The extinction of dinosaurs at the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary was the seminal event that opened the door for the subsequent diversification of terrestrial mammals. Our compilation of maximum body size at the ordinal level by sub-epoch shows a near-exponential increase after the K/Pg. On each continent, the maximum size of mammals leveled off after 40 million years ago and thereafter remained approximately constant. There was remarkable congruence in the rate, trajectory, and upper limit across continents, orders, and trophic guilds, despite differences in geological and climatic history, turnover of lineages, and ecological variation. Our analysis suggests that although the primary driver for the evolution of giant mammals was diversification to fill ecological niches, environmental temperature and land area may have ultimately constrained the maximum size achieved.. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Effect of temperature on development, survival, and adult body size of two green lacewings, Mallada desjardinsi and Chrysoperla nipponensis (Neuroptera. T2 - Chrysopidae). AU - Nakahira, Kengo. AU - Nakahara, Ryoichi. AU - Arakawa, Ryo. PY - 2005/12/1. Y1 - 2005/12/1. N2 - To search for a useful biological control agent and to determine the optimal rearing conditions for the green lacewings Mallada desjardinsi and Chrysoperla nipponensis, thermal effects on development, survival, and adult body size were examined at seven constant temperatures (15.0, 17.5, 20.0, 22.5, 25.0, 27.5, and 30.0°C) with a photoperiod regime of 16L : 8D (h). The developmental zero of M. desjardinsi larvae was higher than that of C. nipponensis larvae. The developmental zeros of C. cornea and C. nipponensis in earlier reports were similar to that of C. nipponensis in the present study. On the other hand, that of M. desjardinsi in earlier studies was somewhat higher than that of M. desjardinsi in the ...

Body size is one of the most important characteristics of an organism, impacting a great variety of ecological characteristics. The influence of diet on body size has received considerable attention, with previous studies suggesting a greater tendency towards increased body size in herbivores than macro-carnivores. The earliest known herbivorous and macro-carnivorous synapsids provide an ideal case study for examining body size evolution in different dietary regimes. Sphenacomorpha contains two lineages: Edaphosauridae (some of the most abundant terrestrial herbivores in the late Carboniferous and early Permian), and Sphenacodontia (the largest and most abundant carnivores of that time). Phylogenetic comparative analyses are used to compare trait evolution in sphenacomorphs, including a Bayesian method for identifying branches along which phenotypic selection occurred. Two branches show rapid increases in body size in the late Carboniferous. The first occurred in Edaphosauridae, along the branch ...

Body size is a fundamentally important trait for fitness in many animal species because it correlates positively with survival and reproductive success. In many fish species, large females exhibit higher fecundity and produce higher quality offspring compared to small females. Similarly, male body size can affect offspring quality and early life-history traits but the importance of these effects to the reproductive biology of fish is poorly studied. The extent to which variation in reproductive success is explained by parental body size is an important research topic because size-selective fishing usually reduces the average size of reproducing adults in a population. In my dissertation, I studied the parental size effects on reproductive success in a model species (zebrafish, Danio rerio). I also studied the effects of size-selective harvesting on body size, maturation and reproductive output. Body size and condition factor were important determinants of the initiation of maturation in ...

Obesity and diabetes mellitus are well-defined risk factors for cardiovascular mortality. The impact of antecedent hyperglycemia and body size on mortality in critical ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs) may vary across their range of values. Therefore, we prospectively analyzed the relationship between in-hospital mortality and preexisting hyperglycemia and body size in critically ill ICU patients to understand how mortality varied among normal, overweight, and obese patients and those with low, intermediate, and high glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Medical history, weight, height, physiologic variables, and HbA1c were obtained during the first 24 h for patients who were consecutively admitted to the high complexity ICU of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil, from April to August 2011. The relationships between mortality and obesity and antecedent hyperglycemia were prospectively analyzed by cubic spline analysis and a Cox proportional hazards model. The study comprised 199

Obesity and diabetes mellitus are well-defined risk factors for cardiovascular mortality. The impact of antecedent hyperglycemia and body size on mortality in critical ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs) may vary across their range of values. Therefore, we prospectively analyzed the relationship between in-hospital mortality and preexisting hyperglycemia and body size in critically ill ICU patients to understand how mortality varied among normal, overweight, and obese patients and those with low, intermediate, and high glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Medical history, weight, height, physiologic variables, and HbA1c were obtained during the first 24 h for patients who were consecutively admitted to the high complexity ICU of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil, from April to August 2011. The relationships between mortality and obesity and antecedent hyperglycemia were prospectively analyzed by cubic spline analysis and a Cox proportional hazards model. The study comprised 199

View Notes - Exam 3[1] from ESSE 313 at Old Dominion. Name_Chelsea Valentine_ SPED (ESSE) 313 Date_3/18/10_ EXAM 3 1. True or False: Growth norms and trends in body size are consistent across

The origin of birds (Aves) is one of the great evolutionary transitions. Fossils show that many unique morphological features of modern birds, such as feathers, reduction in body size, and the semilunate carpal, long preceded the origin of clade Aves, but some may be unique to Aves, such as relative elongation of the forelimb. We study the evolution of body size and forelimb length across the phylogeny of coelurosaurian theropods and Mesozoic Aves. Using recently developed phylogenetic comparative methods, we find an increase in rates of body size and body size dependent forelimb evolution leading to small body size relative to forelimb length in Paraves, the wider clade comprising Aves and Deinonychosauria. The high evolutionary rates arose primarily from a reduction in body size, as there were no increased rates of forelimb evolution. In line with a recent study, we find evidence that Aves appear to have a unique relationship between body size and forelimb dimensions. Traits associated with ...

Understanding how quickly pathogens replicate and how quickly the immune system responds is important for predicting the epidemic spread of emerging pathogens. Host body size, through its correlation with metabolic rates, is theoretically predicted to impact pathogen replication rates and immune system response rates. Here, we use mathematical models of viral time courses from multiple species of birds infected by a generalist pathogen (West Nile Virus; WNV) to test more thoroughly how disease progression and immune response depend on mass and host phylogeny. We use hierarchical Bayesian models coupled with nonlinear dynamical models of disease dynamics to incorporate the hierarchical nature of host phylogeny. Our analysis suggests an important role for both host phylogeny and species mass in determining factors important for viral spread such as the basic reproductive number, WNV production rate, peak viraemia in blood and competency of a host to infect mosquitoes. Our model is based on a ...

The metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) is an extension of Kleibers law and posits that the metabolic rate of organisms is the fundamental biological rate that governs most observed patterns in ecology. MTE is part of a larger set of theory known as metabolic scaling theory that attempts to provide a unified theory for the importance of metabolism in driving pattern and process in biology from the level of cells all the way to the biosphere. MTE is based on an interpretation of the relationships between body size, body temperature, and metabolic rate across all organisms. Small-bodied organisms tend to have higher mass-specific metabolic rates than larger-bodied organisms. Furthermore, organisms that operate at warm temperatures through endothermy or by living in warm environments tend towards higher metabolic rates than organisms that operate at colder temperatures. This pattern is consistent from the unicellular level up to the level of the largest animals and plants on the planet. In MTE, this ...

View Notes - Cell Quiz 2 from BIOLOGY 1305 at Baylor. David Hopkins Section 2 Quiz 2 1. The maximum size of a cell is limited by a. its need for enough surface area for exchange with its

It can be given a piece of text that is used as the initial value.. A TextField has a maximum size, which is the maximum number of characters that can be stored in the object at any time (its capacity). This limit is enforced when the TextField instance is constructed, when the user is editing text within the TextField, as well as when the application program calls methods on the TextField that modify its contents. The maximum size is the maximum stored capacity and is unrelated to the number of characters that may be displayed at any given time. The number of characters displayed and their arrangement into rows and columns are determined by the device. The implementation may place a boundary on the maximum size, and the maximum size actually assigned may be smaller than the application had requested. The value actually assigned will be reflected in the value returned by ...

BACKGROUND: Data on lifetime exposures are often self-reported in epidemiologic studies, sometimes many years after the relevant age. Validity of self-reported data is usually inferred from their agreement with measured values, but few studies directly quantify the likely effects of reporting errors in body size and reproductive history variables on estimates of disease-exposure associations. METHODS: The MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) and the Million Women Study (MWS) are UK population-based prospective cohorts. The NSHD recruited participants at birth in 1946 and has followed them at regular intervals since then, whereas the MWS recruited women in middle age. For 541 women who were participants in both studies, we used statistical measures of association and agreement to compare self-reported MWS data on body size throughout life and reproductive history, obtained in middle age, to NSHD data measured or reported close to the relevant ages. Likely attenuation of estimates of

This paper is devoted to the study of a spatially and size-structured population dynamics model with delayed birth process. Our focus is on the asymptotic behavior of the system, in particular on the effect of the spatial location and the time lag on the long-term dynamics. To this end, within a semigroup framework, we derive the locally asymptotic stability and asynchrony results respectively for the considered population system under some conditions. For our discussion, we use the approaches concerning operator matrices, Hille-Yosida operators, spectral analysis as well as Perron-Frobenius theory. We also do two numerical simulations to illustrate the obtained stability and asynchrony results.

Health, ...FRIDAY May 27 (HealthDay News) -- Your size may influence how you per...People were tricked into believing they were either the size of Barbie...The study published online May 25 in PLoS ONE found that when...This skewed perception of space was evaluated by having participants e...,,Body,Size,May,Influence,How,People,View,,the,World,medicine,medical news today,latest medical news,medical newsletters,current medical news,latest medicine news

A major constraint on the evolution of large body sizes in animals is an increased risk of developing cancer. There is no correlation, however, between body size and cancer risk. This lack of correlation is often referred to as Petos Paradox. Here, we show that the elephant genome encodes 20 copi …

Amongst complex life forms, there are two basic reproductive strategies: r-strategy, characterized by rapid development, early reproduction, small body size, and shorter lifespans, and K-strategy, characterized by slow development, delayed reproduction, large body size, and longer lifespans. Humans are obviously a K-strategy species, which means that reproductive success involves a much higher investment of the parents lifespan and resources than the r-strategy alternative. Consequently, in times of extreme scarcity, it is advantageous to forego pregnancy lest the baby dies of starvation after nine months in utero, thus wasting a significant portion of a womans fertile lifespan and perhaps leading to her demise. If humans were entirely rational the ovulation cycle wouldnt need to interrupted by an autonomic mechanism regulating estrogen levels to body fat, a proxy for prosperity. Bad news, honey, the mammoth population has crashed. Well be sleeping in separate caves for the foreseeable. ...

on right side along with bilateral mental foramen.. Position of AMF in 8 mandibles out of 100 was found situated below apex of first molar tooth whereas it was observed to be located between first and second premolar in 5 mandibles out of the same 100. Average distance between MF and AMF was 0.67mm lateral to MF.. Shape of MF. On right side it is oval in 6% of mandibles and round in 94% of mandibles. On left side it is oval in 13% of mandibles while it is round in 87% of mandibles.. Size of MF. On right side: Average size was 2.79 mm. Minimum size is 1mm and Maximum size is 5 mm.. On left side: Average size is 2.57mm. Minimum size is 1mm and Maximum size is 6 mm.. Size of AMF. Average size is 1 mm. Minimum size is 0.6 mm and Maximum size is 1.5 mm.. Incidences of MF. MF is present in all one hundred observed mandibles and it is bilateral.. Incidences of AMF. AMF is observed in 13 mandibles out of 100 mandibles. AMF was situated in 5 out of 13 mandibles on right side and in 8 out of the same13 ...

A southern population (S) from Xiushui County (29°1′N, 114°4′E) and a northern population (N) from Shenyang city (41°48′N, 123°23′E) of the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi vary greatly in their life-history traits, and may serve as an excellent model with which to study the inheritance of life-history traits. In the present study, we performed intraspecific hybridization using the two populations, comparing the key life-history traits (fecundity, development time, body weight, growth rate, and sexual size dimorphism (SDD)) between the two populations (S♀ × S♂ and N♀ × N♂) and their two hybrid populations (S♀ × N♂ and N♀ × S♂ populations) at 19, 22, 25, and 28°C. Our results showed that there were significant differences in life-history traits between the two parental populations, with the S population having a significantly higher fecundity, shorter larval development time, larger body weight, higher growth rate, and greater weight loss during metamorphosis ...

How to cite: Lin, K. Y., Sastri, A. R., Gong, G. C., and Hsieh, C. H.: Corrigendum to Copepod community growth rates in relation to body size, temperature, and food availability in the East China Sea: a test of metabolic theory of ecology published in Biogeoscience, 10, 1877-1892, 2013, Biogeosciences, 10, 2657-2657, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2657-2013, 2013 ...

This isnt exactly my area, but if I got it right, high termal inertia is often inversely proportional to the metabolic rate (of a warm blooded animal). Graphs that display that metabolic rates rise when temperature rises is a bit another thing. Thermal inertia, afaik, is a simple physical trait that tells how much thermal energy and in what time a mass of some material can store/release (or so). This means a big mass of stuff (like an ostrich) has high termal inertia. However, high body size causes the metabolic heat to accumulate more efficiently (since a large body has a low surface area to volume ratio), and thus large animals would overheat if they had high metabolic rates. I think there is even a theoretical maximum size that an organism can become before overheating becomes a problem. Some paleontologists claim largest dinosaurs were close to this kind of maximum size for terrestial animals ...

Brain size relative to body size has been used by generations of scientists to predict an animals intelligence. For example, although the human brain is not the largest in the animal kingdom in terms of volume or mass, it is exceptionally large considering our moderate body mass.. Now, a study by a team of scientists at UCL, the University of Konstanz, and the Max Planck Institute of Ornithology has found that the relationship between the two traits is driven by different evolutionary mechanisms in different animals.. Crucially, researchers have found that the most significant factor in determining relative brain size is often evolutionary pressure on body size, and not brain size. For example, the evolutionary history of bats reveals they decreased body size much faster than brain size, leading to an increase in relative brain size. As a result, small bats were able to evolve improved flying manoeuvrability while maintaining the brainpower to handle foraging in cluttered environments.. This ...

Bergmanns rule states that mammals of a given genus or species are smaller in hotter climates, and bigger in colder climates. Adapted, when faced with

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Mating systems evolve with sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in many animals. Mating systems with males larger than females occur when males compete for female access or guard territories, while mating systems with group mating tend to occur in species where females are the same size or larger than males. In addition to variation in SSD with mating system, sperm competition varies among mating systems ...

Mating systems evolve with sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in many animals. Mating systems with males larger than females occur when males compete for female access or guard territories, while mating systems with group mating tend to occur in species where females are the same size or larger than males. In addition to variation in SSD with mating system, sperm competition varies among mating systems ...

Background: Females with cystic fibrosis have higher mortality rates than their male counterparts. Pulmonary function defined as forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) is a predictor of mortality. However, when pulmonary function is accounted for, females still have a higher mortality rate than males. Independent of lung function, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) is a significant predictor of mortality, with higher values of VO2peak relating to a lower risk of mortality. In healthy children, VO2peak is significantly different between sexes, however it has yet to be determined whether sex differences in VO2peak occur in CF. Aim: to identify sex differences in exercise capacity in young people with CF, when appropriately scaled for different body size variables and adjusted for key clinical parameters such as lung function and nutritional and maturity status. Methods: 52 young people (29 males and 23 females) aged 8 - 25 y with CF underwent a ramp cycle test to exhaustion. 47 completed an additional ...

Returns the maximum number of characters that can be used to store user-defined information in the device onboard EEPROM. Not supported Not supported in VIs that run in a web application niDCPower Get Cal User Defined Info Max Size.vi |helpdir|:/NIDCPowerVIRef.chm::/niDCPower_Get_Cal_User_Defined_In

Release_validation_instructions,testtype=Installation,release=34,milestone=Branched,compose=,date=20210407.n.0}} {{anchor,results}} == Test Matrix == ,onlyinclude> Please click [show] in each table to view the tests of each media installation, and click [edit] to post your test results using the syntax in [[#Key,Key Section]]. ,div style=background-color: darkgreen; text-align: center; border-style: solid; border-width: thin> ==== Image sanity ==== ,/div> {{admon/note,Details,The result column titles are variants in Pungi/productmd parlance. For each variant, the checksums for all images in that variant can be checked; the maximum size for all images in that variant which have a maximum size can be checked; and repoclosure and fileconflicts can be checked for any DVD image in that variant. Any failure for any tested image should be filed as a bug and reported as a failure here. Please provide the bug ID and a short note of exactly which image(s) failed as a comment.}} ...

This is an automated email from the git hooks/post-receive script. grothoff pushed a commit to branch master in repository gnunet. commit 717b24a92ce64e33ac528c67f8047c4290ea260c Author: Elias Summermatter ,[email protected], AuthorDate: Fri Apr 16 07:42:25 2021 +0200 Fixed a bug in implementation added if max size thresold instead of dont allow ibfs to get smaler --- src/setu/gnunet-service-setu.c , 19 ++++++------------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/src/setu/gnunet-service-setu.c b/src/setu/gnunet-service-setu.c index 0c16bbb46..f903739da 100644 --- a/src/setu/gnunet-service-setu.c +++ b/src/setu/gnunet-service-setu.c @@ -66,11 +66,11 @@ #define MAX_BUCKETS_PER_MESSAGE ((1 ,, 15) / IBF_BUCKET_SIZE) /** - * The maximum size of an ibf we use is 2^(MAX_IBF_ORDER). + * The maximum size of an ibf we use is MAX_IBF_SIZE=2^20. * Choose this value so that computing the IBF is still cheaper * than transmitting all values. */ -#define MAX_IBF_ORDER (20) ...

Hypothermia and anemia: The small size of the infant and the large area of skin exposure required for the surgery places these children at risk for hypothermia during surgery. The room temperature and the infants body temperature must be maintained accordingly. Similarly, the small body size and blood volume put the child at risk for anemia unless meticulous hemostasis is accomplished. ...

Hubbards Adults in small bodies is soled based on greed. It is detrimental to your eternal spirituality to stand between a Hubbards Cult and dollar...

The effect of the organisms body size and energy reserves in models for population dynamicss profile, publications, research topics, and co-authors

Yes, size does matter, at least when it comes to Canadas collective cup collecting contest, and we have a lot of cups to prove it. Many have asked whether theres a conspiracy with the prize distribu...

Weight Loss Support - Goal weight and body size? 0.0 - H*ll...Im 51 and somewhere between 135-138. My lowest was 126 and Ive been maintaining

A new study looks at the joint associations of NAFLD and body size phenotypes with the risk for developing diabetes. How are they connected ...

FTS306 Eaton Flo-Temp Series Female Socket - 3/8 Body Size - 3/8 Hose Stem End Connection Quick Disconnect Coupling - Brass - Non Valved, provides the flow needed to cool or heat molds and die casting dies in injection molding applications. Can be used wi

One of the issues here is that warming (during the PETM) happened much slower, over 10,000 to 20,000 years to get 10 degrees hotter, whereas now were expecting it to happen over a century or two, Secord said. So theres a big difference in scale and one of the questions is, Are we going to see the same kind of response? Are animals going to be able to keep up and readjust their body sizes over the next couple of centuries ...

Generation III External Engine - Throttle body size - so, the 2002s T/A s had the LS6 intakes. ive read somewhere (tho i cant find it anymore)

k24z7 throttle body size, Jul 21, 2016 · Understanding the Throttle Body Your vehicles throttle body helps your motor by measuring the amount of airflow which enters your engine. There are two main types of throttle body systems. On older vehicles, a special cable attached to the throttle bodys moveable plates (also called butterflies) pulls them open when you step on the gas …

This theory - the Metabolic Theory of Ecology - therefore relates to many areas of great public concern including food production, conservation of populations, and global warming. However, substantial deviations from the predictions of this theory have prompted me to explore ways of improving the theory. Using data on diverse organisms ranging from microbes to mammals and also from our heated experimental ponds, I aim to test assumptions and predictions of alternative metabolic theories of ecology, including investigating: ...

Note on lactate: Regarding healthy cells and fermentation: healthy cells can and do ferment pyruvate into lactate. They generally do this when they need even more energy than can be provided by OxPhos, such as in muscle cells during intense physical activity. Very hardworking muscle cells need as much energy as they can get, as quickly as they can get it, so theyll use any and all pathways at their disposal, including fermentation. This is why we have a buildup of lactic acid in muscles at or near the point of exhaustion/failure. (Although it seems that the lactic acid is not the cause of the fatigue.) It also explains why intense and/or fast activity is said to be more glycolytic than slower, less intense movements, as we discussed here. Generally speaking, the greater the degree of intensity and speed of an activity (such as sprinting), the more it is powered by glucose, and the less intense the activity (such as walking), the more it is powered by fat. So yes, perfectly healthy cells will ...

The point of these drills is to develop the overall body feel that characterizes looseness. If you focus on pummeling your target or your partner, youll miss the whole point.

The point of these drills is to develop the overall body feel that characterizes looseness. If you focus on pummeling your target or your partner, youll miss the whole point.

In recent years, the centres of many towns and cities have been reshaped by urban design projects, but little attention has been paid to how these transformations are experienced everyday by users of the city. In other words: how do the users of urban centers, such as shoppers, cleaners, or workers, perceive these changes, as embodied subjects in specific material environments? This paper analyses how bodies in two intensely designed urban spaces - the shopping centre of Milton Keynes, a 1960s new town, and Bedfords recently redeveloped historic town centre - are affected by elements of the built environment. Affected is a term borrowed from Latour (2004), and the paper works with, and elaborates, some of his and others work on how bodies are effectuated by other entities. Such Latourian work pays a great deal of attention to how bodies are affected by both human and non-human entities of many kinds, and we examine how certain aspects of the built environment in these two towns affects ...

Life Cycle: Chromidina spp. have a polymorphic dixenous life cycle, with two different budding processes which are monotomy and palintomy. The adult stage, the vermiform tropho-tomont, has a maximum body length varying from 400 µm to 2,000 µm. Some rare adult stages can have an accelerated growth process. Their size increases so quickly that their length can measure up to 5,000 µm. Given their unusual extended size, these adult stages are called hypertrophonts. The tropho-tomont is uniformly ciliated and has no cytostome. It is attached through its anterior end to the host kidney tissues with its body bathing in the renal fluids, and feeds by nutriment absorption from host cells and fluids. Division by monotomy produces a single long bud from the posterior end, the apotomite, which is morphologically similar to its parent and develops into a second generation of trophotomonts after detachment and colonisation of the host kidney. Division by palintomy produces smaller buds that form a typical ...

The term of muscle car can be described as a car with large body size and oversized engine.One good example is the Chevrolet Chevelle SS,the body size is huge compared to average sportscars.Most known muscle cars are American cars.All muscle cars are rear wheel drive and most of them are coupes and convertibles,rather than four door. ...

The term of muscle car can be described as a car with large body size and oversized engine.One good example is the Chevrolet Chevelle SS,the body size is huge compared to average sportscars.Most known muscle cars are American cars.All muscle cars are rear wheel drive and most of them are coupes and convertibles,rather than four door. ...

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1. Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is a common phenomenon in animals. Renschs rule states that larger species generally exhibit a higher male to female body size ratio than smaller ones. 2. Domesticated animals offer excellent opportunities for testing predictions of the functional explanations of Renschs rule and the was tested in a meta-analysis of SSD in 38 breeds of domestic geese compared amokng themselves and with their wild relatives (subfamily Anserinae, 35 species). 3. Domestic geese and wild Anser species taken together supported Renchs rule but the wild species did not. 4. The non-targeted sex selection hypothesis seems to provide the best intuitive explanation for the lack of SSD in geese ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Predator−prey body size relationships of cod in a low-diversity marine system. AU - Niiranen, Susa. AU - Orio, Alessandro. AU - Bartolino, Valerio. AU - Bergström, Ulf. AU - Kallasvuo, Meri. AU - Neuenfeldt, Stefan. AU - Ustups, Didzis. AU - Casini, Michele. PY - 2019. Y1 - 2019. N2 - How predators select their prey largely defines ecosystem trophic structure, function and dynamics. In aquatic systems, organism body size is an important trait explaining predator− prey interactions. Here, we used a unique Atlantic cod Gadus morhua stomach content dataset with diet information from over 100 000 individuals collected from the Baltic Sea in 1963−2014, to explore prey size distribution and predator−prey mass ratios in the diet of Eastern Baltic cod. Maximum and average prey sizes increased with predator size, as for cod in other systems. However, the prey size spectra found in Eastern Baltic cod stomachs reflect the low species diversity in the Baltic Sea. In general, Eastern ...

Body size is correlated with many species traits such as morphology, physiology, life history and abundance as well; it is one of the most discussed topics in macroecological studies. The aim of this paper was to analyze the body size distribution of Chrysomelidae, caught with Malaise traps during two years in four areas with different levels of conservation in the Araucaria Forest, Paraná, Brazil, determining if body size is a good predictor of abundance, and if body size could be used to indicate environmental quality. Body size was considered the total length of the specimen from the anterior region of head to the apex of abdomen/elytron. Measurements were taken for up to ten specimens of each species for each area and for all specimens of those species represented by fewer than ten individuals. The highest abundance and richness of Chrysomelidae were obtained in the lowest body size classes. This herbivorous group showed a trend toward a decrease in body size with increasing abundance, but

Effects of Target Plant Species Body Size on Neighbourhood Species Richness and Composition in Old-Field Vegetation. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.

Myopia development is characterised by an increased axial eye length. Therefore, identifying factors that influence eye size may provide new insights into the aetiology of myopia. In humans, axial length is positively correlated to height and weight, and in mice, eye weight is positively correlated with body weight. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between eye size and body size in chickens from a genetic cross in which alleles with major effects on eye and body size were segregating. Chickens from a cross between a layer line (small body size and eye size) and a broiler line (large body and eye size) were interbred for 10 generations so that alleles for eye and body size would have the chance to segregate independently. At 3 weeks of age, 510 chicks were assessed using in vivo high resolution A-scan ultrasonography and keratometry. Equatorial eye diameter and eye weight were measured after enucleation. The variations in eye size parameters that could be explained by ...

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Visual body-size adaptation and estimation of tactile distance. AU - Zopf, Regine. AU - Kosourikhina, Veronika. AU - Brooks, Kevin R.. AU - Polito, Vince. AU - Stephen, Ian D.. PY - 2021/6/12. Y1 - 2021/6/12. N2 - Estimating the size of bodies is crucial for interactions with physical and social environments. Body-size perception is malleable and can be altered using visual adaptation paradigms. However, it is unclear whether such visual adaptation effects also transfer to other modalities and influence, for example, the perception of tactile distances. In this study, we employed a visual adaptation paradigm. Participants were exposed to images of expanded or contracted versions of self- or other-identity bodies. Before and after this adaptation, they were asked to manipulate the width of body stimuli to appear as normal as possible. We replicated an effect of visual adaptation such that the body-size selected as most normal was larger after exposure to expanded and thinner ...

Sexual size dimorphisms are a common feature in living organisms. The broad horned flour beetle (Gnathocerus cornutus) exhibits a pronounced sexual size dimorphism of the mandibles. It has been shown that enlarged mandibles in males are used in regular fights among males. While this behaviour is well-studied, the developmental basis of exaggerated mandible growth in males is not understood to date. We will apply comparative transcriptomics in combination with a comprehensive developmental characterization of mandible growth to identify key candidate genes involved in this process. Subsequently, candidate genes will be functionally tested via gene knock-down using RNA interference (RNAi). ...

Drosophila melanogaster shows geographic clines in body size, with genetically larger flies being found further from the equator and at higher altitudes. In the laboratory, evolution at lower temperatures results in genetically larger flies, and development at low temperature increases adult body size. This study demonstrates that when newly hatched larvae from laboratory temperature selection lines were raised on fixed amounts of food (yeast) at the same temperature, larvae from the lines with the cold evolutionary history required less food to produce a given size of adult. Larvae from both high- and low-temperature selection lines required more food, however, to make a given size of adult when grown in the cold than when grown in the hot. The opposite associations between growth efficiency and adult body size seen with evolution or development at low temperature are puzzling, and suggest that different mechanisms may underlie the size changes. Since environmental and evolutionary effects of ...

Fosters rule (also known as the island rule) is a hypothesis that mammals change their size on islands depending on resources available in their environment.. In 1964, a biologist named J. Bristol Foster documented the tendency for mammal populations on islands to have body sizes that are different from their mainland counterparts. Specifically, large mammals seem to shrink (dwarfism), while small mammals appear to enlarge (gigantism). This initial observation led to the formulation of the island rule hypothesis, which states that, on an isolated, insular environment where large predators are limited or absent, small mammals would become bigger to exploit a wider range of resources, move greater distances, enhance metabolic efficiency, and better fend off competitors. On the other hand, large mammals would reduce in size to decrease resource intake, increase reproductive rate, and better cope with stressful conditions.. While scientists today agree on some general conclusions of the ...

Similar to earlier reports in non-Hispanic white women, we found that early-life body size influences risk of premenopausal breast cancer in Hispanic women. There was a more consistent pattern of inverse associations for relative weight than for body build. U.S.-born controls were more likely than foreign-born controls to report large childhood and adolescent body size, and particularly strong inverse associations with relative weight were found in U.S.-born women and women with a current BMI ≥25 kg/m2. We found no associations with childhood or adolescent body size in postmenopausal women, except for some suggestive inverse associations in U.S.-born women not currently using HT.. Consistent with our findings, the only other study that reported on adolescent body size and breast cancer risk in Hispanic women also found a suggestive inverse association with high BMI (≥22.5 vs. , 18.2) at age 15 years (OR = 0.65, 95% 0.39-1.08, Ptrend = 0.09; ref. 20). Our findings for premenopausal breast ...

In order to determine treeshrew body size from populations on the Malay Peninsula and 13 offshore islands, the researchers measured 260 specimens collected over the past 122 years and housed in six natural history museums in Europe and North America. They tested multiple variables, analyzing how island size, distance from the mainland, maximum sea depth between the mainland and the islands, and latitude relate to body size in the treeshrew populations. They found that the island rule and Bergmanns rule, which are rarely tested together, do not apply to common treeshrews. ...

The size and trophic structure of fluvial fish communities are driven by energy availability, competition, energy loss through trophic transfers, predation, and predator gape limitations. Size and trophic analyses can provide important information about overall food web structure and function of fish communities. Fish community assemblages were sampled in three tributaries of the Saginaw Bay watershed, Lake Huron in 2011 and 2012. We used a combination of community size-spectra (CSS, log abundance x log body-size regression), stable isotope, and trophic guild analyses to test the hypotheses that fluvial fish communities will be (a) strongly size-structured and (b) that variation in trophic guild composition will influence the community size-structure. Preliminary analyses indicate that the fish communities are strongly size-structured (mean CSS slope = -2.24), and there is a negative correlation between piscivores and Cyprinids (r = -0.64) and piscivores and large bodied low trophic position ...

Darwinian fitness in holometabolous insects like the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is reported to be positively correlated with body size. If large individuals in a population have higher fitness, then one would expect directional selection to operate leading to uniformly large individuals. However, size polymorphism persists in nature and needs further probing. We assessed the effect of body size on some of the fitness and fitness-related traits in replicate populations of genotypically large, genotypically small and phenotypically small D. melanogaster flies. In this study, the time taken to attain reproductive maturity and copulation duration were independent of fly size. Fecundity and longevity of large females were significantly higher when they partnered genotypically small males than when they were with genotypically larger or phenotypically small males. The increased female longevity when in association with genotypically small males was not due to selective early death of males that ...

Understanding the patterns of genetic variation of traits subject to sexual selection is fundamental for explaining its evolutionary dynamics and potential for sexual coevolution. The signa of female Lepidoptera are sclerotized structures located on the inner surface of the genital receptacle that receives the spermatophore during copulation (the corpus bursae), whose main function is tearing the spermatophore envelope. Comparative data indicate that the evolution of signa has been influenced by sexually antagonistic coevolution with spermatophore envelopes. We looked for additive genetic variation in the size and shape of signa in females of the butterfly Callophrys xami (Lycaenidae) from two localities (BG and FC) in Mexico City. We also looked for genetic variation in female body size and in the size of corpus bursae. There were significant between-population differences in female body size, signa width and three signa shape traits. We found significant extranuclear maternal effects in one component

In this large prospective study, we found evidence of an inverse association between adult BMI and risk of premenopausal breast cancer. Apparent associations between perceived body shape at age 7 and BMI at age 18 and risk, with heavier builds at both ages seemingly being protective, lost their statistical significance after adjustment for adult BMI. Body size at age 18 was moderately correlated with BMI in adulthood. Changes in body size from age 7 or 18 to adulthood did not affect the premenopausal breast cancer risk once BMI at cohort enrolment was taken into account. Height was related to risk in a nonlinear fashion, with a statistically significantly reduced risk only in women shorter than 160 cm as compared with those of normal or tall height. We found weak evidence that the effect of adult BMI was stronger in women who were short and had no family history of breast cancer.. Our finding of a protective effect of adult BMI on premenopausal breast cancer risk is in accordance with a growing ...

Global warming impacts virtually all biota and ecosystems. Many of these impacts are mediated through direct effects of temperature on individual vital rates. Yet how this translates from the individual to the population level is still poorly understood, hampering the assessment of global warming impacts on population structure and dynamics. Here, we study the effects of temperature on intraspecific competition and cannibalism, and the population dynamical consequences in a size-structured fish population. We use a physiologically structured consumer-resource model in which we explicitly model the temperature dependencies of the consumer vital rates and the resource population growth rate. Our model predicts that increased temperature decreases resource density despite higher resource growth rates, reflecting stronger intraspecific competition among consumers. At a critical temperature, the consumer population dynamics destabilize and shift from a stable equilibrium to competition-driven generation

This post was originally published on Ed News Colorado. On day three of an eight-day enrichment session, a students words sent chills down my spine. He inhaled deeply, stretched his arms high above his head, and sighed as he said, I love working in a small group. I wish school was like this all of the time.. If you dont think class size matters, ask a sixth grader. Or a kindergartner. Or a senior.. If you dont think class size matters, you havent spent enough time in classrooms recently. You havent been the new student who has to sit at the teachers desk until an additional student desk is found. You havent lobbied for airtime in a discussion with 34 other students-as those in my two literacy classes must do each day. You havent had to wait in line to use a resource like a dictionary or computer. Your name hasnt been buried on the checkout list for a copy of The Hunger Games.. Class size matters.. Teachers know it. Students know it. The more personal the learning experience, the more ...

TELLES ANTONIO, Ricardo et al. Accumulated carbon estimation in Gmelina arborea Roxb. from Tlatlaya, Estado de México with allometric equations. Rev. mex. de cienc. forestales [online]. 2019, vol.10, n.55, pp.135-153. Epub 14-Fev-2020. ISSN 2007-1132. https://doi.org/10.29298/rmcf.v10i55.593.. Based on the carbon storage capacity of forest species, the accumulated carbon in an eight ha plantation, of Gmelina arborea of different ages, established in 2014, was estimated by means of mensuration variables and allometric equations; This plantation is located in Tlatlaya, State of Mexico, at 694 masl, with a slope of 40 % and a density of 1 040 ha-1 trees. Work was carried out on eight permanent circular sampling plots of 400 m2 and a radius of 11.28 m, in which 207 trees were counted in total. An analysis of variance was performed and compared with the Tukey means test (p ,0.05). The results indicate that the increase in DAP was 0.75 cm and the height of 0.54 m in the measurement period (six ...

Isometry icons of the emotions of men, 3d business men, CEO, lawyer. Expression of face, hairstyle. Qualitative isometry of people for vector illustrations. Download a Free Preview or High Quality Adobe Illustrator Ai, EPS, PDF and High Resolution JPEG versions..

Rapporteur: Grant McIntyre. Copes Rule states that body size increases during the evolutionary history of a lineage. This may be true from certain perspectives but is no longer generally accepted. The lecture examined several studies on the evolution of body size that shed light on the prevalence of exceptions to Copes Rule and concluded with a discussion of reasons for the apparent support for the rule.. The focal paper (Pianka 1995) used Felsensteins method of independent contrasts to evaluate the evolution of body size of varanid (monitor) lizards. This method requires a phylogeny which was developed in this case using immunological distances determine by microcomplement fixation. The phylogeny matched species distributions fairly well but was not rooted since no available outgroup cross-reacted immunologically with the ingroup. Within varanids there are examples of the evolution of both larger and smaller size. The main problem with the paper was that lack of an outgroup precluded ...

The evolution of body size has been the focus of countless studies, not only in palaeontology but also in evolutionary biology using data from extant animals (or neontology as palaeontologists would say). While some colleagues have argued recently that body size is not necessarily a good trait to study, nonetheless, it still stands that body size is an important factor of fundamental biological phenomena, including metabolism, physiology, biomechanics, and ecology. For instance, the largest source of variance in biomechanical performance measures like bite force is body size - a lions bite force is an order or two higher in magnitude than that of a domestic cat just purely out of simple scaling. Similarly, prey size categories, such as large, medium/mixed and small, are highly affected by predator body size - obviously a tabby cannot kill an ox while a lion or a tiger can. Thus, body size is not only an important biological trait, but necessarily a fundamental physical trait ...

The evolution of body size has been the focus of countless studies, not only in palaeontology but also in evolutionary biology using data from extant animals (or neontology as palaeontologists would say). While some colleagues have argued recently that body size is not necessarily a good trait to study, nonetheless, it still stands that body size is an important factor of fundamental biological phenomena, including metabolism, physiology, biomechanics, and ecology. For instance, the largest source of variance in biomechanical performance measures like bite force is body size - a lions bite force is an order or two higher in magnitude than that of a domestic cat just purely out of simple scaling. Similarly, prey size categories, such as large, medium/mixed and small, are highly affected by predator body size - obviously a tabby cannot kill an ox while a lion or a tiger can. Thus, body size is not only an important biological trait, but necessarily a fundamental physical trait ...

Miniaturisation in amphibians - evolutionary specialisation. Amphibians exhibit vast ranges in body size ranging from just 7 mm long in the smallest known species (Paedophryne amanuensis) to 33 cm in the largest frog (Conraua goliath), which represents a 250 fold increase in size. Different body sizes come with distinct advantages and disadvantages. Large amphibians have fewer predators, a lower metabolic rate, and they can more easily maintain their temperature and hydration than small amphibians. Smaller amphibians, although being more prone to predation, are better equipped to hide more easily, exploit alternative food sources, use physically smaller niches, and attain reproductive ability at an earlier age (Leavy & Heald, 2015). By being very small, individuals are able to fully utilise habitat patches and consume the smallest prey, which are also the most numerous. However, living at such small sizes puts constraints on biological processes and as a result, miniature amphibians have evolved ...

Encephalization quotient (EQ) or encephalization level is a relative brain size measure that is defined as the ratio between actual brain mass and predicted brain mass for an animal of a given size, which may approximate intelligence level or cognition of the species. This is a more refined measurement than the raw brain-to-body mass ratio, as it takes into account allometric effects. The relationship, expressed as a formula, has been developed for mammals, and may not yield relevant results when applied outside this group. Additionally to volume, mass or cell count, the energy expenditure of the brain could be compared with that of the rest of the body. Brain size usually increases with body size in animals (is positively correlated), i.e. large animals usually have larger brains than smaller animals. The relationship is not linear, however. Generally, small mammals have relatively larger brains than big ones. Mice have a direct brain/body size ratio similar to humans (1/40), while elephants ...

The importance of non-genetic parental effects on offspring attributes depended on the specific life-history trait examined. The effect of parental body condition on juvenile size lasted for more than 29 days post-hatching regardless of juvenile diet. By contrast, parental effects influenced the survival of juveniles in the low-food treatment, but had no effect in the high-food treatment. This demonstrates that the importance of parental history on the fitness of offspring can be highly dependent on the environmental conditions that juveniles experience and is likely to be most important when offspring encounter unfavourable or stressful conditions.. We found that the differences in size at hatching were maintained for over four weeks, which has potentially important implications for offspring fitness. Many reef fishes suffer exceptionally high mortality rates during early life (Almany & Webster 2006), which can be selective for size (McCormick & Meekan 2007) or body condition (Hoey & McCormick ...

Butler, R. J. and Goswami, A. (2008) Body size evolution in Mesozoic birds: little evidence for Copes rule. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 21 (6). pp. 1673-1682. DOI 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01594.x Sanchez-Villagra, M. R. and Goswami, A. and Weisbecker, V. and Mock, O. and Kuratani, S. (2008) Conserved relative timing of cranial ossification patterns in early mammalian evolution. Evolution & Development, 10 (5). pp. 519-530. DOI 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2008.00267.x Goswami, A. and Weisbecker, V. and Sanchez-Villagra, MR (2008) Developmental Modularity and the Marsupial-Placental Dichotomy. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Weisbecker, V. and Goswami, A. and Wroe, S. and Sanchez-Villagra, M. R. (2008) Ossification heterochrony in the therian postcranial skeleton and the marsupial-placental. Evolution, 62 (8). pp. 2027-2041. DOI 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00424.x ...

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Free Online Library: Built to swim: Michael Phelps won eight gold medals in this summers Olympic Games alone. The only swim-savvy feature Phelps seems to lack is gills!(LIFE: HUMAN BODY, Cover story) by Science World; Science and technology, general Education Body size Influence Body weights and measures Swimmers Achievements and awards Physiological aspects

The carnivorous Tyrannosauridae are among the most iconic dinosaurs: typified by large body size, tiny forelimbs, and massive robust skulls with laterally thickened teeth. The recently described small-bodied tyrannosaurid Raptorex kreigsteini is exceptional as its discovery proposes that many of the distinctive anatomical traits of derived tyrannosaurids were acquired in the Early Cretaceous, before the evolution of large body size. This inference depends on two core interpretations: that the holotype (LH PV18) derives from the Lower Cretaceous of China, and that despite its small size, it is a subadult or young adult. Here we show that the published data is equivocal regarding stratigraphic position and that ontogenetic reanalysis shows there is no reason to conclude that LH PV18 has reached this level of maturity. The probable juvenile status of LH PV18 makes its use as a holotype unreliable, since diagnostic features of Raptorex may be symptomatic of its immature status, rather than its ...

The carnivorous Tyrannosauridae are among the most iconic dinosaurs: typified by large body size, tiny forelimbs, and massive robust skulls with laterally thickened teeth. The recently described small-bodied tyrannosaurid Raptorex kreigsteini is exceptional as its discovery proposes that many of the distinctive anatomical traits of derived tyrannosaurids were acquired in the Early Cretaceous, before the evolution of large body size. This inference depends on two core interpretations: that the holotype (LH PV18) derives from the Lower Cretaceous of China, and that despite its small size, it is a subadult or young adult. Here we show that the published data is equivocal regarding stratigraphic position and that ontogenetic reanalysis shows there is no reason to conclude that LH PV18 has reached this level of maturity. The probable juvenile status of LH PV18 makes its use as a holotype unreliable, since diagnostic features of Raptorex may be symptomatic of its immature status, rather than its ...

The carnivorous Tyrannosauridae are among the most iconic dinosaurs: typified by large body size, tiny forelimbs, and massive robust skulls with laterally thickened teeth. The recently described small-bodied tyrannosaurid Raptorex kreigsteini is exceptional as its discovery proposes that many of the distinctive anatomical traits of derived tyrannosaurids were acquired in the Early Cretaceous, before the evolution of large body size. This inference depends on two core interpretations: that the holotype (LH PV18) derives from the Lower Cretaceous of China, and that despite its small size, it is a subadult or young adult. Here we show that the published data is equivocal regarding stratigraphic position and that ontogenetic reanalysis shows there is no reason to conclude that LH PV18 has reached this level of maturity. The probable juvenile status of LH PV18 makes its use as a holotype unreliable, since diagnostic features of Raptorex may be symptomatic of its immature status, rather than its ...

Unfortunately there is no one simple formula you can apply here, each factor can vary greatly. For example a house cat on a carpet where they can dig their claws in is incredibly agile, the same cat trying to make a sharp turn on polished wooden flooring could well slide into the wall. We can discuss each factor though.. Muscle Power. Larger animals have more power available, the raw strength increases with the square of size (as its the cross section of the muscle) but total power does increase with the cube of size (as its the volume of the muscle) so larger animals can end up with plenty of power to work with so long as their tendons and bones can take the strain.. Traction. Claws and hooves are common adaptions to increase traction but you are still limited by the surface area of your feet. Larger animals become increasingly susceptible to problems getting traction and are able to slip and fall more easily unless they can grip something with their claws.. Mass. Mass increases with the cube ...

Fatigue and your weight are tightly intertwined. Being overweight means you have to work harder to do simple physical tasks, such as climbing the stairs and walking from the bus stop. A large body size may also interfere with nightly sleep as it increases the chances that you suffer from sleep apnea.

In a wider sense, an improper rotation may be defined as any indirect isometry; i.e., an element of E(3)\E+(3): thus it can also be a pure reflection in a plane, or have a glide plane. An indirect isometry is an affine transformation with an orthogonal matrix that has a determinant of −1. A proper rotation is an ordinary rotation. In the wider sense, a proper rotation is defined as a direct isometry; i.e., an element of E+(3): it can also be the identity, a rotation with a translation along the axis, or a pure translation. A direct isometry is an affine transformation with an orthogonal matrix that has a determinant of 1. In either the narrower or the wider senses, the composition of two improper rotations is a proper rotation, and the composition of an improper and a proper rotation is an improper rotation. ...

In this large, prospective study of older women, multiple body size measures were positively associated with incident CRC. Our findings do not support the previously proposed theory that weight status has limited, if any, influence on CRC risk among women after menopause (32). Rather, these data strongly suggest that increased body size represents a potentially modifiable CRC risk factor in this demographic subgroup. Further investigation of when increased body size has the greatest effect on CRC risk (i.e., early adulthood versus later adulthood) might also be informative, particularly with respect to defining subsite-specific pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis.. Previous studies of general obesity and CRC risk among women have typically observed weak or null associations, as recently reviewed (33-35). In a recent meta-analysis of data from 21 prospective studies, Larsson et al. (6) estimated a 12% higher colon cancer risk (RR = 1.12; 95% CI = 1.07-1.18) for every 5 kg/m2 increment in women. ...

Sep 15, 2014 · Crushing & Screening Plant Assessment Example. Quarry rock of 12 in. maximum size is to be handled in a two-stage crusher plant at the rate of 70 tons per hour. The maximum size of output is to be 1½ in., and separation of materials over 1 in. size and the minus 1 in. in the output is required. Select a jaw crusher like those included in this. ...

During my days, I dont take even a single sip of alcoholic drinks. Though it was very late when I found out that I am pregnant with Elijah. Taking a risk wont do anything, it will just lengthen my pain. As what I had said in my previous post, I may surely satisfy myself in my vices but it wont contribute any good to me and my sons health.. Drinking alcoholic drinks during pregnancy can cause serious mental and physical defects in you and your unborn child.. Your baby my have small body size and health circumference, nearsightedness, flattened cheekbones, smaller eye openings, deformed ribs, hip dislocations, heart and kidney defects, learning disabilities, genital malformations, facial abnormalities and many more.. It is never right to drink alcoholic drinks during pregnancy. Dont take a risk for your babys future.. ...

Many unicellular eukaryotes can persist without meiotic sex over very long periods, though real clonality seems to be extremely rare even in single-celled organisms [3,6]. Even pathogenic microbial eukaryotes require sex as a genomic repair tool upon encountering the hosts defence [78]. Unicellular eukaryotes face the problem that meiosis is a time and energy-consuming process, lasting several hours in which other cellular activities have to be put on hold. Moreover, having just one nucleus means that an erroneous meiosis probably is lethal for offspring. The first problem is sometimes met by differentiating two nuclei, one vegetative macronucleus for protein-transcription and cell functions and one generative micronucleus for meiosis and reproduction (e.g. in extant ciliates like Tetrahymena, [79]). Mixis, as the second component of sex, requires reachable mating partners with homologous genomes, but small organisms cannot move far. Small body size could make sex costly [9]. With regard to ...

Bamaxiang pig is from Guangxi province in China, characterized by its small body size and two-end black coat colour. It is an… Expand ...

Scaling left ventricular (LV) mass and other cardiac dimensions to account for individual body size is important. The traditional method of simple ratio scaling using, for example, body surface area (BSA) assumes a linear and proportional relationship and accurate measurement of both LV mass and BSA. These assumptions can be questioned; hence, we examined the appropriateness of methods and different indices using highly accurate magnetic resonance imaging scans. Cardiac and whole-body scans were performed in 172 young, healthy, male subjects (age range, 17-28 years) to assess LV mass, volume, linear dimensions, lean body mass and fat mass. Height, body mass and BSA were determined anthropometrically. Relationships were examined for linearity and closeness of fit using log-log least-squares linear regression to determine the slope exponent b (where 1.0 indicates linearity). The relationship between LV mass and lean body mass (b=.90+/-.15; r(2)=.66) was linear and geometrically consistent. This was also

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Pygmy Growth Curves: A Comparative Approach. In most human populations, a large portion of variance in stature can be accounted for by nutritional status . Nutritional studies worldwide have shown the predictability of the growth response to stress-societies with very high caloric budgets show significant secular trends toward earlier growth cessation, faster body growth, and increased size, whereas populations under nutritional stress normally reduce growth rates, delay growth cessation, and show smaller adult body sizes . To test whether the growth pattern of pygmies is characteristic of nutritionally impaired populations, growth curves were constructed for the Aeta and compared with those for the Biaka and Agta pygmies and compared with the lower percentiles of the U.S. growth distribution, representing undernourished individuals who grow only to average adult pygmy size (women HEIGHT = 140 cm, corresponding to the 0.01th percentile of the U.S. distribution). The curves show that pygmies ...

Many of the key ideas currently underlying MTE have a long history. The idea that the amount of surface area available for thermal exchange might constrain metabolic rate dates at least to Rubner (1883). The links between fractal geometry, scale invariance and natural design owes much to the insights of DArcy Thompson (1917) and Mandelbrot (1977). The use of a simplified pipe model to describe the scaling properties of plants is almost 50 years old (Shinozaki et al. 1964). The use of normalisation by mass to uncover life-history traits was extensively explored in a series of seminal works on the importance of scale in biology during the 1980s (Peters 1983; Calder 1984; Schmidt-Nielsen 1984). Work on the relationship between size, metabolism and a suite of allometric traits in plants was advanced by Niklas (1994b,a). Temperature has long been known to influence metabolism at multiple scales of ecological organisation from individuals to ecosystems (Rosenzweig 1968).. The insight of MTE was to ...

Washington D.C. , Jan. 05 : Parents please take note! A study has recently found that overweight children, especially boys, are more likely to underestimate their body size, which can make it difficult to address the issue and to take necessary steps to attain a healthier body..

Another project done by Maria and Izzy focused on the correlation between body size and chewing rate. For data collection, Maria and Izzy measured the chewing rate of various herbivores. Along with the help of the other students, Izzy and Maria were able to collect an average chewing rate from 5 domesticated species found in Ileret. To predict the body size of the various herbivores, they also measured the length of the second molar (M2) from skulls in the lab. By putting together both the chewing rate and the body size estimates, they were able to see the relationship between chewing rate and body size for all 5 species. To learn more about this project, check out TA Deming Yangs latest blog found here!. ...