tet(L) and (1990) speculated that tetL was likely to have a Tc-unrelated Tet(K) opens up some of the same questions that are function of physiological significance. Chromosomally central to function of those MDRs whose substrates encoded Tet(L) from Bacillus subtilis was identified as a encompass diverse structures and both non-polar and polar possible ...

Staphylococcus aureus; strain: NCTC8325; locus tag: SAOUHSC_00632; symbol: mnhG2; product: monovalent cation/H+ antiporter subunit G

Staphylococcus aureus; strain: COL; locus tag: SACOL0951 (SACOL_RS04875); symbol: mnhE; product: monovalent cation/H+ antiporter subunit E

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Among the most critical factors for geological CO2 storage site screening, selection and operation is effective simulation of multiphase flow and transport. Relative permeability is probably the greatest source of potential uncertainty in multiphase flow simulation, second only to intrinsic permeability heterogeneity. The specific relative permeability relationship assigned greatly impacts forecasts of CO2 trapping mechanisms, phase behavior, and long-term plume movement. A primary goal of this study is to evaluate the impacts and implications on CO2-EOR model forecasts of different methods of assigning relative permeability relationships.. We applied a novel approach to assigning relative permeability relationships in numerical models. In previous research, most models assign relative permeability functions on the basis of geologic formation or rock type. In this study, we assign and calibrate relative permeability by hydrostratigraphic units, extending the seminal work of Maxey (1964) to ...

TY - GEN. T1 - Assessment of three phase relative permeability and hysteresis models for simulation of water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection in water-wet and mixed-wet systems. AU - Shahrokhi, Omid. AU - Fatemi, Seyyed Mobeen. AU - Sohrabi, Mehran. AU - Ireland, Shaun. AU - Ahmed, Kamran. PY - 2014/1/1. Y1 - 2014/1/1. N2 - Obtaining reliable relative permeability (kr) values and their variations is difficult particularly in processes involving three-phase flow and flow reversal (e.g. WAG injection) which results in kr hysteresis. The current approach in the industry is to use a three-phase kr correlation (e.g., Stone I, Stone II, Baker) in conjunction with a kr hysteresis model (e.g., Killough, WAG- Hysteresis). However, these models have been mostly developed based on water-wet systems and have rarely been benchmarked against experimental measurements. In this paper, we present the results of an extensive assessment of different three-phase relative permeability models available in the most ...

NAD+ synthetase catalyzes the last step in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Magnesium divalent cations, potassium and ammonium monovalent cations are necessary for NAD+ synthetase activity. NAD+ synt

A further investigation of a chromatographic system allowing determination of hydrogen ions is reported. For this purpose an octadecylsilica column dynamically modified with sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) or lithium dodecylsulfate (LDS) was used as stationary phase and a slightly acidified electrolyte (usually KCl)-SDS solution was used as the eluent. The concentration of SDS, KCl and the acidity of the eluent affected the structure of aggregates formed by the molecules of dodecylsulfate at the surface of the stationary phase. These aggregates of dodecylsulfate were found to be responsible for the appearance of a chromatographic peak attributed to the presence of H3O+ ions in a sample. Other cations in the sample could be separated in the same manner, permitting the simultaneous separation of monovalent cations from H3O+. The detection limit for H3O+ ions was 2.25·10−6 M using an eluent comprising 0.3 mM LDS, 50.0 mM KCl and 0.10 mM H2SO4. The proposed method is shown to be applicable for the ...

The directed movement of inorganic cations with a valency of one into, out of, within or between cells. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage ...

The directed movement of inorganic cations with a valency of one into, out of, within or between cells. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage ...

View Notes - 0243Pb45anp2-09 from CHEM orgo at NYU. + + Both cations (these are NOT resonance forms - they are two separate cations) are captured - two steps please - to give the two final products.

A method of treating a subterranean formation including providing a well bore that includes a filter cake on at least a portion of the well bore and contacting at least a portion of the filter cake with a filter cake degradation fluid comprising a relative permeability modifier. The method also includes allowing the relative permeability modifier to retain at least a portion of the filter cake degradation fluid in the well bore for a time sufficient to contact the filtercake and allowing the filter cake to degrade.

Article: Teamwork allows people to discuss their work together, and as a result, to grow professionally. To be successful, the teacher and para-educator must view themselves as a team and partners in the educational process ...

1776. Somme des cations échangeables (S) : Somme des cations métalliques échangeables exprimée en milliéquivalents-grammes pour 100 grammes de complexe absorbant ...

Pure-silica ZSM-12 is synthesized in the presence and absence of alkali metal ions; addition of alkali metal ions at constant hydroxide ion concentration increases the crystallization rate of ZSM-12, and it is suggested that alkali metal ions participate in both the nucleation and crystal growth processes. ...

The next part of the work moved towards describing the modelling methods attempted for modifying the relative permeability which is the main focus of the research and the success achieved through applying the unique flexible restart with Relative Permeability to Water (KRW) reduction method. This method was used with multiple reduction sensitivities on both a single well and at full field scale. The relative permeability to water was reduced by 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% in the single well modification case. An additional sensitivity of 60% reduction was also modelled on the full field case. The change to KRW was applied in the perforation zones of each well. Overall, the oil ultimate recovery (EUR) is improved in all the wells and across all the reduction scenarios. There was an immediate change in terms of the oil rate increasing and water rate and water cut decreasing. The oil rates were increased by 2% to 51% in the first 3 months post treatment for the 10% to 60% modifications respectively. The ...

Fig. 5. Proton-activated currents associated with AtMHX expression in vacuolar giant patches. (A) Patch from a vacuole of a transformed cell. Currents are activated by switching from a pH 7.7 solution to a pH 5.7 solution and back to pH 7.7. N-methyl-glucamine (NMG) is the only monovalent cation in solution. The pipette solution (pH 7.0; cytoplasmic membrane side) contains 2 mM Mg2 and 2 mM Ca2 ; the bath solution contains 0.5 mM Mg2 . (B) Typical current records for the same protocol in a vacuolar patch from a non-transformed cell. (C) Current-voltage relations for the proton-activated current in Figure 5A (2-1), whereby records were subtracted just before (1) and after (2) application of the pH 5.7 solution. In addition, the current- voltage relation is given for the reverse current observed on removing protons, whereby the subtracted records were obtained just after returning to pH 7.7 (3) and 30 s later when the current had decayed (4). (D) Current-voltage relation of the 10 times smaller current

He catalytic activity; replacement of HEPES/KOH buffer with TRIS/HCl abolished the enzymatic activity unless a monovalent cation was present (Figure 3C). Among

Three phase Relative Permeability is one of the topic in which we provide homework and assignment help. Assignmenthelp.net provides email based assignment help, honmework help, online tutoring in all subjects.

Synonyms for Cations, divalent in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for Cations, divalent. 1 synonym for divalent: bivalent. What are synonyms for Cations, divalent?

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View Notes - unk9scheme[1](2) from CHM 2045L at University of Florida. Instruction for unknown 9A/9B The author is not responsible for the scheme! Possible ions: 1. Cations: Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+,

Maximum efficiency of cation hydrolysis will be shown by? a) \(\sf Al^{+3}\) b) \(\sf Tl^{+3}\) c) \(\sf Tl^{+1}\) d) \(\sf Ga^{+3}\)The answer i...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Regulation of connexin hemichannels by monovalent cations. AU - Srinivas, Miduturu. AU - Calderon, D. Paola. AU - Kronengold, Jack. AU - Verselis, Vytautas. PY - 2006/1. Y1 - 2006/1. N2 - Opening of connexin hemichannels in the plasma membrane is highly regulated. Generally, depolarization and reduced extracellular Ca2+ promote hemichannel opening. Here we show that hemichannels formed of Cx50, a principal lens connexin, exhibit a novel form of regulation characterized by extraordinary sensitivity to extracellular monovalent cations. Replacement of extracellular Na+ with K+, while maintaining extracellular Ca2+ constant, resulted in ,10-fold potentiation of Cx50 hemichannel currents, which reversed upon returning to Na+. External Cs+, Rb+, NH4+, but not Li +, choline, or TEA, exhibited a similar effect. The magnitude of potentiation of Cx50 hemichannel currents depended on the concentration of extracellular Ca2+, progressively decreasing as external Ca 2+ was reduced. The primary ...

permeability curve shape. Other methods for estimation of relative permeability curves include derivation from simulation history-matching, and production data analysis. Both of these methods will yield pseudo relative permeability curves whose shapes could be affected by several dynamic CBM reservoir and operating characteristics.. The purpose of the current work is to perform a systematic investigation of the controls on CBM relative permeability curve shape, including non-static fracture permeability and porosity, multi-layer effects and transient flow. To derive the relative permeability curves, effective permeability to gas and water are obtained from flow equations using a modified version of the approach described by Clarkson et al. (2007). Simulated cases are analyzed so that derived and input curves may be compared allowing for investigation of CBM reservoir properties on curve-shape. One set of relative permeability curves that were input into the simulator were derived from pore-scale ...

TY - CONF. T1 - Comparative analysis of the performance of two-phase relative permeability models in reservoir engineering calculations. AU - Siddiqui, Shameem. AU - Ertekin, Turgay. AU - Hicks, P. J.. PY - 1993/12/1. Y1 - 1993/12/1. N2 - A comparison of ten two-phase relative permeability models is conducted using experimental, semi-analytical and numerical approaches. Relative permeabilities from the models are compared with data obtained from 12 steady-state experimental runs on Berea and Brown sandstones using different combinations of three white mineral oils and 2% CaCl2 brine. Relative permeability data from four of the experimental runs are used to predict the displacement performance under Buckley-Leverett conditions and the results are compared against those predicted by the models. Finally, waterflooding performances predicted by the models are analyzed at three different viscosity ratios using a two-dimensional, two-phase numerical reservoir simulator. The model results are compared ...

Relative permeability is one of the key parameters governing fluid flow through porous media. Determination of relative permeability is traditionally conducted in the laboratory using either recombined reservoir oil or laboratory oil at simulated reservoir conditions, or simply at laboratory conditions. This is because it is expensive to sample representative uncontaminated reservoir fluids and extremely difficult to cut reservoir cores without altering their surface properties. Restoring rock properties to their original reservoir conditions has been a technical challenge to the industry. Upscaling laboratory special core-analysis data to reservoir scale is also a concern. Consequently, the industry has been researching new methods to extract relative permeability in situ, including the utilization of specially designed permanent downhole electric resistivity array, pressure and flow rate measurements. In this study, a different approach was taken. A semi-analytical model, developed to infer ...

Summary The complex physics of multiphase flow in porous media are usually modeled at the field scale using Darcy-type formulations. The key descriptors of such models are the relative permeabilities to each of the flowing phases. It is well known t

Wolf, R., Dommröse, A. - M., & Grützmacher, H. - F. (1988). Destabilized carbenium ions: secondary and tertiary [alpha]-carbomethoxybenzyl cations. Organic Mass Spectrometry, 23(1), 26-32. doi:10.1002/oms. ...

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TRPV6 / ECAC2, 0.1 ml. FUNCTION: Calcium selective cation channel probably involved in Ca(2+) uptake in various tissues, including Ca(2+) reabsorption in intestine.

வேதியியலில் உப்பு (salt) என்பது ஒரு காடியும், காரமும் சேர்ந்து வேதியியல் வினைப்படும் பொழுது நடுமை அடைகையில் உருவாகும் பொருள். உப்புகள் மின்ம முனைப்படும் சேர்மங்கள் ஆகும். உப்புகளில் நேர்மின்மம் கொண்ட நேர்முனையி அல்லது கேட்டயான் (cation) பகுதியும், எதிர்மின்மம் கொண்ட எதிர்முனையி அல்லது ஆனையான் (anion) பகுதியும் கொண்ட ஆனால் மொத்தமாக மின்மம் ஏதுமற்ற, மின்மநடுநிலை கொண்ட ஒரு பொருள். ...

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1]. This can lead to many different forms of wettability. The wettability of a system can range from strongly water wet to strongly oil wet. When the rock has equal preference for both oil and water, the system has neutral or intermediate wettability. Fractional wettability is a condition when different areas of the core have different wetting preferences. There is also a special case of fractional wettability, called mixed wettability, where the small pores are water wet and the large pores are oil wet.. There are two methods of evaluating the relative permeability of each phase: steady state and unsteady state. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, however most researchers say that the unsteady state method should not be used. The experimental procedure to evaluate relative permeability of two-phase flow is easy, so a lot of relative permeability data were collected. However, for three-phase flow, the procedure is quite complicated so not many experiments were carried out. ...

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Prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins cluster separately but probably function with the same polarity by similar mechanisms. These proteins are secondary carriers which utilize the pmf and function by H antiport (for metal efflux). One member, CzcD of Bacillus subtilis, has been shown to exchange the divalent cation (Zn2+ or Cd2+ ) for two monovalent cations (K+ and H+ ) in an electroneutral process energized by the transmembrane pH gradient (Guffanti et al., 2002). Another, ZitB of E. coli (TC #2.A.4.1.4), has been reconstituted in proteoliposomes and studied kinetically (Chao and Fu, 2004a). It appears to function by simple Me2+:H antiport with a 1:1 stoichiometry.. Montanini et al (2007) have conducted phylogenetic analysis of CDF family members. Their analysis revealed three major and two minor phylogenetic groups. They suggest that the three major groups segregated according to metal ion specificity: (1) Mn2+ , (2) Fe2+ and Zn2+ as well as other metal ions, and (3) Zn2+ plus other metals, but ...

1. Balance the following equation. What is the sum of the coefficients of the reactants and products? C7H16 + ____ O2 - , ____ CO2 + ____ H2O a) 21 b) 24 c) 18 d) 27 2. An atom has an atomic number of 7 and a mass number of 14. How many electrons will it have in its valence level: a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5 3. Calculate the molar concentration of the solution produced by dissolving 11g of K2SO4 in 125 cm3 of water (atomic masses are: K=39; S=32; O=16) a) 0.05 M b) 0.5 M c) 0.25 M d) 0.025 M 4. Select a group of acids according to Brönsted concept: a) CH3COO-, HCl, H2O, HCO3- b) HCl, H2O, NH4+, HS- c) H2SO4, Cl-, H3O+, CH3NH2 d) H2CO3, CH3NH2, H3O+, HCl 5. The bond between sulfur and chlorine would be: a) not formed b) ionic c) polar covalent d) nonpolar covalent 6. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does monovalent cation of 31H have? a) 1, 2, 0 b) 2, 1, 3 c) 3, 2, 1 d) 1, 2, 3 7. As you move up and to the right on the periodic table: a) atomic radius increases and electronegativity increases ...

Read interesting answers and in fact write your own answer to the question which element ionic radius is smaller than its atomic radius?

In the present study we report the synthesis, crystal structure and Raman spectroscopy studies of Na1-xKxPb4(VO4)(3) orthovanaclates solid solutions (0 ,= x ,= 1). Rielveld refinements showed that this solid solution is continuous adopting P6(3)/m (no. 176) space group. Some of Pb(II) cations are located in the (6 h) sites. The ninefold coordination sites (4f) are equally occupied by the other lead cations and the K+ and Na+ monovalent ions. The structure can be described as built up from [VO4](3-) tetrahedral and Ph2+ of sixfold coordination cavities (6 h positions), which delimit void hexagonal tunnels running along [0 0 1]. These tunnels are connected by cations of mixed sites (4f) half occupied by Pb(II) and half by Na+/K+ mixed cations. The existence of this type of lacunar apatite seems to be conditioned by the presence of lone pair cations Pb(II). Raman spectra of all the compositions are similar and show some linear shifts in band positions as a function of the composition toward high ...

The D-Series family of proprietary thin-film nanofiltration membrane elements is characterized by an approximate molecular weight cut-off of 150-300 Dalton for uncharged organic molecules. Divalent and multivalent anions are preferentially rejected by the membrane while monovalent ion rejection is dependent upon feed concentration and composition. Since monovalent ions pass through the membrane, they do not contribute to the osmotic pressure, thus enabling D-Series nanofiltration membrane systems to operate at feed pressures below those of RO systems. Among other applications DK High Rejection NF Elements are used for dye removal/concentration, sodium chloride diafiltration and metals recovery.. Product Type ...

KrwHonarpourCarbInterWet - Honarpour correlation for predicting water relative permeability in intermediately wet limestone and dolomite.

Determination of cations in beverages - Food and Beverage - Beverage by Lumex Instruments Group. The method enables fast determination of inorganic cations ...

Polarizability is the inclination of electrons to be distorted in an anion. Polarizing power is the ability of a cation to distort electrons of an anion. The size of cations are pretty small in comparison to the size of anions, since the radii of cations are small, their nucleus has enough pulling energy to pull onto (or distort) the electrons of an anion, and an anions size is bigger and their electrons are farther from the nucleus and the nucleus cannot hold onto the electrons that are further away from it. I think of it as, polarizability = anions, polarizing power = cations ...

Every ionic bond will result in the formation of an anion and a cation. The anion is the atom which receives the electron (usually the nonmetal with a large EN) and the cation is the atom which donates the electron (usually the metal with a low EN). Because of this, we can say that as EN increases going right across the periodic table, so does the likelihood of the element forming an anion when in an ionic bond. Vice versa, we can say that as EN decreases going left across the periodic table, so does the likelihood of an element forming a cation when in an ionic bond ...

تبذل الصناعة النفطية جهودا كبيرة لتحسين انتاج النفط في ظل عدم استقرار أسعاره. حقن الماء الذكي يوفر فرصة للحصول على كمية إضافية من النفط بعمليات قليلة التكلفة. يمكن الحصول على نسب إضافية من النفط تتراوح بين الصفر إلى 30 % عن طريق تعديل الملوحة أو تغيير مدى محدد من الأيونات عند حقن الماء المالح في التجارب المعملية. هذه التغييرات في النسبة الإضافية المتحصل عليها مرتبطة بنقص فهم آليات عمل حقن الماء الذكي مما يؤثر على تفسير النتائج المعملية و نتائج نماذج المحاكاة. تهدف هذه الدراسة للنظر عن قرب لهذه الظاهرة المتناقضة عن طريق تأكيد فوائد تطبيق الحقن المتتابع ...

Using Periodic Properties to Identify Group 2A Cations and Group 7A Anions Objectives The objectives of this lab are as follows: To observe the solubility properties of various ionic compounds containing

Calixarene-Based Molecules for Cation Recognition. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.

Müller, A., Krickemeyer, E., Bögge, H., Schmidtmann, M., Botar, B., & Talismanova, M. O. (2003). Drawing small cations into highly charged porous nanocontainers reveals Water assembly and related interaction problems. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION, 42(18), 2085-2090. doi:10.1002/anie. ...

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ADP can be replaced by GDP, ATP and GTP, to a limited extent. Divalent cations are necessary for activity, with Mg2+ followed by Co2+ being the most effective ...