The organism is also known as Norwalk-like viruses or caliciviruses. The disease is also known as stomach flu or viral gastroenteritis.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Comparative quantitative monitoring of rabbit haemorrhagic disease viruses in rabbit kittens. AU - Matthaei, Markus. AU - Kerr, Peter AU - READ, Andrew. AU - Hick, Paul. AU - Haboury, Stephanie. AU - Wright, John. AU - STRIVE, Tanja. PY - 2014. Y1 - 2014. N2 - Background: Only one strain (the Czech CAPM-v351) of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) has been released in Australia and New Zealand to control pest populations of the European rabbit O. cuniculus. Antigenic variants of RHDV known as RHDVa strains are reportedly replacing RHDV strains in other parts of the world, and Australia is currently investigating the usefulness of RHDVa to complement rabbit biocontrol efforts in Australia and New Zealand. RHDV efficiently kills adult rabbits but not rabbit kittens, which are more resistant to RHD the younger they are and which may carry the virus without signs of disease for prolonged periods. These different infection patterns in young rabbits may significantly influence ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Molecular epidemiology of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in Australia. T2 - When one became many. AU - Kovaliski, John. AU - Sinclair, Ron. AU - Mutze, Greg. AU - Peacock, David. AU - Strive, Tanja. AU - Abrantes, Joana. AU - Esteves, Pedro. AU - Holmes, Edward. PY - 2014/2. Y1 - 2014/2. N2 - Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) was introduced into Australia in 1995 as a biological control agent against the wild European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). We evaluated its evolution over a 16-year period (1995-2011) by examining 50 isolates collected throughout Australia, as well as the original inoculum strains. Phylogenetic analysis of capsid protein VP60 sequences of the Australian isolates, compared with those sampled globally, revealed that they form a monophyletic group with the inoculum strains (CAPM V-351 and RHDV351INOC). Strikingly, despite more than 3000 rereleases of RHDV351INOC since 1995, only a single viral lineage has sustained its transmission in the ...

During the past 50 years two readily distinguishable rabbit-specific diseases caused by Myxoma virus (MYXV) and Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) respectively, have decimated wild rabbit populations worldwide. Combined with the use of these viruses as biocontrol agents, the consequences for farming, commercial rabbit breeding and rare habitat conservation dependent on rabbit grazing, have been both positive and negative. Moreover, rare predators that rely on rabbits as a food resource, and even hunters, have suffered the consequences of rabbit populations being affected by one or other of these viruses. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus was first identified after thousands of domestic rabbits died suddenly in China in 1984. Similar epidemics subsequently occurred in other regions of Asia, the Middle East, Europe and North America, suggesting that the virus had dispersed widely following its emergence in China. However, the discovery that RHDV had circulated apparently harmlessly for many ...

What is norovirus infection?. Norovirus infection is caused by a very contagious virus called norovirus. The infection is characterized by sudden onset of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramping. Although norovirus infection is sometimes called the stomach flu, norovirus is not related to the influenza (flu) virus that causes respiratory illness.. Who gets norovirus infection?. Anyone can get sick from norovirus. Because there are many different strains of norovirus, people who have been sick with norovirus can get it more than once. Outbreaks caused by norovirus occur in a variety of places, including healthcare settings (e.g., long-term care facilities, hospitals), restaurants, schools, day care centers, and cruise ships.. How is norovirus spread?. The virus is found in the stool and vomit of infected people and can spread easily from person to person. People infected with norovirus are most contagious from the time they first start feeling ill through three days after they feel ...

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) belongs to the family Caliciviridae and is the etiological agent of the haemorrhagic disease, also known as rabbit plague. Its genome is a linear single-stranded (ss) RNA of 7437 nucleotides and the capsid is built from a single structural protein VP60. In connection with the discovery of new RHDV strains, there is a constant need to investigate the genetic variation of this virus and perform phylogenetic analyses which may show the evolutionary relationships among the RHDV strains. Studies on the divergence of RHDV have shown that it is genetically quite stable, although recent observations indicate that some new RHDV strains, significantly different from the original RHDV subtype and the new RHDVa subtype, are appearing. These latest findings suggest that a new group of RHDV strains has evolved. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on the genetic variation and the latest achievements in phylogenetic analyses of RHDV strains isolated in ...

Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) is a highly contagious disease caused by a calicivirus that affects rabbits. This includes wild and domesticated European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), from which our own domesticated rabbits are descended. Until 2020, it had not been known to affect North American native ra

Public, hunters and hikers asked to take precautions to avoid spreading deadly illness. East County News Service. Photo: Creative Commons-S.A. via Bing. May 13, 2020 (Palm Springs) - After 10 dead jackrabbits were found dead on a private property near Palm Springs, a carcass has tested positive for Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease virus type 2 (RHDV2) which is highly contagious and often lethal to both wild and domestic rabbits, as well as hares and pikas. The virus has been confirmed in state and federal lab tests. ...

Read Complete genome sequence of two rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus variant b isolates detected on the Iberian Peninsula, Archives of Virology on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.

A veterinary laboratory confirmed the presence of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease virus type 2 in a wild black-tailed jackrabbit that was among 10 jackrabbits found dead on a property near Palm Springs, according to Californias Fish and Wildlife Department.

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD), also known as rabbit calicivirus disease (RCD) or viral haemorrhagic disease (VHD), is a highly infectious and often fatal disease that affects wild and domestic rabbits of the species Oryctolagus cuniculus. The infectious agent responsible for the disease is rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), or rabbit calicivirus (RCV), genus Lagovirus of the family Caliciviridae. The virus infects only rabbits, and has been used in some countries to control rabbit populations. RHD first appeared in the Winter of 1983 in Jiangsu Province of the Peoples Republic of China. It was first isolated and characterized by S.J. Liu et al. in 1984. The Chinese outbreak was spread by the angora rabbit, which had originated in Europe. Fourteen million domesticated rabbits died within nine months in the outbreak. In 1984 the virus that caused the disease was identified. The virus spread westward and reached Europe in 1988. The virus has since appeared in Mexico, Cuba, Australia, ...

Human noroviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide and cause substantial levels of morbidity and mortality. Symptoms usually include acute onset of vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhoea. Noroviruses are often associated with high-profile outbreaks in hospitals, nursing homes, cruise ships, and the military which cause significant economical burden. Noroviruses are also considered to be the most common viral agents of epidemic food-borne and water-borne viral gastroenteritis. Globally noroviruses are the cause of 18 % of all diarrhoeal diseases.. Due to the extreme infectivity of noroviruses, rapid and reliable laboratory diagnosis is critical to guide the control of norovirus outbreaks by choosing the most appropriate intervention and control practices.. GenomEra® Norovirus assay is rapid and easy to use qualitative in vitro diagnostic (IVD) nucleic acid test for the detection and differentiation of norovirus genogroups I and II from raw or unpreserved unformed ...

Wildlife officials recently announced outbreaks of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Type 2 (RHDV2) ravaging Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona and California. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) deems RHDV2 as seriously contagious and nearly always fatal amongst domestic and wild rabbit species and their close relatives, hares and pikas. RHDV2 is not zoonotic, so it wont infect livestock, pets or humans, asserts the California Department of Fish & Wildlife (CDFW) . Still, Texas Parks & Wildlife (TPW) advise against pets consuming rabbit carcasses. Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) is the viral agent causing rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD). Science Direct says RHDV belongs in the calicivirus family, which infects many animals including pigs, cattle, cats and even humans. Norovirus, for example, is a human calicivirus. But humans seem unaffected by RHDV. Related: Whats causing the decline in monarch butterfly populations? There are two worrisome strains of RHDV - RHDV1 and RHDV2. ...

en] Bovine noroviruses belong to the family Caliciviridae, genus Norovirus. Two genotypes are described and viruses genetically related to the Jena and Newbury-2 strains are classified into genotypes 1 and 2 respectively. In this study, virus-like particles (VLP) of the previously detected B309 Belgian strain, genetically related to genotype 2 bovine noroviruses, were used to investigate virus-host interactions in vitro. B309 VLP were shown to bind to several bovine cell lines. This binding was not affected by heparinase or chondroitinase treatment but was significantly inhibited by both sodium periodate, alpha-galactosidase, trypsin and phospholipase C treatment. Cell treatment by neuraminidase also moderately affected this binding. Taken together, these results show that, in addition to a galactosyl residue, sialic acid could also be involved in binding to susceptible cells. In addition, both the cholesterol-dependent pathway and macropinocytosis are used for B309 VLP internalisation by ...

en] Bovine noroviruses belong to the family Caliciviridae, genus Norovirus. Two genotypes are described and viruses genetically related to the Jena and Newbury-2 strains are classified into genotypes 1 and 2 respectively. In this study, virus-like particles (VLP) of the previously detected B309 Belgian strain, genetically related to genotype 2 bovine noroviruses, were used to investigate virus-host interactions in vitro. B309 VLP were shown to bind to several bovine cell lines. This binding was not affected by heparinase or chondroitinase treatment but was significantly inhibited by both sodium periodate, alpha-galactosidase, trypsin and phospholipase C treatment. Cell treatment by neuraminidase also moderately affected this binding. Taken together, these results show that, in addition to a galactosyl residue, sialic acid could also be involved in binding to susceptible cells. In addition, both the cholesterol-dependent pathway and macropinocytosis are used for B309 VLP internalisation by ...

Previous studies and empirical evidence suggest norovirus outbreaks in California exhibit correlation with environmental variables and exhibit spatial spread patterns. Few studies have been done looking at what causes norovirus seasonality in temperate climates and more research is needed on the regional level. This study aims to find what relationships exist with outbreak occurrence and environmental variables in California, as well as any spatial patterns of spread or clustering of outbreaks. Spatial analysis tools were used to find any relationships between California norovirus outbreak data and environmental variables. The results showed a south to north spread of outbreaks in California and potential correlation with outbreaks and lower temperatures and higher relative humidity. More research is needed to substantiate the correlation with outbreaks and environmental variables.

Disease Does Not Affect People, Pets, Livestock. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) has received test results confirming that Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) was diagnosed in a wild black-tailed jackrabbit in Lubbock County and a wild cottontail rabbit in Hudspeth County. This marks the first confirmed cases of RHD in wild rabbits in Texas and follows the discovery of the disease in domestic rabbits in Hockley County, which was announced in a recent Texas Animal Health Commission news release.. Since March 23, detections of the disease in both wild and domestic rabbits have occurred in New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona and Mexico. There have been reports of mortality events in both wild cottontails (genus Sylvilagus) and jackrabbits (genus Lepus) in El Paso, Hudspeth, Brewster, Terrell, Lubbock and Pecos Counties in Texas.. Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) is a highly contagious viral disease that can affect both domestic and wild rabbit species. This disease is nearly always fatal and ...

Presence of Norovirus in food can cause viral gasteroenteritis. Recently, lots of reports relating to Norovirus in food have been published. Special attention must be paid to the raw foods as they are not subjected to further heat treatment. In this study, pegaga, kesum, tauge and ulam raja (popular salad vegetables in Malaysia) were investigated for Norovirus. A total of 32 samples from each type of salad vegetables were purchased from local market and analyzed using One-step RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction) for both genogroups namely Norovirus Genogroup I and Genogroup II. Results showed that tauge had the highest contamination with Norovirus Genogroup I (15.6%) comparing to pegaga (9.4%), kesum (12.5%) and ulam raja (0%). Samples were free from Norovirus Genogroup II. The study showed that raw vegetables are high-risk foods and can be contaminated with Norovirus.. ...

Viral gastroenteritis infection, typically a self-limiting condition of short duration in humans, is extremely common and associated with relatively low deaths. Surveillance of outbreaks of this infection, rather than individual cases, may be more appropriate. In our review of the surveillance for this infection in Europe, we found variations in the organizations conducting surveillance, the surveillance definition of a viral gastroenteritis outbreak, the populations under surveillance, and the completeness of descriptive and analytical epidemiologic and diagnostic information.. Researchers comparing surveillance information at an international level should consider the outputs of surveillance, as well as the influence of methodology and structure of surveillance on these outputs. Surveillance for viral gastroenteritis in Europe is poorly developed; systems vary in their sources of data, definitions, and use of diagnostic techniques. These differences are reflected in the wide range of numbers ...

This report highlights widespread increased frequency of norovirus-like illness outbreaks and ED visits during October--December 2006 and January--June 2007. This increase was associated with the emergence of two new cocirculating strains of norovirus GII.4. A previous increase in norovirus outbreaks in the United States also was associated with the emergence of new strains (7). Whether the increase in outbreaks is a result of increased pathogenicity or transmissibility of new strains, lower immunity in the population, or other factors is unclear. During late 2006 and early 2007, increases in AGE outbreaks consistent with norovirus (1) were reported by many state health departments. A high proportion of specimens tested were positive for norovirus, which suggests that the increase in AGE outbreaks was associated with norovirus infection. The magnitude and consistency of increases in multiple states suggest an actual increase rather than increased reporting resulting from increased awareness of ...

Human noroviruses (NoVs), a major cause of viral gastroenteritis, are difficult to study due to the lack of a cell-culture and a small-animal model. Pigs share with humans the types A and H histo-blood group antigens on the intestinal epithelium and have been suggested as a potential model for studies of NoV pathogenesis, immunity and vaccines. In this study, the effects of age and a cholesterol-lowering drug, simvastatin, on the susceptibility of pigs to NoV infection were evaluated. The median infectious dose (ID50) of a genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII.4) 2006b variant was determined. The ID50 in neonatal (4-5 days of age) pigs was ≤2.74×103 viral RNA copies. In older pigs (33-34 days of age), the ID50 was 6.43×104 but decreased to |2.74×103 in simvastatin-fed older pigs. Evidence of NoV infection was obtained by increased virus load in the intestinal contents, cytopathological changes in the small intestine, including irregular microvilli, necrosis and apoptosis, and detection of viral antigen in

Although norovirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis, there are few data on the community incidence of infection/disease or the patterns of acquired immunity or innate resistance to norovirus.,We followed a community-based birth cohort of 194 children in Ecuador with the aim to estimate (1) the incidence of norovirus gastroenteritis from birth to age 3 years, (2) the protective effect of norovirus infection against subsequent infection/disease, and (3) the association of infection and disease with FUT2 secretor status.,Over the 3-year period, we detected a mean of 2.26 diarrheal episodes per child (range, 0-12 episodes). Norovirus was detected in 260 samples (18%) but was not found more frequently in diarrheal samples (79 of 438 [18%]), compared with diarrhea-free samples (181 of 1016 [18%]; P = .919). A total of 66% of children had at least 1 norovirus infection during the first 3 years of life, and 40% of children had 2 infections. Previous norovirus infections were not associated ...

Haemagglutination and ELISA tests, and negative contrast electron microscopy, have been used to identify rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in naturally occurring cases of the disease and in experimentally infected rabbits in the United Kingdom. Haemagglutination tests alone are not satisfactory for the diagnosis because non-haemagglutinating isolates of the virus, otherwise indistinguishable from others, have been found in some outbreaks. Haemagglutination inhibition tests have shown that a proportion of both commercial laboratory and wild rabbits in the UK are seropositive to the virus although they have not been associated with clinical disease. This observation, made previously in other parts of Europe, may indicate the longstanding circulation of a related but non-pathogenic strain of virus. Naturally occurring antibody appears to afford a high degree of protection against experimental challenge with virulent virus.. ...

Norovirus is known to cause gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. It is a hardy viruses that can be quite stable in the environment, making it difficult to eliminate. While, Norovirus is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, environmental transmission is particularly important in health care facilities. In 2004, the Johns Hopkins Hospital noted a significant Norovirus outbreak at its 946-bed tertiary care hospital in Baltimore.

While RHDV2 is a threat to domestic rabbits, the Game Commission has no involvement with domestic animals. PDA is involved with domestic rabbits to the extent that they are raised and slaughtered for meat and such facilities are not voluntarily consenting to USDA and/or FDA oversight. In addition to PDA, USDA, and FDA, private veterinary practices would also provide some oversight of domestic/pet rabbits. Any questions regarding disease surveillance in domestic rabbits should be directed to those non-Game Commission entities. Veterinary diagnostic laboratories are aware of the issue and any detections of RHDV2 in domestic lagomorphs in PA will be reported to the Game Commission ...

3C-like protease processes the polyprotein: 3CLpro-RdRp (p72) is first released by autocleavage, then all other proteins are cleaved.

Purpose of Review : Noroviruses are the most common cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in long-term care facility (LTCFs). This review summarizes the most up-to-date knowledge on norovirus infection in LTCFs with the aim of identifying potential stra ...

But, with this Rabbit assignment, Ive really struggled. Even with my Pollyanna personality, I fear the light here is very faint, and Im not sure theres an end to the tunnel.

Illustration of Norovirus invading a dendritic cell (lower left) in the small intestine. Noroviruses are a genus of single-stranded RNA, non-enveloped viruses in the Caliciviridae family. The viruses are transmitted by fecally-contaminated food or water; by person-to-person contact; and through the air with subsequent contamination of surfaces. Noroviruses are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans, and affect people of all ages. Very little is known about the life cycle of Norovirus because they are so difficult to culture under laboratory conditions. Investigation of murine norovirus (MNV-1) in mice has shed some light on the human version. MNV-1 has an affinity for macrophage and dendritic cells. The replication process appears to occur within clusters of vesicles, their membranes and proteins derived from different sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, trans-Golgi apparatus, and endosomes. This image is based on MNV-1 - Stock Image C027/9023

Worldwide, noroviruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis. They can be transmitted from person to person directly or indirectly through contaminated food, water, or environments. To estimate the proportion of foodborne infections caused by noroviruses on a global scale, we used norovirus transmission and genotyping information from multiple international outbreak surveillance systems (Noronet, CaliciNet, EpiSurv) and from a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature. The proportion of outbreaks caused by food was determined by genotype and/or genogroup. Analysis resulted in the following final global profiles: foodborne transmission is attributed to 10% (range 9%-11%) of all genotype GII.4 outbreaks, 27% (25%-30%) of outbreaks caused by all other single genotypes, and 37% (24%-52%) of outbreaks caused by mixtures of GII.4 and other noroviruses. When these profiles are applied to global outbreak surveillance data, results indicate that ≈14% of all norovirus outbreaks are attributed to ...

An unusual prevalence of recombinant GII.2 noroviruses (GII.P16-GII.2) in Guangdong, China, at the end of 2016 caused a sharp increase in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. This event was another non-GII.4 epidemic that emerged after the GII.17 viruses in 2014 and 2015 and warrants global surveillance.

Norovirus infection can occur in the setting of alemtuzumab treatment and should be included in the differential diagnoses of acute and chronic diarrhea.

Learn more about Norovirus Infection at Doctors Hospital of Augusta DefinitionCausesRisk FactorsSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionrevision ...

Learn more about Norovirus Infection at Memorial Hospital DefinitionCausesRisk FactorsSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionrevision .....

Learn more about Norovirus Infection at Medical City Dallas DefinitionCausesRisk FactorsSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionrevision ...

Learn more about Norovirus Infection at TriStar Centennial Parthenon Pavilion DefinitionCausesRisk FactorsSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionrevision ...

No, its not a rampaging bird flu, but the norovirus is a highly contagious gastrointestinal virus. This virus affects 21 million people each year in the U.S. and it is now stalking two of the nations favorite national parks: Yellowstone and Grand Teton. Norovirus common to crowded areas Symptoms of a norovirus infection include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. These symptoms will appear within 48 hours of exposure and generally will last a few days and then clear up without any treatment besides bed rest and plenty of fluids. According to the Mayo Clinic, Noroviruses commonly spread through food or water contaminated by fecal matter during preparation. You can also acquire norovirus infection through close contact with an infected person. These viruses are especially common in crowded areas, like day cares, cruise ships, and hospitals. Infected employees quarantined So far, between the two parks, 150 employees and 50 guests have been diagnosed with norovirus. To prevent further spread, ...

Norwalk virus (NV) infection was recently found to be associated with gastroenteritis in U.S. military troops stationed in Saudi Arabia during the 1990 Desert Shield Operation. We identified a Norwalk-like virus in the stools of two military personnel with gastroenteritis by ELISA and IEM. By RT-PCR …

Of the over 400 posts on this blog, at least 21 deal with norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships, catered events, and even on a plane. Take a look. The post Norovirus on a Plane of February 28, 2011 gives some basic rules on how to avoid the virus, which can be adapted to other places as well. So does the post How to Stay Healthy on a Cruise ...

Last week, on November 8th, Mexican restaurant chain Wahaca was able to reopen its doors after they were closed by a norovirus outbreak that had caused a slew of food poisoning cases across a whole host of its locations the week before. The chain had voluntarily shut several of its branches after the norovirus spread throughout them, infecting over 300 of its staff and customers. The incident was notable for the amount of people affected, and for the fact that the virus spread between restaurants of the same chain, which is fairly unusual ...

Posted: January 31, 2012Chapel Hill, N.C. - Health departments across North Carolina have reported norovirus outbreaks in recent weeks, prompting state public health officials to issue an alert Tuesday.The state Division of Public Health doesnt track norovirus, so officials dont have specific numbers of people sickened by the gastro-intestinal bugs. They said, however, that eight counties have reported outbreaks, including Wake, Orange, Alamance and Pitt.

Norovirus outbreak 2016: More reports of the norovirus have come to light including an outbreak at Boynton Beach, Coventry Elementary and Oakfield Primary School.As ...

Norovirus outbreak 2016: More reports of the norovirus have come to light including an outbreak at Boynton Beach, Coventry Elementary and Oakfield Primary School.As ...

Background: Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in all ages worldwide. As the replication of HuNoVs in vitro is immature, the detection of HuNoVs is depended on molecular assays such as RT-PCR and RT-qPCR. However, these molecu...

Hello to All Bunny Owners:. There is currently an outbreak of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) type 2 in Nanimo. The first cases were diagnosed at the beginning of March. A second outbreak has occurred last week and is confirmed to be RHD type 2. RHD is caused by a calicivirus. It is highly contagious and lethal in rabbits. This disease ONLY affects rabbits. There is no threat to humans and other animals including dogs and cats. All rabbit owner should take precautions against this disease. Strict quarantine is recommended and ideally rabbits should be kept indoors if possible. This virus can be spread via direct contact with live or dead rabbits. Also fomites - including contaminated food, bedding water, and also insects, birds and mammals can transmit the virus long distances. The incubation period for Type 2 disease is about 3-9 days. Symptoms of the disease include fever, anorexia, dullness, congestion, collapse and sudden death. The death rate is high with no cure available. Treatment ...

GII.4 noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. A new variant of GII.4, the 2008 variant, has recently increased its prevalence on a global scale. A previous study of this variant in Japan suggested that it might be of recombinant origin, with a breakpoint at the ORF1-ORF2 junction. Here, examination of the evolutionary origin of the 2008 variant based on a larger sample of worldwide GII.4 norovirus sequences revealed a more complex pattern of recombination between the 2006a- and 2006b-like variants of genotype GII.4, involving the P2 antigenic domain. Double (termed 2008i) and triple (termed 2008ii) recombinant forms of 2008 variants were identified. This study highlights the possible importance of intra-genotypic recombination over antigenic regions in driving norovirus evolution, and is suggestive of a process analogous to the antigenic shift of influenza A virus by reassortment.

Noroviruses are the most well-known reason for intense gastroenteritis, which causes looseness of the bowels, stomachache, queasiness, and spewing.. Norovirus is an exceptionally infectious infection that causes an aggravation or contamination of the stomach and digestion tracts, regularly called intense gastroenteritis.. Truth be told, noroviruses are the most widely recognized reason for intense gastroenteritis in the United States, bringing about 19 to 21 million ailments, 56,000 to 71,000 hospitalizations, and 570 to 800 passings every year, as per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).. Norovirus Outbreaks. Noroviruses, of which there are various sorts, are effortlessly transmitted between individuals along the fecal-oral course.. That is, the infections are available in the stool of tainted individuals, and are spread by:. Ingesting debased sustenance or fluids. Putting your fingers in your mouth subsequent to touching sullied surfaces or protests. Having close contact with ...

The sunlight Princess cruise ship which was traveling to the South Pacific had a norovirus outbreak that sickened at the very least 91 passengers, Australian officials stated. Wellness officials discovered the reason after the ship docked Thursday early morning in Brisbane ...

Outbreaks of Norwalk gastroenteritis, which may involve persons of all ages, occur during all seasons and in various locations. Waterborne, foodborne, and person-to-person modes of transmission have been described, and secondary person-to-person transmission is common. Outbreaks generally end in about 1 week; longer outbreaks occur only when new groups of susceptible persons are introduced, usually in the setting of a persistent common source of infection. The illness is generally mild and characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Vomiting is the predominant symptom among children, whereas diarrhea is commoner among adults. Forty-two percent of 74 outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis investigated by the Centers for Disease Control from 1976 to 1980 were attributed to the Norwalk virus. The rest resembled Norwalk outbreaks clinically and epidemiologically and were probably caused by 27-nm viral agents similar to the Norwalk virus. ...

We carried out an experimental study to determine the serological response against myxoma virus (MV) and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) in wild rabbits using commercial vaccines. Seroconversion against MV ranged between 72.7% and 97.2% in animals vaccinated by subcutaneous and intradermal route, respectively, whereas between 75.0% and 77.8% of the animals presented antibodies against RHDV after inoculation with subcutaneous and intradermal vaccines, respectively. Regardless of the inoculation route, vaccination against MV resulted in a significant increase of seropositivity 5 days post-vaccination (dpv), which did not occur in animals vaccinated against RHDV. Furthermore, seroconversion against MV was significantly higher and faster in intradermally vaccinated rabbits as compared to those inoculated subcutaneously due to either the route of application and/or the type of vaccine used. The results indicated that vaccination significantly increased the prevalence of antibodies against MV ...

Criminal investigation tied to norovirus outbreak underway at Chipotle Posted: 9:29 AM, January 06, 2016 Updated: 11:03 AM, January 06, 2016 NEW YORK - Chipotle has been served with a federal subpoena as part of a criminal investigation tied to a norovirus outbreak at one of its restaurants in California. The investigation is being conducted by the U.S. Attorneys Office for the Central District of California in conjunction with the Food and Drug Administrations Office of Criminal

Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that can infect anyone. You can get it from an infected person, contaminated food or water, or by touching contaminated surfaces. The virus causes your stomach or intestines or both to get inflamed. This leads you to have stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea and vomiting. These symptoms can be serious for many people, especially the vulnerable, young children and older adults.. HomeCareDirect alongside the NHS Infection Prevention and Control team wish to raise awareness in the prevention and control of Viral Gastroenteritis (Norovirus).. Numerous hospitals, independent living accommodation and care homes across the UK have recently been affected by viral gastroenteritis (Norovirus). Predictions are that it could be one of the worst years for people getting viral gastroenteritis which causes diarrhoea and vomiting, especially over Christmas and the winter months. To access advice to help you in preventing and controlling the spread of viral gastroenteritis, ...

From the Department of Environmental and Global Health.. Last week, the Emerging Pathogen Institutes Global Pathogens Laboratory had the privilege of hosting Dr. Jianrong Li of The Ohio State University. During his visit to The University of Florida, Dr. Li delivered a powerful, optimistic seminar titled New Interventions against Human Norovirus: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges.. Human norovirus is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae responsible for more than 90% of nonbacterial gastroenteritis (stomach illness) worldwide and 60% of foodborne illness of a total 23 million cases in the United State every year. The primary difficulty in human norovirus research is the viruss inability to be grown in cell culture and the lack of a small animal model for pathogenesis study, which severely hampers research efforts to generate a vaccine.. To counter this, Dr. Lis group constructed a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) to express VP1, the major ...

CHICAGO - In a study that included more than 300 Medicare-certified nursing homes, rates of hospitalization and death were substantially increased during outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis vs. non-outbreak periods, according to a study appearing in the October 24/31 issue of JAMA. The study is being published early online to coincide with its presentation at the ID (infectious disease) Week meeting.. In the United States, nursing homes annually provide care to approximately 3.3 million residents and 22 percent of all deaths occur in these settings. Gastroenteritis outbreaks are common in nursing homes in high-income countries. Annually, more than 1,000 outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis are reported by nursing homes to U.S. public health agencies, and this likely represents only a fraction of the actual number due to underreporting. Although nearly half of all reported nursing home gastroenteritis outbreaks are never etiologically [the cause] confirmed because of challenges in performing ...

Abstract. We examined burden and factors associated with norovirus (NoV) acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among children in rural Guatemala. Children age 6 weeks to 17 years were enrolled into three AGE surveillance groups, using two-stage cluster sampling: a prospective participatory syndromic surveillance (PSS) cohort and two cross-sectional rapid active sampling (RAS) surveys, conducted from April 2015 to February 2016. Epidemiologic and NoV testing data were used to identify factors associated with NoV infection, AGE, and NoV+ AGE. The three cross-sectional surveys (PSS enrollment visit, RAS Survey 1, and RAS Survey 2) enrolled 1,239 children, who reported 134 (11%) AGE cases, with 20% of AGE and 11% of non-AGE samples positive for NoV. Adjusted analyses identified several modifiable factors associated with AGE and NoV infection. The cross-sectional RAS surveys were practical and cost-effective in identifying population-level risk factors for AGE and NoV, supporting their use as a tool to direct limited

Norovirus (NoV) constitutes the second most common viral pathogen causing pediatric diarrhea after rotavirus. In Africa, diarrhea is a major health problem in children, and yet few studies have been performed regarding NoV. The association of histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) and susceptibility to NoV infection is well established in Caucasian populations with non-secretors being resistant to many common NoV strains. No study regarding HBGA and NoV susceptibility has yet been performed in Africa. We collected 309 stool and 208 saliva samples from diarrheal children in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; May 2009 to March 2010. NoV was detected using real-time PCR, and genotyped by sequencing. Saliva samples were ABO, Lewis and secretor phenotyped using in house ELISA assays. NoV was detected in 12% (n = 37) of the samples. The genotype diversity was unusually large; overall the 37 positive samples belonged to 14 genotypes. Only children ,2 years of age were NoV positive and the GII.4 NoVs were more ...

Calicivirin (EC 3.4.22.66, Camberwell virus processing peptidase, Chiba virus processing peptidase, Norwalk virus processing peptidase, Southampton virus processing peptidase, norovirus virus processing peptidase, calicivirus trypsin-like cysteine protease, calicivirus TCP, calicivirus 3C-like protease, calicivirus endopeptidase, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 3C endopeptidase) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction Endopeptidase with a preference for cleavage when the P1 position is occupied by Glu- and the P1- position is occupied by Gly- Viruses that are members of the Norovirus genus (Caliciviridae family) are a major cause of epidemic acute viral gastroenteritis. Meyers, G.; Rossi, C.; Thiel, H.J. (2004). Calicivirus endopeptidases. In Barrett, A.J.; Rawlings, N.D.; Woessner, J.F. Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes (2nd ed.). London: Elsevier. pp. 1380-1382. Wirblich, C.; Sibilia, M.; Boniotti, M.B.; Rossi, C.; Thiel, H.J.; Meyers, G. (1995). 3C-like protease ...

In 1977, 30- to 32-nm virus-like particles, named minireovirus because of their unique morphologic appearance, were detected by electron microscopy in the stools of infants and young children with gastroenteritis. Sequence analysis of approximately 2,800 consecutive bases derived from overlapping PCR clones of a recent minireovirus clinical isolate showed 52% nucleotide sequence identity with the Norwalk virus sequence and, in addition, demonstrated that the genomic organizations of these two viruses were similar. Our data show that minireovirus is a Norwalk-like virus and should now also be included in the Caliciviridae family. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Caliciviruses. T2 - A major cause of foodborne illness. AU - Gerba, C. P.. AU - Kayed, D.. PY - 2003/5. Y1 - 2003/5. N2 - The public health impact of infections by human caliciviruses (HuCVs) is increasingly being recognized. The Norwalk-like viruses (NLV) are the most common cause of outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis and the most recognized foodborne viral etiologic agents. Factors that contribute to their high burden of infection are low infectious dose, stability in the environment, the diversity of strains, and the lack of long-term immunity to infection or illness. The recent development of sensitive molecular techniques for diagnosis, quantification, and characterization of these agents has led to the recognition of the importance of NLV infection. Future applications of these approaches to understanding modes of transmission and the effectiveness of control measures holds promise for improved understanding of the epidemiology of HuCVs, as well as important control ...

The owner of the San Leandro convalescent hospital that has been hit with a norovirus outbreak since Jan. 20 reported two new cases today.. He said two staff members have come down with the norovirus but that no more patients have been infected.. That the flu outbreak has not spread to any more patients gives the hospital hope that the outbreak should be under control by this weekend, the owner said.. ...

Noroviruses cause the majority of epidemic outbreaks of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Human norovirus strains do not grow in cell culture, but recent carbohydrate binding, sequence and structural analyses have begun to define functional domains in the norovirus capsid that may be conserved among multiple antigenic types. The purpose of this study was to localize domains and define sequences in the major capsid protein VP1 that are important for cell interactions. Monoclonal antibodies to genogroups GI.1 and GII.2 reference strains Norwalk virus and Snow Mountain virus, respectively, were generated that blocked binding of recombinant virus-like particles to Caco-2 intestinal cells and inhibited haemagglutination. Peptides that mimicked the mAb binding epitopes were selected from a phage-displayed random nonapeptide library. Anti-recombinant Norwalk virus mAb 54.6 and anti-recombinant Snow Mountain virus mAb 61.21 recognized epitopes located in the protruding P2 domain of VP1. The epitope

In late 2016, an uncommon recombinant NoV genotype called GII.P16-GII.2 caused a sharp increase in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in different countries of Asia and Europe, including China. However, we did not observe a drastic increase in sporadic norovirus cases in the winter of 2016 in Huzhou. Therefore, we investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of NoVs in the sporadic acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases from January 2016 to December 2017 in Huzhou City, Zhejiang, China. From January 2016 to December 2017, a total of 1001 specimens collected from patients with AGE were screened for NoV by real-time RT-PCR. Partial sequences of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and capsid gene of the positive samples were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. Genotypes of NoV were confirmed by online NoV typing tool and phylogenetic analysis. Complete VP1 sequences of GII.P16-GII.2 strains detected in this study were further obtained and subjected into sequence analysis. In total, 204 (20.4%) specimens

At the recent Canadian University Press national conference in Victoria, Canada, more than one third of the 370 attendees were struck with norovirus.. According to USA Today, 165 conference attendees and Harbour Towers Hotel and Suites staff members fell ill. As norovirus is extremely contagious, sick attendees remained isolated in their hotel rooms until they were well enough to travel. Fortunately for them, fees for flight changes and rooms were waived.. The general manager of the hotel informed the Victoria Times Colonist, a local paper, that the hotel has been through a thorough cleaning and that employees will continue to wipe down surfaces with bleach to make sure nothing is lingering.. Noroviruses cause acute gastroenteritis (vomiting, stomach pain, and diarrhea) in humans. Noroviruses are commonly known as stomach flu or food poisoning. This group of viruses can be spread from person to person, through food and water, and through fomites (any inanimate object that has the ability ...

A laboratory-confirmed Norovirus outbreak occurred at an Arizona ski resort February 2013. A case-control study was performed by the University of Arizonas student..

Chipotle Mexican Grills recent norovirus outbreak in Virginia was the result of lax sick policy enforcement by store managers, the company confirmed on Tuesday. The company said in their earnings conference...

Norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in industrialized countries, yet the epidemiological significance of NoV in industrializing countries remains poorly understood. The spatiotemporal distribution of NoV genotypes identified in 2054 enrolled children was investigated between May 2009 and December 2010, in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. A total of 315 NoV extracted from stool samples were genotyped and GPS mapped to their source. Genogroup II NoV, particularly GII.4, were predominant, and the GII.4 strains could be subgrouped into GII.4-2006b (Minerva) and GII.4-2010 (New Orleans) variants. There was no spatiotemporal structure among the endemic GII strains; yet a significant spatiotemporal signal corresponding with the novel introduction of GII.4-2010 variant was detected. These data show that NoV GII.4 variants are highly endemic in HCMC and describe a scenario of rapid NoV strain replacement occurring in HCMC in early 2010 ...

An epidemiological investigation into an outbreak of norovirus (NoV) associated with the consumption of New South Wales oysters utilised real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to support the epidemiological link between NoV cases and oysters where initial antigen testing was negative.

Noroviruses are members of a group of viruses called caliciviruses also known previously as Norwalk-like viruses. Learn more about Norovirus, how to minimize your risk of acquiring norovirus infection, required reporting information, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and more.. ...

With the recent outbreaks of Norovirus causing school closures in the US, the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention has published guidelines including the recommendation of cleaning and disinfecting contaminated surfaces with a disinfectant registered as effective against Norovirus by the Environmental Protection Agency.. In addition to Norovirus outbreaks in schools, the CDC has recommended in its Vessel Sanitation Operations Manual the use of a halogen-based disinfectant and sanitiser for cleanup and disinfection of contaminated areas in cruise ships.. Performacide hard surface disinfectant is EPA registered for killing Norovirus in schools, cafeterias, colleges, daycare centres, hotels, and public eating places. It utilises activated chlorine dioxide, a halogen-based EPA registered disinfectant that is effective against Norovirus.. The product is perfect for disinfecting hard non-porous surfaces after contamination by fecal and vomit accidents. Having many versatile applications, it can ...

Southeast Idaho health officials say there has been nine confirmed cases of norovirus identified in Southeast Idaho since Jan. 1. This number surpasses the total annual number of confirmed cases in both 2013 and 2014. While there were nine confirmed cases, Ian Troester-Solbrig, a registered nurse and epidemiologist for Southeastern Idaho Public Health, said he has treated some 50 people suffering from norovirus-like symptoms this year.. In addition, at least one person recently died from dehydration, a complication of the viral disease.. Norovirus is a highly contagious viral illness that often goes by other names, such as viral gastroenteritis, stomach flu, and food poisoning.. The symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and some stomach cramping. Sometimes people additionally have a low-grade fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and a general sense of tiredness. The illness often begins suddenly, and the infected person may feel very sick. In most people, the illness is self-limiting ...

Chipotle CEO Steve Ells said we believe someone was working while sick. In response, employees will undergo relentless training to make sure everyone understands that they cant work if they are sick.. The outbreak is a reminder of 2015, the year hundreds of Chipotle customers were sickened in multiple outbreaks of E. coli, Salmonella, and norovirus at multiple restaurant locations.. In September 2016, Chipotle said it had paid lawsuit settlements to nearly 100 people who were sickened with food poisoning in those outbreaks.. Norovirus (sometimes called the stomach flu) is one of the most common causes of food poisoning outbreaks. People who are infected with norovirus usually develop symptoms within 12 to 48 hours after eating contaminated food, and most people get better in 1 to 3 days.. ...

Special to the Sydenham Current. Norovirus is a virus that causes gastroenteritis.. It can be commonly referred to as winter vomiting disease or the stomach flu.. Using the term stomach flu is misleading in that having norovirus is unrelated to the influenza virus that causes respiratory illness and is generally called the flu.. Symptoms of norovirus include sudden onset of vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, low grade fever and abdominal cramps.. Norovirus is a common virus and affects all age groups of people.. However, young children, the elderly, and those with underlying medical conditions tend to experience more severe symptoms.. It is transmitted by contaminated food and water, person to person direct contact and contact with contaminated surfaces.. Most foodborne outbreaks occur when an infected food handler contaminates the food being served.. Shellfish harvested from contaminated water can also transmit norovirus.. Norovirus is a hardy virus that can survive on environmental surfaces for ...

Noroviruses are recognised as a major world-wide cause of epidemic gastroenteritis and a significant cause of food-borne illness. The most frequently reported vehicles of transmission are bivalve mulluscan shellfish. However salad crops, vegetables and fruits have also been implicated in outbreaks of disease. Numerous methods have been developed for the detection of Noroviruses in shellfish but these are time-consuming and labour intensive, therefore a method was developed for the routine detection of Noroviruses in shellfish which could be used in a commercial setting. Viral RNA was extracted using a commercially available kit and amplified using a one-step reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) before detection by gel electrophoresis. However the level of sensitivity achieved using this method was found to be insufficient for the detection of natural levels of viral contamination. The uptake and internalisation of viruses by plants was investigated using a model system ...

Pandemic noroviruses have a faster rate of evolution than non-pandemic strains, which could explain why they are better adapted to cause worldwide outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis, according to research published free in PLoS Pathogens this week. Norovirus is an RNA virus that is responsible for the majority of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Norovirus infection-dubbed winter…

Norovirus is often transmitted from person-to-person. Transmission may also be food-borne, but only few norovirus outbreak investigations have identified food items as likely vehicles of norovirus transmission through an analytical epidemiological study. During 7-9 January, 2009, 36 persons at a military base in Germany fell ill with acute gastroenteritis. Food from the military bases canteen was suspected as vehicle of infection, norovirus as the pathogen causing the illnesses. An investigation was initiated to describe the outbreaks extent, to verify the pathogen, and to identify modes of transmission and source of infection to prevent further cases. For descriptive analysis, ill persons were defined as members of the military base with acute onset of diarrhoea or vomiting between 24 December 2008, and 3 February 2009, without detection of a pathogen other than norovirus in stools. We conducted a retrospective cohort study within the headquarters company. Cases were military base members with onset

Looking for online definition of norovirus in the Medical Dictionary? norovirus explanation free. What is norovirus? Meaning of norovirus medical term. What does norovirus mean?

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University of Arizona biomedical engineer Jeong-Yeol Yoon and his team have created a highly sensitive portable detection system capable of spotting norovirus at levels that can make people sick. The work was presented the American Chemical Societys national meeting in San Diego, California on 27 August.. As few as 10 norovirus particles can cause vomiting and diarrhoea in humans and the virus is extremely contagious so early detection is vital to prevent outbreaks. However, the virus does not grow in laboratory cultures and current detection methods rely on specialised and time-consuming PCR (polymerase chain reaction) techniques.. Yoons research team previously developed a smartphone-based device that measured light-scattering from norovirus-bound polystyrene beads in a paper microfluidic chip. It has now improved the devices detection limit by changing to a fluorescence-based method.. I looked at Amazon.com and saw that they sell a lot of these smartphone attachments - smartphone ...

Mohawk College students are asking whether an outbreak similar to the one that recently hit Humber College could happen here. The norovirus outbreak at Humber sickened over 200 students with flu-like symptoms.. My friends at Humber became extremely ill and one of them actually had to be hospitalized, said Mohawk College student Ryan Ryu.. Colleges around the GTA are being asked what they are doing in the wake of the norovirus outbreak at Humber. Jay Robb, Mohawk Colleges director of communications, said the school is taking precautions but wouldnt have handled an outbreak any differently.. As always we keep close tabs on potential outbreaks among our students, faculty and staff, said Robb. Robb also adds that no outbreaks similar to the one at Humber have happened at Mohawk in more than a decade.. But many students and parents remain concerned as to what would happen if Mohawk were to have an outbreak and what it would take for a post-secondary institution to shut down after an ...

The Communicable Disease Network Australia (CDNA) formed a working group in 2005 in order to develop national guidance regarding outbreaks of norovirus and suspected viral gastroenteritis, in response to increasing reports of outbreaks. These Guidelines are designed to complement existing state and territory guidelines.

The Communicable Disease Network Australia (CDNA) formed a working group in 2005 in order to develop national guidance regarding outbreaks of norovirus and suspected viral gastroenteritis, in response to increasing reports of outbreaks. These Guidelines are designed to complement existing state and territory guidelines.

Norovirus and sapovirus are major agents of gastroenteritis and the first cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Elucidation of the replication mechanisms underlying replication of those important pathogens may lay the ground stone for a comprehensive development of antiviral strategies targeting the replication complex. In this project, the interaction of the replication enzymes with the viral genome will be investigated. In a fist step, a bioinformatics screen for regulatory RNA elements will be performed. This screen will encompass the entire genome of prototype strains in the norovirus and sapovirus. Strongly structured RNA sequences will then be mapped in the viral genome. In a further experimental step, the interaction of the sequences with the viral enzymes will be addressed. This experimental step will occur in vitro using recombinant viral enzymes as well as synthetic RNA corresponding to the viral sequences identified. The interaction will be assessed with Plasmon resonance a ...

En total, os norovirus poden ser clasificados xeneticamente en 5 xenogrupos (GI, GII, GIII, GIV, e GV), os cales poden subdividirse en agrupacións xenéticas ou xenotipos. Por exemplo, o xenogrupo II, que é o máis frecuente en humanos, actualmente comprende 19 xenotipos. Os xenogrupos I, II e IV infectan a humanos, mentres que o xenogrupo III infecta a bovinos, e o xenogrupo V foi illado recentemente en ratos.[25] Os norovirus que se illan en casos de gastroenterite aguda humana pertencen xeralmente a dous xenogrupos. Estes xenogrupos comúns son: o xenogrupo I (GI) inclúe o virus Norwalk, virus Escudo do Deserto e virus Southampton; e o II (GII), inclúe o virus Bristol, virus Lordsdale, virus Toronto, virus México, virus Hawai e virus Snow Mountain.[23][26] Os norovirus do xenogrupo II, xenotipo 4 (abreviados como GII.4) son responsables da maioría dos estalidos epidémicos de gastroenterite en adultos e a miúdo estenden a infección por todo o mundo.[27] Exemplos recentes son a cepa ...

Rabbits have been a persistent problem in Australia for over 150 years. Now the Peel Harvey Catchment Council (PHCC) and Peel-Harvey Biosecurity Group have released a strain of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), called RHDV1 K5, to reduce the number of pests in the Murray region of New South Wales.

Noroviruses (previously called Norwalk-like viruses or SRSVs) are a group of viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis in humans, often referred to as stomach flu. However, norovirus is completely unrelated to influenza, a respiratory virus. Norovirus is spread very easily from person to person. To learn how to properly clean up after someone vomits or has diarrhea, watch the following video.

My research project focuses on determining the effect of specific point mutations in the capsid protein of murine norovirus (MNV) on its infectivity and virulence The specific point mutations were selected because they arose naturally in malnourished mice persistently infected with a MNV strain named MNV 1 Together with my postdoctoral mentor, I performed site specific PCR based mutagenesis to introduce the appropriate mutations into a cloned version of the parental virus and determined virus yields For those mutations that were not lethal to the virus, I generated virus stocks and performed virus growth curves to analyze replication efficiency I performed this experiment in two known target cells of MNVs, macrophages (RAW cells) and B cells (M 12 cells) I have identified a mutation that reduces the viral replication efficiency in both cell types, demonstrating that these residues provide a critical function during the viral life cycle The lab is also testing this panel of mutant viruses in ...

This is not a recent incident. It happened in 2008. But there is no reason why it cant happen again any time, any flight, anywhere. In fact, it has happened since then, although with less media coverage. The original reported cause of this incident, was food poisoning on a large tour. Several members of this tour group did not even make the flight home because they were too ill, but about another 41 did get on - some already exposed to Norovirus. This common cause of foodborne illness tends to crop up and spread in places where people are in close contact, such as cruises, tours - and, even planes. You can catch it from food, other people and surfaces. On this particular flight, the virus spread from the sick tour group members to other passengers on the plane just in the matter of a few hours ...

Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease virus type 2 is believed to have spread to the U.S. from Europe, and was first reported to have killed wild rabbits in New Mexico back in March.