46 Bluetongue Dating divergence times for bluetongue virus and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus serotypes The nucleotide sequences of Seg-2 from BTV and EHDV provide a basis for the calculation of molecular evolutionary rates (MER) using Bayesian methodologies (Drummond and Rambaut, 2007). Upper and lower limits for the evolutionary rate of Seg-2 were estimated at 10À4 and 10À5 changes/site/year. These values were used to calculate the time at which different BTV serotypes diverged from a common ancestor (using the formula: divergence time = [geneticdistance/2*1/MER]). Nomikou), India (personal communication: Dr. S. , 2004), Taiwan and Indonesia. Equine encephalosis virus Equine encephalosis virus is associated with disease of horses in southern Africa. The virus was first identified in 1967 from horses that died from an unknown peracute illness. Serological investigations revealed that widespread EEV infections of horses had occurred during the summer of 1967 but that Bluetongue virus, ...

Citation: Wilson, W.C., O Hearn, E.S. 2006. Preliminary development of a real-time PCR for all serotypes of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus. American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians. Interpretive Summary: Epizootic hemorrhagic diseases virus (EHDV) has been associated with bluetongue-like disease in cattle. Although US EHDV strains have not been experimentally proven to cause disease in cattle there is serologic evidence of infection in cattle. Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes an estimated $125,000,000 annual loss to the U.S. livestock industry and about $3,000,000,000 annual losses worldwide. Therefore rapid diagnosis and differentiation of BTV and EHDV is required. Our laboratory has developed a genetic test that detects all EHDV serotypes based on DNA sequence analysis. The EHDV detection assay does not cross-react with BTV serotypes; however, this assay is less sensitive than double amplification protocols. The sensitivity for all eight serotypes is sufficient for ...

Livestock producers are being urged to step up their vigilance and biosecurity, following a series of outbreaks of bluetongue disease in sheep and cattle in northern Europe.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Bluetongue disease in dogs associated with contaminated vaccine [1]. AU - Akita, G. Y.. AU - Ianconescu, M.. AU - Maclachlan, Nigel J. AU - Osburn, Bennie. AU - Greene, R. T.. PY - 1994. Y1 - 1994. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0028345261&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0028345261&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Article. C2 - 8197702. AN - SCOPUS:0028345261. VL - 134. SP - 283. EP - 284. JO - Veterinary Record. JF - Veterinary Record. SN - 0042-4900. IS - 11. ER - ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Evaluation of the spatial and temporal distribution of and risk factors for Bluetongue serotype 1 epidemics in sheep Extremadura (Spain), 2007-2011. AU - Pascual-Linaza, Ana V.. AU - Martinez Lopez, Beatriz. AU - Pfeiffer, Dirk U.. AU - Moreno, José Carlos. AU - Sanz, Cristina. AU - Sánchez-Vizcaíno, José Manuel. PY - 2014/10/1. Y1 - 2014/10/1. N2 - Extremadura has been one of the regions in Spain most severely affected by Bluetongue (BT) epidemics. The first incursion of BTV, which was successfully eradicated one year later, occurred in 2004, involving the BTV-serotype 4. However, a second incursion occurred in September 2007, this time involving serotype 1. Since then, the implementation of intensive vaccination programs have significantly reduced BTV-1 occurrence, but the disease has not been completely eradicated yet.This study aimed to provide, for the first time, a complete description of the spatial and temporal patterns of BTV-1 occurrence in sheep in Extremadura from ...

Bluetongue virus (BTV) can be an arthropod-borne pathogen that triggers an often fatal, hemorrhagic disease in ruminants. for recognition of antibodies against the VP7 antigen. These data reveal that VSV replicon contaminants potentially stand for a secure and efficacious vaccine system with which to regulate long term outbreaks by BTV-8 or additional serotypes, specifically in previously non-endemic regions where discrimination between infected and vaccinated animals is vital. Introduction Bluetongue can be a hemorrhagic disease of ruminants thats due to bluetongue pathogen (BTV), an associate from the genus Orbivirus within the family midges. In cattle, goats, and wild ruminants, BTV contamination is typically asymptomatic despite prolonged viremia. These host species represent a potential reservoir for unnoticed dissemination of BTV in ruminant populations. In sheep, however, BTV contamination often results in an acute disease with associated high morbidity and mortality, depending on the ...

In this episode we will be interviewing Joe Ball. Joe is the owner of Bluetonguelizard.com.au and is arguably the Australian authority in their captive management and care. Joe is working on numerous bluetongue skink projects at present, some of which are world firsts! We will also be finding out more about some of Joes other interesting and rare projects. This show is a must for all of you who own, or want to own bluetongue skinks! We will also cover the latest industry news and give some feedback about the Goldcoast Reptile Expo!

HUNGARY – A presently un-typed strain of Bluetongue virus (BTV) is affecting cattle farms in south west Hungary, with 28 cases now confirmed.

GLOBAL - Case of Bluetongue virus have been reported in various countries in the last few weeks, with Ecuador the latest country to detect the disease.

NEWS IN BRIEF. // Veterinary Record: Journal of the British Veterinary Association;11/21/2009, Vol. 165 Issue 21, p610 The article offers news briefs related to veterinary medicine in Great Britain. Changes to the requirements for the post-import testing of animals susceptible to bluetongue virus have come into effect. A silent auction was held by the British Equine Veterinary Association Trust to help raise... ...

UK - Take advantage and vaccinate your animals before turning them out to protect them from the threat of bluetongue. This is the message from the JAB campaign which aims to keep up the pressure on livestock farmers to vaccinate for the coming season ...

Interpretive Summary: Bluetongue is a disease of sheep, cattle, deer, and antelope that is transmitted by a biting fly called a Culicoides midge. There are many different types of bluetongue virus (BTV), some of which have been in the U.S. for decades and some that have recently been introduced. The ability to cause disease in animals varies greatly between these virus types. To determine whether a specific virus type will cause disease in a specific animal species or breed of species, experimental infection studies are typically conducted. Unfortunately, injecting virus into the animal rarely results in the types of clinical disease we see in natural, insect bite-transmitted infections. This study examined whether adding midge salivary proteins to the virus injection method would affect the clinical disease outcome. Sheep that received virus mixed with salivary proteins had clinical disease similar to what is seen in nature. Technical Abstract: Bluetongue is an insect-transmitted disease of ...

CANADA – Bluetongue disease has been confirmed in three beef cattle in Ontario, reports the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) reports after serology testing.

In 2007 information about bluetongue was distributed to veterinarians, farmers, stakeholders and other people dealing with farm animals.. A surveillance program for vectors was established during the summer 2007, and a surveillance program for cattle started in 2008.. Two dairy herds infected with BTV 8 were detected in the southern part of Norway, in Vest-Agder county, in February 2009. A following comprehensive investigation of the outbreak was carried out before the vector season began late April 2009, and two more infected herds were detected. One of these herds, a beef herd, was situated close to one of the index herds, and the other one, a dairy herd, was located in the neighbouring county, Aust- Agder. Based on the low virus level in the infected animals the Institute of Animal Health in Pirbright estimated the most probable time for infection of the herds to be between August and October 2008.. On the basis of the results from the investigation, monitoring and surveillance, and the fact ...

... First batch of bluetongue Bovilis BTV8 vaccine released to supply Nor... European countries ...BOXMEER Netherlands April 30 /-Intervet/Sche... Within the animal health sector there has been a recent emphasis on...,Intervet/Schering-Plough,Animal,Health,Outlines,Strength,of,the,Combination,biological,advanced biology technology,biology laboratory technology,biology device technology,latest biology technology

Bluetongue is a viral disease of sheep and deer that is spread by the Culicoides species of gnat. However, there is some evidence that...

ITALY – Southern and central Italian livestock farms have been hit hard by a wave of over 1300 Bluetongue cases this month resulting in 459 sheep deaths.

ITALY – Southern and central Italian livestock farms have been hit hard by a wave of over 1300 Bluetongue cases this month resulting in 459 sheep deaths.

Gardiner, M R. (1968) Bluetongue of sheep, Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4: Vol. 9 : No. 2 , Article 5 ...

Bluetongue vaccine could begin arriving at wholesalers next week in readiness for distribution to veterinary surgeons and their clients, Farmers Weekly has learned.

Has anyone ever dealt with this with their goats? Im asking simply because one of my does (Misty), started out with excessive salivation about 4-6weeks...

The miniaturization of the current technology of storage media is hindered by fundamental limits of quantum mechanics. A new approach consists in using so-called spin-crossover molecules as the smallest possible storage unit. Similar to normal hard drives, these special molecules can save information via their magnetic state. A research team from Kiel University has now managed to successfully place a new class of spin-crossover molecules onto a surface and to improve the molecules storage capacity. The storage density of conventional hard drives could therefore theoretically be increased by more than one hundred fold. The study has been published in the scientific journal Nano Letters. ...

VP3 autoguanylylation activity was performed with purified VP3 by incubating increasing concentrations of VP3 with 1 μl of [α-32P] GTP in GTase buffer [20 mM tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 200 mM NaCl, 5 mM DTT, 2 mM MgCl2, and 5% glycerol] in a 20-μl reaction mixture at room temperature for 1 hour as previously described (9). The reaction mixture was resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by transfer onto a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane. The autoguanylylation was observed by autoradiography of the PVDF membrane. RV NSP2 was used as a negative control, and the vaccinia virus capping system (New England Biolabs Inc.) was used as a positive control. For showing direct transfer of GMP on transcript (GTase assay), we followed a previously established protocol with slight modification (52). For this purpose, first we synthesized RV gene 10 transcript using an in vitro transcription kit (Ambion T7 MEGAscript). GTase reaction mixture (20 μl) was prepared by adding 2 μl of IVT ...

Farmers should act now to avoid ‘feeling blue’ this autumn Bluetongue vaccines for sheep & cattle are now available a

Sommareksem är en allvarlig kronisk hudinflammation som orsakas av en överkänslighet mot saliv från bitande insekter, framför allt Culicoides spp (svidknott). Sjukdomen är vanligt förekommande samt medicinskt svårbehandlad. Profylaktiska åtgärder är avgörande för att förebygga och lindra symptomen. Trots att sjukdomen påverkar hästens välbefinnande saknas det fortvarande studier kring hur stort lidande sjukdomen medför drabbade hästar. Dessutom finns det endast få studier som undersökt hur knottangrepp kan förhindras och därmed hur man kan förebygga sjukdomen. Det finns två mål med denna studie: 1) att dokumentera hur sommareksem påverkar hästens välfärd ur djurskyddssynpunkt och 2) att undersöka hur knottangrepp kan förhindras. Studien skall prova en ny metod för att förhindra knottangrepp och undersöka om det ökar hästarnas välbefinnande: ett insektsrepellerande halsband med repellerande doftämnen istället av kemiska insekticider.

OK, so Im not the first to add 17m to the Hustler 4/5-BTV antenna. In fact you can pay for a factory made version if you wish. Personally, I believe in

Looking for online definition of bluetongue disease in the Medical Dictionary? bluetongue disease explanation free. What is bluetongue disease? Meaning of bluetongue disease medical term. What does bluetongue disease mean?

Bluetongue disease is a non-contagious, insect-borne, viral disease of ruminants, mainly sheep and less frequently cattle, goats, buffalo, deer, dromedaries, and antelope. It is caused by the Bluetongue virus (BTV). The virus is transmitted by the midge Culicoides imicola, Culicoides variipennis, and other culicoids. In sheep, BTV causes an acute disease with high morbidity and mortality. BTV also infects goats, cattle and other domestic animals as well as wild ruminants (for example, blesbuck, white-tailed deer, elk, and pronghorn antelope). Major signs are high fever, excessive salivation, swelling of the face and tongue and cyanosis of the tongue. Swelling of the lips and tongue gives the tongue its typical blue appearance, though this sign is confined to a minority of the animals. Nasal signs may be prominent, with nasal discharge and stertorous respiration. Some animals also develop foot lesions, beginning with coronitis, with consequent lameness. In sheep, this can lead to knee-walking. In ...

Clinical signs include changes to the mucus membranes around the mouth, nose and coronary band of the foot. Generally the signs are more severe in sheep, than cattle. Symptoms notifiable are large numbers of sheep with lameness, high rectal temperatures, salivation, and lacrimation, ocular and nasal discharge. Incubation period of the virus is 4-12 days, followed by a fever (42 degrees C) and appear stiff or reluctant to move. Adopt arched back stance, neck extended, head lowered. Swelling on the face and ears, along with pulmonary oedema, sometimes causing breathing difficulties. Erosions may appear on lips, turning to ulcers. Profuse salivation and serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge. Reddening of the coronary band, and around the muzzle and mouth. Tongue may be swollen ...

Jeggo, M H. and Wardley, R C., Generation of cross-reactive cytotoxic t lymphocytes following immunization of mice with various bluetongue virus types. (1982). Subject Strain Bibliography 1982. 3115 ...

Bluetongue is a non-contagious, viral disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants (primarily sheep and including cattle and goats), that is transmitted by insects, particularly biting midges.. The severity of disease varies among different species with symptoms being most severe in sheep resulting in death, weight loss and disruption in wool growth. In highly susceptible sheep, morbidity can be as high as 100%. Mortality averages from 2-30% but can be as high as 70%. Cattle often have a higher infection rate than sheep and demonstration and severity of clinical signs varies depending on the strain of virus.. Where is the disease found?. Blue Tongue has a significant global distribution in regions where the insect vector (ie, biting midges species Culicoides) is present, including Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North America. The virus is maintained in areas where the climate will allow biting midges to survive over winter. The geographical distribution of the insect vector species ...

Human beings are sero-negative toward bluetongue infections (BTVs) since BTVs usually do not infect regular human cells. potential human being cancer therapy coupled with current anti-cancer irradiation and agents. Neratinib distributor (Solid et al., 1998). This proof-of-principle demo was a book breakthrough and offers raised wish that reovirus particularly and other infections (Kim et al., 2006) with oncolytic potentials could be getting rid of machines against human being malignancies (Kikuchi et al., 1997; Rodgers et al., 1997; Liu, 2006; Holtz, 2007). Through extensive exploration and analysis, the oncolytic potentials of infections have been found out in six main viral family members, reovirus type 3, papillomaviruses, herpesviruses, hepadnaviruses, flaviviruses, and retroviruses (Norman and Lee, 2005; Alain et al., 2006, 2007; Kim et al., 2006; Nemunaitis and Shen, 2006; Vidal et al., 2006; Burroughs et al., 2007; Qi et al., 2007; Cripe et al., 2009; Ou and Yen, 2010). Since each one of ...

Biting midges, Culicoides, of the Obsoletus group and the Pulicaris group have been involved in recent outbreaks of bluetongue virus and the former was also involved in the Schmallenberg virus outbreak in northern Europe. For the first time, here we investigate the local abundance pattern of these two species groups in the field by intensive sampling with a grid of light traps on 16 catch nights. Neighboring trap catches can be spatially dependent on each other, hence we developed a conditional autoregressive (CAR) model framework to test a number of spatial and non-spatial covariates expected to affect Culicoides abundance. The distance to sheep penned in the corner of the study field significantly increased the abundance level up to 200 meters away from the sheep. Spatial clustering was found to be significant but could not be explained by any known factors, and cluster locations shifted between catch nights. No significant temporal autocorrelation was detected. CAR models for both species groups

I am a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council CASE PhD student based at The Pirbright Institute (TPI), a University partner. At TPI I am in the Entomology group investigating behavioural and immunological control of Culicoides biting midges in the United Kingdom. These tiny biting flies are the biological vectors of several important arboviruses of ruminants, notably bluetongue virus and Schmallenberg virus, and my project focuses on reducing the transmission of these arboviruses in economically viable ways.. The investigations encompass two important aspects of Culicoides population control; the use of vector-proof housing and also immunological approaches targeting insect salivary proteins. The studies involving Culicoides salivary proteins is in collaboration with the Orbivirus research group, supervised by Karin Darpel. As part of her PhD, Laura will also be working with her industrial partner APS Biocontrol inDundee under the supervision of Alison Blackwell.. ...

A viral disease is killing deer along the Platte River and possibly over a much wider area, according to the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. There have been reports of dead deer in and near the river in eastern Nebraska.

Looking for online definition of orbiviruses in the Medical Dictionary? orbiviruses explanation free. What is orbiviruses? Meaning of orbiviruses medical term. What does orbiviruses mean?

This enabled the expression of a foreign gene in addition to the virus polyhedrin. , 1988). Each foreign sequence was placed under the control of the native or duplicated polyhedrin gene promoter. Similar expression vectors were derived by using a combination of the polyhedrin and p10 gene promoters (Weyer and Possee, 1991). A copy of the p10 gene promoter was inserted upstream of the polyhedrin gene promoter. The influenza virus haernagglutinin o r neuraminidase gene was placed under the control of each promoter and co-synthesis achieved in recombinant virus-infected cells. The influenza virus haernagglutinin o r neuraminidase gene was placed under the control of each promoter and co-synthesis achieved in recombinant virus-infected cells. Baculovirus expression vectors are not limited to the production of two foreign proteins in insect cells. , 1990). Five bluetongue virus structural proteins have been co-expressed within the same cell by coinfection of two dual recombinants and one single ...

There are several key results of this study. First, we add H. noctuae and H. syrnii to the list of Culicoides spp.-transmitted haemoproteids, supporting their belonging to the subgenus Parahaemoproteus [5, 12, 13]. Both these parasites completed sporogony in Culicoides biting midges, with sporozoites reported in salivary glands (Fig. 2g, i, j), indicating that these flies likely are natural vectors, as has been reported for Parahaemoproteus species [2, 5, 16]. Several other Parahaemoproteus parasites have been shown experimentally to complete sporogony in Culicoides spp. These are H. danilewskii [47, 48], H. dolniki [5], H. handai [1], H. mansoni [27], H. nettionis [49], and H. velans [50]. However, molecular characterisation of these avian haemoproteids has not been developed and cyt b sequence information is absent, thus they cannot be included in the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 4).. Second, the phylogenetic analysis placed cyt b lineages both of H. noctuae and H. syrnii in the clade A (Fig. ...

Definitions of reverse genetics, +ve, -ve, sense and doubled stranded (DS) RNA viruses / Anne Bridgen -- Coronavirus reverse genetics / Paul Britton -- Hepatitis C and use of reverse genetics in drug design / Natalia Frias Staheli -- Norovirus reverse genetics / Ian Goodfellow -- Rhabdovirus reverse genetics / Klaus Conzelmann -- Modification of measles virus and application to pathogenesis studies / Paul Duprex -- Bunyavirus reverse genetics and application to interaction with host cells / Richard Elliott -- Influenza A virus vaccines / Wendy Barclay -- Bluetongue virus reverse genetics / Mark Boyce -- Reovirus reverse genetics / Rob Hoeben -- Reverse genetics and quasispecies / Marco Vignuzzi -- Summary and perspectives / Anne Bridgen ...

Urban areas encroachment on wildlife and farms means wild and domestic species are getting closer in proximity all the time. Ontario deer, sheep and cattle are now at risk for an infectious virus, from a specific species of midge thats found a new home in Eastern Canada. Researchers believe climate change has altered the midges windborne movement from the southern U.S. into Ontario, and warmer winters increase their chance to survive. So, now the midge (specifically the specie C. sonorensis) has been found biting and transmitting sometimes fatal diseases such as epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) and bluetongue to livestock.... Read More ...

Linlin Gu is the author of these articles in the Journal of Visualized Experiments: Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus, Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches

These antibodies also detected bands of the predicted size for VP2 (∼110 kDa), VP5 (∼60 kDa) and VP7 (∼38 kDa) in BTV-4(SPA2003/01) infected cell lysates by western-blotting (Fig. 1e, f, g). In contrast to expressed proteins that had been CAPS-denatured, antisera against the soluble amino terminal domain of VP2 contained NAbs with titres of 1.505-1.602 (Table 1), giving ≥50% plaque reduction. Lower titres of neutralising antibodies (0.301-0.477, P < 0.05) were found in antisera against the carboxy-terminal domain. Sera from mice immunised. with: VP2D1 + VP2D2; VP2D1 + VP2D2 + VP5Δ1−100; or VP2D1 + VP2D2 + VP5Δ1−100 + VP7, all neutralised the homologous BTV-4(SPA2003/01) at higher titres (1.806-2.408) but (as expected) failed to neutralise BTV-8 ( Table www.selleckchem.com/products/nutlin-3a.html 1). Neutralising antibody titres generated by Balb/c mice immunised with VP2D1 + VP2D2 + VP5Δ1-100 or VP2D1 + VP2D2 + VP5Δ1-100 + VP7 were not significantly different, but were ...

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The genus Orbivirus is a member of the Reoviridae family, in the subfamily Sedoreovirinae. Unlike the other reoviruses, orbiviruses are arboviruses. This genus currently contains 22 species (including the type species Bluetongue virus) and at least 130 different serotypes. Orbiviruses can infect and replicate within a wide range of arthropod and vertebrate hosts. Orbiviruses are named after their characteristic doughnut shaped capsomers (Orbi in Latin means ring). Many orbiviruses are transmitted by ticks or haematophagus insect vectors (Culicoides, mosquitoes and sand flies) and have a wide host range that includes cattle, goats and sheep, wild ruminants, equids, camelids, marsupials, sloths, bats, birds, large canine and feline carnivores and humans. The three economically most important orbiviruses are bluetongue virus, African horse sickness virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus all of which are transmitted by Culicoides species. The virons are non-enveloped particles that are ...

AbstractThe aim of the study was to estimate and compare the distribution of Culicoides biting midges species at farms with different main hosts - cattle and horse. Culicoides spp. are known vectors of arboviruses including African horse sickness virus (AHSV), bluetongue virus (BTV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV). The latter two have been already reported in Polish ruminants recently, while AHSV remains absent, however the risk of its emergence has been increasing in the recent years. In order to establish the activity of potential AHSV vector at vicinity of horses, an OVI midge trap has been placed at the horse stables in the southeastern Poland. Another trap has been placed 7 km away at the cattle farm. The collections were carried over the midge activity season from April until November 2016. The midge abundances at both sites were comparable with the total numbers of insects trapped of 43,153 and 34,829 at the cattle and horse farm, respectively. Midges belonging to C. obsoletus/scoticus complex were

Poster (2015, September 01). Objective: Following reintroduction and conservation programs of the Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) and the scimitar horned oryx (SHO, Oryx dammah) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), import of animals from ... [more ▼]. Objective: Following reintroduction and conservation programs of the Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) and the scimitar horned oryx (SHO, Oryx dammah) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), import of animals from wild game ranches in the United States of America (USA) is not uncommon. Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are orbiviruses that are the causative agents of bluetongue disease (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD), respectively. BTV and EHDV are endemic in the UAE and the USA. Sheep and some wild ruminant species are usually severely affected by BT whereas EHD mostly affects wild animals and sometimes cattle. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of these orbiviruses in Arabian and SHO ...

The purpose of this project was to define monoclonal antibodies against viral proteins from Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV) to be used in quality control of vaccines produced by an industrial partner, and development of tools to identify EHDV. EHDV is an Orbivirus, which also includes Bluetongue Virus and African Horse Sickness, which are all transmitted through arthropod vectors. EHDV causes significant morbidity and mortality in white-tailed deer, but has recently been found to infect cattle. EHDV recently caused significant outbreaks affecting both the farmed and wild cervid industry, however few reagents and tools exist to protect against this disease or define the virus in vitro. To develop new, efficient reagents that can be used to identify EHDV, we identified and tested monoclonal antibodies against two different viral capsid proteins, VP2 and VP5. To do this, predictive algorithms were used to generate immunogenic peptides specific for each protein. Three groups of mice were used,

The outer-coat proteins, VP2 and VP5, of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are important for host cell binding during the initiation of infection. They are also known to determine virus serotype. This study presents a complete genetic and phylogenetic analysis of these proteins (and the genes that code for them) to allow comparison of the selective pressures acting on each and the correlation of genetic sequence data with serotype. Accession numbers, gene and protein sizes, ORF positions, G+C contents, terminal hexanucleotides, start and stop codons and phylogenetic relationships are all presented. The results show that VP2 is highly variable, is under great pressure to adapt and can be correlated with serotype. While also variable, VP5 appears to be under less adaptive pressure than VP2 but still shows some correlation with serotype. Seven serotypes of EHDV have been defined in this study, although the results do show that some serotypes are extremely closely related--and highlight ...

Outer capsid protein VP4: Spike-forming protein that mediates virion attachment to the host epithelial cell receptors and plays a major role in cell penetration, determination of host range restriction and virulence. Rotavirus attachment and entry into the host cell probably involves multiple sequential contacts between the outer capsid proteins VP4 and VP7, and the cell receptors. It is subsequently lost, together with VP7, following virus entry into the host cell. Following entry into the host cell, low intracellular or intravesicular Ca(2+) concentration probably causes the calcium-stabilized VP7 trimers to dissociate from the virion. This step is probably necessary for the membrane-disrupting entry step and the release of VP4, which is locked onto the virion by VP7.

This note documents a predation event on a juvenile Blotched Bluetongue Lizard (Tiliqua nigrolutea) by a Highlands Copperhead (Austrelaps ramsayi) in the Blue Mountains, Australia. The diet of elapid snakes in the genus Austrelaps consists mainly of frogs and small skinks. Adults of the larger Tiliqua species may be too large for Austrelaps species to consume, and juveniles of these larger Tiliqua are possibly approaching the larger end of consumable prey items for Austrelaps ...

Spike-forming protein that mediates virion attachment to the host epithelial cell receptors and plays a major role in cell penetration, determination of host range restriction and virulence. Rotavirus entry into the host cell probably involves multiple sequential contacts between the outer capsid proteins VP4 and VP7, and the cell receptors. According to the considered strain, VP4 seems to essentially target sialic acid and/or the integrin heterodimer ITGA2/ITGB1 (By similarity).

Banna virus (BAV: genus Seadornavirus, family Reoviridae) has a double-shelled morphology similar to rotavirus and bluetongue virus. The structure of BAV outer-capsid protein VP9 was determined by X-ray crystallography at 2.6 A resolution, revealing a trimeric molecule, held together by an N-terminal helical bundle, reminiscent of coiled-coil structures found in fusion-active proteins such as HIV gp41. The major domain of VP9 contains stacked beta sheets with marked structural similarities to the receptor binding protein VP8 of rotavirus. Anti-VP9 antibodies neutralize viral infectivity, and, remarkably, pretreatment of cells with trimeric VP9 increased viral infectivity, indicating that VP9 is involved in virus attachment to cell surface and subsequent internalization. Sequence similarities were also detected between BAV VP10 and VP5 portion of rotavirus VP4, suggesting that the receptor binding and internalization apparatus, which is a single gene product activated by proteoloysis in rotavirus, is the

EVAg is a non profit organisation with expertise in virology to amplify, characterise, standardise, authenticate, distribute and track viruses and derived products.

The genome of orbiviruses (Reoviridae family) comprises 10 segments of double-stranded RNA. The fourth largest segment of the tick-borne Kemerovo (KEM) group orbiviruses is the genetic determinant of neurovirulence in experimentally infected mice, and segment 6 determines serotype. Reassortant viruses derived from a cross between two KEM-related viruses, Great Island (GI) and Wexford (WEX), that had the heterotypic gene combination W4G6 (segment 4 of WEX virus and segment 6 from GI virus) were nonpathogenic in mice. This apparent genetic modulation of neurovirulence may have resulted from steric interaction between the two outer capsid proteins of nonpathogenic reassortants. Further data are consistent with this hypothesis. Reassortants generated from additional KEM group viruses showed various degrees of enhanced neurovirulence in terms of their PFU/LD50 (ratio of infectivity in cell culture and in mice) and ASTmax (the average survival time at the highest virus dilution resulting in 100% mortality).

Lab Reagents Bluetongue Pcr Laboratories manufactures the realtime pcr blue tongue virus reagents distributed by Genprice. The Realtime Pcr Blue Tongue Virus reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. To purchase these products, for the MSDS, Data Sheet, protocol, storage conditions/temperature or for the concentration, please contact Bluetongue PCR. Other Realtime products are available in stock. Specificity: Realtime Category: Pcr Group: Blue Tongue. Blue Tongue information ...

Nevertheless, up to now, this passive immune technique has not been carried out as a therapy for RVA-linked diarrhea. Although Ab muscles can have higher

Other achievements during the year include VLAs emergency response to three disease outbreaks, avian influenza, foot and mouth disease and bluetongue. Over 30,000 samples for avian influenza were tested during the year, with over 12,000 of these in a 15 day period after an outbreak in November 2007 in Suffolk ...

The Blues Preachers - Brother John on guitar, banjo and vocals, and Captain Bluetongue on harmonica, mountain dulcimer and vocals - will take you to another

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InMed Pharmaceuticals is a biopharmaceutical company. They specialize in the discovery and development of novel, cannabinoid-based therapeutics for the treatment of ...