TY - JOUR. T1 - Longitudinal reproducibility of automatically segmented hippocampal subfields. T2 - A multisite European 3T study on healthy elderly. AU - Marizzoni, Moira. AU - Antelmi, Luigi. AU - Bosch, Beatriz. AU - Bartrés-Faz, David. AU - Müller, Bernhard W.. AU - Wiltfang, Jens. AU - Fiedler, Ute. AU - Roccatagliata, Luca. AU - Picco, Agnese. AU - Nobili, Flavio. AU - Blin, Olivier. AU - Bombois, Stephanie. AU - Lopes, Renaud. AU - Sein, Julien. AU - Ranjeva, Jean Philippe. AU - Didic, Mira. AU - Gros-Dagnac, Hélène. AU - Payoux, Pierre. AU - Zoccatelli, Giada. AU - Alessandrini, Franco. AU - Beltramello, Alberto. AU - Bargalló, Núria. AU - Ferretti, Antonio. AU - Caulo, Massimo. AU - Aiello, Marco. AU - Cavaliere, Carlo. AU - Soricelli, Andrea. AU - Salvadori, Nicola. AU - Parnetti, Lucilla. AU - Tarducci, Roberto. AU - Floridi, Piero. AU - Tsolaki, Magda. AU - Constantinidis, Manos. AU - Drevelegas, Antonios. AU - Rossini, Paolo Maria. AU - Marra, Camillo. AU - Hoffmann, Karl ...

Neurons in a micro-circuit connected by chemical synapses can have their connectivity affected by the prior activity of the cells. The number of synapses available for releasing neurotransmitter can be decreased by repetitive activation through depletion of readily releasable neurotransmitter (NT), or increased through facilitation, where the probability of release of NT is increased by prior activation. These competing effects can create a complicated and subtle range of time-dependent connectivity. Here we investigate the probabilistic properties of facilitation and depression (FD) for a presynaptic neuron that is receiving a Poisson spike train of input. We use a model of FD that is parameterized with experimental data from a hippocampal basket cell and pyramidal cell connection, for fixed frequency input spikes at frequencies in the range of theta (3-8 Hz) and gamma (20-100 Hz) oscillations. Hence our results will apply to micro-circuits in the hippocampus that are responsible for the interaction of

The retina is about as complicated as any other part of the vertebrate central nervous system, but its accessibility makes it especially suitable for elucidating mechanisms that govern neural circuit assembly and function. Visual information is passed from retinal photoreceptors to interneurons to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and then on to the rest of the brain. In mouse, each of >40 RGC types responds to specific visual features, depending on which of the >70 types of interneurons synapse on it. The first part of the lecture will take direction-selective, RGCs as an example, describing some recognition molecules that underlie assembly of the circuitry that generates their responses. Generalizing this approach to other cell types, to the rest of the brain, and to primates will require a complete cell atlas and a full inventory of the recognition molecules that each cell type expressed. The second part will summarize progress in a single-cell transcriptomic approach aimed at addressing these ...

Paraskevopoulou S, Pirzer F, Goldmann N, Schmid J, Corman VM, Gottula LT, Schroeder S, Rasche A, Muth D, Drexler JF, Heni AC, Eibner GJ, Page RA, Jones TC, Müller MA, Sommer S, Glebe D, Drosten C. 2020. Mammalian deltavirus without hepadnavirus coinfection in the neotropical rodent, Proechimys semispinosus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117: 17977-17983. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2006750117. PDF ...

The Famous (not Great) Otto Frederik Müller was indeed a well-trained scientist, but he was not the one who named Cornu copiae. That service came from the Austrian Ignatius Born (1778) , http://www.jaxshells.org/cornu.htm,, who, at least in the 1780 work, gave no indication that it was anything but a genuine species in a genuine genus (the only non-Linnaean one he employed) as he described both in the same sober format, style, and rank as he did Helix, Nerita, and Murex; Helix polygyrata, Nerita polita Linnaeus, and Murex rapiformis. Born was certainly a pioneer as you infer, but I think any reviser would be on very tenuous ground to infer that he was anything but serious about the taxonomic standing, as he saw it in those pioneer days, of Cornu copiae. I think the issue is: upon whom is the burden of proof: those who think that a retrospective analysis of an aberrant specimen, or those who see Born as honestly ignorant of this quirk of nature. The key passage in the Article ICZN 1.3.2 is the ...

Some insight into the nature and inefficiency of linear polarization can be appreciated by considering the diagram below. Here you can see that a field like B1 (depicted as a big green arrow) oscillating at the resonance frequency (ωo) can be decomposed into two counterrotating subfields (red and blue arrows), each half as large. One of these subfields (red arrow) rotates in the same direction and frequency (ωo) as the spins undergoing NMR; the other subfield (blue arrow) rotates in the opposite direction and frequency (−ωo). Only the subfield associated with red arrow is effective at inducing net nuclear transitions and a change in net nuclear magnetization required for MRI. The other subfield is ineffective for NMR and serves only to deposit unwanted thermal energy into tissue. ...

Eicha (Lamentations) 2 - AIN fecit Dominus quae cogitavit conplevit sermonem suum quem praeceperat a diebus antiquis destruxit et non pepercit et laetificavit super te inimicum et exaltavit cornu hostium tuorum

Background Isoflurane can induce anterograde amnesia. Hippocampal ripples are high-frequency oscillatory events occurring in the local field potentials of cornu ammonis 1 involved in memory processes. The authors hypothesized that isoflurane suppresses hippocampal ripples at a subanesthetic concentration by modulating the excitability of cornu ammonis 1 neurons. Methods The potencies of isoflurane for memory impairment and anesthesia were measured in mice. Hippocampal ripples were measured by placing recording electrodes in the cornu ammonis 1. Effects of isoflurane on the excitability of hippocampal pyramidal neurons and interneurons were measured. A simulation model of ripples based on the firing frequency of hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 neurons was used to validate the effects of isoflurane on neuronal excitability in vitro and on ripples in vivo . Results Isoflurane at 0.5%, which did not induce loss of righting reflex, impaired hippocampus-dependent fear memory by 97.4 ± 3.1% (mean ± SD; n ...

The mechanisms regulating the highly ordered neuroarchitecture of the mammalian brain are largely unknown. The present study took advantage of hippocampal pyramidal-like neurons that arose from a common progenitor cell in cell culture (sister neurons) to ascertain the contribution of intrinsic factors to both the generation and degeneration of neuroarchitecture. Sister neurons were similar in overall cell form and dendritic numbers and lengths. Control non-sister neurons that grew in contact did not generate similar morphologies, indicating that the similarity of sister cells did not result from influences of the local microenvironment or cell interactions. These results suggest that intrinsic factors related to mitotic history play a role in the generation of neuroarchitecture. Since particular groups of hippocampal neurons are sensitive to glutamate neurotoxicity in situ and are vulnerable in neurodegenerative disorders, it was of interest to test glutamate sensitivity in the neuronal ...

We quantified the occurrence of these SLEs in a population of slices exposed to the in vitro seizure protocol for an hour, versus a population subjected only to normal bath perfusate at 35-37°C for an hour (sham protocol). We found that 68% of slices (n = 28 in total) subjected to the seizure protocol demonstrated SLEs (on average 3.2 ± 0.3 per hour, n = 19) as well as frequent interictal-like spiking. Slices exposed to the sham protocol of high perfusate temperature only infrequently (9% of total) showed an SLE (these were discarded from further analysis), and no interictal spiking.. We then analyzed HCN channel properties in dendritic cell-attached patch recordings from CA1 pyramidal neurons in slices subjected to the seizure protocol with confirmed SLEs. We compared these values to recordings taken from slices undergoing the sham protocol, in which no SLEs were observed, and to data from control, untreated slices. Similar to what was seen in vivo, dendritic recordings from slices in which ...

Cornu aspersum Wikipedia+ article with 103 related articles and pictures. Contents: Description, Taxonomy, Life cycle, Distribution, Ecology, Behavior, Human relevance.

Find and save images from the quotes collection by Celine Cornu (celine_cornu) on We Heart It, your everyday app to get lost in what you love. | See more about quote, love and sad

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The hippocampus is well known for its roles in spatial navigation and memory, but it is organized into regions that have different connections and functional specializations. Notably, the region CA2 has a role in social and not spatial cognition, as is the case for the regions CA1 and CA3 that surround it. Here, we investigated the evolution of the hippocampus in terms of its size and organization in relation to the evolution of social and ecological variables in primates, namely home range, diet and different measures of group size. We found that the volumes within the whole cornu ammonis coevolve with group size, while only the volume of CA1 and subiculum can also be predicted by home range. On the other hand, diet, expressed as a shift from folivory towards frugivory, was shown to not be related to hippocampal volume. Interestingly, CA2 was shown to exhibit phylogenetic signal only against certain measures of group size, but not with ecological factors. We also found that sex differences in ...

The hippocampus consists of the complex interfolded layers of the dentate gyrus (1) and cornu ammonis (2). Their three layered cortex is continuous below with the subiculum (3) which has four, five then six layers as it merges with the parahippocampal gyrus (4 ...

We report an unusual case of a young woman with chondrosarcoma affecting the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. Only a handful of reports of primary chondrosarcoma involving the hyoid exist in the world literature. The case described presented as a swe

Childhood maltreatment or abuse is a major risk factor for mood, anxiety, substance abuse, psychotic, and personality disorders, and it is associated with reduced adult hippocampal volume, particularly on the left side. Translational studies show that the key consequences of stress exposure on the hippocampus are suppression of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) and dendritic remodeling in the cornu ammonis (CA), particularly the CA3 subfield. The hypothesis that maltreatment is associated with volume reductions in 3-T MRI subfields containing the DG and CA3 was assessed and made practical by newly released automatic segmentation routines for FreeSurfer. The sample consisted of 193 unmedicated right-handed subjects (38% male, 21.9 ± 2.1 y of age) selected from the community. Maltreatment was quantified using the Adverse Childhood Experience study and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores. The strongest associations between maltreatment and volume were observed in the left CA2-CA3 and CA4-DG ...

The concealed implications of the studies by Garrison and colleagues were enormous. This approximate permits aggregation of pre- and post-chemotherapy exposure tumor tissue and blood and allows working imaging studies to be performed, which could be used to pinpoint break of dawn signals of platinum- taxane defences underground and markers of response. This should be finished 10 15 present in apiece sitting himcolin 30gm with mastercard erectile dysfunction pills south africa. Research has shown that liposomal lidocaine 4% cream was highly stuff in reducing the ache associated with intravenous cannulation (Zempsky, 2008). Higher hippocampal sign and another deployment of endocannabinoid receptors CB1 were also encountered in the Proechimys rodents (Araujo et al. Acne rosacea/skin: Apply request order viagra professional 100 mg otc how to fix erectile dysfunction causes. To the superior of our knowl- sharpness the influence of stressors on diurnal cytokine variations set up not been assessed, ...

Starting at the dentate gyrus and working inward along the S-curve of the hippocampus means traversing a series of narrow zones. The first of these, the dentate gyrus (DG), is actually a separate structure, a tightly packed layer of small granule cells wrapped around the end of the hippocampus proper, forming a pointed wedge in some cross-sections, a semicircle in others. Next come a series of Cornu Ammonis areas: first CA4 (which underlies the dentate gyrus), then CA3, then a very small zone called CA2, then CA1. The CA areas are all filled with densely packed Pyramidal cells similar to those found in the neocortex. After CA1 comes an area called the subiculum. After this comes a pair of ill-defined areas called the presubiculum and parasubiculum, then a transition to the cortex proper (mostly the entorhinal area of the cortex). Most anatomists use the term hippocampus proper to refer to the four CA fields, and hippocampal formation to refer to the hippocampus proper plus dentate gyrus and ...

Movement coordination between opposite body sides relies on neuronal circuits capable of controlling muscle contractions according to motor commands. Trunk and limb muscles engage in distinctly lateralized behaviors, yet how regulatory spinal circuitry differs is less clear. Here, we intersect virus technology and mouse genetics to unravel striking distribution differences of interneurons connected to functionally distinct motor neurons. We find that premotor interneurons conveying information to axial motor neurons reside in symmetrically balanced locations while mostly ipsilateral premotor interneurons synapse with limb-innervating motor neurons, especially those innervating more distal muscles. We show that observed distribution differences reflect specific premotor interneuron subpopulations defined by genetic and neurotransmitter identity. Synaptic input across the midline reaches axial motor neurons preferentially through commissural axon arborization, and to a lesser extent, through ...

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Optogenetics holds great promise for both the dissection of neural circuits and the evaluation of theories centered on the temporal organizing properties of oscillations that underpin cognition. We measured the effects of nonselective optogenetic stimulation on the oscillations of the MS and corresponding effects on hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3 in three different contexts: (1) With minimal movement while the rats sit in a confined chamber; (2) Exploring a novel open field; and (3) Learning and performing a T‐maze behavioral task. We describe the relationship between animal speed and the efficacy of septal stimulation in the entrainment of hippocampal oscillations as well as possible cognitive enhancements in relation to MS stimulation. ...

The effect of various concentrations of l-glutamate on neurotransmission in the CA1 hippocampal area was studied using hippocampal slices. Three intervals of l-glutamate concentration were...

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A string of glucose molecules: starch. It sounds simple, but it isnt. Dominique Cornuéjols and Serge Pérez explore the intricacies of its structure - and show that the mystery is by no means solved.

Rationale - Cannabis use is associated with neuroanatomical alterations in the hippocampus. While the hippocampus is composed of multiple subregions, their differential vulnerability to cannabis dependence remains unknown. Objectives - The objective of the study is to investigate gray matter alteration in each of the hippocampal subregions (presubiculum, subiculum, cornu ammonis (CA) subfields CA1-4, and dentate gyrus (DG)) as associated with cannabis use and dependence. Methods - A total of 35 healthy controls (HC), 22 non-dependent (CB-nondep), and 39 dependent (CB-dep) cannabis users were recruited. We investigated group differences in hippocampal subregion volumes between HC, CB-nondep, and CB-dep users. We further explored the association between CB use variables (age of onset of regular use, monthly use, lifetime use) and hippocampal subregions in CB-nondep and CB-dep users separately. Results - The CA1, CA2/3, CA4/DG, as well as total hippocampal gray matter were reduced in volume in CB-dep but

Worldwide expansion of mobile phones and electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure has raised question of their possible biological effects on the brain and nervous system. Radiofrequency (RF) radiation might alter intracellular signaling pathways through changes in calcium (Ca(2+)) permeability across cell membranes. Changes in the expression of calcium binding proteins (CaBP) like calbindin D28-k (CB) and calretinin (CR) could indicate impaired Ca(2+)homeostasis due to EMF exposure. CB and CR expression were measured with immunohistochemistry in the hippocampus of mice after EMF exposure at 835 MHz for different exposure times and absorption rates, 1 h/day for 5 days at a specific absorption rate (SAR)=1.6 W/kg, 1 h/day for 5 days at SAR=4.0 W/kg, 5 h/day for 1 day at SAR=1.6 W/kg, 5 h/day for 1 day at SAR=4.0 W/kg, daily exposure for 1 month at SAR=1.6 W/kg. Body weights did not change significantly. CB immunoreactivity (IR) displayed moderate staining of cells in the cornu ammonis (CA) areas and ...

Dr Valerie Carr earned her PhD in Neuroscience from UCLA in 2008 where she examined strategic factors influencing memory in both younger and older adults. Afterwards she pursued an NIH postdoctoral fellowship at Stanford University where she investigated neural mechanisms of memory and how these mechanisms change with age. She is currently an Assistant Professor in the Psychology department where an overarching goal of her research is to understand the factors that influence the content, quality, and durability of memories across the lifespan. She aims to leverage her knowledge of cognitive neuroscience to develop strategies for improving memory, with an emphasis on developing exercise interventions that improve memory performance and brain health in populations such as older adults and individuals with anxiety and depression. Recent Publications. Wisse, L. E. M., Daugherty, A. M., Olsen, R. K., Berron, D., Carr, V. A., … la Joie, R., for the Hippocampal Subfields Group (2017). A harmonized ...

The hippocampus proper refers to the actual structure of the hippocampus which is made up of four regions or subfields. The subfields CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4 use the initials of Cornu Ammonis , an earlier name of the hippocampus. Structure There are four regions in the hippocampus proper which form a neural circuit. CA1 is the first region in the hippocampal circuit, from which a major output pathway goes to layer V of the entorhinal cortex . Another significant output is to the subiculum . CA2 is a small region located between CA1 and CA3. It receives some input from layer II of the entorhinal cortex via the perforant path . Its pyramidal cells are more like those in CA3 than those in CA1. It is often ignored due to its small size. CA3 receives input from the mossy fibers of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus , and also from cells in the entorhinal cortex via the perforant path. The mossy fiber pathway ends in the stratum lucidum . The perforant path passes through the stratum lacunosum and ends in

Chronic stress has been associated with degenerative changes in the rodent and primate hippocampus, presumably mediated in part via neuronal glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). In the rat brain, GRs are widely distributed and are particularly dense in the hippocampus. The distribution of GRs in the primate brain, however, has not been fully characterized. In this study, we used in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry to map the distribution of GR mRNA and GR protein, respectively, in adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). In contrast to its well established distribution in the rat brain, GR mRNA was only weakly detected in the dentate gyrus (DG) and Cornu Ammonis (CA) of the macaque hippocampus, whereas it was abundant in the pituitary (PIT), cerebellum (CBL), hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and, to a lesser extent, the neocortex. Immunohistochemical staining indicated a very low density of GR-like immunoreactive cells within the macaque hippocampal formation in ...

Anders Retzius (1796-1860), a renowned Swedish scientist, left important contributions to human and animal anatomy. He was the first to discover, in 1856, two small bulges as part of the medial segment of the hippocampal tail. These convolutions were named gyri Andreae Retzii by his son, Gustaf Retzius (1842-1919), in honor of their discoverer, his father. The gyri of Anders Retzius consist of a CA1 subfield and the subiculum. These areas feature marked connections with the entorhinal cortex and other hippocampal subfields. Only assumptions can be made at present regarding the physiological role of the gyri of Anders Retzius, in conjunction with the involvement of the CA1 hippocampal field in neuropathological conditions ...

CONCLUSIONSThis study found no effect of intraoperative hyperglycemia on postoperative brain structures and volumes including volumes of hippocampus and hippocampal subfields, frontal lobe, and frontal cortical thickness. Further studies investigating the impact of intraoperatively elevated glucose levels should consider a tighter or even continuous glycemic measurement and the determination of ce...

DI-fusion, le Dépôt institutionnel numérique de lULB, est loutil de référencementde la production scientifique de lULB.Linterface de recherche DI-fusion permet de consulter les publications des chercheurs de lULB et les thèses qui y ont été défendues.

The organisation has consent to assess against these standards and groups of standards (i.e. Standards, Fields, Subfields & Domains ...

After an acute UMN-predominant SCI, initial development of the UMN syndrome is delayed by a process called spinal shock, whereby there is a transient suppression and gradual return of reflex activity below the level of injury. Ditunno et al.150 have proposed a four-phase model of spinal shock. During phase 1, occurring 0 to 24 hours postinjury, there is motor neuron hyperpolarization, manifesting clinically as hyporeflexia. During phase 2, occurring on days 1 to 3 postinjury, there is denervation supersensitivity and receptor upregulation, manifesting clinically with reflex return. During phase 3, occurring 1 to 4 weeks postinjury, there is interneuron synapse growth, manifesting clinically as early hyperreflexia. And finally, during phase 4, occurring 1 to 12 months postinjury, there is long axon synapse growth, manifesting clinically as late hyperreflexia.. Blood is supplied to the spinal cord through two posterior spinal arteries, a single anterior spinal artery, and several segmental ...

Neuronal injury due to seizures may result from a mismatch of energy demand and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. However, ATP demand and oxygen consumption rates have not been accurately determined, yet, for different patterns of epileptic activity, such as interictal and ictal events. We studied interictal-like and seizure-like epileptiform activity induced by the GABAA antagonist bicuculline alone, and with co-application of the M-current blocker XE-991, in rat hippocampal slices. Metabolic changes were investigated based on recording partial oxygen pressure, extracellular potassium concentration, and intracellular flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) redox potential. Recorded data were used to calculate oxygen consumption and relative ATP consumption rates, cellular ATP depletion, and changes in FAD/FADH2 ratio by applying a reactive-diffusion and a two compartment metabolic model. Oxygen-consumption rates were ca. five times higher during seizure activity than interictal activity. Additionally,

The human hippocampal formation is characterized by anterior-posterior gradients of cell density, neurochemistry, and hemodynamics. In addition, some functions are associated with specific subfields (subiculum, CA1-4, dentate gyrus) and regions (anterior and posterior). We performed contrast-enhanced, high-resolution T1-weighted 3T steady state (SS) imaging to investigate cerebral blood volume (CBV) gradients of the hippocampal formation. We studied 14 healthy subjects and found significant CBV gradients (anterior , posterior) in the subiculum but not in other hippocampal subfields. Since CBV is a marker of basal metabolism, these results indicate a greater baseline activity in the anterior compared with the posterior subiculum. This gradient might be related to the role of the subiculum as the main outflow station of the hippocampal formation and might have implications for the mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ...

I am interested in the evolution of human social behaviour and wonder if there is any literature on a cognitive centre for the modelling of social status. It has occured to me that the ability to model relative social status i.e. where we stand in relation to others must be a central brain function for social primates, like ourselves. Social primates need to be able to learn the relative social status of other individuals and then react to them appropriately, either with submissive or dominant behaviour. I see that brain mapping techniques have revealed that the hippocampus (the cornu ammonis and the dentate gyrus) is involved in learning face/name pairs. Does anyone know of experiments to discover which part of the brain is active when the faces presented are of individuals with social status that is important to the subject? It seems likely to me that a social status centre exists and that it would have exert a high degree of control over other behavioural centres, especially mood etc e.g. ...

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Bee Venom (BV) and Cervi Cornu Parvum pharmacoacupuncture (CC) in monosodium iodide induced arthritis rats. Methods : The subjects were divided into 5 groups ; Normal, Control (no treatment after MIA), BV (Bee Venom pharmacoacupuncture |TEX|$100{\mu}{\ell}$|/TEX| daily at Dokbi (ST35) after inducing MIA), CC (Cervi Cornu Parvum pharmacoacupuncture |TEX|$100{\mu}{\ell}$|/TEX| dailyat Dokbi (ST35) after inducing MIA) and BV+CC (Bee Venom pharmacoacupuncture and Cervi Cornu Parvum pharmacoacupuncture |TEX|$100{\mu}{\ell}$|/TEX|daily at Dokbi (ST35) after inducing MIA). After each operation, the present author observed the motor behavior recovery, hematological (Prostaglandin E2, AST, ALT), histological and immunological changes. Rats were tested at the 7th, 14th and 21st day. Results : Results are as follows. 1. All the experimental groups were improved compared with control group in plantar test. 2. All the experimental groups

Sam Le Cornu, senior portfolio manager of Asia listed equities at Macquarie Asset Management, discusses the wave of measures rolled out by Beijing over the weekend thats aimed at stabilizing the stock market.

The CA (Cornu Ammonis) fields, too, contain 3 distinct strata and house excitatory neurons known as pyramidal cells. The alveus is the most superficial layer and contains the commissural fibers of pyramidal cells via the fimbria, a major source of output from the hippocampus. Stratum oriens layer contains basal dendrites of the pyramidal cells and a large body of basket cells (inhibitory interneurons). This strata includes fibers from the septal and commissural areas that are received from the contralateral hippocampus. This region also contains the basal dendrites of the pyramidal cells. The next layer is the stratum pyramidale, named so because it contains the soma, or cell body, of the pyramidal cell. This layer in CA3 contains the mossy fiber connections and also houses interneurons. The stratum moleculare is divided into sublayers. The stratum lucidum is the thinnest layer and, in CA3, this area receives input from the dentate gyrus mossy fibers. Stratum radiatum contains apical dendrites ...

The dentate gyrus (DG), an important part of the hippocampus, plays a critical role in consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory, and also in spatial navigation. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) exist throughout life in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the DG, where they develop into granular cells and establish synaptic connections with nearby cells. Granular cells of the DG sprout axons targeting neurons in the cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) area of the hippocampus, forming a neural trisynaptic circuit, an important part of the neural network in the hippocampus. Thus, the DG and the neurogenic cells it contains are of importance in controlling formation of memories, learned behaviors, and also in the maintenance and restoration of functions of the hippocampus. According to reports, both in vivo and in vitro neurogenesis in the DG are regulated by a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors at different stages. Therefore, a better understanding of the factors in NSPC niches and the

This directive provides the phytosanitary requirements for plants for planting originating from areas of the continental United States where the European brown garden snail (Cornu aspersum [Müller], syn. Helix aspersa [Müller]) is known to occur, in order to prevent the introduction and spread of this pest within Canada.

The hippocampal area CA1 of a wild type mouse, immunolabeled for mGluR5 (red), alpha synuclein (green) and counterstained with DAPI (blue) to reveal c...

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