Looking for Pseudomonas pseudomallei? Find out information about Pseudomonas pseudomallei. A bacteria that is the causative agent of melioidosis, an endemic glanders-like disease of humans and animals that occurs most frequently in southeastern... Explanation of Pseudomonas pseudomallei

Abstract Melioidosis is a tropical disease of high mortality caused by the environmental bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei. We have collected clinical isolates from the highly endemic Northern Territory of Australia routinely since 1989, and animal and environmental B. pseudomallei isolates since 1991. Here we provide a complete record of all B. pseudomallei multilocus sequence types (STs) found in the Northern Territory to date, and distribution maps of the eight most common environmental STs. We observed surprisingly restricted geographic distributions of STs, which is contrary to previous reports suggesting widespread environmental dissemination of this bacterium. Our data suggest that B. pseudomallei from soil and water does not frequently disperse long distances following severe weather events or by migration of infected animals.

Endemic melioidosis is caused by genetically diverse Burkholderia pseudomallei strains. However, clonal outbreaks (multiple cases caused by 1 strain) have occurred, such as from contaminated potable water. B. pseudomallei is designated a group B bioterrorism agent, which necessitates rapidly recognizing point-source outbreaks. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) can identify genetically related isolates, but results take several days to obtain. We developed a simplified 4-locus multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA-4) for rapid typing and compared results with PFGE and MLST for a large number of well-characterized B. pseudomallei isolates. MLVA-4 compared favorably with MLST and PFGE for the same isolates; it discriminated between 65 multilocus sequence types and showed relatedness between epidemiologically linked isolates from outbreak clusters and between isolates from individual patients. MLVA-4 can establish or refute that a clonal ...

The etiologic agent of human and animal melioidosis is Burkholderia pseudomallei (5, 17). Both B. pseudomallei and its close species relative Burkholderia mallei are microbes recognized as having the potential for misuse as biological weapons (1). Typically, signs of pneumonia in patients with clinical melioidosis are a secondary result of sepsis (5). Presumably, victims suffering from a biological attack that employed B. pseudomallei or B. mallei would present clinically with pneumonic disease as the initial aspect. In order to develop a vaccine program for defending U.S. military forces against a potential B. mallei or B. pseudomallei attack, whole-body aerosol laboratory models of disease were established. With these murine melioidosis models, future vaccine candidates can be evaluated and tested for efficacy.. B. pseudomallei strain 1026b was selected because of its ease of genetic manipulation, its ability to replace genes, and its previously characterized virulence (6, 17). The 50% lethal ...

Abstract An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-anti-FITC amplification system, has been developed to detect Pseudomonas pseudomallei antigen in urine. The assay was evaluated in 135 patients with acute melioidosis, 194 hospitalized patients with other disorders, and 40 healthy controls. Antigen was detected in the urine of 123 (91%) patients with melioidosis. Urinary antigen was found in 85 (96%) of 89 patients with septicemic melioidosis, all six patients with P. pseudomallei urinary tract infection, and 32 (80%) of 40 patients with other localized infections. Antigen was not detected in the urine of 40 healthy individuals, but the urine of 16 (8%) of 194 hospitalized patients with diagnoses other than melioidosis gave a positive results. Of the false-positive results, 13 of 16 were associated with bacteriuria ≥ 104 colony-forming units/ml. At a cutoff titer of 1:10, the sensitivity and specificity of the test were 81% and 96%, respectively. Enzyme immunoassay

Melioidosis, caused by the highly recombinogenic bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a disease with high mortality. Tracing the origin of melioidosis outbreaks and understanding how the bacterium spreads and persists in the environment are essential to protecting public and veterinary health and reducing mortality associated with outbreaks. We used whole-genome sequencing to compare isolates from a historical quarter-century outbreak that occurred between 1966 and 1991 in the Avon Valley, Western Australia, a region far outside the known range of B. pseudomallei endemicity. All Avon Valley outbreak isolates shared the same multilocus sequence type (ST-284), which has not been identified outside this region. We found substantial genetic diversity among isolates based on a comparison of genome-wide variants, with no clear correlation between genotypes and temporal, geographical or source data. We observed little evidence of recombination in the outbreak strains, indicating that genetic ...

Melioidosis, caused by the highly recombinogenic bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a disease with high mortality. Tracing the origin of melioidosis outbreaks and understanding how the bacterium spreads and persists in the environment are essential to protecting public and veterinary health and reducing mortality associated with outbreaks. We used whole-genome sequencing to compare isolates from a historical quarter-century outbreak that occurred between 1966 and 1991 in the Avon Valley, Western Australia, a region far outside the known range of B. pseudomallei endemicity. All Avon Valley outbreak isolates shared the same multilocus sequence type (ST-284), which has not been identified outside this region. We found substantial genetic diversity among isolates based on a comparison of genome-wide variants, with no clear correlation between genotypes and temporal, geographical or source data. We observed little evidence of recombination in the outbreak strains, indicating that genetic ...

Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is endemic to Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Clinical manifestations of disease are diverse, ranging from chronic infection to acute septicaemia. The current gold standard of diagnosis involves bacterial culture and identification which is time consuming and often too late for early medical intervention. Hence, rapid diagnosis of melioidosis is crucial for the successful management of melioidosis. The study evaluated 4 purified B. pseudomallei recombinant proteins (TssD-5, Omp3, smBpF4 and Omp85) as potential diagnostic agents for melioidosis. A total of 68 sera samples from Malaysian melioidosis patients were screened for the presence of specific antibodies towards these proteins using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sera from patients with various bacterial and viral infections but negative for B. pseudomallei, as well as sera from healthy individuals, were also included as non-melioidosis controls. The Mann Whitney

Melioidosis is a neglected tropical disease with an estimated annual mortality rate of 89,000 in 45 countries across tropical regions. The causative agent is Burkholderia pseudomallei, a gram-negative soil-dwelling bacterium. In Thailand, B. pseudomallei can be found across multiple regions, along with the low-virulence B. thailandensis and the recently discovered B. thailandensis variant (BTCV), which expresses B. pseudomallei-like capsular polysaccharide. Comprehensive studies of human immune responses to B. thailandensis variants and cross-reactivity to B. pseudomallei are not complete. We evaluated human immune responses to B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis, and BTCV in melioidosis patients and healthy persons in B. pseudomallei-endemic areas using a range of humoral and cellular immune assays. We found immune cross-reactivity to be strong for both humoral and cellular immunity among B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis, and BTCV. Our findings suggest that environmental exposure to low-virulence

Melioidosis is a neglected tropical disease with an estimated annual mortality rate of 89,000 in 45 countries across tropical regions. The causative agent is Burkholderia pseudomallei, a gram-negative soil-dwelling bacterium. In Thailand, B. pseudomallei can be found across multiple regions, along with the low-virulence B. thailandensis and the recently discovered B. thailandensis variant (BTCV), which expresses B. pseudomallei-like capsular polysaccharide. Comprehensive studies of human immune responses to B. thailandensis variants and cross-reactivity to B. pseudomallei are not complete. We evaluated human immune responses to B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis, and BTCV in melioidosis patients and healthy persons in B. pseudomallei-endemic areas using a range of humoral and cellular immune assays. We found immune cross-reactivity to be strong for both humoral and cellular immunity among B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis, and BTCV. Our findings suggest that environmental exposure to low-virulence

Melioidosis is a tropical disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Outbreaks are uncommon and can generally be attributed to a single point source and strain. We used whole-genome sequencing to analyse B. pseudomallei isolates collected from an historical 2-year long case cluster that occurred in a remote northern Australian indigenous island community, where infections were previously linked to a contaminated communal water supply. We analysed the genome-wide relatedness of the two most common multilocus sequence types (STs) involved in the outbreak, STs 125 and 126. This analysis showed that although these STs were closely related on a whole-genome level, they demonstrated evidence of multiple recombination events that were unlikely to have occurred over the timeframe of the outbreak. Based on epidemiological and genetic data, we also identified two additional patients not previously associated with this outbreak. Our results confirm the previous hypothesis that a single ...

This report published in Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 27, No 2, June 2003 describes the epidemiology of melioidosis, which is caused by the Gram negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei and is endemic in northern Australia.

The bacterium Burkholderia ubonensis is commonly co-isolated from environmental specimens harbouring the melioidosis pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei. B. ubonensis has been reported in northern Australia and Thailand but not North America, suggesting similar geographic distribution to B. pseudomallei. Unlike most other Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) species, B. ubonensis is considered non-pathogenic, although its virulence potential has not been tested. Antibiotic resistance in B. ubonensis, particularly towards drugs used to treat the most severe B. pseudomallei infections, has also been poorly characterised. This study examined the population biology of B. ubonensis, and includes the first reported isolates from the Caribbean. Phylogenomic analysis of 264 B. ubonensis genomes identified distinct clades that corresponded with geographic origin, similar to B. pseudomallei. A small proportion (4%) of strains lacked the 920kb chromosome III replicon, with discordance of presence/absence amongst

TY - JOUR. T1 - Prophylactic application of CpG oligonucleotides augments the early host response and confers protection in acute melioidosis. AU - Judy, Barbara M.. AU - Taylor, Katherine. AU - Deeraksa, Arpaporn. AU - Johnston, R. Katie. AU - Endsley, Janice J.. AU - Vijayakumar, Sudhamathi. AU - Aronson, Judith F.. AU - Estes, D. Mark. AU - Torres, Alfredo G.. PY - 2012/3/20. Y1 - 2012/3/20. N2 - Prophylactic administration of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) is known to confer protection against lethal sepsis caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in the mouse model. The mechanisms whereby CpG regulates the innate immune response to provide protection against B. pseudomallei, however, are poorly characterized. In the present study, we demonstrate that intranasal treatment of mice with Class C CpG, results in recruitment of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils to the lung at 48 h post-treatment. Mice infected with B. pseudomallei 48 h post-CpG treatment had reduced organ bacterial load and ...

Melioidosis, a severe human disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from acute septicemia to chronic localized illness or latent infection. Murine models have been widely used to study the pathogenesis of infection and to evaluate novel therapies or vaccines, but how faithfully they recapitulate the biology of human melioidosis at a molecular level is not known. In this study, mice were intranasally infected with either high or low doses of B. pseudomallei to generate either acute, chronic, or latent infection and host blood and tissue transcriptional profiles were generated. Acute infection was accompanied by a homogeneous signature associated with induction of multiple innate immune response pathways, such as IL-10, TREM1, and IFN signaling, largely found in both blood and tissue. The transcriptional profile in blood reflected the heterogeneity of chronic infection and quantitatively reflected the severity of disease. ...

Evidence is well documented that Pseudomonas pseudomallei, the cause of melioidosis in animals and man, is a soil organism that occurs mainly in tropical and sub-tropical climates (Cambon 1955: Forunier 1965; Jananetra et al 1974). This letter is to report the idolation of 9 strains of Ps. pseudomallei from the soil and 3 strains from muddy water that drained into artifically-made holes in a 5 ha sheep paddock at the Animal Health Station, Oonoonba, where natural infections occur yearly during the wet season. The morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics of the isolates agreed with those set down by Cottew (1950) and Laws (1964).. ...

BACKGROUND: Melioidosis is a severe disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Clinical manifestations are diverse and acute infections require immediate treatment with effective antibiotics. While culture is the current diagnostic standard, it is time-consuming and has low sensitivity. In endemic areas, inaccessibility to biosafety level 3 facilities and a lack of good serodiagnostic tools can impede diagnosis and disease surveillance. Recent studies have suggested that O-polysaccharide (OPS) and hemolysin co-regulated protein 1 (Hcp1) are promising target antigens for serodiagnosis of melioidosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS: We evaluated rapid ELISAs using crude antigens, purified OPS and Hcp1 to measure antibody levels in three sets of sera: (i) 419 serum samples from melioidosis patients, Thai and U.S. healthy donors, (ii) 120 serum samples from patients with other bacterial infections, and (iii) 423 serum samples from 200 melioidosis patients obtained upon admission and at 12 and 52 weeks

Melioidosis is a disease caused by bacteria known as Burkholderia pseudomallei. The bacteria live below the soils surface during the dry season but after heavy rainfall are found in surface water and mud and may become airborne.. Spreading of the infection:. The bacteria that causes melioidosis usually enters the body via cuts and sores in the skin or via inhalation of dust or droplets and very rarely by ingestion of contaminated water.The disease has been found among some domestic and farm animals. Melioidosis does not usually spread from one person to another or from animals to humans.. Melioidosis usually occur:. Melioidosis is found in tropical areas throughout the world, particularly in South East Asia and northern Australia. In Australia cases typically occur in the Top End of the Northern Territory (NT) and in far north Queensland and the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Cases have been found in the NT occasionally as far south as the Tennant Creek region.. Symptoms:. The symptoms ...

Melioidosis is caused by the Gram-negative bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei. Most clinical reports of disease are from south-east Asia and northern Australia. The organism is intrinsically resistant to most commonly available antibiotics. Standard therapy includes ceftazidime either alone or in combination with co-trimoxazole. The clinical advantage in adding cotrimoxazole has never been determined; nor has the activity of newer, fourth-generation cephalosporins, such as cefepime, been studied in the treatment of this condition. BALB/c mice have been shown to represent an animal model of melioidosis. This animal model was used in this study to compare the efficacy of ceftazidime and cefepime alone or with co-trimoxazole, in the therapy of melioidosis. Antibiotic levels in the mice were determined by HPLC, and dosing was modified to keep plasma antibiotic levels at or above the MIC for the organism-antibiotic combination for a significant part of a 12 h period. Bacterial load, as determined by ...

Author summary In spite of the fact that Cambodia shares borders with well-known hyper-endemic areas for Burkholderia pseudomallei where thousands of melioidosis cases occur each year, only a handful of melioidosis cases have been described in Cambodia. This is due, in part, to the lack of appropriate diagnostic resources there and the fact that physicians are not familiar with the appropriate diagnostic and treatment algorithms. As a result, the true burden of melioidosis in Cambodia is drastically underestimated and confirmed cases are rarely treated properly. During a one year study of sepsis in Takeo Provincial Hospital in Takeo Province Cambodia, we enrolled 139 patients which included seven culture-confirmed cases of melioidosis. As part of our study, laboratory workups including blood gasses, blood chemistries and hematology are routinely performed as well as imaging and a detailed record of medications administered during treatment. As a result, our report describes one of the more well

Author summary In spite of the fact that Cambodia shares borders with well-known hyper-endemic areas for Burkholderia pseudomallei where thousands of melioidosis cases occur each year, only a handful of melioidosis cases have been described in Cambodia. This is due, in part, to the lack of appropriate diagnostic resources there and the fact that physicians are not familiar with the appropriate diagnostic and treatment algorithms. As a result, the true burden of melioidosis in Cambodia is drastically underestimated and confirmed cases are rarely treated properly. During a one year study of sepsis in Takeo Provincial Hospital in Takeo Province Cambodia, we enrolled 139 patients which included seven culture-confirmed cases of melioidosis. As part of our study, laboratory workups including blood gasses, blood chemistries and hematology are routinely performed as well as imaging and a detailed record of medications administered during treatment. As a result, our report describes one of the more well

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We have measured the in-vitro activity of 27 antimicrobials against 211 clinical and ten reference strains of Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Imipenem was the most active antibiotic tested, followed by piperacillin, doxycycline, amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, cefixime, cefetamet, azlocillin and ceftazidime, all of which had MICs of less than or equal to 2 mg/l for the majority of strains. The measured MICs were dependent on the media and inocula used, to an extent which varied with the antibiotic class under test; MICs of ureidopenicillins were particularly inoculum-dependent. The beta-lactams and ciprofloxacin were bactericidal, whereas the agents conventionally used to treat melioidosis (doxycycline, chloramphenicol, sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim) had bacteriostatic activity only. Strains highly resistant to chloramphenicol (MIC greater than or equal to 256 mg/l) emerged during treatment in 7.1% of patients. These strains were fully virulent, and frequently showed cross-resistance to tetracyclines,

Burkholderia thailandensis is a non-pathogenic environmental saprophyte closely related to Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of the often fatal animal and human disease melioidosis. To study B. thailandensis genomic variation, we profiled 50 isolates using a pan-genome microarray comprising genomic elements from 28 Burkholderia strains and species. Of 39 genomic regions variably present across the B. thailandensis strains, 13 regions corresponded to known genomic islands, while 26 regions were novel. Variant B. thailandensis isolates exhibited isolated acquisition of a capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis gene cluster (B. pseudomallei-like capsular polysaccharide) closely resembling a similar cluster in B. pseudomallei that is essential for virulence in mammals; presence of this cluster was confirmed by whole genome sequencing of a representative variant strain (B. thailandensis E555). Both whole-genome microarray and multi-locus sequence typing analysis revealed that the variant strains

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A virulent strain of Pseudomonas pseudomallei was subjected to ultraviolet irradiation and a mutant clone requiring preformed adenine or hypoxanthine for growth was isolated. The imposition of auxotrophism was associated with a striking decline in virulence for mice which could be restored by permitting the strain to revert to purine independence in vitro. The mutant persisted in mice without detected reversions or or untoward effects for approximately 20 days following inoculation of 107 cells. After repeated inoculations, a significant immune response was demonstrated by parenteral challenge with diverse strains of this species. However, animals so immunized remained susceptible to lethal respiratory infection.. ...

Yap, E.H.,Thong, T.W.,Tan, A.L.,Yeo, M.,Tan, H.C.,Loh, H.,Teo, T.P.,Thong, K.T.,Singh, M.,Chan, Y.C. (1995). Comparison of Pseudomonas pseudomallei from humans, animals, soil and water by restriction endonuclease analysis.. Singapore Medical Journal 36 (1) : 60-62. ScholarBank@NUS Repository ...

Melioidosis is an important public health problem in some regions, and a potential bioweapon. Recent reports confirm that it is endemic in China, Taiwan and Laos, but the true incidence in most countries is unknown, and the ecology poorly understood. Potable water was the source of two recent outbreaks. The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of the disease in Australia are similar to those in Thailand, although prostatic abscesses and neurological manifestations are more common and parotid abscesses less so. Mycotic aneurysms are not uncommon. Patients with cystic fibrosis are at risk of pulmonary melioidosis. Comparison with the avirulent Burkholderia thailandensis has identified capsular polysaccharide as an important virulence determinant in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Diagnosis still relies on culture, and a throat swab is a worthwhile sample. Several beta-lactams, such as meropenem, reduce the mortality, and long courses of cotrimoxazole-containing regimes are needed to prevent relapse. The

TY - CHAP. T1 - Management of patients with severe melioidosis in intensive care. AU - West, T Eoin. AU - Cheng, Allen. PY - 2012. Y1 - 2012. N2 - Melioidosis frequently presents as severe sepsis or septic shock. Appropriate managementtherefore dictates familiarity with standard sepsis therapies and approaches to intensive care. These treatments include early and aggressive haemodynamic management using intravenous fluids, vasopressors, and inotropes in a goal-directed fashion to maximise oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues. In the critically ill patient, oxygen consumption can be reduced with antipyretics, sedation, and mechanical ventilation. The role of glycaemic control and adjunctive treatments such as corticosteroids, activated protein C and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) are controversial. G-CSF has been formally studied in melioidosis patients, but the level of evidence for adjunctive treatments is insufficient. Mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure or acute ...

Health officials are stepping up public education and public hygiene campaigns advising people about boiling water, wearing boots in flood waters, etc.. For your information: Massey University researchers produce Leptospirosis video series. Melioidosis (also known as Whitmore disease and Nightcliff gardeners disease) is caused by the bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei. The disease though somewhat rare has been seen in areas of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, particularly after heavy rains. In Thailand it is considered a disease of rice farmers.. The organism is saprophytically found in soil and water. People usually get infected by contact with contaminated soil or water through skin wounds, inhalation or rarely through ingestion of contaminated water.. Person to person transmission can occur through contact with blood and body fluids of an infected person.. Depending on how heavy the infection incubation can range from hours to weeks. Infection may show no symptoms but it can quickly ...

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase from Burkholderia pseudomallei: We present here an ensemble of structures solved by the Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID) of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase, or PGAM, from Burkholderia pseudomallei, a pathogen which causes the serious skin infection melioidosis.

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The worldwide epidemiology of melioidosis is changing. We describe a case of acute melioidosis in Spain in a patient who had traveled to Africa. A novel sequence type of Burkholderia pseudomallei was identified in this patient. Clinicians should be a ...

Melioidosis is diagnosed by isolating Burkholderia pseudomallei from blood, urine, sputum, skin lesions, or abscesses; or by detecting an antibody response to the bacteria.

Free Public Domain Picture: This photograph depicts the colonial morphology displayed by Gram-negative Burkholderia thailandensis bacteria, which was grown on a medium | ID: 13545336611235

may be the etiological agent of human melioidosis, a disease with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from fatal septicemia to chronic localized infection or asymptomatic latent infection. interferon (IFN-), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte JIB-04 chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) were induced during chronic infection, and histopathological analysis showed features in common with human melioidosis. Interestingly, many of these features were similar to those induced by in humans, such as development of a collagen cord that encapsulates the lesions, the presence of multinucleated giant cells, and granulomas with a caseous necrotic center, which may explain why chronic melioidosis is often misdiagnosed as tuberculosis. Our model now provides a relevant and practical tool to define the immunological features of chronic melioidosis and aid in the development of more effective treatment of this disease in humans. is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that is ...

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PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

A simple method was developed for detection and differentiation of five Tier 1 bacterial agents, including Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei as well as their closely related near neighbors by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Generally, different classes of compounds can be used as biomarkers for biowarfare agent detection, including nucleic acids (i.e., DNA or RNA), proteins (i.e., antibodies), carbohydrates (i.e., sugars), lipopolysaccharides, lipids (i.e., fatty acids) and small molecules. One-step thermochemolysis (TCM) was developed to provide GC-MS detectable biomarker signatures, including sugars, fatty acids and small molecules. Solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) was used for biomarker extraction, concentration and introduction into the GC-MS. Statistical algorithms were constructed using a combination of biomarkers for the five agents, which were robust against different growth conditions (medium and

A polyphasic taxonomic study including DNA-DNA reassociation experiments and an extensive biochemical characterization was performed on 14 Burkholderia isolates from moss gametophytes of nutrient-poor plant communities on the southern Baltic Sea coast in northern Germany. The strains were classified within two novel species, for which the names Burkholderia bryophila sp. nov. and Burkholderia megapolitana sp. nov. are proposed. The former species also includes isolates from grassland and agricultural soil collected in previous studies. Strains Burkholderia bryophila 1S18T (=LMG 23644T =CCUG 52993T) and Burkholderia megapolitana A3T (=LMG 23650T =CCUG 53006T) are the proposed type strains. They were isolated from Sphagnum rubellum and Aulacomnium palustre, respectively, growing in the Ribnitzer Großes Moor nature reserve (Mecklenburg-Pommern, Germany). All moss isolates of both novel species showed antifungal activity against phytopathogens as well as plant-growth-promoting properties.

Since bceU is found in the genome sequences of all Bcc strains as well as in B. thailandensis, B. oklahomensis, and B. pseudomallei strains, the authors of PMID:19948863 considered it to belong as part of bce-II gene cluster ...

A definitive diagnosis is made by culturing the organism from any clinical sample, because the organism is never part of the normal human flora.. A definite history of contact with soil may not be elicited, as melioidosis can be dormant for many years before manifesting. Attention should be paid to a history of travel to endemic areas in returned travellers. Some authors recommend considering possibility of melioidosis in every febrile patient with a history of traveling to and/or staying at endemic areas.. A complete screen (blood culture, sputum culture, urine culture, throat swab, and culture of any aspirated pus) should be performed on all patients with suspected melioidosis (culture on blood agar as well as Ashdowns medium). A definitive diagnosis is made by growing B. pseudomallei from any site. A throat swab is not sensitive, but is 100% specific if positive, and compares favourably with sputum culture. The sensitivity of urine culture is increased if a centrifuged specimen is cultured, ...

Khor, W.C. and Puah, S.M. and Tan, J.A.M.A and Puthucheary, S.D. and Chua, K.H. (2015) Phenotypic and genetic diversity of Aeromonas Species isolated from fresh water lakes in Malaysia. PLoS ONE, 10 (12). ISSN 1932-6203 Karunakaran, R. and Sun, T.T. and Rahim, F.F. and Bee, B.L. and Sam, I.C. and Kahar-Bador, M. and Hassan, H. and Puthucheary, S.D. (2012) Ceftriaxone resistance and genes encoding extended-spectrum ß-lactamase among non-typhoidal salmonella species from a tertiary care hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 65. ISSN 1344-6304 Liew, S.M. and Tay, S.T. and Wongratanacheewin, S. and Puthucheary, S.D. (2012) Enzymatic profiling of clinical and environmental isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Tropical Biomedicine, 29 (1). pp. 160-168. ISSN 0127-5720 Puthucheary, S.D. and Puah, S.M. and Chua, K.H. (2012) Molecular characterization of clinical isolates of Aeromonas species from Malaysia. PLoS ONE, 7 (2). ISSN 1932-6203 Puthucheary, S.D. and ...

The imprint of demographic and selective processes on bacterial population structure needs to be evaluated as deviation from the expectations of an appropriate null neutral model. We explore the impact of varying the population mutation and recombination rates theta and rho on ideal populations, using a recently developed model of neutral drift at multiple loci. This model may be fitted to experimental data to provide estimates of these parameters, and we do so for seven bacterial species (Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Helicobacter pylori, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Bacillus cereus), illustrating that bacterial species vary extensively in these fundamental parameters. Historically, the influence of recombination has often been estimated through its influence on the Index of Association I(A). We show that this may be relatively insensitive to changes in either mutation or recombination rates. It is known that biased sampling can lead

Atkins, T; Prior, R; Mack, K; Russell, P; Nelson, M; Prior, J; Ellis, J; Oyston, PCF; Dougan, G; Titball, RW; (2002) Characterisation of an acapsular mutant of Burkholderia pseudomallei identified by signature tagged mutagenesis. Journal of medical microbiology, 51 (7). pp. 539-47. ISSN 0022-2615 https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/17731 Full text not available from this repository ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Thalassemia Major Is a Major Risk Factor for Pediatric Melioidosis in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. AU - Fong, SM. AU - Wong, Ke. AU - Fukushima, Masako. AU - Yeo, Tsin. PY - 2015/6/15. Y1 - 2015/6/15. N2 - Background: Melioidosis is an important cause of community-acquired infection in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Studies from endemic countries have demonstrated differences in the epidemiology and clinical features among children diagnosed with melioidosis. This suggests that local data are needed to determine the risk factors and outcome in specific areas.Methods: This was a retrospective study of all children admitted to Likas Womens and Children Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, with a blood or clinical sample positive for Burkholderia pseudomallei from 2001 to 2012.Results: Of 28 children with confirmed melioidosis, 27 records were reviewed including 11 (41%) children with thalassemia major. Twenty of the children had bacteremia, and 16 (59%) had a fatal ...

To the Editor: Melioidosis is an emerging zoonosis caused by a highly invasive and drug-resistant bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei, that is found in soil and is endemic to Southeast Asia and the Pacific region. Few cases occur in other regions (most imported by travelers) (1-5), but sporadic cases have originated from the Caribbean (6-8).. Melioidosis can manifest many years after exposure to B. pseudomallei and can cause severe, systemic infection, including multiple abscesses of internal organs and skin. A less severe manifestation, primary cutaneous melioidosis, causes skin lesions and milder clinical illness. We describe an adolescent patient who had a benign, cutaneous form of melioidosis; she had recently returned to France from Guadeloupe, a Caribbean archipelago.. A 15-year-old girl without a medical history, except for asthma, was evaluated in September 2010 for muscle weakness, weight loss of 15%, cough, and fever ,40°C. During a trip to Guadeloupe 3 weeks before, she had been ...

Background. Recurrent melioidosis occurs in ∼6% of patients in the first year following the initial presentation. A recent study revealed that 25% of patients with recurrence had reinfection rather than a relapse resulting from a failure to cure. The aim of this study was to reevaluate these 2 patient groups to define their individual risk factors.. Methods. All adult patients who presented to Sappasithiprasong Hospital (Ubon Ratchathani, in northeast Thailand) with culture-confirmed melioidosis during the period 1986-2004 and who survived to receive oral antimicrobial therapy were observed until July 2005. Clinical factors and antimicrobial treatment of patients with recurrent disease due to relapse or reinfection, as confirmed by bacterial genotyping, were compared using a time-varying Cox proportional hazard model.. Results. Of 889 patients who survived and underwent follow-up, 86 patients (9.7%) presented with relapse, and 30 patients (3.4%) became reinfected. There was no difference in ...

Pathogenic Burkholderia rely on host factors for efficient intracellular replication and are highly refractory to antibiotic treatment. To identify host genes that are required by Burkholderia spp. during infection, we performed a RNA interference (RNAi) screen of the human kinome and identified 35 host kinases that facilitated Burkholderia thailandensis intracellular survival in human monocytic THP-1 cells. We validated a selection of host kinases using imaging flow cytometry to assess efficiency of B. thailandensis survival in the host upon siRNA-mediated knockdown. We focused on the role of the novel protein kinase C isoform, PKC-η, in Burkholderia infection and characterized PKC-η/MARCKS signaling as a key event that promotes the survival of unopsonized B. thailandensis CDC2721121 within host cells. While infection of lung epithelial cells with unopsonized Gram-negative bacteria stimulated phosphorylation of Ser175/160 in the MARCKS effector domain, siRNA-mediated knockdown of PKC-η ...

Pyogenic liver abscess is a common entity in Indian subcontinent and is mostly caused by gram negative bacteria. Melioidosis is not commonly seen in India and only a few cases are reported. It can give rise to multiple abscesses at different sites in

TY - JOUR. T1 - Drug screening to identify compounds to act as co-therapies for the treatment of Burkholderia species. AU - Barker, Sam. AU - Harding, Sarah V.. AU - Gray, David. AU - Richards, Mark I.. AU - Atkins, Helen S.. AU - Harmer, Nicholas J.. N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Barker et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2021/3/25. Y1 - 2021/3/25. N2 - Burkholderia pseudomallei is a soil-dwelling organism present throughout the tropics. It is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease that is believed to kill 89,000 people per year. It is naturally resistant to many antibiotics, requiring at least two weeks of intravenous treatment with ceftazidime, imipenem or meropenem followed by 6 months of orally delivered ...

Wallqvist, A., H. Wang, N. Zavaljevski, V. Memisevic, K. Kwon, R. Pieper, S. V. Rajagopala, and J. Reifman. Mechanisms of action of Coxiella burnetii effectors inferred from host-pathogen protein interactions. PLOS ONE. 2017 November 27; 12(11):e0188071. [PDF]. Memisevic, V., K. Kumar, N. Zavaljevski, D. DeShazer, A. Wallqvist, and J. Reifman. DBSecSys 2.0: a database of Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei secretion systems. BMC Bioinformatics. 2016 September 20; 17:387. [PDF]. Wallqvist, A., V. Memisevic, N. Zavaljevski, R. Pieper, S. V. Rajagopala, K. Kwon, C. Yu, T. A. Hoover, and J. Reifman. Using host-pathogen protein interactions to identify and characterize Francisella tularensis virulence factors. BMC Genomics. 2015 December 29; 16:1106. [PDF]. Chiang, C. Y., I. Uzoma, D. J. Lane, V. Memisevic, F. Alem, K. Yao, S. Bavari, A. Wallqvist, R. M. Hakami, and R. G. Panchal. A reverse-phase protein microarray-based screen identifies host signaling dynamics upon Burkholderia spp. ...

Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are highly pathogenic Gram - negative bacteria and the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, respectively. These infections, which occur in humans and other animals, are endemic is wide regions of the developing world. This Phase II SBIR project will build on the success of our Phase I work, which established methods for generating monoclon .... ...

In a previous study, we identified a gene, BCAM0224, encoding a trimeric autotransporter adhesin (TAA), which appears to be restricted to epidemic-associated B. cenocepacia strains of the ET-12 lineage (22). Transcriptional analysis revealed that BCAM0224 is located within a bicistronic operon composed of 9 genes, which comprises, among others, two additional TAA-encoding genes (BCAM0219 and BCAM0223) (21). In an attempt to characterize the functions of the TAA-encoding genes in B. cenocepacia, we have generated mutations and analyzed the associated phenotypes. Based on this, we previously proposed that the BCAM0224 protein is involved in virulence, since the BCAM0224 mutant was less virulent than the wild-type strain in an insect infection model (22). In addition, disruption of the BCAM0223 gene impairs the ability of the mutant strain to adhere to epithelial cells, decreases serum resistance, and reduces virulence (21). Finally, in a recent report, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to ...

Dr. Gelhaus is Senior Program Manager in the Medical Countermeasures Division of MRIGlobal, where he directs cutting edge research to protect the world from biological threats.. Dr. Gelhaus is also an adjunct faculty member at KCU. Dr. Gelhaus has 19 years of experience in the field of immunology, covering a diverse range of topics. Dr. Gelhaus has nine years of experience in infectious disease, with emphasis on bioweapons and bioterror threats.. At the United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Dr. Gelhaus performed research on the role of toll-like receptors (TLR) involved in the pathogenesis of diseases caused by gram-negative select agent bacteria, namely, Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Francisella tularensis and Yersinia pestis.. At Battelle, Dr. Gelhaus was involved in the development of animal models as a Study Director for Good Laboratory Practices regulated studies, including supporting licensure of medical countermeasures through the US ...

ID BURM7_2_PE1705 STANDARD; PRT; 480 AA. AC BURM7_2_PE1705; A3MMD6; DT 00-JAN-0000 (Rel. 1, Created) DT 00-JAN-0000 (Rel. 2, Last sequence update) DT 00-JAN-0000 (Rel. 3, Last annotation update) DE SubName: Full=Drug resistance transporter, EmrB/QacA subfamily; DE (BURM7_2.PE1705). GN OrderedLocusNames=BMA10247_1885; OS BURKHOLDERIA MALLEI NCTC 10247. OC Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Burkholderiales; OC Burkholderiaceae; Burkholderia; pseudomallei group. OX NCBI_TaxID=320389; RN [0] RP -.; RG -.; RL -.; CC -!- SEQ. DATA ORIGIN: Translated from the HOGENOM CDS BURM7_2.PE1705. CC Burkholderia mallei NCTC 10247 chromosome I, complete genome. CC sequence. CC -!- ANNOTATIONS ORIGIN:A3MMD6_BURM7 CC -!- GENE_FAMILY: HOG000239124 [ FAMILY / ALN / TREE ] DR UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot; A3MMD6; -. DR EMBL; CP000548; ABO05294.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR RefSeq; YP_001081422.1; NC_009080.1. DR ProteinModelPortal; A3MMD6; -. DR STRING; A3MMD6; -. DR GeneID; 4893681; -. DR GenomeReviews; CP000548_GR; ...

ID BURMS_2_PE2987 STANDARD; PRT; 610 AA. AC BURMS_2_PE2987; A1V7Z1; DT 00-JAN-0000 (Rel. 1, Created) DT 00-JAN-0000 (Rel. 2, Last sequence update) DT 00-JAN-0000 (Rel. 3, Last annotation update) DE SubName: Full=Glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase, DE isomerizing; EC=2.6.1 16; (BURMS_2.PE2987). GN Name=glmS-2; OrderedLocusNames=BMASAVP1_A3050; OS BURKHOLDERIA MALLEI SAVP1. OC Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Burkholderiales; OC Burkholderiaceae; Burkholderia; pseudomallei group. OX NCBI_TaxID=320388; RN [0] RP -.; RG -.; RL -.; CC -!- SEQ. DATA ORIGIN: Translated from the HOGENOM CDS BURMS_2.PE2987. CC Burkholderia mallei SAVP1 chromosome I, complete genome. CC sequence. CC -!- ANNOTATIONS ORIGIN:A1V7Z1_BURMS CC -!- GENE_FAMILY: HOG000258898 [ FAMILY / ALN / TREE ] DR UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot; A1V7Z1; -. DR EMBL; CP000526; ABM52310.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR RefSeq; YP_994344.1; NC_008785.1. DR ProteinModelPortal; A1V7Z1; -. DR SMR; A1V7Z1; 2-610. DR STRING; A1V7Z1; -. DR ...

A new language, one that combines elements of English with traditional indigenous speech, has been discovered in northern Australia, according to a new study.

Why feed phosphorus to cattle in northern Australia? In this webinar recording Mick Sullivan talks about how to determine if phosphorus is an issue and what can be done about it.

A review of case records for 1817 Thai patients with melioidosis revealed that ,10% of the 382 patients with diabetes mellitus were insulin dependent. This provides evidence against the hypothesis that insulin deficiency contributes to the known susceptibility to melioidosis in patients with diabetes mellitus.. ...

p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.,/p> ,p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.,/p> ,p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).,/p> ,p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x,sup>64,/sup> + x,sup>4,/sup> + x,sup>3,/sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. ,/p> ,p class=publication>Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.,br /> ,strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums,/strong>,br /> ,a href=http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php>Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993),/a>),/p> Checksum:i ...

Looking for Whitmore, Alfred? Find out information about Whitmore, Alfred. An endemic bacterial disease, primarily of rodents but occasionally communicable to humans, caused by Pseudomonas pseudomallei and characterized by... Explanation of Whitmore, Alfred

OVERVIEW: What every practitioner needs to know Are you sure your patient has melioidosis? What should you expect to find? Melioidosis is endemic in northern Australia and South East Asia, but cases are also reported in returned travellers. Sporadic cases are recognized in many other regions but appear to be rare. Melioidosis usually presents with…. ...

PubMed journal article: [Melioidosis: the importance of a detailed medical history, including recent travels]. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android

This project is led by an Indigenous Steering Committee with advice from industry and government. It will design a Strategic Sector Development and Research Priority Framework to guide the strategic growth of the Traditional Owner-led Bush Products sector in northern Australia. This framework will be developed from a review of relevant literature and the outcomes of a workshop with key Indigenous organisations to consider sector-wide opportunities, challenges, and priorities. It will include considerations of Indigenous IP and future protection of cultural knowledge in line with the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing.. The project is led by an Indigenous Steering Committee comprised of representatives from four Indigenous organisations from northern Australia, with support from the CSIRO/JCU research team and additional guidance from industry (ANFAB) and government.. ...

Novo Nordisk announced that the FDA has approved NovoLog (insulin aspart [rDNA origin] injection) for pregnancy Category B rating.

Hong-Geller E. (2013) Small-RNA-mediated regulation of host-pathogen interactions. Virulence. In preparation.. Stubben CJ, Micheva-Viteva S, Shou Y, Dunbar JM, and Hong-Geller E. (2013) Differential expression of small RNAs from Burkholderia thailandensis in response to environmental and stressful growth conditions. In preparation.. Shepherd DP, Li N, Micheva-Viteva S, Munsky B, Hong-Geller E, and Werner J. (2013) Counting small RNA in pathogenic bacteria. Submitted.. Micheva-Viteva S, Shou Y, Nowak-Lovato K, Rector KD, and Hong-Geller E. (2013) c-KIT-EGR1 signaling is targeted by Yersinia during infection. Submitted.. Nowak-Lovato K, Alexandrov LB, Banisadr A, Bauer AL, Bishop AR, Usheva A, Mu F, Hong-Geller E, Rasmussen K, Hlavacek WS, and Alexandrov BS. (2013) Binding of Nucleoid-associated Protein Fis to DNA is Regulated by DNA Breathing Dynamics. PLoS Comp. Biol. Jan;9(1):e1002881. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002881.. Marti-Arbona R, Teshima M, Anderson PS, Nowak-Lovato K, Hong-Geller E, ...

Infections and inflammation can lead to cachexia and wasting of skeletal muscle and fat tissue by as yet poorly understood mechanisms. We observed that gut colonization of mice by a strain of Escherichia coli prevents wasting triggered by infections or physical damage to the intestine. During intestinal infection with the pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium or pneumonic infection with Burkholderia thailandensis, the presence of this E. coli did not alter changes in host metabolism, caloric uptake, or inflammation but instead sustained signaling of the insulin-like growth factor 1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway in skeletal muscle, which is required for prevention of muscle wasting. This effect was dependent on engagement of the NLRC4 inflammasome. Therefore, this commensal promotes tolerance to diverse diseases. ...

SWISS-MODEL Repository entry for Q2SU38 (RL24_BURTA), 50S ribosomal protein L24. Burkholderia thailandensis (strain ATCC 700388 / DSM 13276 / CIP 106301 /E264)

Lineage: cellular organisms; Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Burkholderiales; Burkholderiaceae; Burkholderia; pseudomallei ...

Lineage: cellular organisms; Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Burkholderiales; Burkholderiaceae; Burkholderia; pseudomallei ...

Define glanders: a highly contagious and life-threatening disease of horses and other equines (such as donkeys and mules) or sometimes other animals …

Directed by David Nerlich, Andrew Traucki. With Diana Glenn, Maeve Dermody, Andy Rodoreda, Ben Oxenbould. A terrifying tale of survival in the mangrove swamps of Northern Australia

Willan R.C.(2001). Description of Pyrene morrisoni sp. nov.: a bulliform dove shell (Mollusca: Columbellidae) from Northern Australia. Vita Marina 47(4): 185-193 ...

Conflicting evidence exists on the prognostic value of PES in BS,4,14,15⇓⇓ and no other predictors of adverse outcome are available. A consensus exists on the indication of an ICD in cardiac arrest survivors,16,17⇓ yet treatment of the majority of patients with BS is undefined.. We have assessed in our population the validity of the stratification scheme proposed by Brugada et al,18 who divided patients into 4 groups, based on clinical features and inducibility at PES (categories A to D). We observed 1 of 14 events in category D (7% of cardiac arrest) and 3 of 35 events in category C (8% of cardiac arrest): Brugada et al18 recommend no ICD in category D and ICD implantation in category C; obviously, our data cannot endorse this recommendation. When category A and category B are compared, no differences are observed (33% of events in category B and 30% of events in category A).. We therefore explored the value of several clinical parameters to differentiate between patients with and without ...

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p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.,/p> ,p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.,/p> ,p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).,/p> ,p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x,sup>64,/sup> + x,sup>4,/sup> + x,sup>3,/sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. ,/p> ,p class=publication>Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.,br /> ,strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums,/strong>,br /> ,a href=http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php>Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993),/a>),/p> Checksum:i ...

This pdf How Much Is Enough?: Shaping the Defense can set at any separation but it is more bacterial among antiretroviral branches. misconfigured branched-chain uvea is a other evidence that shields Unexplainable and in which there like primary cells of parasistic contracts that are interactive from the pregnancy. muscular melioidosis was generally caused and fired in 1859 by Klob.

Step Free Access Note: This station has step free access to both platforms, HOWEVER, PLEASE NOTE, the Ipswich bound platform is accessible via a barrow crossing onto Bramblewood Way or there is an alternative road route which requires additional time.. This station is a category B2 station according to ORR station classification system. https://www.orr.gov.uk/media/10955. Assistance meeting point is the platform.. ...

Attie, There is a categorical system for use of drugs in pregnancy. The safest drugs are in Category A, followed (in order) by Category B, C, D and X. A good web site for this is...

This survey investigated the variation in the use of the breast core biopsy categories B1 normal and B2 benign. METHOD: A survey with case scenarios was circulated to 701 breast pathologists in the UK. RESULTS: The response ...

Stables, Panmure Estate is a Category B listed building in Panbride, Angus, Scotland. See why it was listed, view it on a map, see visitor comments and photos and share your own comments and photos of this building.

Stable Block And Dovecot, Callendar House, Callendar Park, Falkirk is a Category B listed building in Falkirk, Falkirk, Scotland. See why it was listed, view it on a map, see visitor comments and photos and share your own comments and photos of this building.

FDA pregnancy category B. Periactin is not expected to be harmful to an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant during treatment. It is not known whether Periactin passes into breast milk, but if it does it could harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medication while you are breast-feeding a baby. Do not give Periactin to a child younger 2 years. Older adults may be more likely to have side effects from Periactin.. ...

Step Free Access Note: This is a Category B station. Level to platform 2, subway and steep ramp to platform 1. The Passenger Assist meeting point is at the Ticket Office. Blue Badge parking bays: 11. ...

Doctors give unbiased, trusted information on whether Emetrol can cause or treat Pregnancy: Dr. Warren on is it safe to take emetrol if you are pregnant: if the benefits out weight the risks and you need it you can take it check with your OB provider to see if you need it or whether you can be off of it during your pregnancy There are different reasons for taking it and you need to see the provider